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La auricula izquierda tiene importancia clinica en pacientes con estenosis de la valvula mitral. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar los efectos de la valvuloplastia percutanea con balon en los volumenes auriculares izquierdos y la fraccion de vaciado auricular izquierdo en pacientes con estenosis de valvula mitral sintomatica, mediante el empleo de ecocardiografia transtoracica bidimensional y tridimensional en tiempo real. Metodos Se llevo a cabo un estudio prospectivo de 28 pacientes consecutivos, 24 de ellos mujeres (85,6%), de 22-72 (media, 39 ± 11,5) anos de edad, con estenosis de valvula mitral sintomatica a los que se practico una valvuloplastia percutanea con balon entre marzo de 2009 y mayo de 2011. Se realizaron exploraciones de ecocardiografia transtoracica bidimensional y tridimensional y transesofagica (fibrilacion auricular) y una medicion invasiva del area de valvula mitral. Se efectuo un analisis ecocardiografico antes de la valvuloplastia percutanea con balon y a las 72 h y los 12 meses de realizada. Se analizaron los siguientes parametros: a) area de valvula mitral (planimetria bidimensional, semitiempo de presion, ecocardiografia tridimensional, medicion invasiva de parametros hemodinamicos); b) volumenes indexados maximo y minimo de la auricula izquierda, y c) fraccion de vaciado auricular izquierdo. Resultados Los parametros tridimensionales de los pacientes con estenosis de valvula mitral antes y 72 h y 12 meses despues de la valvuloplastia con balon percutanea fueron los siguientes: a) area de valvula mitral, 0,9 ± 0,1 cm2, 1,8 ± 0,2 cm2 (p < 0,001) y 1,7 ± 0,2 cm2 (p < 0,001); b) volumenes maximos de la auricula izquierda, 49,9 ± 12; 42 ± 11,4 (p < 0,001) y 40,3 ± 10,2 ml/m2 (p < 0,001), y c) fraccion de vaciado auricular izquierdo, 30,1 ± 9,4%; 40,6 ± 7,4% (p < 0,001) y 44,1 ± 8% (p < 0,001) respectivamente. Conclusiones En los pacientes con estenosis de valvula mitral sintomatica tratados con valvuloplastia percutanea con balon, el analisis mediante ecocardiografia bidimensional y tridimensional mostro una mejora del remodelado inverso de la auricula izquierda y de la fraccion de vaciado auricular izquierdo a las 72 h y a los 12 meses de la intervencion.

A B S T R A C T Introduction and objectives: The left atrium is clinically relevant in patients with mitral valve stenosis. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty on left atrium volumes and the left atrium emptying fraction in symptomatic mitral valve stenosis patients using 2-dimensional and real-time 3-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography. Methods: We carried out a prospective study of 28 consecutive symptomatic mitral valve stenosis patients, aged 22-72 (39 (11.5)) years, 24/28 (85.6%) women, who underwent to percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty between March 2009 and May 2011. Patients underwent 2- and 3-dimensional transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography (atrial fibrillation) and invasive mitral valve area measurement. Echocardiographic analysis was performed before, 72 h after and 12 months after percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty. The following parameters were analyzed: a) mitral valve area (2-dimensional planimetry, pressure half-time, 3-dimensional echocardiography, invasive hemody- namic measurement); b) indexed left atrium maximum and indexed minimum volumes, and c) left atrium emptying fraction. Results: The 3-dimensional parameters of the mitral valve stenosis patients before and 72 h and 12 months after percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty were as follows: a) mitral valve area: 0.9 (0.1) cm 2 ; 1.8 (0.2) cm 2 (P

OBJETIVO: Analisar os intervalos de tempo entre o início da Fibrilação Ventricular/Taquicardia Ventricular (FV/TV) e os principais procedimentos realizados. MÉTODOS: Foram realizadas e filmadas 20 simulações de FV/TV em ambiente hospitalar, utilizando-se manequim estático, ocorridas em dia e hora aleatórios. Todas as equipes tinham o mesmo nível de habilidades. Foram analisados os tempos (em s) relativos ao suporte básico de vida (SBV) - chegada da equipe (TC) confirmação da parada (TCP) início da RCP (TI) e os tempos relativos ao suporte avançado de vida (SAV) - 1º desfibrilação (TD) 1º dose de adrenalina (TA) e intubação orotraqueal (TIOT). As variáveis foram analisadas e comparadas em dois grupos: unidade de cuidados intensivos (UCI) e enfermarias com telemetria (ETL). RESULTADOS: ETL x UCI respectivamente - TC (70,2+38,7 x 38,6+49,2); TCP (89,4+57,1 x 71+63,9); TI (166,8+81,1 x 142+66,2); TD (282,5+142,8 x 108,4+52,5); TA (401,4+161,7 x 263,3+122,8) e TIOT (470,3+150,6 x 278,8+98,8). Apresenta a comparação das médias de tempos entre os dois grupos. CONCLUSÃO: As diferenças observadas em relação a TD, TA e TIOT favoráveis à UCI estão associadas às facilidades de realização das manobras de SAV nesse ambiente. Os tempos relacionados ao SBV foram semelhantes nos dois grupos, reforçando a necessidade do uso de desfibriladores semi-automáticos mesmo em ambiente hospitalar. