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The rapid development of the Internet of Things has resulted in the harvesting of distributed sustainable energy receiving increasing attention. Recently, a study on triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) for collecting low-frequency and irregular-amplitude ocean wave energy has attracted significant interest. Herein, a self-powered seesaw-structured spherical triboelectric–electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerator (SSTE-HNG) combining various working modes is presented for harvesting wide-frequency wave energy from different directions and self-powered sea surface wireless positioning. The electrical output performances were systematically investigated and optimized via studying the effects of the configuration parameters, including the central slider mass, oscillation frequency, and swing amplitude of each module and the entire device; the instantaneous maximum output power densities of the origami zigzag-multilayer structured (OZ), freestanding layer rolling (FL), and electromagnetic generator (EMG) modules can reach 17, 4.8, and 9.8 W m−3, respectively, at an oscillation frequency of 0.7 Hz, and around 410 LEDs can be lit when operating the SSTE-HNG. Finally, the output voltage of the SSTE-HNG was stabilized using a transistor-controlled power management circuit for charging a 4.7 mF commercial capacitor in the range of 2.7 to 3.3 V; the seesaw-structured spherical buoy was used to drive a global positioning system (GPS) module for dynamic sea surface real-time wireless positioning, and our lab building on campus was successfully located upon installing the SSTE-HNG in a water tank. This study provides an ingenious design for achieving synchronized movements among hybrid effect/mode-based generators, and a self-powered buoy with a hybrid nanogenerator for sea surface wireless positioning was realized, which has the potential to be integrated with distributed electronics, such as sensors that collect sea surface meteorological information, in the future in the field of smart marine technology.

Tidal observations influence the transport efficiency of international commercial ports and can be affected by mechanical failures or typhoon-induced storms. These factors cause observational interruptions, which lead to tidal data loss or anomaly. Thus, the applicability of the data is reduced. Existing methods still have certain limitations in accurately predicting the tide level because of the omission of a large amount of data. Therefore, missing value imputation and tide level forecasting of tidal data are crucial topics in tidal observation study. In this study, we propose a deep learning algorithm for missing value imputation and tide level forecasting of tidal data. The test data are obtained from the tidal data of Keelung Port, Taipei Port, Tamsui Port, Taichung Port, Jiangjun Port, Anping Port, Kaohsiung Port, Hualian Port, Suao Port, and Penghu Port, constructed by the Harbor and Marine Technology Center, Taiwan. The average error value for conducting missing value imputation is 0.086 m ± 5%, and the average error value for tide level forecasting is 0.071 m. The experimental results reveal that the deep neural network has better performance than the traditional statistical methods and other artificial neural networks.

While fishhook technology is currently known to date back to ca. 22,000 cal. BP, almost all Pleistocene-aged assemblages consist of less than 10 artifacts, restricting the ability of archaeologists...

As an important part of earth sciences, marine sciences are closely related to economic and social development, marine security, and global change. They are a source of knowledge for earth system sciences, an important basis for sustainable development, and underpin strategies of maritime power. This paper summarizes trends in the development of marine sciences and their main challenges in China. It is important to establish a sound subdiscipline of marine sciences to carry out original work, to obtain basic theoretical data, and to innovate for future development. The paper describes the trends in marine science funding allocation, and details some of the leading national basic marine science research around the world to provide context for the development of marine sciences in China. The paper reviews the succession process of basic research funding allocation. The discipline application code system of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), as the important framework of NSFC funding, determines the development of marine science research. It must be continuously updated and developed in accordance with the rules of development and the requirements of social services. Accurately determining the application codes is essential for the NSFC to allocate funding appropriately. In the 1980s and 1990s, the marine sciences were divided into eight subdisciplines. In 2008, the NSFC carried out a large-scale revision, and the marine sciences were divided into the current 11 subdisciplines. The paper introduces a new application code system for marine sciences and describes its development process. In the last ten years, marine sciences have developed rapidly, and the previous application codes could not adapt to the current development and trends in marine science and technology. Under the unified deployment and guidance of the Department of Earth Sciences of the NSFC, the Oceanography Group launched a systematic demonstration and overall redesign of the application codes of marine sciences in 2018. The aim was to better reflect the systematization, completeness, and progressiveness of the marine sciences system in the new era, to guide the direction of marine science research, and to promote the interdisciplinary, balanced, and coordinated development of marine sciences. Combining “top-down” and “bottom-up” approaches, the group further analyzed the trends in the development of marine science research and carried out a systematic critical review. Considering the current situation and the challenges in achieving the coordinated development of marine science and technology and its social impacts, the group proposed a new version of the system comprising 15 application codes, covering three directions of “Branch Discipline”, “Supporting Technology”, and “Development Field”. “Branch Discipline” comprises six codes: D0601 Physical oceanography, D0602 marine chemistry, D0603 marine geology and geophysics, D0604 biological oceanography and marine biological resources, D0605 marine ecology and environmental science, and D0606 estuarine and coastal science. “Supporting Technology” comprises three codes: D0607 Marine remote sensing, D0608 marine physics, and observation and detection technology, and D0609 marine data science and information system. “Development Field” comprises six codes: D0610 Marine system and global change, D0611 marine engineering and environmental effects, D0612 marine disasters, and disaster prevention and mitigation, D0613 marine energy and resources, D0614 coordinated sea and land development, and sustainable development, and D0615 polar science. The updated system is forward-looking, coordinated, logical, and consistent, and better supports China’s basic marine science and major national requirements. Last but not least, the paper describes the Shiptime Sharing Project to support the Open Cruise Program, as well as an international cooperation network established by the NSFC. The trends in the development of these projects and future prospects are also discussed. The revision of the application codes has comprehensively organized funding for marine sciences in the new era. The new codes specify directions for the development of marine technology, and provide a means for the implementation of the national marine strategy through funding allocation. Basic marine scientific research will be better served by this optimized NSFC marine funding allocation system.

