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One of the central goals of cognitive neuroscience is to understand how structure relates to function. Over the past century, clinical studies on patients with lesions have provided key insights into the relationship between brain areas and behavior. Since the early efforts for characterization of cognitive functions focused on localization, we provide an account of cognitive function in terms of localization. Next, using body perception as an example, we summarize the contemporary techniques. Finally, we outline the trajectory of current progress into the future and discuss the implications for clinical and basic neuroscience.

Dental problems in old age mostly arises from age related factors such as occlusal wear due to attrition and abrasion, loss of teeth due to loss of periodontal support and endodontic involvement of teeth etc. Prosthetic dentistry has created new dimensions in providing esthetic and functional rehabilitation of patients with severely worn-out dentition. This clinical case report demonstrates successful multidisciplinary approach to a full mouth rehabilitation of a patient whose dentition has been esthetically and functionally restored with combination of both fixed and removable prosthesis.

In this paper, feature selection technique (FST) namely Chi-Square (CS) has been used for feature selection. The filter based CS is a ranking method. The FST key goals of improving classification efficiency and reducing feature counts. Naive Bayes (NB), K-Nearest-Neighbour (K-NN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) with RBF kernel considered the classification methods on Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) children dataset. Comparison to the non-reduced features and reduced feature of ASD datasets the reduced feature give up enhanced results in all classifiers NB, K-NN and SVM. Finally, minimum feature with high accuracy based classification model is proposed.

The 73rd Amendment to the Constitution of India was introduced with a stated legislative intent of reserving not less than a third of seats for women in institutions of local self-government, the three-tier panchayati raj institutions. That amendment is considered a milestone in India’s project of empowerment of women. This paper evaluates the power and prestige of the post of an adhyaksha (chairperson) of a zila (district) panchayat (council) in general, and in particular the status of women elected to the post during 2016 in the state of Uttar Pradesh (UP). Analysing the candidature, electoral success, electoral practices and subsequent functioning of zila panchayat adhyakshas (ZPAs), the authors argue that despite seats being reserved for women, no meaningful political empowerment of women has occurred in UP. The paper questions the efficacy of the indirect mode of election of ZPAs in bringing about empowerment of women, arguing that indirect elections enable powerful ruling elites to use women as proxies, subverting the legislative intent of the 73rd Amendment. The paper therefore proposes electoral reforms.

Lesion studies are crucial in establishing brain-behavior relationships, and accurately segmenting the lesion represents the first step in achieving this. Manual lesion segmentation is the gold standard for chronic strokes. However, it is labor-intensive, subject to bias, and limits sample size. Therefore, our objective is to develop an automatic segmentation algorithm for chronic stroke lesions on T1-weighted MR images. Methods: To train our model, we utilized an open-source dataset: ATLAS v2.0 (Anatomical Tracings of Lesions After Stroke). We partitioned the dataset of 655 T1 images with manual segmentation labels into five subsets and performed a 5-fold cross-validation to avoid overfitting of the model. We used a deep neural network (DNN) architecture for model training. Results: To evaluate the model performance, we used three metrics that pertain to diverse aspects of volumetric segmentation including shape, location, and size. The Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) compares the spatial overlap between manual and machine segmentation. The average DSC was 0.65 (0.61- 0.67; 95% bootstrapped CI). Average symmetric surface distance (ASSD) measures contour distances between the two segmentations. ASSD between manual and automatic segmentation was 12mm. Finally, we compared the total lesion volumes and the Pearson correlation coefficient (ρ) between the manual and automatically segmented lesion volumes, which was 0.97(p-value < 0.001). Conclusions: We present the first automated segmentation model trained on a large multicentric dataset. This model will enable automated on-demand processing of MRI scans and quantitative chronic stroke lesion assessment.

It is one of the central goals of cognitive neuroscience to understand how structure and function relate in the brain. We review how cognitive function characterization has been approached in the past. In addition, we examine the ongoing efforts, as well as the implications for the future. Clinical studies on patients with lesions have provided key insights into the relationship between brain areas and behavior over the past century. We describe cognitive function according to localization considering these early efforts for characterization. We chose a perceptual-cognitive function, namely body perception, to describe our current efforts. Using body perception as an example, we summarize contemporary techniques. Finally, we outline the trajectory of current progress into the future and discuss the implications for clinical and basic neuroscience.

