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Introduction The surge of SARS-CoV-2-virus infected (COVID-19) patients presenting to New York City (NYC) hospitals quickly overwhelmed and outnumbered the available acute care and intensive care resources in NYC in early March 2020. Upon the arrival of military medical assets to the Javits Convention Center in NYC, the planned mission to care for non-SARS-CoV-2 patients was immediately changed to manage patients with (SARS-CoV-2)COVID-19 and their comorbid conditions. Healthcare professionals from every branch of the uniformed services, augmented by state and local resources, staffed the Javits New York Medical Station (JNYMS) from April 2020. Methods The data review reported aggregated summary statistics and participant observations collected by N.Y. State and U.S. military officials. Results During the 28 days of patient intake at the JNYMS, 1,095 SARS-CoV-2-positive patients were transferred from NYC hospitals to the JNYMS. At its peak, the JNYMS accepted 119 patients in a single day, had a maximum census of 453, and had a peak intensive care unit census of 35. The median length of stay was 4.6 days (interquartile range: 3.1-6.9 days). A total of 103 patients were transferred back to local hospitals, and there were 6 deaths, with an overall mortality rate of 0.6% (95% CI, 0.3-1.2). Discussion and Conclusions This is the first report of the care provided at the JNYMS. Within 2 weeks, this multi-agency effort was able to mobilize to care for over 1,000 SARS-CoV-2 patients with varying degrees of illness in a 1-month period. This was the largest field hospital mobilization in the U.S. medical history in response to a non-wartime pandemic. Its success with huge patient throughput including disposition and low mortality relieved critical overcrowding and supply deficiencies throughout NYC hospitals. The downstream impact likely saved additional hundreds of lives and reduced stress on the system during this healthcare crisis.

Concussions and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) related to professional football has received much attention within emergency care and sports medicine. Research suggests that some of this may be due to a greater likelihood of initial helmet contact (IHC), however this association has not been studied across all age groups. This study aims to investigate the association between player age and IHC in American football.Retrospective review of championship games between 2016 and 2018 at 6 levels of amateur tackle football as well as the National Football League (NFL). Trained raters classified plays as IHC using pre-specified criteria. A priori power analysis established the requisite impacts needed to establish non-inferiority of the incidence rate of IHC across the levels of play.Thirty-seven games representing 2912 hits were rated. The overall incidence of IHC was 16% across all groups, ranging from 12.6% to 18.9%. All but 2 of the non-NFL divisions had a statistically reduced risk of IHC when compared with the NFL, with relative risk ratios ranging from 0.55-0.92. IHC initiated by defensive participants were twice as high as offensive participants (RR 2.04, p0.01) while 6% [95% CI 5.4-7.2] of all hits were helmet-on-helmet contact.There is a high rate of IHC with a lower relative risk of IHC at most levels of play compared to the NFL. Further research is necessary to determine the impact of IHC; the high rates across all age groups suggests an important role for education and prevention.

As digital platforms have come to play a central role in the news and information ecosystem, a new realm of watchdog journalism has emerged – the platform beat. Journalists on the platform beat report on the operation, use and misuse of social media platforms and search engines. The platform beat can serve as an important mechanism for increasing the accountability of digital platforms, in ways that can affect public trust in the platforms, but that can also, hopefully, lead to the development of stronger, more reliable, and ultimately more trustworthy, platforms. However, there are a number of tensions, vulnerabilities and potential conflicts of interest that characterize the platform beat. This article explores these complex dynamics of the platform beat in an effort assess the capacity of those on the platform beat to enhance the accountability and trustworthiness of digital platforms.

Unlike many other countries around the world, the United States has taken relatively little substantive action in the realm of platform governance, despite the United States being directly impacted by occurrences such as Russian interference in the 2016 election, domestic disinformation related to the 2020 election, the Cambridge Analytica data breach scandal and the ‘infodemic’ of misinformation that has accompanied the Coronavirus pandemic. Yet the past four years have involved numerous Congressional hearings on various aspects of platform governance and a multitude of bills have been introduced addressing a similarly wide range of platform governance issues. With so many indicators of potential government action over the past half-decade, but so few actual policy interventions, platform governance appears to be a prime example of a policy-making context in which symbolic actions are taking precedence over substantive actions. This article illustrates this dynamic through an analysis of recent platform governance developments in the United States.

