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Werner Gephart setzt sich in seinen kunstsoziologischen Arbeiten intensiv mit dem Denken von Max Weber, Georg Simmel und Emile Durkheim auseinander. Das Motiv der ›Moderne‹ ist der zentrale Fluchtpunkt seiner Kunstsoziologie. Nach Gephart ist die Moderne nicht nur soziologisch, sondern auch kunstlerisch gedeutet worden.

In der vorliegenden Studie geht es nicht um die Frage nach der Funktion von Medienoffentlichkeit fur die Sphare der Kunst. Stattdessen steht die Rolle im Vordergrund, die der Kunstkommunikation fur Offentlichkeit unter demokratietheoretischen Gesichtspunkten zugesprochen werden kann. Die deliberative Demokratie vertraut in der Vorstellung von Jurgen Habermas auf die Nutzung der „Produktivkraft Kommunikation“ (Habermas 1990, S. 39).

Die offentliche Kommunikation uber Kunst wird in der vorliegenden Analyse uber die Kunstberichterstattung des Feuilletons der Suddeutschen Zeitung und der Frankfurter Allgemeinen Zeitung operationalisiert. Damit wird von der Vielzahl an Medienangeboten im Bereich der Kunst nur ein Teilsegment betrachtet. Inwieweit beide Leitmedien eine hinreichende empirische Basis zur Erfassung eines allgemeinen und gesellschaftlich relevanten Kunstdiskurses darstellen, soll im Folgenden erortert werden.

Nachdem im letzten Kapitel die Kunstberichterstattung mithilfe einer quantitativen Inhaltsanalyse untersucht wurde, erfolgt im vorliegenden Kapitel eine qualitative Analyse. Die Diskursanalyse verfolgt das Ziel, die Problemdebatten in der Kunstberichterstattung des Feuilletons auf inhaltlicher Ebene zu beschreiben und ihre zentralen Sprecher zu identifizieren. Es soll geklart werden, uber welche sozialen und politischen Probleme diskutiert wird und welche Diskursperspektiven dabei dominieren.

Im vorliegenden Kapitel wird der Frage nach der Bedeutung von Kunstoffentlichkeit fur die politische Offentlichkeit nachgegangen. Das Herzstuck der politischen Offentlichkeit ist in normativen Offentlichkeitskonzeptionen eine spezifische Form der offentlichen Kommunikation: Die sogenannte deliberative Kommunikation. Im Folgenden geht es zunachst um eine Klarung des Zusammenhangs von Kunstkommunikation und offentlicher Deliberation.

Das schillernde Phanomen der Avantgarde ist in der Soziologie bisher nur unzureichend zur Kenntnis genommen worden. Um die kunstlerischen Avantgarden in Gestalt der historischen Avantgardebewegungen zu Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts einer soziologischen Konzeptualisierung zuganglich zu machen, wird Pierre Bourdieus feldtheoretischer Ansatz vorgeschlagen. Durch die feldtheoretische Verortung der historischen Avantgarden ergeben sich neue Perspektiven auf einen bislang in erster Linie von der Literaturtheorie bearbeiteten Forschungsgegenstand. Zugleich stost das Feld-Paradigma bei der Erfassung des historischen Phanomens auf Grenzen in seiner Erklarungskraft. Die sich ergebenden Probleme der analytischen Grenzziehung legen nahe, dass die Soziologie das „Prinzip Avantgarde“ als eigenstandige Kategorie zur Kenntnis nehmen musste.

PurposeThe specific challenges which small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) face lead to a special knowledge management system with harmonised methods and supporting software tools. This paper seeks to address this issue.Design/methodology/approachA theoretical framework is proposed as a layer concept to describe the special situation of knowledge management in SMEs. Based on this framework empirical studies were conducted in German‐speaking countries to find out the relevant methods and tools supporting knowledge management in SMEs.FindingsThe outcome of the empirical study describes methods of knowledge management supporting the four key knowledge processes in SMEs, i.e. knowledge identification, knowledge acquisition, knowledge distribution and knowledge preservation. The results are explained in the developed “TechnicalSocialSocialTechnical Model” (TSST Model), which is a balanced system for technical and social knowledge applications.Research limitations/implicationsThe empirical study presented provides a model for knowledge management support in SMEs in German‐speaking countries. Further research will expand the empirical data on an international focus.Originality/valueThe developed TSST Model is currently used for the implementation of knowledge management systems in Austrian SMEs. The developed TSST Model functions as a decision support framework for SMEs to select technical and social knowledge methods according to the corresponding knowledge processes.

