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Flame synthesis of Carbon NanoParticle (CNP) films is gaining strong interest for novel industrial applications because of the easy tuning of the operating conditions that enables accurate control of the chemical and physical properties of the produced CNPs. This work proposes a novelty in the synthesis of CNP films, namely the possibility of applying electric fields in flame to trigger electrophoretic deposition phenomena. In this way, it is possible to add another degree of freedom to the harvesting process and potentially modify the properties of the CNP films, without changing the operating flame conditions. To investigate the physical mechanisms governing the thermo-electrophoretic deposition of CNPs, a numerical model to simulate the particle dynamics close to the collecting substrate has been developed, and experiments have been carried out to provide highly controlled test conditions that can be used to support model validation. The experimental results consist of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) measurements to determine the number of particles deposited after a controlled harvesting condition as a function of the applied electrophoretic force, imposed on the substrate by means of a DC voltage varied from 0 to -3kV. The AFM shows that the amount of deposited material increases up to six times when passing from an uncharged to the -3kV charged case. The model predictions are highly consistent with the AFM measurements and pointed out that the electric field in flame significantly alters the CNP deposition velocities and impact angles, which are likely to affect the properties of the film.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Genomic DNA repetitive elements, DNA replication and histone modifications distributions. Figure S2. Genome-wide correlation of DNA replication and histone modifications distributions in multiple cell lines. Figure S3. FISH probes and correlation analysis validation. Figure S4. Image analysis flowchart. Figure S5. Replication timing of murine major satellite DNA elements by FISH and S-phase sub-stages classification. Figure S6. Genome-wide correlation of DNA repetitive elements and histone ÎłH2AX in HeLa cells. Figure S7. Genomic repetitive and non-B DNA elements, and ÎłH2AX histone distributions. Figure S8. Relation of repetitive DNA elements to non-B DNA elements. Figure S9. Correlation of histone H2AX and repetitive DNA elements before and during the DDR by FISH. Figure S10. Complete DNA repair kinetics of repetitive DNA elements analyzed by FISH. Figure S11. DNA repair kinetics of murine major satellite DNA elements analyzed by FISH.

Training feedforward neural networks with standard logistic activations is considered difficult because of the intrinsic properties of these sigmoidal functions. This work aims at showing that these networks can be trained to achieve generalization performance comparable to those based on hyperbolic tangent activations. The solution consists on applying a set of conditions in parameter initialization, which have been derived from the study of the properties of a single neuron from an information-theoretic perspective. The proposed initialization is validated through an extensive experimental analysis.

Publication in the conference proceedings of EUSIPCO, Tampere, Finland, 2000

Events emerged in the last years as a driving concept to efficiently index and retrieve media. Several approaches have been proposed to analyse the relationship between events and related media, to enable event discovery, event-based tagging, or event-based media retrieval. Notwithstanding the outstanding work done by several researchers in this area, a major still unsolved problem is how to understand the inherent link between visual concepts and events, and in particular, which are the key elements that allow a human being to perceive from a media collection what is the underlying event. In this demo, we address this problem in an original way by exploiting human knowledge using a game with a hidden purpose. Users are engaged in a competition, where they can alternatively try to mask a photo collection to prevent other users to recognize the related event or they can see a photo partially masked and try to guess the event connected. A set of rules and an adequate score system force players to focus on real important details, thus allowing the detection of most event-related salient parts of the media. The final result is a saliency map that, differently from the typical concept of saliency, highlights the visual concepts that are considered fundamental to perceive the nature of an event.

This work reports experimental results on the local heat transfer coefficient on the surface of a horizontal cylinder immersed in a 500 µm glass beads bubbling fluidised bed . Experimental runs have been carried out at ambient pressure and temperature, with superficial velocity up to 0.45 m/s. The local value of the heat transfer coefficient has been determined with an angular shift of 10 deg. in order to derive a detailed profile of heat transfer rate around the cylindrical surface. Experimental results point out the occurrence of different heat transfer zones which directly reflect the existence of different hydrodynamic conditions around the cylindrical surface, previously observed by experimental (Buyevich et al. 1986) and numerical (Rong et al., 1999) studies. The highest value of the heat transfer coefficient is observed at the boundary of the lateral mixing and the upper sliding zone, as the result of a compromise between surface renewal frequency and particle concentration. Surface to bed voidage profile has been calculated from heat transfer coefficient measures by applying the Di Natale et al. (2008) model showing a good agreement with former studies and confirming the applicability of heat transfer data for the interpretation of fluid dynamic structure around surface immersed in fluidised beds.