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the time intervals between the beginning of the Ventricular Fibrilation/Ventricular Taquicardia (VF/VT) and the main procedures made. METHODS: Twenty VF/VT simulations were performed and filmed in a hospital environment, using a static mannequin, on random days at random times. All teams had the same level of skills. The times (in sec.) related to basic life support (BLS) - arrival of the team (AT), confirmation of the arrest (CAT), beginning of the CPR (IT) and the times related to the advanced life support (ALS) - 1st defibrillation (DT), 1st dose of adrenalin (AT) and orotracheal intubation (OTIT). The variables were analyzed and compared in two groups: intensive care unit (ICU) and wards with telemetry (TLW). RESULTS:The results in both groups was in that order (GW x ICU ) - AT (70.2+38.7 x 38.6+49.2); CCA (89.4+57.1 x 71+63.9); SC (166.8+81.1 x 142+66.2); FD (282.5+142.8 x 108.4+52.5); FE (401.4+161.7 x 263.3+122.8) e OI (470.3+150.6x278.8+98.8). Shows the comparison of the average times between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The differences noted in relation to DT, AT and OTIT favorable to ICU are associated to the facility of performance of the ALS maneuvers in such environment. The BLS-related times were similar in both groups, which reinforce the need for the use of semi-automatic defibrillators, even in a hospital environment.

Neste trabalho comparamos os resultados da mortalidade nas reoperações valvares, a fim de estabelecer a gravidade das reoperações conservadoras e das retrocas, analisando a influência do número de procedimentos nos resultados. Foram estudados 296 pacientes cujas idades variaram de cinco a 72 anos, com média de 34,5 anos. Duzentos e oito pacientes foram submetidos à reoperação mitral, sendo realizada recomissurotomia em 23 (7,8%) pacientes, terceira comissurotomia em dois (0,7%), primeira substituição mitral em 26 (8,8%), segunda troca mitral em 127 (42,9%), terceira troca em um (0,3%). Reoperação em valva aórtica foi realizada em 67 pacientes, sendo primeira troca aórtica por reestenose em cinco (1,7%) pacientes, segunda troca em 28 (16,2%), terceira troca aórtica em 11 (3,7%) e quarta troca em três (1%). Retroca mitro-aórtica foi realizada em 19 (6,4%) pacientes, retroca tricúspide em um (0,3%) e retroca mítrotricuspídea também em um (0,3%) pacientes. A mortalidade na recomissurotomia mitral foi de 0% (0/26); na primeira troca mitral foi de 15,4% (4/26); na segunda troca 15,0% (19/127); na terceira troca 15,4% (4/26); na quarta e quinta trocas (4 casos) mitrais não houve mortalidade. Na primeira troca aórtica a mortalidade foi de 40% (2/5); a segunda substituição aórtica foi de 14,6% (7/48); na terceira não houve mortalidade (0/11) e na quarta a mortalidade foi de 100% (3/3). Na segunda substituição mitro-aórtica a mortalidade foi de 10,5% (2/19). A análise estatística dos dados não demonstrou relação entre a mortalidade e o número de operações previamente realizadas. In this paper we analyse the mortality results in the valve reoperation. We compare the results of the conservative procedures and valve replacement, and relating this results to the number of previous operations. Two hundred and ninety-six patients were included in this paper, aged five to 72 years. Two hundred and eigth patients were submitted to mitral reoperations, 23 (7.8%) mitral recomissurotomy, two (0,7%) third comissurotomy, 26 (8.8%) first mitral valve replacement, 127 (42.9%) second mitral valve replacement, 26 (8.8%) third mitral valve replacement, three (1%) fourth mitral valve replacement. Aortic reoperations were performed in 67 patients, five (1.7%) first aortic replacement, 48 (16.2%) second aortic replacement, 11 (3.7) third aortic replacement and three (1%), fourth. Nineteen (6.4%) patients were submitted to mitro-aortic rereplacement, one (0.3%) to tricuspid rereplacement and one 0.3%) to mitrotricuspid rereplacement. The Hospital mortality was 0% (0/26), in mitral recomissurotomies, 15,4% (4/26) in first mitral replacement and no mortality in fourth and fifth mitral valve replacement. Relating to the aortic patients the Hospital mortality was 40% (2/5) in the first replacement, 14.6% (7/48) in the second replacement, no mortality (0/11) in the third replacement and 100% (3/3) in the fourth replacement. Relating to the mitro-aortic patients the statistical analysis showed no relation between mortality and mumber of previous operation.

