697 results on '"Jorma Viikari"'
Search Results
2. Lipoprotein(a) in Youth and Prediction of Major Cardiovascular Outcomes in Adulthood
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Olli Raitakari, Noora Kartiosuo, Katja Pahkala, Nina Hutri-Kähönen, Lydia A. Bazzano, Wei Chen, Elaine M. Urbina, David R. Jacobs, Alan Sinaiko, Julia Steinberger, Trudy Burns, Stephen R. Daniels, Alison Venn, Jessica G. Woo, Terry Dwyer, Markus Juonala, and Jorma Viikari
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Physiology (medical) ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine - Abstract
Background: Elevated lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a common risk factor for cardiovascular disease outcomes with unknown mechanisms. We examined its potential role in identifying youths who are at increased risk of developing adult atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Methods: Lp(a) levels measured in youth 9 to 24 years of age were linked to adult ASCVD and carotid intima-media thickness in the YFS (Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study), in which 95 of the original 3596 participants (2.7%) recruited as children have been diagnosed with ASCVD at a median of 47 years of age. Results observed in YFS were replicated with the use of data for White participants from the BHS (Bogalusa Heart Study). In BHS, 587 White individuals had data on youth Lp(a) (measured at 8–17 years of age) and information on adult events, including 15 cases and 572 noncases. Analyses were performed with the use of Cox proportional hazard regression. Results: In YFS, those who had been exposed to high Lp(a) level in youth [defined as Lp(a) ≥30 mg/dL] had ≈2 times greater risk of developing adult ASCVD compared with nonexposed individuals (hazard ratio, 2.0 [95% CI, 1.4–2.6]). Youth risk factors, including Lp(a), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, body mass index, and smoking, were all independently associated with higher risk. In BHS, in an age- and sex-adjusted model, White individuals who had been exposed to high Lp(a) had 2.5 times greater risk (95% CI, 0.9–6.8) of developing adult ASCVD compared with nonexposed individuals. When also adjusted for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and body mass index, the risk associated with high Lp(a) remained unchanged (hazard ratio, 2.4 [95% CI, 0.8–7.3]). In a multivariable model for pooled data, individuals exposed to high Lp(a) had 2.0 times greater risk (95% CI, 1.0–3.7) of developing adult ASCVD compared with nonexposed individuals. No association was detected between youth Lp(a) and adult carotid artery thickness in either cohort or pooled data. Conclusions: Elevated Lp(a) level identified in youth is a risk factor for adult atherosclerotic cardiovascular outcomes but not for increased carotid intima-media thickness.
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- 2023
3. Cross-sectionally Calculated Metabolic Aging Does Not Relate to Longitudinal Metabolic Changes—Support for Stratified Aging Models
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Mika Ala-Korpela, Terho Lehtimäki, Mika Kähönen, Jorma Viikari, Markus Perola, Veikko Salomaa, Johannes Kettunen, Olli T Raitakari, Ville-Petteri Mäkinen, Ala-Korpela, Mika, Lehtimaki, Terho, Kahonen, Mika, Viikari, Jorma, Perola, Markus, Salomaa, Veikko, Kettunen, Johannes, Raitakari, Olli T, and Makinen, Ville-Petteri
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chronological age ,metabolic aging ,stratified aging model ,molecular clocks ,Endocrinology ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,Biochemistry (medical) ,Clinical Biochemistry ,epidemiology ,metabolomics ,Biochemistry ,biological age - Abstract
Context Aging varies between individuals, with profound consequences for chronic diseases and longevity. One hypothesis to explain the diversity is a genetically regulated molecular clock that runs differently between individuals. Large human studies with long enough follow-up to test the hypothesis are rare due to practical challenges, but statistical models of aging are built as proxies for the molecular clock by comparing young and old individuals cross-sectionally. These models remain untested against longitudinal data. Objective We applied novel methodology to test if cross-sectional modeling can distinguish slow vs accelerated aging in a human population. Methods We trained a machine learning model to predict age from 153 clinical and cardiometabolic traits. The model was tested against longitudinal data from another cohort. The training data came from cross-sectional surveys of the Finnish population (n = 9708; ages 25-74 years). The validation data included 3 time points across 10 years in the Young Finns Study (YFS; n = 1009; ages 24-49 years). Predicted metabolic age in 2007 was compared against observed aging rate from the 2001 visit to the 2011 visit in the YFS dataset and correlation between predicted vs observed metabolic aging was determined. Results The cross-sectional proxy failed to predict longitudinal observations (R2 = 0.018%, P = 0.67). Conclusion The finding is unexpected under the clock hypothesis that would produce a positive correlation between predicted and observed aging. Our results are better explained by a stratified model where aging rates per se are similar in adulthood but differences in starting points explain diverging metabolic fates.
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- 2023
4. Genetic and observational evidence: No independent role for cholesterol efflux over static high‐density lipoprotein concentration measures in coronary heart disease risk assessment
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Sanna Kuusisto, Minna K. Karjalainen, Therese Tillin, Antti J. Kangas, Michael V. Holmes, Mika Kähönen, Terho Lehtimäki, Jorma Viikari, Markus Perola, Nishi Chaturvedi, Veikko Salomaa, Olli T. Raitakari, Marjo‐Riitta Järvelin, Johannes Kettunen, Mika Ala‐Korpela, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Tampere University, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Clinical Medicine, and Department of Clinical Chemistry
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genome-wide association study ,observational cohort study ,HDL ,Cholesterol, HDL ,nutritional and metabolic diseases ,Coronary Disease ,3121 Internal medicine ,Risk Assessment ,3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health ,CAPACITY ,Risk Factors ,3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine ,cardiovascular system ,Internal Medicine ,Humans ,lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins) ,3111 Biomedicine ,coronary heart disease ,Lipoproteins, HDL ,triglycerides ,cholesterol efflux - Abstract
Background: Observational findings for high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-mediated cholesterol efflux capacity (HDL-CEC) and coronary heart disease (CHD) appear inconsistent, and knowledge of the genetic architecture of HDL-CEC is limited. Objectives: A large-scale observational study on the associations of HDL-CEC and other HDL-related measures with CHD and the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) of HDL-CEC. Participants/methods: Six independent cohorts were included with follow-up data for 14,438 participants to investigate the associations of HDL-related measures with incident CHD (1,570 events). The GWAS of HDL-CEC was carried out in 20,372 participants. Results: HDL-CEC did not associate with CHD when adjusted for traditional risk factors and HDL cholesterol (HDL-C). In contradiction, almost all HDL-related concentration measures associated consistently with CHD after corresponding adjustments. There were no genetic loci associated with HDL-CEC independent of HDL-C and triglycerides. Conclusion: HDL-CEC is not unequivocally associated with CHD in contrast to HDL-C, apolipoprotein A-I, and most of the HDL subclass particle concentrations. publishedVersion