This Introduction to this special issue on Policy Issues in Digital Journalism explores the reasons why this is a particularly important time for scholars to be exploring policy issues in digital j...

In selecting my article, I pivoted at decision time from an article that was influential in my development as a scholar to one that has recently begun to strike me as particularly relevant to ongoi...

This chapter outlines a rationale for digital platform regulation that involves treating platforms as public trustees, and the massive aggregations of user data that serve as the foundation of these platforms’ business models as a public resource. In developing this argument, the first section of this chapter provides an overview of the public trustee concept and its application in policymaking. The second section argues for the applicability of the public trustee concept to large aggregators of user data such as social media platforms and search engines. The third section delineates key limitations and boundaries in terms of how this public trustee framework would be applied. The concluding section offers some preliminary thoughts on possible public interest obligations for dominant digital platforms.

This paper presents a three-level conceptual and methodological framework for assessing local journalism and the extent to which it meets community information needs. This research grows from frequent calls from policymakers, foundations, and advocacy groups for methods and measures to facilitate comparative analyses of the state of local journalism in different communities. Further, the goal here is to develop a methodological approach that can be realistically scaled to large numbers of communities in order to facilitate analysis of both the factors that affect the state of local journalism and the ways local journalism may affect the state of local communities. The methodological approach presented here focuses on infrastructure (the availability of journalistic sources), output (the quantity of journalistic output from these sources), and performance (the extent to which this output is original, is about the local community, and addresses critical information needs). An exploratory application of this...

Revelations about the misuse and insecurity of user data gathered by social media platforms have renewed discussions about how best to characterize property rights in user data. At the same time, revelations about the use of social media platforms to disseminate disinformation and hate speech have prompted debates over the need for government regulation to assure that these platforms serve the public interest. These debates often hinge on whether any of the established rationales for media regulation apply to social media. This paper argues that the public resource rationale that has been utilized in traditional media regulation in the U.S. applies to social media. The public resource rationale contends that, when a media outlet utilizes a public resource – such as the broadcast spectrum, or public rights of way – the outlet must abide by certain public interest obligations that may infringe upon its First Amendment rights. This paper argues that aggregate user data can be conceptualized as a public resource that triggers the application of a public interest regulatory framework to social media sites and other digital platforms that derive their revenue from the gathering, sharing, and monetization of massive aggregations of user data.

Background and Aims Several chronic medical conditions appear to increase the risk of severe COVID-19. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients have a high risk of symptomatic infection and severe respiratory symptoms because of chronic inflammation, uremic toxins accumulation, endothelial dysfunction and an impaired immune response. Even though the presence of one or more comorbidities increases the risk of mortality, information of the outcome of COVID-19 in CKD patients is not yet available. The aim of the study is to present the incidence and outcome of COVID-19 in patients referring to our Nephrology Unit considering CKD patients, dialysis patients and kidney transplant recipients. MO520 Table 1. Demographic, clinical and radiological features. Variables Total (n=52) Survivors (n=39) Nonsurvivors(n=13) Age, yr 67.2± 13.8 65± 14 72± 12 Woman 21 (39%) 17 (44.7%) 5 (13%) Comorbidity CV disease 41 (78.8%) 30 (79%) 11(84.6%) DM 22 (42%) 14 (36.8%) 8 (61.5%) Cancer 18 (31%) 12 (31.6%) 6(46.1%) BMI>30 7 (3%) 4(10.5%) 2(15.4%) Dialysis 31(59.5%) 24 (63.1) 6 (46%) Kidney transplantation 16 (30.7%) 11 (29%) 2 (15%) CKD IV-V stage 4 (7%) 2 (5.2%) 1 (7.7%) Onset of Symptoms fever 29 (79%) 22(58%) 7 (13%) cough 3(6%) 2 (5.2%) 1 (7.7%) dyspnea 8 (15.4%) 4 (10.5%) 4 (30.8%) Symptomless 8 (15.4%) 6 (15.8%) 2 (15.4%) Admission HRCT Bilateral peripheral ground-gass opacity 39(81.2%) 31 (79.5%) 8(88.8%) Unilateral opacity 6 (12.5%) 5(12.8%) 1 (11.1) No opacity 3 (6.2%) 3 (7.7%) 0 PaO2/FiO2 ratio 330 ± 102. 376 ±93 286 ±86 Method This study is prospective single centre carried out considering patients referring to the Nephrology Unit of St. Orsola University Hospital in Bologna with COVID 19 diagnosis from 15THMarch to 30THMay 2020. Results Our cohort included 52 patients admitted to our Nephrology Unit because of Sars Cov2 infection confirmed by positive reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction on nasopharyngeal swab. The mean age was 67.2 ± 13.8 years (range, 33-88 years). Demographic, clinical and radiological features in Table 1. Forty-eight patients (92.3%) underwent chest TC. The main findings were: several bilateral interstitial pneumonia (39 patients, 81.2%), monolateral peripheral ground-glass opacities (6 patients, 12.5%), no signs of pneumonia (3 patients, 6.2 %). Clinical course is highly variable: 18 patients (34.6 %) were asymptomatic, 23 patients (44 %) had a mild course requiring low flux oxygen therapy and 11 patients (21%) presented severe pneumonia and respiratory distress that requires ventilatory support in intensive care unit. Forty patients (70%) had hydroxychloroquine-azithromycin dual therapy, 3 patients (6%) had antiviral therapy in addiction. Sixteen patients (31%) with P/F