On the basis of the Recommendations developed and adopted within the framework of the UNECE, the Resolution of the Sixty-eighth Session of the Danube Commission (SC) of 15 May 2007 (DC / SEC 68/7) adopted "Recommendations concerning Technical Requirements for Inland Navigation Vessels". as minimum technical requirements for ships of the member states of the DC sailing on the Danube, taking into account the recommendations previously adopted by the SC on certain technical issues. This Resolution recommends that the member states of the SC put them into effect as soon as possible and inform the SC about it. Given that today the average age of Ukrainian Danube Shipping vessels is 38 years, and taking into account their share in the fleet operating in the Danube River Basin, it should be expected that most vessels flying the Ukrainian flag may be in the non-standard group if the necessary measures will not be taken to restore or modify the fleet. The main areas of research can be considered the search for design changes or new solutions related to marine technology or solutions related to the modification of fuel and the use of new types and related to the protection of the environment from the harmful effects of vehicles at all stages of life. cycle One of the effective low-cost and simple ways to reduce emissions from the exhaust gases of marine diesels is the use of water additives to the fuel in the form of an emulsion. A significant contribution in this area has been made by domestic and foreign scientists А. Savchenko, V. Solodovnikov, I. Parsadanov, I. Karyagin, Abuzaid M., Armas O., Hountalas D., Kadodta T., Leug P., Maria R.B., Morozumi Y., Yoshimoto Y. and many others. The above requires solving the current scientific and technical problem, which is to develop a new approach to the fuel system, which will significantly improve the quality of operation through the use of homogenized fuel and reduce emissions associated with the operation of the vessel in terms of strengthening international requirements for emissions into the atmosphere.

Seawater batteries have been widely used for the marine technology industry. However, elevating the output power density of seawater batteries to achieve long term and repeated underwater usage in a wide range of environmental temperatures remains a challenge. In this work, a seawater battery with ultra-high power density and ultra-stable cycling performance in seawater from 0 °C to 40 °C has been realized by using a metal as the anode and nickel hexacyanoferrate (NiHCF) as the cathode. The electrode made from NiHCF increases the output voltage of the seawater battery and shows almost no capacity fading at high current density during cycling. As a result, the seawater battery presents a high power density of over 160 mW cm−2 and can work stably in seawater in a wide temperature range (0–40 °C). Experiments have proved that the seawater battery system could drive the target electric boat in an actual marine environment. This result proved that the seawater battery could potentially be applied to marine equipment.

Objective The objective of the article is to address the following fundamental questions: First, to what extent can Bronze Age maritime technology in Mesopotamia and the Gulf be considered an example of historical innovation, given the limited set of evidence? Second, what are the challenges of effectively measuring and analyzing maritime technological “innovation” in this period? Third, what methodologies have been recently developed to help us better understand these innovations? Methods The method relies on historical‐archaeological analysis of the evidence as well as experimental archaeological reconstruction. Results The study suggest that while the archaeological and textual evidence clearly shows that innovations took place, the paucity of that evidence limits any detailed analysis of innovation. Conclusion Due to the limited data currently available to us, maritime experimental archaeology provides the best methodology for potentially understanding these innovations until further archaeological discoveries are made related to the subject.

The transportation of goods, passenger and livestock by sea is growing rapidly and rise a need for safety, security and environment protection. Now Indonesia is in the process of implementing E-Navigation. But since E-Navigation is complex and need a lot of system interoperability, then Indonesia may start the implementation by introducing VTS (Vessel Traffic Services) as a system designed to achieve the highest level of safety at sea, increase fleet efficiency and simplify everyday tasks both ashore and on board and therefore the operations are processed seamlessly, the compliance is guaranteed and the workload and costs are optimized. The VTS is not only for vessel traffic management but it also for harbour cluster and integrating communication system among stake holders on ships and on shore. But VTS plays a very important role in maintaining safety of navigation and efficiency as well as environment protection in traffic separation schemes. Nowadays, the next generation of VTS so-called smart VTS is capable to monitor (collect and process the data, create common operational picture, distribute data to clients), alerting (analyse traffic, detect dangerous traffic situations, and increase situation awareness), and respond (active decision support services and ensure ship to shore communications). The respond, however, is similar with the smart marine technology that may reduce human error significantly. Indonesia hopefully will implement the 16 kinds of MS (maritime services) portfolio with smart VTS especially in maintaining safety, security, efficiency and environment protection in traffic separation schemes.