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- 2022
5. An Infancy-Onset 20-Year Dietary Counselling Intervention and Gut Microbiota Composition in Adulthood
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Anniina, Keskitalo, Eveliina, Munukka, Anna, Aatsinki, Wisam, Saleem, Noora, Kartiosuo, Leo, Lahti, Pentti, Huovinen, Laura L, Elo, Sami, Pietilä, Suvi P, Rovio, Harri, Niinikoski, Jorma, Viikari, Tapani, Rönnemaa, Hanna, Lagström, Antti, Jula, Olli, Raitakari, and Katja, Pahkala
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Adult ,Counseling ,Male ,Cholesterol ,RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ,Humans ,Diet ,Gastrointestinal Microbiome - Abstract
The randomized controlled Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP) has completed a 20-year infancy-onset dietary counselling intervention to reduce exposure to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk factors via promotion of a heart-healthy diet. The counselling on, e.g., low intake of saturated fat and cholesterol and promotion of fruit, vegetable, and whole-grain consumption has affected the dietary characteristics of the intervention participants. By leveraging this unique cohort, we further investigated whether this long-term dietary intervention affected the gut microbiota bacterial profile six years after the intervention ceased. Our sub-study comprised 357 individuals aged 26 years (intervention
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- 2022
6. Weight gain in infancy and markers of cardiometabolic health in young adulthood
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Saga Rebecca Nummela, Pia Salo, Katja Pahkala, Olli T. Raitakari, Jorma Viikari, Tapani Rönnemaa, Antti Jula, Suvi P. Rovio, and Harri Niinikoski
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Adult ,Infant ,Blood Pressure ,General Medicine ,Weight Gain ,Body Height ,Body Mass Index ,Young Adult ,Cardiovascular Diseases ,Pregnancy ,Risk Factors ,Child, Preschool ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Birth Weight ,Humans ,Female ,Waist Circumference ,Child ,Biomarkers - Abstract
We studied whether repeatedly measured weight gain from birth up to age 2 years associated with cardiometabolic health in young adulthood.Using the data collected in the longitudinal Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project, we investigated in 454 healthy subjects how early weight gain in six age intervals (birth to 7 months, 7-13 months, 13-18 months, 18-24 months, and birth to 13 and 24 months) associated with measures of cardiometabolic health at age 20 years. Linear regression analyses were controlled for (1) child's sex, intervention/control group, gestational age, baseline weight and change in length for each interval, and (2) parents' education, mother's weight before pregnancy, height and weight gain during pregnancy, and father's body mass index at the 7-month visit.Weight gain after the first year of life associated directly, when adjusted for traits of the child and parents, with systolic blood pressure, waist circumference and body mass index at age 20 years. In the fully adjusted analyses, weight gain from birth to 1 year and to 2 years of age associated inversely with insulin and insulin resistance. We found no association between early growth and diastolic blood pressure or serum lipids.Early weight gain during first 2 years of life may predict later markers of cardiometabolic health.
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- 2022
7. Childhood Oral Infections Associate with Adulthood Metabolic Syndrome: A Longitudinal Cohort Study
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N. Hutri-Kähönen, Markus Juonala, Terho Lehtimäki, Susanna Paju, Pirkko J. Pussinen, Tomi Laitinen, Leena Taittonen, Aino Salminen, Olli T. Raitakari, David Burgner, Jorma Viikari, Mika Kähönen, HUS Head and Neck Center, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, and Medicum
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Male ,CHILDREN ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Cohort Studies ,Gingivitis ,0302 clinical medicine ,Risk Factors ,ADOLESCENTS ,Longitudinal Studies ,Child ,periodontitis ,Finland ,Metabolic Syndrome ,2. Zero hunger ,Diagnosis, Oral ,CARDIOVASCULAR RISK ,3. Good health ,OBESITY ,medicine.symptom ,gingivitis ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Waist ,Bleeding on probing ,Infections ,Clinical ,03 medical and health sciences ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,General Dentistry ,caries ,Periodontitis ,DENTAL-CARIES ,business.industry ,PERIODONTAL-DISEASE ,Research Reports ,030206 dentistry ,medicine.disease ,TRENDS ,pediatric dentistry ,313 Dentistry ,inflammation ,Relative risk ,periodontal disease(s) ,Metabolic syndrome ,Mouth Diseases ,business ,Body mass index ,MISSING TEETH ,Childhood age - Abstract
Chronic oral infection/inflammation is cross-sectionally associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adults, but there are few longitudinal studies and studies on childhood oral infections and adult MetS risk. We investigated whether childhood clinical parameters indicative of oral infection/inflammation were associated with adulthood MetS and its components. A total of 755 children aged 6, 9, and 12 y underwent a clinical oral examination in 1980 as part of the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Oral health measures included bleeding on probing (BOP), periodontal probing pocket depth, caries, fillings, and visible plaque. Metabolic parameters were determined at baseline and during follow-up. MetS was diagnosed ( n = 588, 77.9%) in the adulthood at 21 y (in 2001), 27 y (in 2007), and 31 y (in 2011) after the oral assessment, when the participants were 27 to 43 y old. Regression analyses were adjusted for childhood age, sex, body mass index, and family income, as well as adulthood smoking and education level. In adulthood, MetS was diagnosed in 11.9% (2001), 18.7% (2007), and 20.7% (2011) of participants at the 3 follow-ups. Childhood caries and fillings were associated with increased risk of adult MetS (risk ratio [95% CI], 1.25 [0.90 to 2.45] and 1.27 [1.02 to 1.99]) and with increased systolic blood pressure (1.78 [1.01 to 4.26] and 2.48 [1.11 to 4.12]) and waist circumference (2.25 [1.02 to 4.99] and 1.56 [1.01 to 3.25]), whereas BOP and visible plaque were associated with plasma glucose (1.97 [1.08 to 3.60] and 1.88 [1.00 to 3.53]). Severity of BOP ( P = 0.015) and caries ( P = 0.005) and teeth with plaque ( P = 0.027) were associated with number of MetS components. No such trends were seen with probing pocket depth. Childhood oral infection/inflammation was associated with adverse metabolic parameters and MetS in adulthood.