Nebulized gamma interferon (IFN-γ) protein has been studied for clinical safety and efficacy against pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). The protein is expensive, requires a cold chain, and is difficult to deploy in limited-resource, high-incidence settings. We generated preclinical proof of concept (PoC) for a dry powder inhalation (DPI) containing DNA constructs to transiently transfect the lung and airway epithelium of mice with murine IFN-γ. Bacterial colony forming units (CFU) in the lungs of mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) reduced from about 106/g of tissue to ∼104 after four doses given once a week. Nodular inflammatory lesions in the lungs reduced significantly in number. Immunohistochemistry of infected lung sections for LC3-1 and LAMP-1 indicated autophagy induction between 18-48h after inhalation. ELISA on bronchioalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid showed differences in kinetics of IFN-γ concentrations in the epithelial lining fluid of healthy versus infected mice. Uninfected mice receiving DNA constructs expressing a fluorescent protein were live-imaged. The fluorescence signals from the intracellular protein peaked at about 36h after inhalation and declined by 48h. These results establish preclinical PoC of the efficacy of a DPI and dosing regimen as host-directed and transient gene therapy of experimental pulmonary TB in mice, justifying preclinical development., Graphical Abstract, Misra and colleagues present preclinical proof-of-concept that transiently transfecting the lung epithelium by means of inhaled DNA encoding gamma interferon is efficacious in treating mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. They argue that their non-sterile, non-invasive and potentially storage-stable dry powder inhalation formulation of plasmid DNA has advantages over nebulized protein.

This article analyses Salesforce’s cloud-based vaccine management platform based on its working procedure and advantages. The most difficult task is to manufacture a large number of vaccinations and disseminate them to humans. The Salesforce platform is very beneficial to distribute that vaccination, and also, it manages the scheduling, dosage, and registration in a very efficient and simple manner. Moreover, the platform manages the collection and verification of cases, and also, it prepares a report based on the health status.

Objective: The present study was performed to determine in vitro antidiabetic effect of neohesperidin. To evaluate inhibitory effect of neohesperidin on α-amylase and α-glucosidase diabetes causing enzyme. Methods and Materials: Invitro carbohydrate metabolizing enzyme based inhibitory methods were used to determine antidiabetic effect of neohesperidin. Alpha (α)-amylase inhibitory assay was performed using different sources i.e. wheat alpha (α)-amylase enzyme, salivary alpha (α)-amylase and fungal alpha (α)-amylase assay. Alpha (α)-glucosidase inhibitory assay was performed using alpha (α)-glucosidase (B. stearothermophil), alpha (α)-glucosidase rat intestine and alpha (α)-glucosidase from baker’s yeast. Sucrase inhibitory assay from rat small intestine. Result: Neohesperidin possess a potent anti-diabetic by significantly inhibiting alpha amylase activity. Conclusion: It was concluded that enzyme inhibitory activity of neohesperidin shown a significantly higher inhibitory activity on alpha-amylase in comparision to alpha-glucosidase & Sucrase enzymes. Keywords: Neohespiridin, acarbose, alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase

The aim of this work was to develop and evaluate curcumin loaded liposome and its bio- enhancement. Curcumin was selected as a natural drug for liposome formulation. Curcumin show variety of biological activity but it also shows poor bioavailability due to low aqueous solubility (1 µg/ml), poor absorption and rapid metabolism so that piperine was selected as bio enhancer to improve curcumin bioavailability. Soy lecithin and cholesterol were used to prepared curcumin and curcumin-piperine loaded liposome at different ratio by thin film hydration method because of easy to perform, and high encapsulation rates of lipid. The all liposome formulations (F1-F5) were evaluated by mean particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency and drug release. Bioavailability was also determined on rat. Blood samples were collected at specific intervals, and plasma was separated by ultracentrifugation. Plasma was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography at 425 nm taking acetonitrile: water (75:25 v/v) acidified with 2% acetic acid as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min using C18 column. The mean particle size was found in the range between 800-1100 that indicate liposome are large unilamellar vesical types. By zeta potential study its conform that the all formulation was stable. The encapsulation efficiency of all liposome formulation are varied between 59-67%. In vitro drug release was analyse in 7.4 pH phosphate buffer, the maximum %CDR observed at the 12 hrs., and formulation are follow sustained release thus they reduce metabolism, good absorption rate which improve bioavailability of drug. From in-vivo study, it is clear that curcumin-piperine liposomal formulation, increases Cmax, area under the curve, and mean residence time significantly as compared to pure curcumin and pure curcumin liposome. Keywords: liposome; Curcumin; Piperine, Thin film hydration method; Bioavailability