This article assesses the historiography of navigation and shipbuilding technology in India. Though the paucity of Indian primary sources has deterred historians from compiling large-scale works on these themes, they have been elucidated in a number of valuable publications. Moreover, the voluminous data recorded by the British in particular, and Europeans in general, during seventeenth and eighteenth centuries provides further relevant information on these themes.

This document was developed within the framework of the MATES project, Maritime Alliance for Fostering the European Blue Economy through a Marine Technology Skilling Strategy. The objective of the project is to develop a skills strategy that addresses the main drivers of change to the maritime industry, in particular Shipbuilding and Offshore Renewable Energy. Both sectors are strongly linked and require new capacities to succeed in an increasingly digital, green and knowledgedriven economy. Project duration: 2018 – 2022 projectmates.eu This Legacy Brochure and Strategy Plan describes the main outputs from the MATES project. These outputs are a result of the successful initiatives carried out by the MATES partnership to help address the mismatch between skills demand (market needs) and skills provision (training offer) in the Shipbuilding and Offshore Renewable Energy sectors. MATES achievements are highlighted as best practices in this brochure and priorities for the future are outlined as part of a Strategic Plan., Co-funded by the Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union. The European Commission support for the production of this publication does not constitute an endorsement of the contents which reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

Advanced marine observation infrastructures are the most significant scientific tool for the study of marine ecosystem trends and shifts. Ocean monitoring technologies, though highly demanding and expensive, are essential for the monitoring and long-term study of oceanic systems. The POSEIDON system for monitoring and forecasting the marine environment is an augmented research infrastructure, unique in the Eastern Mediterranean basin, contributing to the European Ocean Observing System implementation, focusing—among others—on biogeochemical observations and deep-sea ecosystem and geological processes. The technological evolution of the POSEIDON system through a science-coupled strategy supported by engineers and scientists, resulted in a state-of-the-art ocean observing system. There has been a continuous expansion of the infrastructure with new scientific platforms and supporting facilities. Innovative sensing technologies were introduced in the operational data acquisition and new methodologies and tools were developed to improve the system operations and efficiency. As a part of the scientific community of ocean observatories, POSEIDON contributes actively to the improving of the ocean observing. International access to engineering and field demonstrating services, data products and technology testing facilities has been offered to scientists and industry partners. POSEIDON is a widely recognizable international technology testing/demonstrating node specializing in marine technology providing high-level services.

Delegations are in the final stages of negotiating the proposedAgreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction(BBNJAgreementorAgreement). TheAgreementwill have tremendous scope. Geographically it covers all ocean areas beyond national jurisdiction, meaning approximately 60 percent of the earth’s surface. Substantively it deals with a range of complex topics necessary for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction, including marine genetic resources, sharing of benefits, measures such as area-based management tools, including marine protected areas, environmental impact assessments and capacity-building and the transfer of marine technology. Existing scholarship primarily explores the substantive choices for theAgreement; little examines its proposed institutional structure. This article critically assesses the competing positions advanced during negotiations for theAgreement’sinstitutional structure – the ‘global’ and ‘regional’ positions – and reviews the middle, or ‘compromise’ position adopted by the draft text. It suggests that both global and regional actors will be necessary to conserve and sustainably use marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction, and that some form of coordinating mechanism is required to allocate responsibility for particular tasks. Two principles are proposed for use in combination to provide a mechanism to help coordinateAgreementorgans (global) and regional or sectoral bodies, namely, the principles of subsidiarity and cooperation. These principles are found in existing international and regional structures but are advanced here in dynamic forms, allowing for temporary or quasi-permanent allocation of competences, which can change or evolve over time. This position is also grounded in the international law of treaties and furthers dynamic views of regional and global ocean governance by offering practical coordinating principles that work with the existingAgreementtext.

The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is a major contemporary challenge. This has prompted the requirements concerning energy efficiency for ships, among other things. Improvement in efficiency of ship operations could be achieved by reducing unnecessary power consumption by induction motors. Specifically, the occurrence of power quality disturbances, such as frequency and voltage deviations, voltage unbalances, and voltage harmonics, can cause an extraordinary increase in the power losses occurring in induction motors, as well as an unnecessary increase in the output power. Furthermore, excessive power quality disturbances are often interconnected with failures of on-board equipment, and in extreme cases, these may even pose a threat to safety at sea. Consequently, strict power quality monitoring of on-board microgrids can also contribute to improving safety while afloat. In this study, a dedicated tool for power quality monitoring is proposed, namely the coefficient of voltage energy efficiency, which has a value proportional to the power losses occurring in induction motors under power quality disturbances.