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- 2020
8. Effects of 20-year infancy-onset dietary counselling on cardiometabolic risk factors in the Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP): 6-year post-intervention follow-up
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Antti Jula, Jorma Viikari, Eero Jokinen, Britt-Marie Loo, Suvi P. Rovio, Olli Simell, Olli T. Raitakari, Pia Salo, Katja Pahkala, Tapani Rönnemaa, Costan G. Magnussen, Harri Niinikoski, Tomi T. Laitinen, Hanna Lagström, Markus Juonala, and Noora Kartiosuo
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Adult ,Blood Glucose ,Counseling ,Male ,Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Saturated fat ,Nutrition Education ,Blood Pressure ,Cholesterol, Dietary ,03 medical and health sciences ,Polyunsaturated fat ,0302 clinical medicine ,Insulin resistance ,Dietary Fats, Unsaturated ,Risk Factors ,030225 pediatrics ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Humans ,Insulin ,Medicine ,Longitudinal Studies ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Finland ,Metabolic Syndrome ,business.industry ,Cholesterol, LDL ,Anthropometry ,medicine.disease ,Dietary Fats ,3. Good health ,Primary Prevention ,Cholesterol ,Cardiovascular Diseases ,Relative risk ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Female ,Health education ,Diet, Healthy ,Insulin Resistance ,Energy Intake ,business ,Follow-Up Studies ,Biomedical sciences - Abstract
Summary Background Primordial and primary prevention is the cornerstone for cardiometabolic health. In the randomised, controlled Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP; n=1116), a 20-year dietary counselling intervention was given to children biannually from infancy, and cardiometabolic health benefits had been observed among the participants in the intervention group. Here, we report on the key results of the first follow-up done 6 years after the end of the intervention, at age 26 years. Methods The randomised controlled STRIP study recruited children at age 5 months from well-baby clinics in Turku, Finland, and randomly assigned them to either an intervention or control group; group allocation was unmasked. The intervention introduced participants to a heart-healthy diet, characterised by low proportional intake of saturated fat and cholesterol, by dietary counselling and nutrition education sessions to parents and children from the age of 7 months to 20 years. Children in the control group received only the basic health education given at Finnish well-baby clinics and school health care. We assessed diet, lifestyle, and cardiometabolic risk factor data, including blood pressure, anthropometry, serum biochemistry (lipids, apolipoproteins, glucose, and insulin), and homoeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in the participants at age 26 years. Findings 1116 children were included in the original STRIP study, of whom 551 provided data at the age 26 years follow-up, and data for 507 participants were analysed (243 in the intervention group and 264 in the control group). At follow-up, those who had been in the intervention group had slightly lower mean intake of saturated fat as a proportion of total energy intake than the control group (13·0% [SD 3·3] vs 13·7% [3·6], p=0·049). A higher proportion of participants in the intervention group achieved the targeted monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat to saturated fat ratio of more than 2:1 than the control group (78 [39%] of 200 vs 70 [30%] of 235; risk ratio [RR] 1·16 [95% CI 1·01–1·33]; p=0·035). A higher proportion of intervention group participants met the ideal total cholesterol concentration of less than 5·17 mmol/L (194 [81%] of 240 vs 187 [72%] of 261; RR 1·45 [1·05–2·01], p=0·024) and optimal LDL cholesterol concentration of less than 3·0 mmol/L (166 [69%] of 240 vs 158 [61%] of 251; RR 1·30 [1·03–1·66], p=0·031). Those who received the intervention had lower glucose (5·00 mmol/L [SD 0·43] vs 5·07 mmol/L [0·46], p=0·040) and HOMA-IR (median 1·44 [IQR 1·09–1·91] vs 1·62 [1·22–2·09], p=0·037) than the participants in the control group. Interpretation Previously observed intervention effects during the 20-year counselling were largely maintained into adulthood 6 years after the withdrawal of the intervention. Dietary counselling introduced in infancy thus provided a sustained benefit to diet quality and cardiometabolic risk factor levels. Funding Academy of Finland, Juho Vainio Foundation, Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research, Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture, Finnish Cultural Foundation, Sigrid Juselius Foundation, Special Governmental grants for Health Sciences Research (Turku University Hospital), Yrjo Jahnsson Foundation, Finnish Medical Foundation, and Turku University Foundation.
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- 2020
9. Childhood risk factors and carotid atherosclerotic plaque in adulthood: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study
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Päivi Tossavainen, Nina Hutri-Kähönen, Markus Juonala, Eero Jokinen, Mika Kähönen, Jorma Viikari, Costan G. Magnussen, Olli T. Raitakari, Jaakko Nevalainen, Ville Kytö, Terho Lehtimäki, Tomi Laitinen, Juhani S. Koskinen, Children's Hospital, Lastentautien yksikkö, and HUS Children and Adolescents
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Carotid Artery Diseases ,Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Blood Pressure ,CHILDREN ,PROGRESSION ,DETERMINANTS ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Carotid Intima-Media Thickness ,INTIMA-MEDIA THICKNESS ,0302 clinical medicine ,Medicine ,Area under the curve - Childhood risk factor long-term burden ,Family history ,Child ,Finland ,Ultrasonography ,Area under the curve – Childhood risk factor long-term burden ,Incidence ,Area under the curve ,ASSOCIATION ,Plaque, Atherosclerotic ,3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health ,Carotid atherosclerotic plaque ,PREVALENCE ,3. Good health ,Carotid Arteries ,Cardiovascular risk factor cut-offs ,DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL ,Cardiovascular Diseases ,Child, Preschool ,Disease Progression ,Female ,ADIPOSITY ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,CORONARY-ARTERY CALCIFICATION ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Cardiovascular risk factors ,Lumen (anatomy) ,03 medical and health sciences ,Internal medicine ,Humans ,Childhood cardiovascular risk factors ,business.industry ,Guideline ,Atherosclerosis ,medicine.disease ,Coronary heart disease ,030104 developmental biology ,Heart Disease Risk Factors ,3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine ,Relative risk ,COHORT PROFILE ,business ,Dyslipidemia - Abstract
Background and aims Carotid plaque is a specific sign of atherosclerosis and adults with carotid plaque are at increased risk for cardiovascular outcomes. Atherosclerosis has roots in childhood and pediatric guidelines provide cut-off values for cardiovascular risk factors. However, it is unknown whether these cut-offs predict adulthood advanced atherosclerosis. Methods The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study is a follow-up of children that begun in 1980 when 2653 participants with data for the present analyses were aged 3–18 years. In 2001 and 2007 follow-ups, in addition to adulthood cardiovascular risk factors, carotid ultrasound data was collected. Long-term burden, as the area under the curve, was evaluated for childhood (6–18 years) risk factors. To study the associations of guideline-based cut-offs with carotid plaque, both childhood and adult risk factors were classified according to clinical practice guidelines. Results Carotid plaque, defined as a focal structure of the arterial wall protruding into lumen >50% compared to adjacent intima-media thickness, was present in 88 (3.3%) participants. Relative risk for carotid plaque, when adjusted for age and sex, was 3.03 (95% CI, 1.76–5.21) for childhood dyslipidemia, 1.51 (95% CI, 0.99–2.32) for childhood elevated systolic blood pressure, and 1.93 (95% CI, 1.26–2.94) for childhood smoking. Childhood dyslipidemia and smoking remained independent predictors of carotid plaque in models additionally adjusted for adult risk factors and family history of coronary heart disease. Carotid plaque was present in less than 1% of adults with no childhood risk factors. Conclusions Findings reinforce childhood prevention efforts and demonstrate the utility of guideline-based cut-offs in identifying children at increased risk for adulthood atherosclerosis.