The discipline of knowledge management is no longer emerging in large organizations, but also small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are focusing on finding the right process that will allow them to make advantages of their intellectual capital. Using survey data from 219 small and medium-sized enterprises in Austria and Switzerland, this article illustrates the four key knowledge processes (1) knowledge identification, (2) knowledge acquisition, (3) knowledge distribution, and (4) knowledge preservation for SMEs and also reports the findings of the empirical study designed to allocate cost-efficient software products to each of the four knowledge processes. As a result a knowledge toolkit for SMEs that integrates knowledge processes, methods and software tool for decision support making is given. Finally, the social view of knowledge management to SMEs is discussed, showing that the use of information technology is currently far more important than the integration of a social-cognitive perspective.

An increasing body of evidence suggests that probiotic bacteria are effective in the treatment of enteric infections, although the molecular basis of this activity remains elusive. To identify putative probiotics, we tested commensal bacteria in terms of their toxicity, invasiveness, inhibition of Yersinia -induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo, and modulation of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. The commensal bacteria Escherichia coli , Bifidobacterium adolescentis , Bacteroides vulgatus , Bacteroides distasonis , and Streptococcus salivarius were screened for adhesion to, invasion of, and toxicity for host epithelial cells (EC), and the strains were tested for their ability to inhibit Y. enterocolitica -induced NF-κB activation. Additionally, B. adolescentis was administered to mice orally infected with Y. enterocolitica and to mice with mucosae impaired by DSS treatment. None of the commensal bacteria tested was toxic for or invaded the EC. B. adolescentis , B. distasonis , B. vulgatus , and S. salivarius inhibited the Y. enterocolitica -induced NF-κB activation and interleukin-8 production in EC. In line with these findings, B. adolescentis -fed mice had significantly lower results for mean pathogen burden in the visceral organs, intestinal tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA expression, and loss of body weight upon oral infection with Y. enterocolitica . In addition, the administration of B. adolescentis decelerated inflammation upon DSS treatment in mice. We suggest that our approach might help to identify new probiotics to be used for the treatment of inflammatory and infectious gastrointestinal disorders.

Little is known of the anatomical compartmentalization of colitogenic or regulatory T-cell responses in the murine transfer colitis model. Therefore, we analyzed the putative function of large intestinal dendritic cell (DC) aggregates, to which donor CD4+ T cells selectively home before colitis becomes manifest. The co-stimulatory molecules MHC-II, CD40, CD80, and CD86 were expressed in DC aggregates. IL-23 was primarily absent from DC aggregates at all stages of disease but was expressed at high levels in the severely inflamed lamina propria. Interferon-gamma was up-regulated in the lamina propria during early and advanced disease, whereas in DC aggregates it was detectable to a significant degree only in fully developed colitis. In contrast, Foxp3, a marker of regulatory T cells, was expressed in DC aggregates on T-cell transfer, coinciding with the appearance of CD103+ CD25- T cells in these clusters. Foxp3 was enriched in the CD103+ T-cell fraction isolated from the lamina propria of diseased mice. T-cell grafts depleted of CD103+ T cells generated similar numbers of colonic CD103+ T cells as unfractionated T cells. We conclude that DC aggregates are structures involved in the expansion and/or differentiation of CD103+ CD25- CD4+ Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells.

Im Forschungsfeld ›Kunst und Offentlichkeit‹ wurde der offentlichen Kommunikation uber Kunst in den Massenmedien bislang nur wenig Beachtung geschenkt. Der vorliegende Beitrag schlagt einen offentlichkeitstheoretischen Zugang zu diesem Desiderat vor und wirft in Anschluss an Jurgen Habermas die Frage nach dem Zusammenhang von offentlicher Kunstkommunikation und offentlicher Deliberation auf. Deliberation wird dabei als Problematisierung des Bestehenden im Medium offentlicher Kommunikation verstanden.