Ship power systems are characterised by a comparatively high level of various power quality disturbances, such as voltage deviations, frequency deviations, voltage waveform distortions and sometimes voltage unbalance, which exert a detrimental effect on energy receivers. Among other things, power quality disturbances may cause an extraordinary increase in power losses occurring in on-board induction motors as well as ineffective utilisation of their mechanical output power. In this study, the results of empirical research which demonstrates how power quality disturbances in real ship microgrids affect induction motors are shown. The results of power quality monitoring in ship power systems from the point of view of the energy-efficient operation of induction motors are presented for various vessels and operating conditions. Recommendations concerning the revision of power quality standards and rules are elaborated to provide more energy-efficient ship operation.

The ionizing radiation has the tendency of causing damage to man and its environments, hence the assessment of indoor and outdoor background ionizing radiation level in Delta State School of Marine Technology, Burutu, Delta State, Nigeria, was carried out using well calibrated and tested radiation meter (Digilert 100). The study was done in a period of ten calendar months. The purpose of this study is to obtain baseline data for indoor and outdoor Background Ionizing Radiation (BIR) level and health effect on man and the environment. For the indoor and outdoor measurement, readings were taken in three consecutive times in one location at a height of 1 meter above the ground for each point. The geographical positioning system (GPS) was equally employed in determining the coordinates of the area. The results from BIR measurement revealed that indoor readings range from 0,009 mRhr-1 to 0,019 mRhr-1 with a mean value of 0,015 mRhr-1 and for the outdoor ranges 0,010 mRhr-1 to 0,020 mRhr-1 with a mean value of 0,014 mRhr-1. The radiation health parameters calculated, for dose rate and Annual Effective Dose Equivalent (AEDE) have their mean values to be 1,135 mGyr-1 and 1,035 mGyr-1 for indoor and 0,635 mSvyr-1 and 0,145 mSvyr-1 for outdoor respectively. But the mean values of Excess Lifetime Cancer Risks (ELCR) for indoor and outdoor are 1,729 and 0,394 respectively. The deviation in BIR level and its radiological parameters are attributed to oil and gas activities in the study areas. The implication is that the area is radiologically unhealthy, the effect may not be significant but long term exposure may be dangerous. Therefore, it is imperative for radiation protection agencies to swing into regulatory action and there should be monitoring of the environment in order to reduce pollution.

The centrifugal magnetic fluid seals have important advantage over the conventional centrifugal seals. They maintain very good sealing capacity at static, medium and high speeds of shaft rotation, with the increased seal lifetime, and minimum torque and static friction. These seals are particularly useful in cases when the angular shaft velocity varies and sometimes decreases to nearly or exactly zero, such as in flywheel applications, ship propeller main shafts, etc. Unique properties of the magnetic fluid give rare opportunities for application in marine design, where perfect sealing together with reliable lubrication are required. The paper presents a typical design and operation principle of a centrifugal magnetic fluid shaft seal, along with new design solutions. Not only in ocean technology and underwater robotics. Some cases of application of centrifugal magnetic fluid seals in modern sealing technology are included.

This paper discusses the potential of acoustic emission-based methods in technical condition assessment of marine technology, including methodology and results of marine pipeline checks during pneumatic tests and welding quality control of hull structures directly in the process of their manufacturing.

It is one of the important tasks for marine technology to track and observe, measure and calculate the attitude angle of aircraft landing in a certain range of sea area, measuring and calculating its attitude angle. Accurate identification and tracking of the target and reasonable optimization of the surveillance camera placement are the key steps to complete the mission. Based on a typical scene, this paper presents a technical scheme of aircraft tracking and shooting by three-spectrum cameras and constant-speed cameras. In addition, the design of the camera placement scheme is optimized, and the calculation method of the aircraft attitude is given. The simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.

Ocean science is central in providing evidence for the implementation of the United Nations Law of the Sea Convention. The Convention’s provisions on transfer of marine technology to developing countries aim at strengthening scientific capabilities to promote equitable opportunities for these countries to exercise rights and obligations in managing the marine environment. Decades after the adoption of the Convention, these provisions are under implemented, despite the efforts of international organizations, such as IOC-UNESCO. Latin America and the Caribbean struggle to conduct marine scientific research and seize the opportunities of blue economy due to the limited access to state-of-the-art technology. Ocean science communities in these countries are subject to constraints not foreseeing in international treaties, such as unstable exchange rates, taxation, fees for transportation, costs of maintenance and calibration of technology, challenges to comply with technical standards, and intellectual property rights. Action is needed to overcome these challenges by promoting a closer tie between science and diplomacy. We discuss that this interplay between science and international relations, as we frame science diplomacy, can inform on how to progress in allowing countries in this region to develop relevant research and implement the Convention. We provide concrete examples of this transfer of marine technology and ways forward, in particular in the context of the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021–2030).