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- 2020
10. Childhood Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Risk of Fatty Liver in Adulthood: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study
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Eero Jokinen, Markus Juonala, Jorma Viikari, Terho Lehtimäki, Tomi Laitinen, Joel Nuotio, Päivi Tossavainen, Tomi T. Laitinen, Jussi Vahtera, Nina Hutri-Kähönen, Mika Kivimäki, Jaana Pentti, Olli T. Raitakari, Katja Pahkala, and Costan G. Magnussen
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Adult ,Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Adolescent ,Population ,Autoimmune hepatitis ,Risk Assessment ,Vulnerable Populations ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Risk Factors ,Humans ,Medicine ,Child ,education ,Finland ,2. Zero hunger ,education.field_of_study ,Hepatology ,business.industry ,Fatty liver ,Age Factors ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,3. Good health ,Fatty Liver ,Low birth weight ,030104 developmental biology ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Cardiovascular Diseases ,Child, Preschool ,Relative risk ,Population study ,Female ,030211 gastroenterology & hepatology ,medicine.symptom ,Risk assessment ,business ,Body mass index ,Follow-Up Studies ,Demography - Abstract
Fatty liver is a preventable cause of liver failure, but early risk factors for adulthood fatty liver are poorly understood. We examined the association of childhood socioeconomic disadvantage with adulthood fatty liver and tested adulthood risk factors of fatty liver as possible mediators of this link. The study population comprised 2,042 participants aged 3-18 years at baseline (1980) from the longitudinal Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Follow-up with repeated clinical examinations was 31 years. Childhood socioeconomic disadvantage was assessed using data from parents' socioeconomic position and socioeconomic circumstances in participants' residential neighborhoods, categorized as high versus low socioeconomic disadvantage. Fatty liver was determined by ultrasound during the last follow-up (2011) at ages 34-49 years. Childhood and adulthood risk factors, including metabolic biomarkers and lifestyle variables, were assessed in clinical examinations. A total of 18.9% of the participants had fatty liver in adulthood. High childhood socioeconomic disadvantage was associated with an increased risk of fatty liver (risk ratio [95% confidence interval], 1.42 [1.18-1.70]; P = 0.0002). This association was robust to adjustment for age, sex, and childhood risk factors of fatty liver, including high body mass index, elevated insulin, and low birth weight (1.33 [1.09-1.62]; P = 0.005). High childhood socioeconomic disadvantage was also associated with the development of risk factors of fatty liver in adulthood. Adulthood risk factors linking childhood socioeconomic disadvantage with fatty liver included waist circumference (proportion mediated of the total effect of childhood socioeconomic disadvantage, 45%), body mass index (40%), systolic blood pressure (29%), insulin (20%), physical activity (15%), triglycerides (14%), and red meat consumption (7%). Conclusion: Childhood socioeconomic disadvantage was associated with multiple risk factors of fatty liver and increased likelihood of fatty liver in adulthood.
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- 2019
11. Increase in adiposity from childhood to adulthood predicts a metabolically obese phenotype in normal-weight adults
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Katja Pahkala, Jorma Viikari, Terho Lehtimäki, Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen, Anna Viitasalo, Niina Pitkänen, and Olli T. Raitakari
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Cardiometabolic risk ,Ldl cholesterol ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,Cholesterol ,business.industry ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Type 2 diabetes ,Disease ,medicine.disease ,Phenotype ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Endocrinology ,chemistry ,Normal weight ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,business ,Body fat distribution - Abstract
Normal weight is associated with a favorable cardiometabolic risk profile and low risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. However, some normal-weight individuals-the "metabolically obese normal weight" (MONW)-show a cardiometabolic risk profile similar to the obese. Previous studies have shown that older age, central body fat distribution, and unfavorable lifestyle increase the risk of MONW. However, the role of early-life factors in MONW remains unknown. We examined the associations of early-life factors with adult MONW in 1178 individuals from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study who were followed up from childhood to adulthood. The strongest early predictor for adult MONW was an increase in BMI from childhood to adulthood (p = 3.1 × 10-11); each 1 SD increase in BMI z-score from childhood to adulthood led to a 2.56-fold increase in the risk of adult MONW (CI 95% = 1.94-3.38). Other significant predictors of adult MONW were male sex (OR = 2.38, 95% = 1.63-3.47, p = 7.0 × 10-6), higher childhood LDL cholesterol (OR = 1.41 per 1 SD increase in LDL cholesterol, CI 95% = 1.14-1.73, p = 0.001), and lower HDL cholesterol (OR = 1.51 per 1 SD decrease in HDL cholesterol, CI 95% = 1.23-1.85, p = 5.4 × 10-5). Our results suggest that an increase in adiposity from childhood to adulthood is detrimental to cardiometabolic health, even among individuals remaining normal weight.
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- 2019
12. 684Childhood Risk Factors and Adult Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes The International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort (i3C) Consortium
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Markus Juonala, Trudy L. Burns, Stephen R. Daniels, Tian Hu, Alison Venn, Ronald J. Prineas, Jessica G. Woo, Olli T. Raitakari, Alan R. Sinaiko, Lydia A. Bazzano, Julia Steinberger, Jorma Viikari, David R. Jacobs, Elaine M. Urbina, Wei Chen, and Terence Dwyer
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Blood pressure ,Epidemiology ,business.industry ,Disease outcome ,Total cholesterol ,Internal medicine ,Medical record ,Cohort ,medicine ,General Medicine ,business - Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis develops silently for decades before adult cardiovascular disease (aCVD) occurs. There is currently no evidence directly linking childhood risk factors to aCVD outcomes. Methods i3C is an international consortium of 7 cohorts involving 40,709 participants enrolled between 1970-95 in childhood (age 3-19) who underwent measurement for BMI, SBP, total cholesterol, and triglycerides, and smoking (the last mostly in adolescence). Participants were followed by direct contact and review of medical records or death registry ascertainment through adulthood in 2014-19. 20,560 participants were found and interviewed or had died in the approximately 40 years since enrollment; 738 had a CVD event, confirmed by medical record review (n = 449) or death certificate ICD code (n = 289). Results Estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for childhood risk factors and their confidence intervals are displayed in the table below. The CIs excluded 1.0 for all these variables in the univariable analysis and, although the HRs were reduced in multivariable analysis which included all of these risk factors, the CIs still excluded 1.0. Conclusion Exposure to CVD risk factors in youth predicts adult CVD with implications for primordial CVD prevention. Key messages Intervention to reduce CVD risk factors in childhood is likely to reduce risk of adult CVD
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- 2021
13. Within-visit SBP variability from childhood to adulthood and markers of cardiovascular end-organ damage in mid-life
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Katja Pahkala, Olli T. Raitakari, Markus Juonala, Costan G. Magnussen, Yaxing Meng, Nina Hutri-Kähönen, Marie-Jeanne Buscot, Jorma Viikari, Mika Kähönen, James E. Sharman, Feitong Wu, and Tomi Laitinen
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Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Longitudinal study ,Adolescent ,Physiology ,End organ damage ,Blood lipids ,Blood Pressure ,Pulse Wave Analysis ,Sitting ,Carotid Intima-Media Thickness ,Young Adult ,Risk Factors ,Internal medicine ,Internal Medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Clinical significance ,cardiovascular diseases ,Longitudinal Studies ,Child ,Pulse wave velocity ,business.industry ,medicine.disease ,Blood pressure ,Carotid Arteries ,Coronary artery calcification ,Cardiology ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,circulatory and respiratory physiology - Abstract
Background: Within-visit SBP variability is associated with age and SBP, but its long-term clinical significance is unknown. We examined the association between child, adult, and life-time within-visit SBP variability with markers of end-organ damage using data from a 31-year longitudinal study. Methods: Within-visit SBP variability was calculated as the standard deviation of three sitting SBP readings among up to 3010 participants aged 6–18 years (childhood) who were re-measured up to seven times to mid-adulthood. Markers of cardiovascular end-organ damage in adulthood were carotid intima--media thickness, brachial flow-mediated dilatation, carotid distensibility, pulse wave velocity, left ventricular mass index, carotid plaque, and coronary artery calcification. Results: The mean (standard deviation) cumulative within-visit SBP variability was 2.7 (1.5) mmHg in childhood, 3.9 (1.9) mmHg in adulthood and 3.7 (1.5) mmHg across the observed life-time. Childhood within-visit SBP variability was not correlated with its subsequent values measured from 3 to 31 years later. With adjustment for age, sex, cumulative SBP, BMI and serum lipids, neither child, adult, or life-time cumulative within-visit SBP variability associated with markers of cardiovascular end-organ damage. However, higher child, adult, and life-time cumulative SBP significantly associated with higher carotid intima--media thickness, higher pulse wave velocity, lower brachial flow-mediated dilatation, lower carotid distensibility in adulthood. Conclusion: Within-visit SBP variability from childhood to adulthood does not provide additional predictive utility over SBP over the same period of the life course.