In this chapter, we explore the rationales that have traditionally justified media regulation in the United States and argue that the quid pro quo rationale, which has accompanied the treatment of the spectrum as a public resource in broadcast regulation, may have applicability to the social media context. Specifically, we argue that aggregations of social media user data may merit treatment as a public resource. We develop this argument through an exploration of the conceptual and policy debates surrounding the appropriate treatment of aggregate user data. We then argue that treating aggregate user data as a public resource may provide grounds for the application of a public interest regulatory framework to social media that is similar to the public interest regulatory framework that has traditionally been applied to broadcasting.

BackgroundIndividuals experiencing homelessness residing in congregate shelters have increased risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Prevalence of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 in congregate shelters is high, but shelter characteristics associated with SARS-CoV-2 transmission are currently unknown.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional, multicenter cohort study across five congregate shelters in Rhode Island. We tested people 18 years of age and older staying in Rhode Island congregate shelters in April 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic. A survey instrument was designed and implemented based on an a priori sample size. All consented participants reported basic demographics, recent travel, duration of time at the shelter, any symptomatology, and had their temperature and pulse oximetry measured. Each participant was tested for COVID-19 using nasopharyngeal swabbing. Shelter characteristics about location, occupancy, resident length of stay, and COVID-19 mitigation strategies were collected through structured phone questionnaire with shelter staff.ResultsA total of 302 individuals were screened and 299 participated across five homeless shelters. The median age was 47.9 (range 18-85) and 20% were female. Of the 299 participants, 35 (11.7%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2; rates varied among shelters, ranging from 0% to 35%. Among the participants in the study, 5% had a new cough, 4% shortness of breath, and 3% reported loss of taste or smell. Symptom prevalence did not vary significantly between positive and negative SARS-CoV-2 groups. Regular symptom screening was not associated with lower infection rates. Shelters with higher rates of positivity were in more densely populated areas, cared for a more transient populations, and instituted fewer social distancing practices for sleeping arrangements or mealtimes.Conclusions and RelevanceResidents of congregate shelters are at increased risk for asymptomatic transmission of SARS-CoV-2. To reduce transmission and enable continuation of low-threshold shelter services, there is a need for universal testing, implementation of infection control and physical distancing measures within congregate shelters, and expansion of non-congregate supportive housing.

Archived webpages are a critical source of data for understanding the current state of the news media industry, as well as how the industry has changed over time. Dramatic changes in the news media...

Drawing on Shoemaker and her colleagues’ five levels of analysis, i.e. the individual, routine, organization, institutional, and social system levels, this study examines news media’s post-election...

