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1. Early Release Science of the exoplanet WASP-39b with JWST NIRSpec PRISM

Author

Rustamkulov, Z., Sing, D. K., Mukherjee, S., May, E. M., Kirk, J., Schlawin, E., Line, M. R., Piaulet, C., Carter, A. L., Batalha, N. E., Goyal, J. M., López-Morales, M., Lothringer, J. D., MacDonald, R. J., Moran, S. E., Stevenson, K. B., Wakeford, H. R., Espinoza, N., Bean, J. L., Batalha, N. M., Benneke, B., Berta-Thompson, Z. K., Crossfield, I. J. M., Gao, P., Kreidberg, L., Powell, D. K., Cubillos, P. E., Gibson, N. P., Leconte, J., Molaverdikhani, K., Nikolov, N. K., Parmentier, V., Roy, P., Taylor, J., Turner, J. D., Wheatley, P. J., Aggarwal, K., Ahrer, E., Alam, M. K., Alderson, L., Allen, N. H., Banerjee, A., Barat, S., Barrado, D., Barstow, J. K., Bell, T. J., Blecic, J., Brande, J., Casewell, S., Changeat, Q., Chubb, K. L., Crouzet, N., Daylan, T., Decin, L., Désert, J., Mikal-Evans, T., Feinstein, A. D., Flagg, L., Fortney, J. J., Harrington, J., Heng, K., Hong, Y., Hu, R., Iro, N., Kataria, T., Kempton, E. M.-R., Krick, J., Lendl, M., Lillo-Box, J., Louca, A., Lustig-Yaeger, J., Mancini, L., Mansfield, M., Mayne, N. J., Miguel, Y., Morello, G., Ohno, K., Palle, E., Petit Dit De La Roche, D. J. M., Rackham, B. V., Radica, M., Ramos-Rosado, L., Redfield, S., Rogers, L. K., Shkolnik, E. L., Southworth, J., Teske, J., Tremblin, P., Tucker, G. S., Venot, O., Waalkes, W. C., Welbanks, L., Zhang, X., Zieba, S., University of St Andrews. School of Physics and Astronomy, Rustamkulov, Z. [0000-0003-4408-0463], Sing, D. K. [0000-0001-6050-7645], Line, M. R. [0000-0001-6247-8323], Piaulet, C. [0000-0002-2875-917X], Goyal, J. M. [0000-0002-8515-7204], López-Morales, M. [0000-0003-3204-8183], Lothringer, J. D. [0000-0003-3667-8633], Stevenson, K. B. [0000-0002-7352-7941], Wakeford, H. R. [0000-0003-4328-3867], Benneke, B. [0000-0001-5578-1498], Powell, D. K. [0000-0002-4250-0957], Gibson, N. P. [0000-0002-9308-2353], Molaverdikhani, K. [0000-0002-0502-0428], Nikolov, N. K. [0000-0002-6500-3574], Taylor, J. [0000-0003-4844-9838], Wheatley, P. J. [0000-0003-1452-2240], Aggarwal, K. [0000-0002-7004-8670], Ahrer, E. [0000-0003-0973-8426], Alderson, L. [0000-0001-8703-7751], Allen, N. H. [0000-0002-0832-710X], Banerjee, A. [0000-0002-9124-6537], Barrado, D. [0000-0002-5971-9242], Barstow, J. K. [0000-0003-3726-5419], Crouzet, N. [0000-0001-7866-8738], Daylan, T. [0000-0002-6939-9211], Decin, L. [0000-0002-5342-8612], Mikal-Evans, T. [0000-0001-5442-1300], Feinstein, A. D. [0000-0002-9464-8101], Harrington, J. [0000-0002-8955-8531], Hu, R. [0000-0003-2215-8485], Kempton, E. M.-R. [0000-0002-1337-9051], Lillo-Box, J. [0000-0003-3742-1987], Mancini, L. [0000-0002-9428-8732], Mansfield, M. [0000-0003-4241-7413], Mayne, N. J. [0000-0001-6707-4563], Morello, G. [0000-0002-4262-5661], Palle, E. [0000-0003-0987-1593], Petit dit de la Roche, D. J. M. [0000-0002-8963-3810], Redfield, S. [0000-0003-3786-3486], Southworth, J. [0000-0002-3807-3198], Tremblin, P. [0000-0001-6172-3403], Zhang, X. [0000-0002-8706-6963], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Johns Hopkins University (JHU), University of California [Santa Cruz] (UC Santa Cruz), University of California (UC), Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory [Laurel, MD] (APL), Imperial College London, Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, ASU School of Earth and Space Exploration (SESE), Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU), Department of Physics [Montréal], McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution, Utah Valley University (UVU), Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Carl Sagan Institute, Cornell University [New York], Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson] (LPL), H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Space Telescope Science Institute (STSci), Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics [Chicago], University of Chicago, Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences [Boulder], University of Colorado [Boulder], Department of Physics and Astronomy [Lawrence Kansas], University of Kansas [Lawrence] (KU), Earth and Planets Laboratory [Washington], Carnegie Institution for Science, Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (MPIA), INAF/Osservatorio Astronomico di Torino, Turin, Italy, Trinity College Dublin, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University Observatory Munich, Ludwig-Maximillians University Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University [Munich] (LMU), Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur (OCA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Oxford, University of Warwick [Coventry], Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Observatories [Carnegie Institution], The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek (AI PANNEKOEK), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Bay Area Environmental Research Institute (BAER), New York University [Abu Dhabi], NYU System (NYU), University of Leicester, European Space Agency (Baltimore) Space Telescope Science Institute (ESA), University of St Andrews [Scotland], Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden, Department of Physics, Princeton University (DPPU), Princeton University, Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics [UCSC Santa Cruz], University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Florida Space Institute [Orlando] (FSI), University of Central Florida [Orlando] (UCF), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Institut de recherches Arctiques Jean Malaurie (IRAM), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Paris-Saclay, Maison de la Simulation (MDLS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA, Entomological Society of America, ESA, Space Telescope Science Institute, STScI, Heising-Simons Foundation, HSF, Canadian Space Agency, CSA, (JWST-ERS-01366, NAS 5-03127), Rustamkulov, Z [0000-0003-4408-0463], Sing, DK [0000-0001-6050-7645], Line, MR [0000-0001-6247-8323], Piaulet, C [0000-0002-2875-917X], Goyal, JM [0000-0002-8515-7204], López-Morales, M [0000-0003-3204-8183], Lothringer, JD [0000-0003-3667-8633], Stevenson, KB [0000-0002-7352-7941], Wakeford, HR [0000-0003-4328-3867], Benneke, B [0000-0001-5578-1498], Powell, DK [0000-0002-4250-0957], Gibson, NP [0000-0002-9308-2353], Molaverdikhani, K [0000-0002-0502-0428], Nikolov, NK [0000-0002-6500-3574], Taylor, J [0000-0003-4844-9838], Wheatley, PJ [0000-0003-1452-2240], Aggarwal, K [0000-0002-7004-8670], Ahrer, E [0000-0003-0973-8426], Alderson, L [0000-0001-8703-7751], Allen, NH [0000-0002-0832-710X], Banerjee, A [0000-0002-9124-6537], Barrado, D [0000-0002-5971-9242], Barstow, JK [0000-0003-3726-5419], Crouzet, N [0000-0001-7866-8738], Daylan, T [0000-0002-6939-9211], Decin, L [0000-0002-5342-8612], Mikal-Evans, T [0000-0001-5442-1300], Feinstein, AD [0000-0002-9464-8101], Harrington, J [0000-0002-8955-8531], Hu, R [0000-0003-2215-8485], Kempton, EM-R [0000-0002-1337-9051], Lillo-Box, J [0000-0003-3742-1987], Mancini, L [0000-0002-9428-8732], Mansfield, M [0000-0003-4241-7413], Mayne, NJ [0000-0001-6707-4563], Morello, G [0000-0002-4262-5661], Palle, E [0000-0003-0987-1593], Petit Dit de la Roche, DJM [0000-0002-8963-3810], Redfield, S [0000-0003-3786-3486], Southworth, J [0000-0002-3807-3198], Tremblin, P [0000-0001-6172-3403], and Zhang, X [0000-0002-8706-6963]