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- 2021
14. Afamin predicts the prevalence and incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
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Kari-Matti Mäkelä, Markus Juonala, Jorma Viikari, Mika Kähönen, Hans Dieplinger, Niina Pitkänen, Florian Kronenberg, Olli T. Raitakari, Claudia Lamina, Benjamin Dieplinger, Thomas Mueller, Terho Lehtimäki, Armin Finkenstedt, Ilkka Seppälä, Andreas Melmer, Ludmilla Kedenko, Isabella Leitner, Heinz Zoller, Bernhard Paulweber, André Viveiros, Tampere University, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Clinical Medicine, and Department of Clinical Chemistry
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Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Population ,610 Medicine & health ,Serum Albumin, Human ,Type 2 diabetes ,Logistic regression ,digestive system ,Gastroenterology ,Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ,Risk Factors ,Internal medicine ,Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ,medicine ,Prevalence ,Humans ,education ,Finland ,Glycoproteins ,education.field_of_study ,business.industry ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,Incidence ,Biochemistry (medical) ,Confounding ,nutritional and metabolic diseases ,General Medicine ,3126 Surgery, anesthesiology, intensive care, radiology ,medicine.disease ,digestive system diseases ,Austria ,Cohort ,Female ,3111 Biomedicine ,Metabolic syndrome ,business ,Carrier Proteins - Abstract
Objectives In the general population, increased afamin concentrations are associated with the prevalence and incidence of metabolic syndrome as well as type 2 diabetes. Although metabolic syndrome is commonly associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), there exist no information on afamin and NAFLD. Methods Afamin concentrations were cross-sectionally measured in 146 Austrian patients with NAFLD, in 45 patients without NAFLD, and in 292 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Furthermore, the feasibility of afamin to predict incident NAFLD was evaluated in 1,434 adult participants in the population-based Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study during a 10-year follow-up. Results Median afamin concentrations were significantly higher in NAFLD patients (83.6 mg/L) than in patients without NAFLD (61.6 mg/L, p Conclusions Afamin concentrations are increased in patients with NAFLD and independently predict the development of NAFLD in a population-based cohort.
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- 2021
15. Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption May Modify Associations Between Genetic Variants in the CHREBP (Carbohydrate Responsive Element Binding Protein) Locus and HDL-C (High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol) and Triglyceride Concentrations
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Nicholas J. Wareham, Carol A. Wang, Daniel I. Chasman, Yasmin Mossavar-Rahmani, Jordi Merino, Ruifang Li-Gao, Jessica C. Kiefte-de Jong, Rozenn N. Lemaitre, Paul M. Ridker, Kent D. Taylor, Gina M. Peloso, Achilleas N. Pitsillides, Craig E. Pennell, Wendy H. Oddy, Linda Snetselaar, Kim V.E. Braun, Nathan L. Tintle, Alice H. Lichtenstein, Nita G. Forouhi, James B. Meigs, Alexis C. Wood, M. Arfan Ikram, Fumiaki Imamura, Melanie Guirette, Jason Westra, Jorma Viikari, Frits R. Rosendall, Kristin L. Young, Dennis O. Mook-Kanamori, Renée de Mutsert, Jian'an Luan, Mika Helminen, Dariush Mozaffarian, Jerome I. Rotter, Niina Pitkänen, Danielle E. Haslam, Olli T. Raitakari, Steven Rich, JoAnn E. Manson, Trudy Voortman, Nicola M. McKeown, Mariaelisa Graff, Mohsen Ghanbari, Josée Dupuis, Mark A. Herman, Kari E. North, Terho Lehtimäki, Caren E. Smith, Bruce M. Psaty, Hassan S. Dashti, Samia Mora, Traci M. Bartz, André G. Uitterlinden, Kara A Livingston, Mika Kähönen, Lisa W. Martin, Imamura, Fumiaki [0000-0002-6841-8396], Luan, Jian'an [0000-0003-3137-6337], Forouhi, Nita [0000-0002-5041-248X], Wareham, Nicholas [0000-0003-1422-2993], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Epidemiology, Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Internal Medicine, Tampere University, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Clinical Medicine, Tays Research Services, Health Sciences, and Department of Clinical Chemistry
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0301 basic medicine ,Male ,carbohydrates ,Cardiovascular ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,High-density lipoprotein ,genetics ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Sugar-Sweetened Beverages ,Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors ,General Medicine ,Single Nucleotide ,Middle Aged ,Cholesterol ,nutrition ,Biochemistry ,ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING ,Female ,epidemiology ,Adult ,HDL ,Locus (genetics) ,Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ,03 medical and health sciences ,Meta-Analysis as Topic ,Genetics ,Humans ,triglyceride ,Polymorphism ,Sugar ,Carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein ,Transcription factor ,Triglycerides ,Triglyceride ,Human Genome ,Cholesterol, HDL ,dyslipidemia ,Original Articles ,Carbohydrate ,3141 Health care science ,stomatognathic diseases ,030104 developmental biology ,chemistry ,sugars ,3111 Biomedicine - Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text., Background: ChREBP (carbohydrate responsive element binding protein) is a transcription factor that responds to sugar consumption. Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption and genetic variants in the CHREBP locus have separately been linked to HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) and triglyceride concentrations. We hypothesized that SSB consumption would modify the association between genetic variants in the CHREBP locus and dyslipidemia. Methods: Data from 11 cohorts from the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology consortium (N=63 599) and the UK Biobank (N=59 220) were used to quantify associations of SSB consumption, genetic variants, and their interaction on HDL-C and triglyceride concentrations using linear regression models. A total of 1606 single nucleotide polymorphisms within or near CHREBP were considered. SSB consumption was estimated from validated questionnaires, and participants were grouped by their estimated intake. Results: In a meta-analysis, rs71556729 was significantly associated with higher HDL-C concentrations only among the highest SSB consumers (β, 2.12 [95% CI, 1.16–3.07] mg/dL per allele; P
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- 2021
16. Birth weight, adult weight, and cardiovascular biomarkers: Evidence from the Cardiovascular Young Finns Study
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Jaakko, Pehkonen, Jutta, Viinikainen, Jaana T, Kari, Petri, Böckerman, Terho, Lehtimäki, Jorma, Viikari, and Olli, Raitakari
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Adult ,Risk Factors ,Birth Weight ,Humans ,Mendelian Randomization Analysis ,Biomarkers ,Finland ,Triglycerides - Abstract
This study quantifies the causal effect of birth weight on cardiovascular biomarkers in adulthood using the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study (YFS). We apply a multivariable Mendelian randomization (MVMR) method that provides a novel approach to improve inference in causal analysis based on a mediation framework. The results show that birth weight is linked to triglyceride levels (β = -0.294; 95% CI [-0.591, 0.003]) but not to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels (β = 0.007; 95% CI [-0.168, 0.183]). The total effect of birth weight on triglyceride levels is partly offset by a mediation pathway linking birth weight to adult BMI (β = 0.111; 95% CI [-0.013, 0.234]). The negative total effect is consistent with the fetal programming hypothesis. The positive indirect effect via adult BMI highlights the persistence of body weight throughout a person's life and the adverse effects of high BMI on health. The results are consistent with previous findings that both low birth weight and weight gain increase health risks in adulthood.