Purpose Measurement of inferior vena cava collapsibility (cIVC) by point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has been proposed as a viable, non-invasive means of assessing fluid responsiveness. We aimed to determine the ability of cIVC to identify patients who will respond to additional intravenous fluid (IVF) administration among spontaneously breathing critically-ill patients. Methods Prospective observational trial of spontaneously breathing critically-ill patients. cIVC was obtained 3 cm caudal from the right atrium and IVC junction using POCUS. Fluid responsiveness was defined as a ≥ 10% increase in cardiac index following a 500 ml IVF bolus; measured using bioreactance (NICOM™, Cheetah Medical). cIVC was compared with fluid responsiveness and a cIVC optimal value was identified. Results Of the 124 participants, 49% were fluid responders. cIVC was able to detect fluid responsiveness: AUC = 0.84 [0.76, 0.91]. The optimum cutoff point for cIVC was identified as 25% (LR + 4.56 [2.72, 7.66], LR- 0.16 [0.08, 0.31]). A cIVC of 25% produced a lower misclassification rate (16.1%) for determining fluid responsiveness than the previous suggested cutoff values of 40% (34.7%). Conclusion IVC collapsibility, as measured by POCUS, performs well in distinguishing fluid responders from non-responders, and may be used to guide IVF resuscitation among spontaneously breathing critically-ill patients.

In their Policy Forum “Computational social science: Obstacles and opportunities” (28 August, p. [1060][1]), D. M. J. Lazer et al. propose ethical data infrastructures for computational social science research. Concentrating on access to platform trace data, they dismiss third-party market data from such companies as Nielsen and comScore because of “opaque” methods and high cost. We believe both have virtues, but their proper use requires a keener appreciation of each measurement regime. All data result from measurement processes designed and executed to serve a given institutional context ([ 1 ][2], [ 2 ][3]). Platforms profit from shaping usage and they measure toward that end. Using their trace data to understand human conduct remains problematic as long as platforms are themselves opaque about their methods for managing user behavior ([ 3 ][4]). Social Science One and Twitter's COVID-19 application programming interface may be productive precedents of platform data provision, but computational social science should reckon with the effects of platform measurement. Unlike platforms, third-party measurement firms are not invested in how users behave. As with public-sector data (such as the U.S. Census), third-party measurement is periodically audited ([ 4 ][5]). Its procedures and consequences are constantly appraised by actors with competing interests ([ 5 ][6]). Serving industries, policy-makers, and academics, third-party market research has invested for decades in refining what Lazer et al. aspire to: “an administrative infrastructure… enforcing compliance with privacy and ethics rules,” which aligns “with critical research norms” including “transparency, reproducibility, replication, and consent” ([ 3 ][4], [ 6 ][7], [ 7 ][8]). Third-party measurement firms such as Nielsen and comScore supply data to a broad subscriber base of advertising agencies and content publishers, which lowers data costs. Academic institutions worldwide may access numerous such third-party datasets via Wharton Research Data Services and Chicago Booth, brokers that partner with third-party firms for this purpose. Meanwhile, public data can be cost prohibitive (such as CDC's National Death Index). What ensures data's “public accountability” is not a public-sector origin but how the measurement regime is institutionally arranged ([ 3 ][4]). In addition to expanding data collaborations and data infrastructures, attention to the measurement regimes of “found data” and reflexive triangulation across data sources are indispensable to development of computational social science. 1. [↵][9]1. T. M. Porter , Trust in Numbers: The Pursuit of Objectivity in Science and Public Life (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1995). 2. [↵][10]1. W. N. Espeland, 2. M. L. Stevens , Arch. Eur. Sociol. 49, 401 (2008). [OpenUrl][11] 3. [↵][12]1. A. X. Wu, 2. H. Taneja , New Media Society 10.1177/1461444820933547 (2020). 4. [↵][13]1. P. M. Napoli, 2. A. B. Napoli , First Monday 24, 10.5210/fm.v24i12.10124 (2019). 5. [↵][14]1. N. Anand, 2. R. A. Peterson , Org. Sci. 11, 270 (2000). [OpenUrl][15] 6. [↵][16]Advertising Research Foundation, Member Code of Conduct (2019); . 7. [↵][17]ESOMAR, The ICC/ESOMAR Code (2020); [www.esomar.org/what-we-do/code-guidelines][18]. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/369/6507/1060 [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #ref-2 [4]: #ref-3 [5]: #ref-4 [6]: #ref-5 [7]: #ref-6 [8]: #ref-7 [9]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [10]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2 in text" [11]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DArch.%2BEur.%2BSociol.%26rft.volume%253D49%26rft.spage%253D401%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [12]: #xref-ref-3-1 "View reference 3 in text" [13]: #xref-ref-4-1 "View reference 4 in text" [14]: #xref-ref-5-1 "View reference 5 in text" [15]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DOrg.%2BSci.%26rft.volume%253D11%26rft.spage%253D270%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [16]: #xref-ref-6-1 "View reference 6 in text" [17]: #xref-ref-7-1 "View reference 7 in text" [18]: http://www.esomar.org/what-we-do/code-guidelines