Now a day’s cancer is one of the main decreases in all over the world. Several peoples have died in a day. According to the survey conducted by the US government, 40000 people died in 2012 only due to breast cancer. Cancer decease is classified into four types named type 1, type 2, type 3 and type 4. A previous survey that if cancer is detected in the early stage (i.e., type 1 and type 2) then only it can be procuring. But most of the time cancer is detected in the third and fourth stage. Due to this reason cancer detection in the early stage is one of the favorite areas of the researcher. In the past few decades, several machine learning approach has been used by various researchers. Cancer detection is a classification approach where the main aim is to find the cancer stage in the early stage. There are several classification approaches that can be used in cancer detection. This paper discusses the comparative analysis of some of the existing cancer detection approaches.

Herein, we report the green synthesis of copper–zirconium bimetallic nanoparticles (Cu–Zr BNPs) from aqueous solutions using Azadirachta indica leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The CuO, ZrO2 NP, and Cu–Zr BNP samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and the morphologies of the samples were analyzed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) with selected area electron diffraction analysis (SAED). The synthesized Cu–Zr BNPs have been employed as efficient catalysts for the selective N-methylation of aromatic and aliphatic amines with dimethyl carbonate. The effect of process conditions on the percentage conversion of benzylamine with dimethyl carbonate as a model reaction has been investigated. The Cu–Zr bimetallic nanoparticle catalytic system in a 1:2 molar ratio was able to convert amines into the corresponding N-methylated amines with a selectivity up to 91% at 180 °C in 4 h. The analysis of catalytic reusability confirmed that the reported heterogeneous catalyst can be used for five consecutive cycles without much loss in activity. Thus, the current protocol can be considered as a simpler, reproducible, and environmentally benign approach for N-methylation of amines.

In present study, bis-nitrones of glyoxal were synthesized initially, and subjected to cycloaddition reaction with N -substituted maleimides in toluene medium to afford a series of new symmetric bis-pyrrolo isoxazoles cycloadducts in excellent yields and shorter reaction time. The reaction afforded a single regio-isomer of symmetric bis-pyrrolo isoxazoles as confirmed by 1 H-NMR spectral analysis, in a shorter reaction period of 15-20 minutes. Thus, present protocol presents a facile and regioselective synthesis of bis-pyrrolo isoxazoles.

this paper presents Biogeography-based optimization (BBO) techniques for the excellent location to achieve minimum transmission active power loss, optimal cost, and optimal bus voltage. The proposed methods are authentic in the IEEE-30 bus system with power flow equation using a Newton-Raphson algorithm. The execution of IEEE-30 bus system is computed on different reactive loading condition. Here we are present the BBO and PSO’s comparative result using distinct optimization techniques. In the end, BBO is best for the transmission of active power loss minimization and total cost of the system at the various loading for the IEEE-30 bus system as compared to PSO (Particle Swarm optimization). Biogeography-base optimization is the best solution, is to reduce active power loss, system operating cost including the cost of FACTS devices and congestion in the transmission network.

Transient transfection of the respiratory mucosa of mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) with gamma interferon (IFN-γ) promises benefits in disease therapy. We investigated preclinical efficacy of a dry powder inhalation (DPI) as a stand-alone versus adjunct to oral anti-tuberculosis (TB) chemotherapy in mice. We observed that this host-directed therapy mitigates the gross organ pathology and histopathology of lung and spleen tissue of infected mice receiving the DPI, either alone or as adjunct therapy. However, no statistically significant reduction in Mtb colony forming units (CFU) occurred if mice were given only DPI; but not drugs. We compared one and three doses a week of the DPI over four weeks; with or without concomitant oral drugs. There was no significant difference in lung CFU after four or 12 doses of the DPI alone, but, surprisingly, four doses were qualitatively better than 12 doses in mitigating lung pathology. Nodular lesions on the lung surface and the area occupied by these was significantly reduced after four doses of the DPI, even without oral drugs. Transient transfection with IFN-γ did not induce pathological inflammation of the lungs and airways. We conclude that IFN-γ, as expected of host-directed therapy, 'heals the host; ' but does not 'kill the bug.'