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- 2021
17. Longitudinal profiling of metabolic ageing trends in two population cohorts of young adults
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Ville-Petteri Mäkinen, Mari Karsikas, Johannes Kettunen, Terho Lehtimäki, Mika Kähönen, Jorma Viikari, Markus Perola, Veikko Salomaa, Marjo-Riitta Järvelin, Olli T Raitakari, and Mika Ala-Korpela
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Epidemiology ,General Medicine - Abstract
Background Quantification of metabolic changes over the human life course is essential to understanding ageing processes. Yet longitudinal metabolomics data are rare and long gaps between visits can introduce biases that mask true trends. We introduce new ways to process quantitative time-series population data and elucidate metabolic ageing trends in two large cohorts. Methods Eligible participants included 1672 individuals from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study and 3117 from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. Up to three time points (ages 24–49 years) were analysed by nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics and clinical biochemistry (236 measures). Temporal trends were quantified as median change per decade. Sample quality was verified by consistency of shared biomarkers between metabolomics and clinical assays. Batch effects between visits were mitigated by a new algorithm introduced in this report. The results below satisfy multiple testing threshold of P Results Women gained more weight than men (+6.5% vs +5.0%) but showed milder metabolic changes overall. Temporal sex differences were observed for C-reactive protein (women +5.1%, men +21.1%), glycine (women +5.2%, men +1.9%) and phenylalanine (women +0.6%, men +3.5%). In 566 individuals with ≥+3% weight gain vs 561 with weight change ≤−3%, divergent patterns were observed for insulin (+24% vs −10%), very-low-density-lipoprotein triglycerides (+32% vs −6%), high-density-lipoprotein2 cholesterol (−6.5% vs +4.7%), isoleucine (+5.7% vs −6.0%) and C-reactive protein (+25% vs −22%). Conclusion We report absolute and proportional trends for 236 metabolic measures as new reference material for overall age-associated and specific weight-driven changes in real-world populations.
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- 2021
18. New evidence from plasma ceramides links apoE polymorphism to greater risk of coronary artery disease in Finnish adults
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Juho-Pekka Karjalainen, Miikael Lehtimäki, Nina Hutri-Kähönen, Mika Hilvo, Terho Lehtimäki, Jorma Viikari, Markus Juonala, Olli T. Raitakari, Reijo Laaksonen, Mika Kähönen, Nina Mononen, Dimple Kauhanen, Lääketieteen ja terveysteknologian tiedekunta - Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, and Tampere University
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0301 basic medicine ,Apolipoprotein E ,Coronary Artery Disease ,Disease ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Biochemistry ,Coronary artery disease ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Endocrinology ,Medicine ,Myocardial infarction ,dyslipidemias ,genes ,Finland ,apolipoprotein E ,education.field_of_study ,lipid dysfunction ,Low-density lipoprotein ,lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins) ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Ceramide ,Genotype ,Biolääketieteet - Biomedicine ,Population ,QD415-436 ,Ceramides ,Biokemia, solu- ja molekyylibiologia - Biochemistry, cell and molecular biology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Apolipoproteins E ,Internal medicine ,Humans ,education ,Triglycerides ,Dyslipidemias ,Polymorphism, Genetic ,Apolipoprotein A-I ,business.industry ,Cholesterol, HDL ,Cholesterol, LDL ,Cell Biology ,Atherosclerosis ,medicine.disease ,Metabolism ,030104 developmental biology ,Genes ,low-density lipoprotein ,chemistry ,Lipidomics ,atherosclerosis ,Patient-Oriented and Epidemiological Research ,business ,Lipid dysfunction ,Lipoprotein - Abstract
apoE, a key regulator of plasma lipids, mediates altered functionalities in lipoprotein metabolism and thus affects the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). The significance of different apoE polymorphisms remains unclear; although the ε4 allele is clearly associated with increased cholesterol levels (which inform CAD risk), direct studies about apoE polymorphisms on CAD risk and development have yielded controversial results. Furthermore, certain species of ceramides—complex lipids abundant in plasma LDL—are markers of increased risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death. Using a high-throughput MS approach, we quantified 30 molecular plasma ceramide species from a cohort of 2,160 apoE-genotyped (rs7412, rs429358) young adults enrolled in the population-based Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. We then searched this lipidome data set to identify new indications of pathways influenced by apoE polymorphisms and possibly related to CAD risk. This approach revealed a previously unreported association between apoE polymorphism and a consistently documented high-risk CAD marker, Cer(d18:1/16:0). Compared with the apoE ε3/3 reference group, plasma levels of apoE ε4 were elevated and those of apoE ε2 were lowered in all subjects without evidence of apoE-by-sex interactions. apoE associated with seven ceramides that are connected to atherogenically potent macrophages and/or lipoprotein particles; these associations could indicate a plausible linkage between apoE polymorphism and ceramide metabolism, leading to adverse plasma LDL metabolism and atherogenesis. In conclusion, new evidence from plasma ceramides links apoE polymorphism with an increased risk of CAD and extends our understanding of the role of apoE in health and disease.