In this work, a model for the description of metallic ions adsorption onto activated carbon is presented. The model starts from an evaluation of ion speciation and considers the presence of both the acid-basic sites and nucleophilic/electrophilic active sites on the activated carbon. Moreover, the multi-component Langmuir model is considered. The model has been used to correlate available experimental data on the adsorption of As(V), Cd(II), Cr(III) and Cr(VI) ions on activated carbon. A good matching between experimental results and model predictions has been obtained for all the investigated conditions.

A semi-empirical model is used to calculate the averaged surface void fraction in fluidized beds, εw, starting from experimental data on surface-to-bed heat transfer coefficient. The model is able to describe the effect of the main process parameters and shows that εw increases with minimum fluidization void fraction and particle Archimedes number.

A permeable reactive barrier is an in situ below-ground treatment zone of reactive permeable material that degrades (PRB) or immobilizes by adsorption (PAB) contaminants carried by groundwater flowing through. This work shows how a PAB made of Aquacarb 207EATM (activated carbon produced by the Sutcliffe Carbon) is capable to capture dissolved Cr(VI) ions leaching from contaminated top soil during rainfall events. The removal of chrome ions from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto the Aquacarb 207EATM activated carbon has been studied showing how the adsorption capacity changes as a function of different operational conditions. The effectiveness a PAB for the protection of a shallow aquifer has been tested by means of numerical simulation of dissolved Cr(VI) transport and adsorption with a two dimensional example of a permeable adsorbing barrier (PAB) made of granular activated carbon, designed for the protection of a shallow aquifer from Cr(VI) leaching from the topsoil during rainfall infiltration. The use of mathematical models for the design of a PAB is always necessary, since either the choice of adsorbing material or the definition of optimal barrier geometry depend on hydraulic and chemical characteristics of the contaminated groundwater flow to be treated. The values of the parameters chosen for the numerical simulation of the case studied are reported in Table 1 Figure 1 shows the plots of groundwater Cr(VI) concentration with and without the barrier at various stages after the infiltration. The PAB ensures a complete protection from pollution of the aquifer downstream the barrier, the outgoing groundwater concentration being always below directive 2000/60/CE prescriptions.

This work deals with the experimental analysis of heat transfer coefficient between a fluidised bed of fine particles and submerged surfaces of different shapes. Experiments have been carried out using different bed materials (polymers, ballotini, corundum, carborundum and quartz sand) characterized by a mean particle diameters ranging between 30 and 90 µm and an Archimedes number between 2 and 50. Dry air at 25°C and 100 kPa has been used as fluidising gas. Three different objects are used as heat transfer probes: a sphere and two cylinders with different base diameter and same height. Experimental results show that the heat transfer coefficient increases with particle Archimedes number and is almost independent from particle thermal conductivity for a Kp between 0.9 and 16 W/(m•K). Finally, the comparison of heat transfer coefficient for the different probes shows that the effect of the surface geometry may account for a 30% variation in the heat transfer coefficient, with higher differences occurring for coarser particles.

This work analyses the correlation between external heat transfer and fluid dynamic field near a surface immersed in a bubbling fluidised bed through a simplified model and detailed DEM-CFD simulations. The study is based on experimental results on surface-to-bed heat transfer between a fluidised bed at bubbling and slugging regime and two heat transfer probes with spherical and cylindrical shape. The model estimations and the DEM-CFD simulations have been compared in terms of estimated values of averaged surface void fraction εw. The two approaches give similar results for the case of the sphere while the value of εw for the cylinder deduced by numerical simulations appears to be underestimated.