Knowledge measurement is developing into a new research field in the area of knowledge management. To ensure that a company is successful, business, technology, and human elements must be integrated and balanced into a knowledge measurement system. The introduction of a knowledge audit with the objective to uncovering the tacit knowledge in an organization and of identifying the existing management practices is needed. This chapter uses the quantum mechanical thinking as a reference model for the development of a knowledge potential measurement system. This system is influenced by three measurement components: (1) Person-dependent variables, (2) System-dependent variables and (3) knowledge velocity. Based on several case studies conducted in small and medium-sized enterprises, a process model for the implementation of the knowledge potential framework is discussed and introduced. Future research and limitations of the model are discussed in the final part.

Eine wesentliche Aufgabe des Managements ist die Ausrichtung des Unternehmens an der Informationsfunktion, um die Geschaftsprozesse zu optimieren. Die Rolle der Informationstechnologie ist nicht eine reine Querschnittsfunktion, sondern kann als eine Steuerungsfunktion betrachtet werden. Informationstechnologien tragen schon heute zum Unternehmenserfolg bei und auch in Zukunft werden Wettbewerbsvorteile sowie Produktivitatssteigerungen erzielt. Somit liegt es in der Verantwortung des Managements nicht nur Corporate Governance Strategien zu entwickeln, sondern die Informationsfunktion in die Unternehmensstrategie und –ziele zu integrieren. Eine in 480 Unternehmen durchgefuhrte Studie vom Institut fur Wirtschaftsinformatik, Produktionswirtschaft und Logistik/Universitat Innsbruck bildet die Grundlage fur die Entwicklung eines Vorgehensmodells zur Einfuhrung von ITGovernance in Unternehmen.

The discipline of knowledge management is no longer emerging in large organizations, but also small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are focusing on finding the right process that will allow them to make advantages of their intellectual capital. Using survey data from 219 small and medium-sized enterprises in Austria and Switzerland, this article illustrates the four key knowledge processes (1) knowledge identification, (2) knowledge acquisition, (3) knowledge distribution, and (4) knowledge preservation for SMEs and also reports the findings of the empirical study designed to allocate cost-efficient software products to each of the four knowledge processes. As a result a knowledge toolkit for SMEs that integrates knowledge processes, methods and software tool for decision support making is given. Finally, the social view of knowledge management to SMEs is discussed, showing that the use of information technology is currently far more important than the integration of a social-cognitive perspective.

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are a vital and growing part of any national economy. Like most large businesses, SMEs have recognized the importance of knowledge management. This Chapter investigates the use of knowledge processes and knowledge methods for SMEs. The learning objectives of this Chapter are to assess the role of knowledge management and knowledge processes in SMEs. Furthermore, the reader should be able to describe major knowledge management programs in SMEs and assess how they provide value for organizations. Empirical studies conducted by the authors show that for SMEs, only four knowledge processes are important: (1) knowledge identification, (2) knowledge acquisition, (3) knowledge distribution and (4) knowledge preservation. Based on the research result of several empirical studies, an integration concept for knowledge processes, knowledge methods, and knowledge software tools for SMEs is introduced and discussed.

The role of information technology (IT) is transmitting from a support tool into a source of competitive advantages. Continuous change in business performance raises the pressure on IT to change at the same speed. To create sustainable value, it is necessary for organizations to link the development of an IT strategy to the business strategy. In this paper the authors address the issue of implementing IT Governance into the organizational context by introducing a decision support framework. The basic research framework is the IT Governance model by Weill and Ross (2004) with its five decision fields: IT principles, IT architecture, IT infrastructure, business applications, IT investment and prioritization. Using survey data from 480 large organizations in German-speaking countries (Austria, Germany, Switzerland), this paper investigates the use of IT Governance initiatives and their implementation. A decision support framework for organizations was developed to implement IT Governance successfully in the country-specific context.