Over one hundred governments are currently negotiating a new legally binding instrument for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ). The new agreement is to address four broad themes: marine genetic resources (MGRs); area-based management tools (ABMTs), including marine protected areas (MPAs); environmental impact assessments (EIAs); and capacity building and the transfer of marine technology (CB&TT). Although a large corpus of scientific BBNJ literature exists, a comprehensive overview and critical analysis of the academic debate is currently missing. This systematic review seeks to fill this gap by examining the main priority topics and recommendations in a sample of 140 multidisciplinary, geographically diverse publications. As an up-to-date summary and analysis, it is intended for researchers from diverse academic disciplines in the natural and social sciences, policy-makers, and practitioners. It untangles the complex BBNJ negotiations, highlights the policy relevance of existing work, and facilitates links between science, policy, and practice. It presents recommendations made in the literature sample for each of the four package elements of the future treaty and identifies four overarching themes: ocean connectivity, institutional design, the role of science, and digital technology. This paper identifies two important gaps that need to be addressed if we are to conserve marine biodiversity in international waters: the science-policy interfaces and the need for transformative change.

The ocean and any form of bodies of water must be protected and secure from any intruders and to monitor our ocean, technology must be used and integrated for more efficient monitoring. Automatic boat detection plays an important role in maritime surveillance. However, the maritime environment represents lots of challenges such as the wave of water, boat movements, and weather condition. This paper presents a method for detecting moving boats from a sequence of images using a deep learning approach. In this study, the researchers proposed a detection system for the boats in the ocean using optical aerial images. The researchers conducted testing and the results were favorable. Upon testing the researchers obtained a 90% accuracy of detection of the ship in the ocean using the single images, video feeds, and live feeds. The experiments show promising results.

This paper describes a simplified method to modeling and parameters identification of an Unmanned surface vehicle USV. The USV is propelled by two thrusters allowing both control of speed and heading. The outputs of the studied system are variables that characterize the kinematics and the motion of the USV such as the speed, the heading, and the position in the horizontal plan. First a nonlinear model with three degrees of freedom is designed, then the parameters are calculated based on sea trials data. Finally the model is validated by simulation in order to perform some control methods in a future work.

Flight control systems are widely used in modern aircraft; they help pilot in steering their aircrafts. The wind force applied on the aircraft quadcopter body causes large drift angles. To remedy this issue, an efficient flight controller based on nonlinear controller for both high-level and low-level regulators was designed. These tow controllers were developed based on the quadcopter dynamic model. This approach is validated through simulation to show its effectiveness.

Ship collision avoidance is one of the key points in the maritime technology field. Navigator can adopt correct taking an action for collision avoidance via an accurate collision risk assessment via real-time ship movement parameters and a time point for collision avoidance. In this paper, the real-time collision risk assessment system by considering ship movement parameters and the time point for collision avoidance in accordance with collision avoidance rules was proposed as follows: (i) ship movement parameters and the time point for collision avoidance were analyzed and obtained according to the review on collision avoidance; (ii) ship movement parameters defined by the time point for collision avoidance was extracted via near-collision situation data using ship domain, and (iii) obtained data was learned by using the adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). As a result, the real-time collision risk assessment system can infer the collision risk index (CRI) according to changing circumstances at optimal distance and time.

Among numerous emergency responses to maritime emergencies, the most critical part is the search and rescue (SAR) for victims in distress on the sea. Maritime search and rescue missions are usually divided into two: search and rescue, and the most complex and difficult part is searching for targets in distress at sea. Traditional numerical models can provide accurate drift trajectories of targets in distress. However, owing to the mathematical mechanism, even with high-performance computing technology, the searching time is still far from meeting the real-time requirements of sea rescue missions. In view of this situation, in this paper, a parallel intelligent system is proposed for SAR targets in distress at sea based on a deep residual neural network. A large amount of natural system observation data is utilized to train the proposed ResNet network with the advantages of high-performance computing technique which can accelerate the training process. Furthermore, mathematical model simulation results are used to tune the parameters and optimize the results of the neural network. The precision, recall, and F1 scores of the predictions for drifting of the targets in distress can reach more than 90%. Moreover, the ResNet network-based parallel intelligent system combined with high-performance parallel computing technology reduces the time by about 1%. When compared with traditional numerical model systems in predicting target drifting results, the proposed system can enhance the timeliness of the maritime search and rescue process.

In order to solve the problem of rust removal on the inner and outer surface of petrochemical storage tanks that consumes a lot of manpower and material resources during the operation, a derusting wall climbing robot of permanent magnetic adsorption type was designed. Firstly, the mechanical structure design idea is carried out. Then, the force received by the robot which affects the stability of the robot movement is analyzed by the statics motion calculation formula. Finally, the real-time control system software of the robot is designed to realize the movement of the robot. The purpose of this paper is making the robot to be a remote control tool to help workers finishing petrochemical storage tanks rust removal operation.