Due to specific requirements for automotive applications, the design of an integrated antenna system able to guarantee the connection to several wireless services, i.e. GPS, GSM/GPRS and COSPAS-SARSAT, must be faced as an optimization problem. Starting from electrical and geometrical constraints, the design of the antenna must be faced considering, in addition to usual antenna design procedures, also interferences phenomena arising from the integration of antennas belonging to different classes in a single compact device. In the paper are described the design phases of the device and the experimental and numerical validation activity conducted on a prototype of the antenna.

This paper describes the application of the particle swarm optimizer to the real time adaptive antenna control.

Personal experience is intrinsically local while common knowledge is global. As a consequence, standard multimedia search engines suffer from a gap between local content and global concept, due to the diversity of context. Here we design a new multimedia retrieval system which integrates local diversity into an evolving global knowledge. A suitable personalization of global ontologies allows to extract information from multimedia content according to context-sensitive relevance, while a peer-to-peer communication model provides a decentralized and scalable logical architecture for media search.

Digital divide is one of the most relevant emergencies of developing countries. The situation is particularly difficult in central Africa, where wide zones are totally disconnected by any kind of communication services. In these areas (sometimes not very far from big towns) many people are living and critical infrastructures, like e.g. hospitals, cannot communicate with the external world. In this work, we are going to propose a feasible and low-cost solution for installing VoIP-based telephone services in peripheral areas not reached by fixed and cellular networking infrastructures. The proposed solution is based on a Wi-Fi radio bridge connecting a remote disconnected site with a gateway placed in a town. The gateway consists only of a PC connected to the PSTN by a suitable interfacing card. The gateway is equipped with the ASTERISK server, a software tool able at routing VoIP calls to a PSTN, as it would happen if a regular push-button telephone was employed. The system was developed and tested in open field and provided very good results in terms of efficiency and reliability. Such a positive testing phase encouraged developers to propose such kind of solution also for practical installation in interested countries. In particular, low hardware costs, easy of use and totally open-source software availability are regarded by potentially interested users as real strength points with respect to other available commercial solutions.

Edges are known to be a semantically rich representation of the contents of a digital image. Nevertheless, their use in practical applications is sometimes limited by computation and complexity constraints. In this paper, a new approach is presented that addresses the problem of matching visual objects in digital images by combining the concept of Edge Potential Functions (EPF) with a powerful matching tool based on Genetic Algorithms (GA). EPFs can be easily calculated starting from an edge map and provide a kind of attractive pattern for a matching contour, which is conveniently exploited by GAs. Several tests were performed in the framework of different image matching applications. The results achieved clearly outline the potential of the proposed method as compared to state of the art methodologies. (c) 2007 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other users, including reprinting/ republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted components of this work in other works.

In this work, a novel Minimum-Mean Squared-Error (MMSE) multi-user detector is proposed for MC-CDMA transmission systems working over mobile radio channels characterized by time-varying multipath fading. The proposed MUD algorithm is based on a Genetic Algorithm (GA)-assisted per-carrier MMSE criterion. The GA block works in two successive steps: a training-aided step aimed at computing the optimal receiver weights using a very short training sequence, and a decision-directed step aimed at dynamically updating the weights vector during a channel coherence period. Numerical results evidenced BER performances almost coincident with ones yielded by ideal MMSE-MUD based on the perfect knowledge of channel impulse response. The proposed GA-assisted MMSE-MUD clearly outperforms state-of-the-art adaptive MMSE receivers based on deterministic gradient algorithms, especially for high number of transmitting users.

In this paper a new approach to the control of phased arrays is presented and assessed. Starting from the adaptive array theory, a particle swarm strategy is used to tune the phase coefficients of the array in order to adaptively minimize/avoid the effects of interfering signals at the receiver. To show the effectiveness of the proposed approach, a selected set of numerical examples, concerned with linear as well as planar arrays, is presented. Furthermore, to evaluate the advantages of the PSO-based strategy over state-of-art methods, a comparative study is carried out by analyzing the performance of the method in terms of both the signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio and resulting beam pattern. The achieved results, even though preliminarly, seem to confirm that the PSO-based approach satisfactorily works and it generally outperforms previously proposed/state-of-art phase-only adaptive control strategies. (c) 2006 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other users, including reprinting/ republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted components of this work in other works.