To analyze the time intervals between the beginning of the Ventricular Fibrilation/Ventricular Taquicardia (VF/VT) and the main procedures made.Twenty VF/VT simulations were performed and filmed in a hospital environment, using a static mannequin, on random days at random times. All teams had the same level of skills. The times (in sec.) related to basic life support (BLS) - arrival of the team (AT), confirmation of the arrest (CAT), beginning of the CPR (IT) and the times related to the advanced life support (ALS) - 1st defibrillation (DT), 1st dose of adrenalin (AT) and orotracheal intubation (OTIT). The variables were analyzed and compared in two groups: intensive care unit (ICU) and wards with telemetry (TLW).The results in both groups was in that order (GW x ICU ) - AT (70.2+38.7 x 38.6+49.2); CCA (89.4+57.1 x 71+63.9); SC (166.8+81.1 x 142+66.2); FD (282.5+142.8 x 108.4+52.5); FE (401.4+161.7 x 263.3+122.8) e OI (470.3+150.6 x 278.8+98.8). Shows the comparison of the average times between the two groups.The differences noted in relation to DT, AT and OTIT favorable to ICU are associated to the facility of performance of the ALS maneuvers in such environment. The BLS-related times were similar in both groups, which reinforce the need for the use of semi-automatic defibrillators, even in a hospital environment.

Introduction: The purpose of this pilot clinical study was to determine if a novel chest compression device would improve hemodynamics when compared to manual chest compression during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in humans. The device is an automated self-adjusting electromechanical chest compressor based on AutoPulse TM technology (Revivant Corporation) that uses a load distributing compression band (A-CPR) to compress the anterior chest. Methods: A total of 31 sequential subjects with in-hospital sudden cardiac arrest were screened with institutional review board approval. All subjects had received prior treatment for cardiac disease and most had co-morbidities. Subjects were included following 10 min of failed standard advanced life support (ALS) protocol. Fluid-filled catheters were advanced into the thoracic aorta and the right atrium and placement was confirmed by pressure waveforms and chest radiograph. The coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) was measured as the difference between the aortic and right atrial pressure during the chest compression’s decompressed state. Following 10 min of failed ALS and catheter placement, subjects received alternating manual and A-CPR chest compressions for 90 s each. Chest compressions were administered without ventilation pauses at 100 compressions/min for manual CPR and 60 compressions/min for A-CPR. All subjects were intubated and ventilated by bag-valve at 12 breaths/min between compressions. Epinephrine (adrenaline) (1 mg i.v. bolus) was given at the request of the attending physician at 3–5 min intervals. Usable pressure signals were present in 16 patients (68 ± 6 years, 5 female), and data are reported from those patients only. A-CPR chest compressions increased peak aortic pressure when compared to manual chest compression (153 ± 28 mmHg versus 115 ± 42 mmHg, P< 0.0001, mean ± S.D.). Similarly, A-CPR increased peak right atrial pressure when compared to manual chest compression (129 ± 32 mmHg versus 83 ± 40 mmHg, P< 0.0001). Furthermore, A-CPR increased CPP over manual chest compression (20 ± 12 mmHg versus 15 ± 11 mmHg, P< 0.015). Manual chest compressions were of consistent high quality (51 ± 20 kg) and in all cases met or exceeded American Heart Association guidelines for depth of compression. Conclusion: Previous research has shown that increased CPP is correlated to increased coronary blood flow and increased rates of restored native circulation from sudden cardiac arrest. The A-CPR system using AutoPulse technology demonstrated increased coronary perfusion pressure over manual chest compression during CPR in this terminally ill patient population. © 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