This paper presents the results of an ongoing effort to create a unique resource at the Center for Ocean Ventures and Entrepreneurship (COVE) in Halifax Nova Scotia. COVE is a collaborative facility for applied innovation in the ocean sector. Its mission is to propel the ocean economy by providing high quality marine infrastructure and a collaborative space in which a community of ocean enterprises can start, grow and prosper. The primary goal is to support ocean technology commercialization. COVE is a community that brings together the best and the brightest to push ocean tech advances to market. The facility includes a mix of short and long-term workspace to support members locally and those visiting from other locations. There is also a full mix of programming that can be accessed on site and on a virtual basis. The amenities available to tenants of COVE include electronics fabrication and testing facilities, mechanical fabrication space, office space, storage spaces, waterside marine services and shared services such and a large multipurpose room for training and events. This paper discusses two key themes. First it reviews how COVE's unique facility and infrastructure has inspired ocean technology developments. In addition to results to date, this paper discusses the design of a coastal ocean observing system planned for COVE. This system will be distinctive in that it is intended to support technology commercialization, not scientific research. The design of this observatory includes a series of cabled nodes and options for various buoy-based surface expressions.

Gu, S.S., 2020. Effects of corporate governance on RD the intensity of RD the board size and the RD the board independence and the RD the executive shareholding and leadership structure are positively correlated with R&D investment intensity. The research findings enrich the connotation of corporate governance theory, and have important practical significance for promoting the development of marine technology enterprises and accelerating China's strategy of achieving a marine power.

Yu, D. and Zou, Z., 2020. Empirical research on the interaction between marine scientific and technological innovation and marine economic development. In: Yang, D.F. and Wang, H. (eds.), Recent Advances in Marine Geology and Environmental Oceanography. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 108, pp. 7–11. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Scientific and technological innovation is of great significance to marine economic growth. This study selected marine technology innovation and marine economic growth data from 2005 to 2017 of Hainan Province, China, and constructed a vector autoregressive model to conduct an empirical analysis of the interactive relationship between marine technological innovation and marine economic growth in Hainan. The results show that there is a significant co-integration relationship between investment in scientific and technological innovation and economic growth. The growth of Hainan's marine economy is the Granger cause for the increase in the number of scientific researchers in area marine scientific institutions; the increase in marine scientific research personnel and the increase of marine scientific research funding in turn will drive marine economy development. Based on the above conclusions, corresponding policy suggestions are proposed from the perspective of the government's top-level design, personnel training and introduction system, and marine intellectual property protection, to boost the high-quality development of Hainan's marine economy.

This paper presents an on going project for the development of different RIs (Research Infrastructure) started from the University of Genova and the Ligurian District of Marine technology. This project is called ShIL-Ship in The Loop, Infrastructure for research for ship and harbour systems. The goal is to create a simulation environment in order to test all the systems on board ship, from energy generation to the manoeuvring aspects, takining into consideration cyber security isssues. The ShIL recalls all the most important aspect of an Research Infrastructure which aims to simulate ships and ports: Hardware-in-Loop, Software-In-the-Loop and the ship propulsion system. To have an holistic view of the ship’s environment, we propose the integration of a Ship full bridge simulator which can collaborate with several other specific simulators and hardware facilities to co-simulate in real-time. The simulation will be realistic and will include several aspects like ship’s dynamic, power management system and cyber security. The project aims to create a unique center of excellence that integrates skills and infrastructure partially available.

Seaweed farming has been proposed as a strategy for adaptation to ocean acidification, but evidence is largely lacking. Changes of pH and carbon system parameters in surface waters of three seaweed farms along a latitudinal range in China were compared, on the weeks preceding harvesting, with those of the surrounding seawaters. Results confirmed that seaweed farming is efficient in buffering acidification, with Saccharina japonica showing the highest capacity of 0.10 pH increase within the aquaculture area, followed by Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (ΔpH = 0.04) and Porphyra haitanensis (ΔpH = 0.03). The ranges of pH variability within seaweed farms spanned 0.14-0.30 unit during the monitoring, showing intense fluctuations which may also help marine organisms adapt to enhanced pH temporal variations in the future ocean. Deficit in pCO

The world is constantly seeking new sources of energy to replace the use of coal and fossil fuels to generate electricity. And a strong source of energy from the ocean is one of the hopes of scientists around the world. Ocean energy is an endless renewable energy source for making electricity used for the world. Marine technology was once considered too expensive to be a viable source of alternative clean energy, especially compared to already developed products such as wind and solar. However, with the increased price of oil and the issues of global warming and national security, U.S. coastal sites are looking to add ocean energy to their renewable energy portfolios. This paper gives an overview of ocean energy technologies, focusing on two different types: wave, tidal. It outlines the operating principles, the status, and the efficiency and cost of generating energy associated with each technology.