The development of efficient automotive accident management systems requires the design of complex multifunction antennas enabling different wireless services (e.g., localization, voice and data communications, emergency calls, etc.). Starting from different specifications (electrical, mechanical, and aerodynamic), the design of a multifunction antenna must consider, in addition to the usual antenna design requirements, also interference phenomena arising from the integration of different classes of antennas in a compact device. In this framework, the paper describes a methodology based on a stochastic multiphases optimization approach for the design of an integrated multifunction/multiband antenna system. Moreover, for an exhaustive assessment, the results of an experimental validation performed on a prototype of the multifunction antenna system are shown and discussed. (c) 2006 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other users, including reprinting/ republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted components of this work in other works.

In this letter, the design of a monopolar dual-band antenna operating in the L1 and L2 GPS bands is presented. The prefractal geometry of the antenna has been synthesized by means of a particle swarm algorithm for optimizing the values of the electrical parameters within the specifications. For a general assessment, some selected results of numerical simulations are shown and some comparisons between numerical data and experimental measurements are presented. (c) 2006 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other users, including reprinting/ republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted components of this work in other works.

The paper describes an efficient method to achieve Multiple Description Coding (MDC) for video streaming applications. The idea is to use a JPEG-like syntax to represent an ordered sequence of the coefficients, alternately distributed among the two descriptors. The ordering procedure allows an efficient interpolation of the missing coefficients, and then an almost seamless reconstruction from a single descriptor. As compared to other approaches to MDC, the proposed strategy is characterized by an extremely low computational burden, while ensuring comparable overhead and good quality of single-descriptor video. We will consider the basic scheme, where only two descriptions are taken into account, bearing in mind that an extension to more descriptions is feasible with small effort, thanks to the extremely light nature of the encoder and decoder structure.

The present paper proposes an asymmetric watermarking scheme suitable for fingerprinting and precision-critical applications. The method is based on linear algebra and is proved to be secure under projection attack. The problem of anonymous fingerprinting is also addressed, by allowing a client to get a watermarked image from a server without revealing her/his own identity. In particular, we consider the specific scenario where the client is a structured organization being trusted as a whole but involving possibly untrusted members. In such a context, where the watermarked copy can be made available to all members, but only authorized subgroups should be able to remove the watermark and recover a distortion-free image, a multilevel access to the embedding key is provided by applying Birkhoff polynomial interpolation. Extensive simulations demonstrate the robustness of the proposed method against standard image degradation operators.

A novel methodology for the efficient multiplexing and streaming of MPEG4 video over wireless networks is presented and discussed. The proposed cross-layer adaptation jointly exploits variable-bitrate (VBR) multi-carrier code-division multiplexing (MC-CDM) and MPEG4 Fine-Grain-Scalability (FGS) in order to provide unequal error protection to the transmitted video stream. A shared bandwidth is partitioned into orthogonal sub-channels in order to multiplex different layers of MPEG4-coded signals. Lower layers are assigned a higher number of sub-channels (and hence an increased frequency diversity) as compared to FGS enhancement layers, in order to provide a differentiated protection against channel degradations. A 2-GHz LEO multicast satellite transmission system has been considered as a application testbed of the proposed methodology. Results achieved in terms of PSNR show that the VBR MC-CDM technique can provide better results than conventional MPEG4 single-layer MC-SS transmission. In the framework of a full-digital implementation of reconfigurable multimedia transceivers, the proposed VBR MC-CDM technique may be regarded as a convenient solution for reliable multimedia transmissions in mobile environments.

A major limitation of some recently proposed asymmetric watermarking techniques based on linear algebra lies in the strong dependence of the watermark on the original image. The present letter suggests an alternative scheme which is not only secure against projection attack but allows also the insertion of arbitrary watermarking sequences.