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- 2019
19. Utility of Different Blood Pressure Measurement Components in Childhood to Predict Adult Carotid Intima-Media Thickness
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Markus Juonala, Jessica G. Woo, Olli T. Raitakari, Alison Venn, Lydia Bazzano, Costan G. Magnussen, Stephen R. Daniels, Alan R. Sinaiko, Ronald J. Prineas, Matthew A. Sabin, Jorma Viikari, Julia Steinberger, Juha Koskinen, Janina Petkeviciene, David R. Jacobs, Terence Dwyer, Indrė Čeponienė, Nina Hutri-Kähönen, Wei Chen, Elaine M. Urbina, Trudy L. Burns, and HYKS erva
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Mean arterial pressure ,Percentile ,pediatrics ,Diastole ,CHILDREN ,DETERMINANTS ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,SUBCLINICAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS ,TRACKING ,03 medical and health sciences ,AGE ,0302 clinical medicine ,3123 Gynaecology and paediatrics ,030225 pediatrics ,Internal medicine ,CARDIOVASCULAR RISK-FACTORS ,Internal Medicine ,medicine ,Systole ,ASSOCIATIONS ,INSULIN-RESISTANCE ,business.industry ,blood pressure ,Odds ratio ,Pulse pressure ,Blood pressure ,Intima-media thickness ,ADOLESCENCE ,3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine ,YOUNG FINNS ,Cardiology ,epidemiology ,arterial pressure ,atherosclerosis ,business - Abstract
Childhood blood pressure (BP) levels predict adult subclinical atherosclerosis. However, the best childhood BP component for prediction has not been determined. This study comprised 5925 participants aged 3 to 18 years from 6 cohorts who were followed into adulthood (mean follow-up 25.8±6.2 years). Childhood BP was measured by using a standard mercury sphygmomanometer in all cohorts. Study-specific carotid intima-media thickness ≥90th percentile was used to define subclinical atherosclerosis. Per SD change in the predictor, childhood systolic BP (SBP; age- and sex-adjusted odds ratio [95% CI], 1.24 [1.13–1.37]), mean arterial pressure (1.10 [1.07–1.13]), and pulse pressure (1.15 [1.05–1.27]) were associated with increased adulthood intima-media thickness. In age- and sex-adjusted analyses, area under the receiver operating characteristic curves for SBP ( C value [95% CI], 0.677 [0.657–0.704]) showed significantly improved prediction compared with diastolic BP (0.669 [0.646–0.693], P =0.006) or mean arterial pressure (0.674 [0.653–0.699], P =0.01). Pulse pressure provided a C value that was not different from SBP (0.676 [0.653–0.699], P =0.16). Combining different BP components did not improve prediction over SBP measurement alone. Based on the associations with adult carotid intima-media thickness, cut points for elevated SBP were 105 mm Hg for 3- to 6-year-old boys, 108 mm Hg for 3- to 6-year-old girls, 108 mm Hg for 7- to 12-year-old boys, 106 mm Hg for 7- to 12-year-old girls, 123 mm Hg for 13- to 18-year-old boys, and 115 mm Hg for 13- to 18-year-old girls. Our analyses suggest that several childhood BP measurement components are related to adulthood carotid intima-media thickness. Of these, SBP provided the best predictive ability.
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- 2019
20. Youth and Long-Term Dietary Calcium Intake With Risk of Impaired Glucose Metabolism and Type 2 Diabetes in Adulthood
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Markus Juonala, Costan G. Magnussen, Niina Pitkänen, Feitong Wu, Jorma Viikari, Nina Hutri-Kähönen, Olli T. Raitakari, Antti Jula, Marie-Jeanne Buscot, Tapani Rönnemaa, Katja Pahkala, Mika Kähönen, Matthew A. Sabin, Tomi Laitinen, and Terho Lehtimäki
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Adult ,Blood Glucose ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,endocrine system diseases ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Blood sugar ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Context (language use) ,Type 2 diabetes ,Biochemistry ,Prediabetic State ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Endocrinology ,Risk Factors ,Diabetes mellitus ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Longitudinal Studies ,Prospective Studies ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Young adult ,Child ,Finland ,2. Zero hunger ,business.industry ,Incidence ,Biochemistry (medical) ,nutritional and metabolic diseases ,Fasting ,Feeding Behavior ,Middle Aged ,Impaired fasting glucose ,medicine.disease ,Obesity ,Calcium, Dietary ,Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ,Child, Preschool ,Female ,business ,Body mass index - Abstract
Context To the best of our knowledge, no previous studies have examined the role of youth calcium intake in the development of impaired glucose metabolism, especially those with long-term high calcium intake. Objectives To examine whether youth and long-term (between youth and adulthood) dietary calcium intake is associated with adult impaired glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Design, setting, and participants The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study is a 31-year prospective cohort study (n = 1134; age, 3 to 18 years at baseline). Exposures Dietary calcium intake was assessed at baseline (1980) and adult follow-up visits (2001, 2007, and 2011). Long-term (mean between youth and adulthood) dietary calcium intake was calculated. Main outcome measures Adult impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and T2D. Results We found no evidence for nonlinear associations between calcium intake and IFG or T2D among females and males (all P for nonlinearity > 0.05). Higher youth and long-term dietary calcium intake was not associated with the risk of IFG or T2D among females or males after adjustment for confounders, including youth and adult body mass index. Conclusions Youth or long-term dietary calcium intake is not associated with adult risk of developing impaired glucose metabolism or T2D.