Military forces of every country are trying their best to protect their motherland from the attackers. With advancement in marine technology, it has become critical to detect and track the target by obtaining active measurements before it is close enough to attack. The utilization of unmanned underwater vehicles for target tracking behavior is gaining great attention due to continuous advancement of underwater vehicular technology. Nevertheless, safe and stable communications issues among different acoustic devices are still under active investigation to reach a robust, secure, and flexible underwater networking. Moreover, due to harsh underwater environment, acoustic simulations are also time-consuming; therefore, an accurate model for target detection and tracking is a necessity. Apart from the harsh environment of underwater networks, various technologies emerging for terrestrial networking are also becoming the part of underwater networking. For instance, cognitive acoustic networks, software-defined networks, network function virtualization, cloud computing, fog computing, and internet of underwater things; all are leading to trusted next-generation underwater networks. In this paper, we first provide a comprehensive survey of unmanned underwater vehicles and different ray tracing models essential in target detection and tracking that answers several questions regarding the current necessities of underwater networks and finally, provides a solution that opens several doors for research community to excel in this area.

With the gradual development and utilization of marine resources, more and more attention has been paid to the study of marine technology. At present, sonar imaging technology is used to collect image data sets under seawater, but this method is costly. Aiming at this problem, A method of collecting image data sets was proposed through ANSYS finite element analysis simulation to realize underwater target detection. The finite element software ANSYS workbench platform was used to establish a finite element simulation model of underwater objects. The wave passed through the underwater objects and the image data set was collected from the simulation results. Two features of the directional gradient histogram and gray level co-occurrence matrix of the image were extracted, and then these features were used as inputs of SVM classifier. The result was applied to detect whether there was an object underwater.

Recognising the fact that economic realities change the world faster than global politics, in 2010 the European Commission approved the strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth, called EUROPE 2020, in order to promote greater economic independence and achieve a more sustainable future. The strategy puts forward three mutually reinforcing priorities: (P1) Smart Growth: developing an economy based on knowledge and innovation; (P2) Sustainable Growth: Promoting a more resource efficient, greener and more competitive economy; (P3) Inclusive Growth: Promoting a high-employment economy delivering social and territorial cohesion. In the context of EUROPE 2020, the Smart Specialisation Strategy in Latvia (RIS3) has been set up and introduced as a strategic document for the development of support mechanisms of high value-added economic growth, including the maritime technology sector. The present study explores the mechanisms for the introduction of Blue Growth and RIS3 Strategies, which should be used to develop the maritime technology industry by assessing the efficiency of these mechanisms. Thus, the study addresses the issues of the implementation of modern technologies in the coastal municipalities and planning regions of Latvia.

Course keeping for ships is the core of automatic navigation in marine technology. A nonlinear Nomoto model and a maneuvering model group (MMG) model of Yupeng ship are established and verified by the turning trial at sea, then an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) controller is trained by learning the actual ship trial data. There is a limit to the achievable performance of ANFIS controller as the structure is fixed in the training process, many researchers pursue advanced control strategies to improve performance. In this research, the performance is improved in another way, it modulates control error using proposed nonlinear feedback scheme. The simulation result shows that the settling time of nonlinear controllers decreases considerably, dropping by 62.5% of arc tangent function, dropping by 29.2% of bipolar sigmoid function and dropping by 37.5% of sine function based on nonlinear Nomoto model, and the settling time of nonlinear sine controller decreases by 13.3% based on MMG model. It is a useful research that the control performance is improved by nonlinear feedback technique for project application in marine practice.

Contribution of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts to the development of marine technology in Croatia is described in this paper. Intensive research and development of marine technology in Croatia was initiated by Prof. Zlatko Winkler, fellow of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, in 1979 when the first Conference on Marine Technology was organized. Since 2005 the Conference on Marine Technology is organized by the Scientific Council of Maritime Affairs of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts and the Faculty of Engineering in Rijeka in memory of Zlatko Winkler (1917 – 1996), president of the Scientific Council of Maritime Affairs between 1994 and 1996. Grateful for his contribution to the research and development, the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts continuously and generously supports the conference organization. Until today in total seven Conferences on Marine Technology were organized. As pointed out in the paper, the most important contribution of the Academy to development of the marine technology is organization of round tables on this challenging topic.

Recently, the melting of Arctic sea ice and development of maritime technology are enabling the regular voyages in Arctic waters. However, the Arctic maritime transportation system (AMTS) is a complex and dynamic system with respect to human, technical, environmental and organizational issues. For example, ships operating in Arctic waters suffer severe weather conditions, fully and partially ice-covered waters, and are also difficult to search and rescue in ice-covered Arctic waters due to remoteness from lands. These risk factors will influence the safety and security of ships operating in Arctic waters. For this, this paper identifies potential risk influencing factors (RIFs) for the AMTS from human, technical (ship), environmental and organizational aspects. An analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method is used to analyze the hierarchical relationships and calculate the relative importance of the selected RIFs. Due to the complexity and uncertainty involved in the comprehensive analysis of RIFs ...