The management of knowledge has become a major research field in different disciplines in the last years. A key issue is the future development of knowledge management as a “fashion” or “trend” initiative. A longitudinal empirical study conducted by the authors analyzing the literature of knowledge management from 1994 until 2004 comes to the conclusion that knowledge management is already transformed into a “trend”. Furthermore, this chapter deals with the integration of knowledge management in the banking sector by applying the building block approach from Probst, Raub & Romhardt. Currently knowledge management is used in an unbalanced manner and not considering all knowledge-intensive processes.

In den letzten Jahren gewinnt neben der Geschaftsprozessmodellierung die Modellierung von wissensintensiven Geschaftsprozessen zunehmend an Bedeutung. Insbesondere Klein-und mittelstandische Unternehmen (KMU) mussen sich auf die wesentlichen Wissensprozesse konzentrieren, um zukunftig wettbewerbsfahig zu bleiben. Von zentraler Bedeutung ist dabei die Frage, wie KMU mittels Standardsoftwareprodukten und Freewareprodukten diese Wissensprozesse mit geeigneten Methoden und Techniken abbilden konnen, um ein IT-gestutztes Wissensmanagementsystem kostengunstig zu implementieren. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die Relevanz der Modellierung von Wissensprozessen fur KMU dargelegt sowie Moglichkeiten aufgezeigt, mit welcher Softwareunterstutzung KMU Wissensmanagement umsetzen konnen. Eine empirische Untersuchung des Arbeitsbereiches Wirtschaftsinformatik der Universitat Innsbruck legt Erkenntnisse dar, wie KMU kostengunstig Wissensmanagement realisieren konnen. Ferner wird die zukunftige Entwicklung von Wissensprozessen diskutiert, dabei wird von einer Erweiterung der Geschaftsprozessmodellierung um die Know-how-Sichtweise ausgegangen.

The discipline of knowledge management (KM) is no longer emerging in large organizations, but also small and medium-sized (SME) organizations are focusing on finding the right process that will allow them to make advantages of their intellectual capital. In this article the authors suggest a three-dimensional research framework for the determination of knowledge diffusion in SMEs. The research framework can be described by the following dimensions each being detailed through factor tables: (1) Data/Information/Knowledge, (2) information technology, (3) cognitive/social aspects of knowledge diffusion. The article presents the results of an empirical study investigating the knowledge diffusion process through SME websites in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland. The study provides evidence that the knowledge diffusion through SME websites is an unbalanced system regarding the three-dimensional research framework.

Knowledge management measurement has the key objective to evaluate the value of knowledge workers and their relationship to the company strategy as well as on the knowledge flow between the key knowledge workers. From a theoretical point of view, this article presents the transformation of the Uncertainty Principle of Heisenberg through analogical reasoning into the knowledge potential measurement method. The knowledge potential research focuses on the measurement process of highly uncertain knowledge of the experts who have a high importance to the organization. The knowledge potential view expresses the knowledge of a knowledge worker in a nine-dimensional measurement system. Case studies conducted by the authors show that the interviewer bias has a high impact on the measurement quality. Future research will focus on the design of a multi-functional stakeholder information system for knowledge potential measurement.

The development of patient information systems faces the mayor problems of increasing and more complex content as well as the introduction of new techniques of system implementation. An integrated development demands for a method to deal with both aspects. The ISO/IEC 9126-1 offers a framework where both views can be integrated to a general view of the system and can be used as a basis for further development. This article wants to introduce the ISO/IEC 9126-1 as a supporting means for the development of patient information systems considering the example of a web service for a patient information system.