Real power losses minimization and maintaining the stable node voltage magnitude is a major issue in power system. The authors are presenting how to reduce the active power loss and maintain the voltage stability of the power system network in this paper. To achieve this performance, the system is supplied reactive and active power by UPFC devices. The analytical Newton–Raphson algorithm method is applied for power flow equation. The proposed algorithm is authentic in the IEEE-based 6 and 14 test bus system. The simulations are executed using PSAT in the MATLAB environment. The authors present the voltage collapse point and real power loss before and after using UPFC.

In this paper, a new mixed-type higher-order symmetric duality in scalar-objective programming is formulated. In the literature we have results either Wolfe or Mond–Weir-type dual or separately, while in this we have combined those results over one model. The weak, strong and converse duality theorems are proved for these programs under $$\eta $$ -invexity/ $$\eta $$ -pseudoinvexity assumptions. Self-duality is also discussed. Our results generalize some existing dual formulations which were discussed by Agarwal et al. (Generalized second-order mixed symmetric duality in nondifferentiable mathematical programming. Abstr. Appl. Anal. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/103597 ), Chen (Higher-order symmetric duality in nonlinear nondifferentiable programs), Gulati and Gupta (Wolfe type second order symmetric duality in nondifferentiable programming. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 310, 247–253, 2005, Higher order nondifferentiable symmetric duality with generalized F-convexity. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 329, 229–237, 2007), Gulati and Verma (Nondifferentiable higher order symmetric duality under invexity/generalized invexity. Filomat 28(8), 1661–1674, 2014), Hou and Yang (On second-order symmetric duality in nondifferentiable programming. J Math Anal Appl. 255, 488–491, 2001), Verma and Gulati (Higher order symmetric duality using generalized invexity. In: Proceeding of 3rd International Conference on Operations Research and Statistics (ORS). 2013. https://doi.org/10.5176/2251-1938_ORS13.16 , Wolfe type higher order symmetric duality under invexity. J Appl Math Inform. 32, 153–159, 2014).

Reaction of amines with dialkylcarbonates serves the purpose of generating carbamates besides methylated products. Present work reports the selective synthesis of carbamates from amines using dimethylcarbonate as carbonylating agent, in the presence of imidazolium derived ionic liquids as catalysts. Imidazolium based mono and dicationic liquids generated carbamates with 100% selectivity in fairly good to excellent yields, without isolation of any other side product. The dicationic ionic liquids B[MIm]2[PF6]2, B[MIm]2Cl2 and B[MIm]2[NO3]2 exhibited better catalytic activity in comparison to monocationic ones, may be because of bifunctional nature. DFT calculations revealed that the acidic proton of imidazolium ionic liquids (flanked by two nitrogen atoms) interact with the oxygen of dimethylcarbonate, increases its nucleophilicity and thus catalyses the reaction. Ionic liquids were recovered easily and reused a number of times. The protocol thus possesses, advantageous features of being simple, cost-effective, solvent free and sustainable.

A benign protocol for the Strecker synthesis of α-aminonitriles in the bifunctional ionic liquids has been reported here. The imidazolium based dicationic ionic liquids with Cl−, NO2− and PF6− anions efficiently catalysed the conversion of a variety of aldehydic substrates into corresponding α-aminonitriles upon treatment with aniline and trimethylsilylcyanide. B[MIm]2[PF6]2 provided 97% of the product in a short interval of 30 ​min with 5 ​wt% of it. Ionic liquids were recovered efficiently and re-used in the reaction for consecutive 5 cycles without much significant loss in its activity. Thus, the current protocol possesses the advantageous features of being less-hazardous, benign, solvent free and reproducible.

AIM: Aim of our study was to analyze the reasons for which adolescent girls attend Sultania Zanana Hospital, Bhopal, which is a tertiary care Centre holding the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal. OBJECTIVE: To know what percentage of patients belong to adolescent age group and there a sons they come, to SZH, Bhopal. MATERIAL AND METHODS: After prior approval of Review Board and Institute Ethics Committtee. This hospital based analytical study was carried out from 1st June ‘12 to 30th May’ 13 in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Gandhi Medical College and associated Sultania Zanana Hospital, Bhopal. All adolescent girls attending OPD, Antenatal Clinic, Family planning Clinic, and Integrated Counseling Testing Centre or admitted in Sultania Zanana Hospital, Bhopal in the age group of 10 – 19 years during the study duration was analysed. RESULT: Analysis revealed that during the study period, a total of 455 adolescent girls attended indoor of Sultania Zanana Hospital Bhopal which constitutes 2.7% of total indoor patient load. CONCLUSION: It was concluded from study that early age at menarche, early age at marriage, low education, and high incidence of genitourinary infection, lack of awareness about contraception and reproduction health issues, and non-consensual sex are major health issues of adolescent years. This is still an "unmet need" in reproductive and sexual health care of this age group. This unmet need varies among married and unmarried adolescents.