Subjects
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), 141, MCC, Multidisciplinary, Settore FIS/05, 134, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 639/33/445/862, article, FOS: Physical sciences, 639/33/445/824, DAS, 639/33/34/862, 5109 Space Sciences, 140, QC Physics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, QB Astronomy, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 51 Physical Sciences, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), QC, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, QB
Abstract

Transmission spectroscopy of exoplanets has revealed signatures of water vapor, aerosols, and alkali metals in a few dozen exoplanet atmospheres. However, these previous inferences with the Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes were hindered by the observations' relatively narrow wavelength range and spectral resolving power, which precluded the unambiguous identification of other chemical species$-$in particular the primary carbon-bearing molecules. Here we report a broad-wavelength 0.5-5.5 $\mu$m atmospheric transmission spectrum of WASP-39 b, a 1200 K, roughly Saturn-mass, Jupiter-radius exoplanet, measured with JWST NIRSpec's PRISM mode as part of the JWST Transiting Exoplanet Community Early Release Science Team program. We robustly detect multiple chemical species at high significance, including Na (19$\sigma$), H$_2$O (33$\sigma$), CO$_2$ (28$\sigma$), and CO (7$\sigma$). The non-detection of CH$_4$, combined with a strong CO$_2$ feature, favours atmospheric models with a super-solar atmospheric metallicity. An unanticipated absorption feature at 4$\mu$m is best explained by SO$_2$ (2.7$\sigma$), which could be a tracer of atmospheric photochemistry. These observations demonstrate JWST's sensitivity to a rich diversity of exoplanet compositions and chemical processes., Comment: 41 pages, 4 main figures, 10 extended data figures, 4 tables. Under review in Nature

Published
2023
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2. HST PanCET Program: A Complete Near-UV to Infrared Transmission Spectrum for the Hot Jupiter WASP-79b

Author

Lars A. Buchhave, Jorge Sanz-Forcada, Munazza K. Alam, Jayesh M. Goyal, Joanna K. Barstow, David K. Sing, João M. Mendonça, Nikolay Nikolov, Katy L. Chubb, Alexander D. Rathcke, Jake Taylor, Mercedes Lopez-Morales, Gregory W. Henry, Nikole K. Lewis, Ryan J. MacDonald, University of St Andrews. School of Physics and Astronomy, Rathcke, A. D. [0000-0002-4227-4953], MacDonald, R. J. [0000-0003-4816-3469], Barstow, J. K. [0000-0003-3726-5419], Goyal, J. M. [0000-0002-8515-7204], López Morales, M. [0000-0003-3204-8183], Mendoça, J. M. [0000-0002-6907-4476], Sanz Forcada, J. [0000-0002-1600-7835], Henry, G. W. [0000-0003-4155-8513], Sing, D. K. [0000-0001-6050-7645], Alam, M. K. [0000-0003-4157-832X], Lewis, N. K. [0000-0002-8507-1304], Chubb, K. L. [0000-0002-4552-4559], Taylor, J. [0000-0003-4844-9838], Nikolov, N. [0000-0002-6500-3574], Buchhave, L. A. [0000-0003-1605-5666], and Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI)

Subjects
Opacity, Metallicity, Hot Jupiters, NDAS, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Neptune-mass exoplanet, Absorption, Atmosphere, Observational astronomy, Hot Jupiter, Transmission spectroscopy, Giant planets, QB Astronomy, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Transit (astronomy), Gaussian process framework, Spectroscopy, QC, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, QB, Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Photosphere, Retrieval, James Webb Space Telescope, Astronomy and Astrophysics, QC Physics, Space and Planetary Science, HD 189733B, Exoplanets atmospheric composition, Molecular line lists, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Hubble, Exoplanet atmospheres, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

We present a new optical transmission spectrum of the hot Jupiter WASP-79b. We observed three transits with the STIS instrument mounted on HST, spanning 0.3 - 1.0 um. Combining these transits with previous observations, we construct a complete 0.3 - 5.0 um transmission spectrum of WASP-79b. Both HST and ground-based observations show decreasing transit depths towards blue wavelengths, contrary to expectations from Rayleigh scattering or hazes. We infer atmospheric and stellar properties from the full near-UV to infrared transmission spectrum of WASP-79b using three independent retrieval codes, all of which yield consistent results. Our retrievals confirm previous detections of H$_{2}$O (at 4.0$\sigma$ confidence), while providing moderate evidence of H$^{-}$ bound-free opacity (3.3$\sigma$) and strong evidence of stellar contamination from unocculted faculae (4.7$\sigma$). The retrieved H$_{2}$O abundance ($\sim$ 1$\%$) suggests a super-stellar atmospheric metallicity, though stellar or sub-stellar abundances remain consistent with present observations (O/H = 0.3 - 34$\times$ stellar). All three retrieval codes obtain a precise H$^{-}$ abundance constraint: log(X$_{\rm{H^{-}}}$) $\approx$ -8.0 $\pm$ 0.7. The potential presence of H$^{-}$ suggests that JWST observations may be sensitive to ionic chemistry in the atmosphere of WASP-79b. The inferred faculae are $\sim$ 500 K hotter than the stellar photosphere, covering $\sim$ 15$\%$ of the stellar surface. Our analysis underscores the importance of observing UV - optical transmission spectra in order to disentangle the influence of unocculted stellar heterogeneities from planetary transmission spectra., Comment: 27 pages, 10 figures. Resubmitted to AJ after referee report

Published
2021
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