Trotz der Probleme bei einer Vielzahl von Internetfirmen in den letzten beiden Jahren, zeichnet sich das E-Business durch eine groβ e Dynamik aus, was sich in der Entwicklung neuer Geschaftsmodelle als Ergebnis von strategischen Uberlegungen wiederspiegelt. Der Erfolg im digitalen Markt hangt im hohen Maβe davon ab, ob es ihr gelingt, die Dienstleistung „Markttransaktion“ zu einem konkurrenzfahigen Preis und angemessener Qualitat anzubieten. Eine Ware oder eine Dienstleistung ist in der Regel immer dann konkurrenzfahig, wenn sie zum gleichen Preis mehr bietet oder bei gleicher Leistung weniger kostet. Die hohe Insolvenzrate digitaler Marktplatze in der jungsten Vergangenheit deutet darauf hin, dass diese Konkurrenzfahigkeit, vor allem gegenuber dem konventionellen Handel, nicht immer gegeben war. Ein wesentlicher Mangel wird in der Nichtbeachtung der digitalen Gestaltungswirkung gesehen. Daneben werden auch Probleme an strategischer Uberlegung gesehen1. Im Beitrag werden methodische Fragestellungen mit entsprechenden Losungsansatzen fur „digitale Markte“ prasentiert.2

The objective of this chapter is an evaluation of the knowledge potential measurement model. For this reason, three case studies were conducted to test the measurement model and to make statements about the validity of the knowledge measurement process. The case study design is described in detail, covering the pre-test study, the development of the measurement framework, the interview concept, and the companies for the case studies. The chapter concludes with a data analysis of the case studies.

Die zunehmende Ausrichtung von Informationssystemen am Stakeholderdenken erfordert den verstarkten Einsatz von Soft-Systems-Methodology-Ansatzen im Information Engineering. Hinsichtlich ihrer Strukturiertheit konnen Problemsituationen in zwei Gruppen gegliedert werden. Wohl strukturierte Probleme werden als „Hard Problems“ bezeichnet und sind algorithmisch bzw. formal beherrschbar. Schlecht strukturierte Probleme — als „Soft Problems“ bezeichnet — zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass menschliche, kulturelle und soziale Komponenten eine wichtige Rolle spielen, dass eine grose Komplexitat existiert und keine klaren Zieldefinitionen vorhanden sind. Ein weiteres Merkmal dieser Problemsituation ist deren Dynamik. Als Kernpunkte des Beitrages werden genannt: Vorgehensansatz fur die SSM; Positionierung der SSM im Information Engineering; Fallbeispiel.

My objective in writing this book was the introduction of a different view of the development of a knowledge potential measurement system for organizations and their employees. The mere recognition of a new knowledge potential view is not enough. The key challenge is the transformation of traditional measurement systems into ones that focus on the skills of knowledge workers. A nine-dimension knowledge measurement system was offered for uncertainty factors. The future competitive advantage for knowledge organizations is more than the manifest experiences, skills, and attitudes of their respective experts. The knowledge potential view identifies the knowledge of an organization and determines its knowledge variables which are a combination of person-dependent and system-dependent variables. Factors that either prohibit or promote future knowledge growth or transfer can be identified and linked to an effective and improved knowledge strategy. Situations characterized by high levels of expert knowledge and by high levels of knowledge uncertainty demand a measurement system that provides information about its current knowledge potential and about its future knowledge potential development (see Figure “Research Area” in Chapter 1).

This chapter is organized in two main sub-chapters: Cognitive Science Approach and Management Measurement Approaches. Its objectives are to give the reader an overview of the different disciplines that constitute cognitive science and to discuss the state-of-the art of the current measurement approaches in the knowledge management literature. The study of cognitive science is interdisciplinary, and it covers the fields of philosophy, psychology, neurosciences, computational intelligence, linguistics and language, and finally culture, cognition and evolution, all of which will be discussed. For cognitive scientists the objects under study are behavior and cognition in humans, animals and machines. The examination of cognitive science can be seen as a basic explanation of how humans are perceiving, learning, thinking, speaking, and acting. Its main focus lies in the discussion of how individuals reason under conditions of uncertainty and how perceived information is processed in the brain to build knowledge. A detailed explanation of all views, concepts, methods and methodologies in cognitive science is beyond this research.

The objective of this chapter is to discuss and analyze the knowledge measurement approaches presented in Chapter 2. The cognitive science approach will be evaluated and the knowledge measurement methods will be discussed second. Reflection on the measurement approaches leads to the derivation of the knowledge potential view which will be explained, and it will form the basic idea for the knowledge measurement process discussed in Chapter 5.