O objetivo do trabalho é analisar os resultados tardios da substituição valvar em pacientes idosos com a utilização de biopróteses de pericárdio bovino no Instituto do Coração em São Paulo. No período de março de 1982 a dezembro de 1995, foram implantadas 463 biopróteses de pericárdio bovino FISICS-INCOR em 432 pacientes com idade superior a 65 anos. A idade média foi de 70,3 ± 4,3 anos e 58,1% eram do sexo masculino. Foram realizadas 286 substituições da valva aórtica, 144 da valva mitral, 16 duplas substituições mitro-aórticas e 1 tricúspide. Houve procedimentos associados em 158 (36,6%) pacientes, sendo o mais freqüente a revascularização do miocárdio (19,2%). A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 12,2% (53 pacientes), sendo 18,7% para o grupo mitral, 7,7% para o grupo aórtico e 18,8% para o mitro-aórtico. As taxas linearizadas para os eventos calcificação, tromboembolismo, rotura, escape pára-valvar e endocardite foram, respectivamente, 0,4%; 0; 0,8%; 0,1% e 0,1% pacientes-ano. A sobrevida actuarial no grupo aórtico foi de 32,4 ± 15,5% em 12 anos, livre de endocardite de 100%, livre de calcificação de 98,3 ± 1,7%, livre de rotura de 91,6 ± 4,8%, livre de escape pára-valvar de 99,5 ± 0,5% e livre de reoperação de 89,6 ± 4,9%, em 12 anos. A sobrevida actuarial no grupo mitral foi de 14,5 ± 11,5% em 12 anos, livre de endocardite de 97,8 ± 2,2%, livre de calcificação de 98,0 ± 2,0%, livre de rotura de 91,7 ± 5,0%, livre de escape pára-valvar de 100% e livre de reoperação de 87,9 ± 5,5% em 12 anos. Não houve tromboembolismo. No período pós-operatório tardio, 293 (87,7%) pacientes encontram-se em classe funcional I (NYHA). Concluímos que os resultados tardios com a utilização de biopróteses de pericárdio bovino FISICS-INCOR foram satisfatórios em pacientes idosos. The purpose of this study is to analyze long-term results with valve replacement in the elderly with bovine pericardial bioprostheses developed by the Heart Institute of São Paulo. Between March 1982 and December 1995, 463 FISICS-INCOR bovine pericardial bioprostheses were implanted in 432 patients over 65. The average age was 70.3 ± 4.3 years, and 58.1% were male. We performed a total of 286 aortic valve replacements, 144 mitral replacements, 16 double replacements (mitral and aortic) and 1 tricuspid replacement. There were associated procedures in 158 patients (36.6%) and the most frequent was myocardial revascularization (19.2%). Hospital mortality was 12.2% (53 patients), 18.7% for the mitral group, 7.7% for the aortic, and 18.8% for the double valve replacement. The linearized rates for calcification, thromboembolism, rupture, leak and endocarditis were 0.4, 0, 0.8, 0.1 and 0.1% patient-year. The actuarial survival curve for the aortic group was 32.4 ± 15.5% in 12 years, freedom from endocarditis was 100%, freedom from calcification was 98.3 ± 1.7%, freedom from rupture was 91.6 ± 4.8%, freedom from leak was 99.5 ± 0.5% and freedom from reoperation was 89.6 ± 4.9% in 12 years. The actuarial survival curve for the mitral group was 14.5 ± 11.5% in 12 years, freedom from endocarditis was 97.8 ± 2.2%, freedom from calcification was 98.0 ± 2.0%, freedom from rupture was 91.7 ± 5.0%, freedom from leak was 100% and freedom from reoperation was 87.9 ± 5.5% in 12 years. There was no thromboembolism. In the late post-operative period, 293 patients (87.7%) were in functional class I (NYHA). We conclude that late results with FISICS-INCOR bovine pericardial bioprostheses were satisfactory in the elderly group of patients.