News audiences are increasingly fragmented across different media platforms. Consequently, individual news organizations simultaneously disseminate their content across different media. Each of these media has different user bases, interface characteristics, and distribution systems. Given these substantial differences, the dynamics of the gatekeeping process – and the news values that guide this process – vary across different media technologies/platforms. As audience attention migrates from older to newer platforms (such as social media), it is increasingly important that we understand how the nature of the news that is disseminated – and thus consumed – may be different from the news disseminated through more traditional means. The ramifications of these differences can be profound if the news disseminated on the newer platforms is, for example, more or less substantive, more or less diverse, or more or less plentiful than the news disseminated on older technologies/platforms. This study addresses these issues through a comparative gatekeeping analysis of the New York Times. For this study, a month’s worth of New York Times front page, home page, and Facebook page story output are comparatively analyzed across dimensions such as story quantity, story duplication, hard versus soft news, and content diversity. The primary goal is to determine if or how the nature of the news that is prioritized for news consumers differs between the social media context and older contexts such as the print front page and the web home page.

Background A shared language and vocabulary are essential for managing emergency department (ED) operations. This Fourth Emergency Department Benchmarking Alliance (EDBA) Summit brought together experts in the field to review, update, and add to key definitions and metrics of ED operations. Objective Summit objectives were to review and revise existing definitions, define and characterize new practices related to ED operations, and introduce financial and regulatory definitions affecting ED reimbursement. Methods Forty-six ED operations, data management, and benchmarking experts were invited to participate in the EDBA summit. Before arrival, experts were provided with documents from the three prior summits and assigned to update the terminology. Materials and publications related to standards of ED operations were considered and discussed. Each group submitted a revised set of definitions prior to the summit. Significantly revised, topical, or controversial recommendations were discussed among all summit participants. The goal of the in-person discussion was to reach consensus on definitions. Work group leaders made changes to reflect the discussion, which was revised with public and stakeholder feedback. Results The entire EDBA dictionary was updated and expanded. This article focuses on an update and discussion of definitions related to specific topics that changed since the last summit, specifically ED intake, boarding, diversion, and observation care. In addition, an extensive new glossary of financial and regulatory terminology germane to the practice of emergency medicine is included. Conclusions A complete and precise set of operational definitions, time intervals, and utilization measures is necessary for timely and effective ED care. A common language of financial and regulatory definitions that affect ED operations is included for the first time. This article and its companion dictionary should serve as a resource to ED leadership, researchers, informatics and health policy leaders, and regulatory bodies.

This paper explores relevant precedent for disinformation-related regulation in the U.S. media sector; and then considers whether the underlying rationale that justified such regulation is relevant to the social media context. Specifically, this paper considers whether the public trustee governance model that applies to broadcasting in the U.S. might be applicable in the social media context; and whether the type of disinformation-related regulations that have accompanied this public trustee model might therefore be feasible within the social media context as well. The first section of this paper provides an overview of the current legal and policymaking environment, briefly considering the status of disinformation from a First Amendment standpoint, and current policy initiatives that may directly or indirectly impact the degree of disinformation produced, disseminated, and consumed on social media platforms. The second section reviews some little-known media regulations that directly address disinformation – the Federal Communications Commission’s broadcast hoax and news distortion rules. The third section reviews the regulatory rationales upon which these rules are premised. The fourth section considers whether one of these rationales – the idea of broadcasters as trustees of a public resource – should apply to social media platforms, and the implications of thinking about social media platforms as public trustees, for the viability of some form of disinformation-related government intervention. The fifth section offers some thoughts on the appropriate scope and limitations for this public trustee model. The concluding section considers possible next steps for formalizing this public trustee model and its associated public interest obligations.

The widespread concerns about the misuses and negative effects of social media platforms have prompted a range of governance responses, including preliminary efforts toward self-regulatory models. Building upon these initiatives, this paper looks to the self-regulation of the audience measurement industry as a possible template for the self-regulation of social media. This article explores the parallels between audience measurement systems and social media platforms; reviews the self-regulatory apparatus in place for the audience measurement industry; and, considers the lessons that the self-regulation of audience measurement might offer to the design and implementation of self-regulatory approaches to social media.