AIM: Aim of our study to analyze the prevalence of premalignant lesion based on Pap smear and liquid based cytology in patients of bad cervix. OBJECTIVE: To compare sensitivity and specificity of two methods for screening of bad cervix and to know IDR (increase detection rate) of cervical cancer by conventional Pap smear and liquid based cytology. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 200 women attending Gynaecology OPD were random selection on the basis of inclusion criteria. All 200 selected women were subjected for down staging through per speculum examination for identification of bad cervix. Pap smears of all 200 selected women were taken and ensured that no local douche, antiseptic cream and no local internal examination was done on the day of test. The prepared smears were then stained according to Papanicolaou's technique. Liquid based cytology smears preparing by using cervical brush 1-1.5cm were inserted into the cervical os until the large outer bristles of the brush touch ectocervix. Data collected for sociodemographic, parity, down staging clinical examination Pap smear and LBC was organised, interpreted and analysis on appropriate statistical software. P value < 0.05 is considered significant RESULT: Analysis revealed that the maximum number of women in our study are from middle age group(31-40yrs), low socioeconomic status, married before 18 yrs, multipara, do not use any contraceptive, uneducated, urban, Muslim population.in this study more abnormal smear is seen in LBC as compared to pap smear. Sensitivity and specificity for LBC is more as compare to pap smear. CONCLUSION: In low resource setting like ours were facilities for radiology, chemo- radiotherapy and supportive care are limited or unavailable. It is important to identify which resources fill healthcare need most effectively and to consider alternative approaches, LBC is strongly advocated in the best interest of public health, by improving the quality of the sample and reducing the likelihood of false negative cytology result. Thus it will significantly improve early detection and treatment of cervical lesions and

KHUSHBOO VERMA AND T. R. GULATIAbstract. In this paper, we introduce a pair of higher-order symmetricdual models/problems. Weak, strong and converse duality theorems forthis pair are established under the assumption of higher-order invexity.Moreover, self duality theorem is also discussed.AMS Mathematics Subject Classi cation : 90C46, 49N15, 90C30.

Background: Cerebrovascular stroke is a global health problem. Prolonged length of hospital stay following stroke inflates health care cost, increases risk for hospital-acquired complications, in-hospital death and has been associated with worse outcome. Methods: A hospital based prospective study was performed in acute stroke patients admitted in the department of Medicine of a rural teaching tertiary care hospital located in a town in central India. Data of all consecutive stroke inpatients related to demographic variables (age, gender, social class, education-status), co-morbid conditions, risk factors, imaging variables and various complications during hospital course was collected from patients’ medical records. The type, location, and side of the stroke lesion were noted from the CT/MRI head reports of stroke patients. Stroke assessment scales (GCS, NIHSS, mRS) were also assessed by another trained study person who was blind of the diagnosis and investigations of the patient. Results: A total of 55 stroke patients were studied. The mean age was 58.4 + 12 years; ranging from 23-86 years. Of the total 55 stroke patients, 32 (58.2%) were males and 23 (41.8%) were females. Twenty three (41.8%) of 55 stroke patients had length of stay (LOS) in hospital ≥7 days. The association of location of stroke lesion (LAC/TAC/PAC/POC) and GCS score with LOS in hospital was found to be statistically significant (P 7days). Conclusion: Prolonged length of stay (>7 days) in hospitalized stroke patients was related to location of lesions and low Glasgow coma scale scores. The complications during hospitalization esp. pressure-sores and sepsis were associated with prolonged length of stay in hospitalized stroke patients.

In this paper, a pair of symmetric dual second-order fractional programming problems is formulated and appropriate duality theorems are established. These results are then used to discuss the minimax mixed integer symmetric dual fractional programs.

In the present paper, a pair of Wolfe type nondifferentiable mutiobjective second-order programm involving two kernel function is formulated.We prove Weak, Strong and Converse duality theorem for the second-order symmetric dual programs under Invexity conditions.

In this paper, a pair of Wolfe type second-order symmetric dual non-differentiable multiobjective programs is formulated over arbitrary cones. Weak, strong and converse duality theorems are established under K-η-bonvexity assumptions. Self-duality has also been discussed assuming the functions involved to be skew-symmetric.