Ships and boats form the foundations of the maritime connectivity that is a central part of our understanding of the ancient Mediterranean. While the general chronological sequence of sail and sailing-rig development is well established, the implications are less-well discussed. This article sets out how sails and sailing rigs developed in antiquity, with emphasis on the Greco-Roman world. Subsequently, instances of innovation are defined. Why specific pieces of maritime technology were, or were not, widely adopted is considered. Long-term technological continuity can be comprehended, and a shared maritime culture of sailing in the ancient Mediterranean is suggested.

Large-sized watercrafts, for commercial or military purposes, use electrical power systems, which are isolated and autonomous. Maritime technology has begun to replace mechanical propulsion by electric propulsion. As the consequence of using electric propulsion, there is a significant increase of non-linear loads in the system, due to use variable frequency drives to feed the motor, so the study of power quality has become necessary. The non-linear loads generate harmonics that may be inconvenient for energy supply and devices of the ship. This study aims to evaluate the power quality in standard watercrafts and to analyze the feasibility of the recommended changes. It is used a simulation based on real watercraft data to apply regulating norms to the electrical network of the system.

The growing need for interoperability among the different oceanic monitoring systems to deliver services able to answer the requirements of stakeholders and end-users led to the development of a low-cost machine-to-machine communication system able to guarantee data reliability over marine paths. In this framework, an experimental evaluation of the performance of long-range (LoRa) technology in a fully operational marine scenario has been proposed. In-situ tests were carried out exploiting the availability of (i) a passenger vessel and (ii) a research vessel operating in the Ligurian basin (North-Western Mediterranean Sea) both hosting end-nodes, and (iii) gateways positioned on mountains and hills in the inland areas. Packet loss ratio, packet reception rate, received signal strength indicator, signal to noise, and expected signal power ratio were chosen as metrics in line of sight and not the line of sight conditions. The reliability of Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) transmission over the sea has been demonstrated up to more than 110 km in a free space scenario and for more than 20 km in a coastal urban environment.

Our ability to protect and sustainably use the high seas is ultimately subject to our ability to understand this vast and remote environment. The success of an international legally binding instrument (ILBI) for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ) will depend, in part, on utilizing technology to access ocean life, to analyze it, and to implement measures for its conservation and sustainable use. Indeed, technology, broadly defined, is integral to meeting the ILBI's objectives: not just the mandate to address “capacity-building and the transfer of marine technology,” but also the sustainable use and conservation of marine genetic resources, the implementation of environmental impact assessments, and biodiversity conservation measures such as area-based management tools. To maximize marine technology deployment to protect marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction, transferring technology to developing countries will be critical. Provisions for the transfer of technology, generally from developed to developing countries, are included in many international environmental agreements and declarations, but these provisions have often proven difficult to implement. Part of the difficulty is that the relevant technology is dispersed among states; universities, research institutes and other nonstate actors; and private industry. The particular challenge in crafting an ILBI is, as the European Union has identified, to avoid repeating existing provisions and instead to “focus on added value.” One opportunity for an ILBI to add value on technology transfer is to further develop a network model to facilitate marine technology transfer.

With the development of marine technology, the research of unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) has received wide attention from the world. Designing effective collision avoidance algorithm in dynamic sea environment is necessary for the navigation of USVs. This paper describes a collision avoidance system (CAS) with COLREGs compliance to improve autonomous navigational ability of USV. For small podded propulsion USV, a three-DOFs maneuvering model is established and the parameters of model are determined by the parameter identification method based on field experiments. About the COLREGs rules, the different maneuvering behaviors are summed up according to encounter situation and collision risk assessment. In the CAS, finite control set model predictive control is adopted, and COLREGs rules are taken as an evaluation standard in the quality function. Finally, the system is verified to avoid multiple dynamic obstacles and compliance vessel in the simulation and real environment, and the results of collision avoidance under four encounter situations are described in detail.

This paper deals with simulation of a process highly monitored in a real time operation. It shows the reasons for process simulation and the control of the process under a simulation environment for developing control system strategies before they are implemented in real time operation algorithms and control. The marine technology in terms of the simulation of the functionalities for power management is specifically mentioned. It includes both the automatic control of the power management system of marine technologies and the description of the main functionalities of the control system used for the power generation and distribution for this system. These functionalities need to be supported by software for a power management system and by a simulation process with developed software libraries used at the operator work station interface. The improved operation conditions are simulated first and then added into specific features corresponding to real power management system needs.

With the development of ever more powerful micro-computers, the cost and capabilities of robotic systems for environmental surveying using remotely control systems continues to decrease and improve. Historically, submarine exploration was restricted to companies or organisations with considerable finances and resources; however, the last decade has seen the advent of ‘low cost’ remotely operated vehicles (ROV). These cost anywhere from $400-$40,000 and provide an opportunity for wider participation in ocean exploration. However, with 60% of the world's seafloor lying at depths in excess of 1000 m and current low cost ROVs typiclly depth limited to just 100 m, there is presently an inability to “go deep” affordably. This review assesses the state of the art for deep ROV technologies and identifies the primary technological hurdles to overcome in order to facilitate proliferation of low cost ROVs for deep ocean exploration with an emphasis on their application to mineral and ore prospecting.