Betrachtet man den zivilisatorischen Fortschritt, so ergeben sich Veranderungen in weltweiten langzeitlichen Entwicklungen. Die Ursache von Entwicklungschancen liegt in einem qualitativen Aufwartstrend des Ressourceneinsatzes. Zu Zeiten von Ford (1863–1947) wurde die Mehrheit der arbeitenden Menschen durch die maschinelle Vorgabe von Arbeitsablauf und Arbeitstempo gepragt. Das Kontrollinstrument stellte das Fliesband dar. Die Verwendung der Fliesfertigung eroffnete dem Arbeiter bei der Montage nicht die Moglichkeit, das Arbeitsergebnis durch seine geistigen Fahigkeiten zu bestimmen Das Spiel der Krafte in der heutigen Weltwirtschaft zeigt, das Wissen und Konnen entscheidende Faktoren sind. Diese werden zu erheblichen Umwalzungen in Wissenschaft, Technik und Wirtschaft fuhren. Die Arbeitssituation verandert sich in die Richtung, das fur Unternehmer das Wissen ihrer Mitarbeiter fur den Fortbestand der Geschaftsidee unentbehrlich ist. Der personliche Anteil der Arbeitnehmer an der Herstellung eines Produktes oder einer Dienstleistung steigt somit wesentlich. Die Herausforderung, vor der Unternehmen heute stehen, ist, das in den Kopfen der Mitarbeiter gespeicherte Know-how zu gewinnen, zu pflegen, weiterzuentwickeln und zuganglich zu machen. Die Schwierigkeit fur Unternehmen liegt dabei nicht in der Verteilung von informations-basiertem Wissen mittels der Informations- und Kommunikationstechnik, sondern in der Interpretation und Verarbeitung des individuellen Wissens. Es reicht nicht aus, den Mitarbeitern nur Informationen zur Verfugung zu stellen, sondern jene mussen diese Informationen gemas ihrer personlichen Fahigkeiten zu Know-how weiterverarbeiten. Die Auswahl und effiziente Nutzung der Informationen zur Generierung von Know-how stellen einen kritischen Faktor dar.

Background IL-2 deficient (IL-2(-/-)) mice mono-colonized with E. coli mpk develop colitis whereas IL-2(-/-)-mice mono-colonized with B. vulgatus mpk do not and are even protected from E. coli mpk induced colitis. Methodology/principal findings We investigated if mono-colonization with E. coli mpk or B. vulgatus mpk differentially modulates distribution, activation and maturation of intestinal lamina propria (LP) dendritic cells (DC). LP DC in mice mono-colonized with protective B. vulgatus mpk or co-colonized with E. coli mpk/B. vulgatus mpk featured a semi-mature LP DC phenotype (CD40(lo)CD80(lo)MHC-II(hi)) whereas mono-colonization with colitogenic E. coli mpk induced LP DC activation and maturation prior to onset of colitis. Accordingly, chemokine receptor (CCR) 7 surface expression was more strikingly enhanced in mesenteric lymph node DC from E. coli mpk than B. vulgatus mpk mono- or co-colonized mice. Mature but not semi-mature LP DC promoted Th1 polarization. As B. vulgatus mpk promotes differentiation of semi-mature DC presumably by IL-6, mRNA and protein expression of IL-6 was investigated in LP DC. The data demonstrated that IL-6 mRNA and protein was increased in LP DC of B. vulgatus mpk as compared to E. coli mpk mono-colonized IL-2(-/-)-mice. The B. vulgatus mpk mediated suppression of CCR7 expression and DC migration was abolished in IL-6(-/-)-DC in vitro. Conclusions/significance From this data we conclude that the B. vulgatus triggered IL-6 secretion by LP DC in absence of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-12 or TNF-alpha induces a semi-mature LP DC phenotype, which might prevent T-cell activation and thereby the induction of colitis in IL-2(-/-)-mice. The data provide new evidence that IL-6 might act as an immune regulatory cytokine in the mucosa by targeting intestinal DC.