This paper describes the design process of an integrated antenna for an automotive rescue system. In order to fulfill the antenna design requirements in different frequency bands and to minimize the interference phenomena arising from the integration of different classes of antennas in a single device, a two-phases stochastic optimization approach is used. The experimental validation carried out on the developed prototype confirms the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Multicarrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) techniques were originally proposed at mid of 90’s for wideband multi-user communications in wireless environments characterised by hostile propagation characteristics. Problems still to be solved are related to the provision of efficient resource channel allocation in variable-bit-rate transmission. In this work, the design of a MC-CDMA-based WLAN infrastructure is considered. The great advantage of MC-CDMA, i.e. the capability of supporting asynchronous multi-user variable-bit-rate (VBR) transmission over multipath channel with conventional detection, is exploited, jointly with an efficient and real-time Medium Access Control (MAC) strategy, in order to allow a significant number of VBR users to share the same bandwidth with different QoS profiles. Different classes of users will be labeled by the MAC level that has to plan a controlled access to the channel on the basis of the users’ requests and to check the possibility of assuring to them a certain Qos degree. The paper presents an overview of the system and tests its performance through extensive simulation.

In order to synthesize planar, sparse, and aperiodic arrays, a numerical procedure based on an enhanced genetic algorithm is proposed. The method maximizes a suitably defined single-objective fitness function iteratively acting on the states and the weights of the elements of the array. Such a cost function is related to the shape of the desired beam pattern, to the number of active elements and to others user-defined array-pattern constraints. To preliminarily assess the effectiveness of the approach, selected numerical experiments are performed. The obtained results seem to confirm its feasibility. Moreover, given the heterogeneity of the test benchmarks, the versatility is pointed out as a key-feature of the implemented methodology.

In this letter, an approach to adaptive antenna array optimisation based on genetic algorithms is assessed in a realistic scattering environment, where interfering signals are modelled using the Student's t-distribution. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed array control strategy.

An optimization problem for designing non-uniformly spaced, linear arrays is formulated and solved by means of an improved genetic algorithm (IGA) procedure. The proposed iterative method aims at array thinning and optimization of element positions and weights by minimizing the side-lobes level. Selected examples are included, which demonstrate the effectiveness and the design flexibility of the proposed method in the framework of electromagnetic synthesis of linear arrays.

In this report, a novel methodology for the efficient multiplexing and transmission of MPEG4- coded video signals over wireless networks will be presented and discussed. The proposed approach relies on the joint exploitation of variable-bit-rate (VBR) multicarrier code-division multiplexing (MC-CDM), together with MPEG4 coding with Fine-Grain-Scalability (FGS) in order to provide unequal error protection to the transmitted video stream.The innovative scheme proposed employs a shared bandwidth partitioned into orthogonal sub-channels in order to multiplex different layers of MPEG-4-coded signals. The highest number of sub-channels (and hence an increased frequency diversity) is assigned to the lowest-bit-rate base layer and the lowest number of sub-channels is assigned to the highest bit-rate enhancement layer. In such a way, base layer information contents are more protected against channel degradations than information contained in FGS enhancement layers, which can only yield a refinement of the quality of the decoded streams. A 2GHz LEO multicast satellite transmission to mobile users has been regarded as the application testbed for the proposed method. Results achieved in terms of PSNR point out that the VBR MC-CDM technique can provide better results than a conventional MPEG-4 single-layer MC-SS transmission.In the framework of a full-digital implementation of reconfigurable multimedia transceivers, the proposed VBR MC-CDM technique may be regarded as an interesting solution for reliable multimedia transmissions in mobile environments.

In this letter, a real-world working case of interfering signals coming to an antenna array is considered with random arrivals modeled as a Poisson process. The assessment of a procedure based on a suitable Genetic Algorithm for adaptive array control is performed by means of numerical simulations. Selected results demonstrate the effectiveness and flexibility of the proposed procedure. (c) 2004 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other users, including reprinting/ republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted components of this work in other works.