Over the past 15 years, more than 2000 newspapers in the United States have shuttered, leaving the country pockmarked by news deserts. As local newspapers have closed, networks of online local news sites have risen to replace them. We assess the largest network of this kind, Metric Media, by scraping and analyzing the content of its 999 outlets over a 2.5-month period. We find that Metric Media prioritizes the publication of state and national partisan content at the expense of local news, algorithmically generates most of its content, and fails to live up to its mission of democratizing and revitalizing local journalism.

INTRODUCTION: The surge of SARS-CoV-2 patients presenting to New York City (NYC) hospitals quickly overwhelmed and outnumbered the available acute care and intensive care resources in NYC Upon arrival of military medical assets to the Javits Convention Center in New York City, more than 100,000 local residents had already been infected and 5,000 residents had died METHODS: The JNYMS (Javits New York Medical Station) constructed by the Army Corps of Engineers with a capacity to house more than 4,000 patients Healthcare professionals from every branch of the uniformed services, augmented by state and local resources, staffed the JNYMS for April, 2020 All patient demographic data was collected on a computerized registry (maintained by the NY Department of Health) and clinical documentation was done using paper charts RESULTS: During the 28 days of patient intake at the JNYMS, 1,095 SARS-CoV-2 patients were transferred from NYC hospitals At its peak, the JNYMS accepted 119 patients in a single day (Figure 1), had a maximum census of 453, and had a peak ICU census of 35 The median length of stay was 4 6 days [IQR: 3 1-6 9 days] 103 patients [9 4%, 95% CI 7 7-11 3] were transferred back to local hospitals (87) or the USNS Comfort (16) There were 6 deaths, for an overall mortality rate of 0 6% [95% CI 0 3-1 2] however 27 ICU patients were transferred back to NYC hospitals, half were on ventilators and the majority were critically ill CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of the care provided at the JNYMS Within 2 weeks, this multi-agency effort was able to mobilize to care for over 1000 SARS-CoV-2 patients with varying degrees of illness in a one-month period This large-scale mobilization at the height of the epidemic in NYC saved many more lives, as high-level medical care was afforded patients that would have over-loaded New York hospitals It allowed them to decompress while offering much needed healthcare provider relief In addition to the volume of patients cared for over this short period of time, this circumstance is unique in that this field hospital provided ICU level of care Notably, the JNYMS was able to discharge SARS-CoV-2 patients home in under 5 days, with a full supply of their required medications, thus freeing up NY City case management resources for other patients

This chapter evaluates the long tail theory, more than a dozen years after it was first articulated as a model for the digital media economy. As this chapter illustrates, both the research evidence and the evolution of industry practice have demonstrated that the long tail phenomenon has failed to take hold to the extent expected. This chapter outlines the interconnected technological, institutional and economic factors that explain the decline of the long tail, and considers the implications of this decline for audiovisual diversity on the Internet, and for media diversity research.

The benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy has been clearly established in the adjuvant setting for node-positive colon cancer. A number of trials in the adjuvant setting have analyzed the efficacy of multiple-agent combinations, including irinotecan, oxaliplatin, bevacizumab and cetuximab. Only oxaliplatin added to fluorouracil/capecitabine has been shown to be superior beyond a fluropyrimidine alone in the adjuvant setting. As such, standard treatment options include fluorouracil (FU) or capecitabine with or without oxaliplatin. However, oxaliplatin is associated with cumulative dose-dependent neurotoxicity, characterized by distal or perioral paresthesias or dysesthesias; for this reason, in this review we discuss the results of the International Duration Evaluation of Adjuvant Chemotherapy (IDEA) trial. The IDEA trail is the largest prospective clinical trial ever conducted in colorectal cancer, wherein patients were treated with either 3 months or 6 months of adjuvant chemotherapy. In the era of cancer gene expression-based subtyping, the Colorectal Cancer Subtyping Consortium has proposed a four-subgroup molecular classification system for colorectal cancer, consisting of CMS1 (immune), CMS2 (canonical), CMS3 (metabolic) and CMS4 (mesenchymal). In this review, we present and analyze the available data on efficacy and toxicity of the combination regimen approved for treatment of resected colon cancer, and discuss the questions of when, how and how long we need to treat such patients.