Multi- and hyper-spectral data pose severe problems in terms of storage capacity and transmission bandwidth. Although recommendable, compression techniques require efficient approaches to guarantee an adequate fidelity level. In particular, depending on the final destination of the data, it could be necessary to maximize several parameters, as for instance the visual quality of the rendered data, the correctness of their interpretation, or the performance of their classification. Based on the idea of Spectral Vector Quantization, the approach proposed in this paper aims at combining a compression and a classification methodology into a single scheme, in which visual distortion and classification accuracy can be balanced a- priori according to the requirements of the target application. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach can be employed successfully in a wide range of application domains.

A significant improvement of block-based motion estimation strategies is presented, which provides fast computation and very low bitrate coding. For each block, a spatio-temporal context is defined based on nearest neighbors in the current and previous frames, and a prediction list is built. Then, the best matching vector within the list is chosen as an estimation of the block motion. Since coder and decoder are synchronous, only the index of the selected vector is needed at the decoder to reconstruct the motion field. To avoid the propagation of the error, an additional correction vector can be sent when prediction error exceeds a threshold. Furthermore, bitrate saving is achieved through an adaptive sorting of the prediction list of each block, which allows to reduce the entropy of the motion indexes. Tests demonstrate that the proposed method ensures a speed up over 1:200 as compared to full search, and a coding gain above 2, with a negligible loss of accuracy. This allows real-time implementation of VLBR software video coders on conventional PC platforms.

Texture analysis based on the extraction of contrast features is very effective in terms of both computational complexity and discrimination capability. In this framework, max-min approaches have been proposed in the past as a simple and powerful tool to characterize a statistical texture. In the present work, a method is proposed that allows exploiting the potential of max -min approaches to efficiently solve the problem of detecting local alterations in a uniform statistical texture. Experimental results show a high defect discrimination capability and a good attitude to real-time applications, which make it particularly attractive for the development of industrial visual inspection systems.

Current standards for video compression achieve good performances in terms of data compaction and signal to noise ratio of the decoded signal. Nevertheless, there are some known problems concerning the visual quality of reconstructed images, which can be partially solved using appropriate post-processing algorithms. The paper proposes a new adaptive anisotropic filter (AAF) that aims at unifying the treatment of different sources of perceptive distortion in MPEG sequences. The process is driven by a local classification of blocks and single pixels of decoded frames, taking into account several parameters (distribution of DCT coefficient energy, presence of sharp variations, spatial position of DCT block boundaries). Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms existing enhancement approaches, in particular when constraints on complexity and real-time processing are compelling.

The goal in cardiovascular prevention is the reduction of morbidity and mortality through the promotion of healthy lifestyles in the general population. The management of modifiable risk factors with pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions, based on the individual risk is the first strategy suggested by the current guidelines. Several epidemiological studies have clearly shown the direct correlation between high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and incidence of cardiovascular diseases. On the other hand, numerous randomized clinical studies have reported a huge benefit in terms of major cardiovascular events achievable by the reduction of LDL-C, thus supporting the notion that “the lower is better”. Among the lipid-lowering strategies, statins are the drugs of choice in cardiovascular prevention, at both primary and secondary level. To achieve the ambitious targets suggested by the current guidelines, other lipid-lowering therapies are currently available in addition to statins, such as ezetimibe the inhibitors of the PCSK9. Pharmacological research has recently led to the development of a new drug, the bempedoic acid, which further enrich the available therapies. This drug also acts on the biosynthesis of cholesterol but at upstream level than statins. From the biochemical point of view, it has the potential to be considered before the statin with consequent titration of statins to achieve the desirable LDL-C target. In the present review, the biochemical and pharmacological characteristics of bempedoic acid are discussed. An overview of the clinical data that support its use in the management of the cardiovascular patient and its allocation in the lipid-lowering scenario will be also provided.

The paper presents experimetnal findings on an innovative system aimed to remove ultrafine particles from gases. The system is based on coupling a particle enlargement process with a three-phase bubble column. Calibrated polystyrene nanoparticles of about 200 nm were tested and were enlarged in a growth-tube operated at different temepartures to obtain different super-saturation levels. The experimental results showed that the aerosol cumulative distribution functions shifted towards larger diameters with the increasing of supersaturation; the total particle removal efficiency in the three-phase bubble column increased with the supersaturation reaching values of 99 %.