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- 2019
21. Genome-wide meta-analysis of macronutrient intake of 91,114 European ancestry participants from the cohorts for heart and aging research in genomic epidemiology consortium
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Panos Deloukas, Christina-Alexandra Schulz, Caren E. Smith, Lu Qi, Mary F. Feitosa, Melissa E. Garcia, Natalia Pervjakova, Denise K. Houston, Michael A. Province, Stavroula Kanoni, Torben Hansen, Jean Shin, Lynda M. Rose, Oscar H. Franco, Yongmei Liu, Trudy Voortman, Marie-Claude Vohl, Luigi Ferrucci, Chloé Sarnowski, Paul S. de Vries, Jose C. Florez, John C. Lieske, Louis Pérusse, Misa Graff, Jian'an Luan, Nicola M. McKeown, Felix R. Day, L. Adrienne Cupples, Qibin Qi, Frank J. A. van Rooij, Robert A. Scott, Josée Dupuis, Stephen S. Rich, Jorma Viikari, Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia, Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen, Paul M. Ridker, Tomáš Paus, Stephen Turner, Harri Rissanen, Audrey Y. Chu, Albert Hofman, Olli T. Raitakari, Paul Knekt, Daniel I. Chasman, Nita G. Forouhi, Vera Mikkilä, Toshiko Tanaka, Mika Kähönen, George Dedoussis, Minjung Kho, Yun J. Sung, Anne E. Justice, Julius S. Ngwa, Ani Manichaikul, M. Carola Zillikens, Jordi Merino, Dena G. Hernandez, Rozenn N. Lemaitre, Tao Huang, Sharon L.R. Kardia, Jing Hua Zhao, Stefania Bandinelli, Veikko Salomaa, Arne Astrup, Wei Zhao, David S. Siscovick, John Blangero, Zdenka Pausova, Dabeeru C. Rao, Oluf Pedersen, Craig E. Pennell, Wendy H. Oddy, Jose M. Ordovas, Jessica C. Kiefte-de Jong, Marju Orho-Melander, Hassan S. Dashti, Satu Männistö, Tuomo Rankinen, Constantina Papoutsakis, Sherly X. Li, Antti Jula, Kari E. North, Thorkild I. A. Sørensen, André G. Uitterlinden, Alexis C. Frazier-Wood, Nicholas J. Wareham, Ulrika Ericson, Markus Perola, Ioanna P. Kalafati, Renée de Mutsert, Jinyan Huang, Ruifang Li-Gao, Claudia Langenberg, Mike A. Nalls, Olivia Li, Joanne E. Curran, Dennis O. Mook-Kanamori, Niina Eklund, Jerome I. Rotter, Angelo Tremblay, Claude Bouchard, Jennifer A. Smith, Terho Lehtimäki, Mary K. Wojczynski, Carol A. Wang, Epidemiology, Internal Medicine, Zhao, Jing Hua [0000-0003-4930-3582], Luan, Jian'an [0000-0003-3137-6337], Day, Felix [0000-0003-3789-7651], Langenberg, Claudia [0000-0002-5017-7344], Wareham, Nicholas [0000-0003-1422-2993], Forouhi, Nita [0000-0002-5041-248X], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
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0301 basic medicine ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Aging ,Calorie ,Genotype ,Heart Diseases ,Receptors, Retinoic Acid ,Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO ,Locus (genetics) ,Genome-wide association study ,Biology ,Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ,Article ,White People ,Cohort Studies ,03 medical and health sciences ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,0302 clinical medicine ,Genetic variation ,medicine ,Humans ,Genetic Predisposition to Disease ,Obesity ,Molecular Biology ,Aged ,2. Zero hunger ,Genetics ,Family aggregation ,Membrane Proteins ,Genomics ,Nutrients ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,3. Good health ,Fibroblast Growth Factors ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,030104 developmental biology ,Genetic Loci ,Meta-analysis ,Medical genetics ,Female ,Energy Intake ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Genome-Wide Association Study - Abstract
Macronutrient intake, the proportion of calories consumed from carbohydrate, fat, and protein, is an important risk factor for metabolic diseases with significant familial aggregation. Previous studies have identified two genetic loci for macronutrient intake, but incomplete coverage of genetic variation and modest sample sizes have hindered the discovery of additional loci. Here, we expanded the genetic landscape of macronutrient intake, identifying 12 suggestively significant loci (P < 1 × 10(−6)) associated with intake of any macronutrient in 91,114 European ancestry participants. Four loci replicated and reached genome-wide significance in a combined meta-analysis including 123,659 European descent participants, unraveling two novel loci; a common variant in RARB locus for carbohydrate intake and a rare variant in DRAM1 locus for protein intake, and corroborating earlier FGF21 and FTO findings. In additional analysis of 144,770 participants from the UK Biobank, all identified associations from the two-stage analysis were confirmed except for DRAM1. Identified loci might have implications in brain and adipose tissue biology and have clinical impact in obesity-related phenotypes. Our findings provide new insight into biological functions related to macronutrient intake.
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- 2019
22. Longitudinal effect of 20-year infancy-onset dietary intervention on food consumption and nutrient intake: the randomized controlled STRIP study
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Antti Jula, Johanna M. Jaakkola, Hanna Lagström, Olli Simell, Suvi P. Rovio, Tapani Rönnemaa, Katja Pahkala, Jorma Viikari, Laurie A. Matthews, Olli T. Raitakari, and Harri Niinikoski
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0301 basic medicine ,Vitamin ,030109 nutrition & dietetics ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,business.industry ,Retinol ,Food consumption ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Nutrient intake ,law.invention ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Animal science ,Randomized controlled trial ,chemistry ,law ,Intervention (counseling) ,Vitamin D and neurology ,Medicine ,business ,Prospective cohort study - Abstract
Coronary heart disease begins in childhood and warrants prevention strategies such as dietary modification. The objective was to determine the effect of the Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP) dietary intervention on food consumption and nutrient intake over 20-year intervention period. The STRIP is a prospective, randomized trial conducted between 1990 and 2011. Enrolled 6-month-old infants (n = 1062) were randomized to an intervention group (n = 540) receiving dietary counseling biannually from age 7 months to 20 years or control group (n = 522) not receiving any intervention. Food and nutrient intake was assessed annually using 4-day food records. A food-based diet score was calculated. The intervention led to (1) higher consumption of low-fat unsweetened dairy (β = 177.76, 95% CI 157.36–198.16 g/day), vegetable-oil based fats (β = 6.00, 5.37–6.63 g/day), fish (β = 2.45, 1.44–3.45 g/day), fiber-rich grain products (β = 5.53, 3.17–7.89 g/day), fruits/berries (β = 9.93, 4.44–15.43 g/day), vegetables (β = 11.95, 7.74–16.16 g/day); (2) lower consumption of desserts (β = − 4.10, 95% CI − 6.50 to − 1.70 g/day); (3) lower intake of sucrose (β = − 1.61, 95% CI − 2.88 to − 0.35 g/day), and higher intake of fiber (β = 0.83, 0.55–1.11 g/day), folate (β = 11.14, 95% CI 8.23–14.05 μg/day), vitamin D (β = 0.52, 0.39–0.64 μg/day), C (β = 8.08, 4.79–11.38 mg/day), E (β = 0.93, 0.81–1.05 mg/day), iron (β = 0.31, 0.18–0.44 mg/day), zinc (β = 0.29, 0.17–0.40 mg/day), magnesium (β = 12.17, 9.02–15.33 mg/day), sodium (β = 55.00, 24.40–85.60 mg/day), potassium (β = 157.11, 107.24–206.98 mg/day). No effect was found on nut/seed, red/processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverage, salty snack consumption, or vitamin A and calcium intake. Intervention effect was more pronounced in boys. The STRIP intervention improved children’s diet quality over 20 years, indicating that beneficial dietary changes can be introduced and sustained in youth.
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- 2018
23. Childhood adiposity, adult adiposity, and the ACE gene insertion/deletion polymorphism
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Costan G. Magnussen, Nicole Wardrop, Trudy L. Burns, John B. Carlin, Minh Bui, Jorma Viikari, Terence Dwyer, Terho Lehtimäki, Markus Juonala, Anne-Louise Ponsonby, Cong Sun, Alison Venn, and Olli T. Raitakari
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Adult ,Pediatric Obesity ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Waist ,Genotype ,Physiology ,Population ,Blood Pressure ,Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Article ,Body Mass Index ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Waist–hip ratio ,INDEL Mutation ,Internal medicine ,Internal Medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Prospective Studies ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Gene–environment interaction ,Child ,education ,Adiposity ,education.field_of_study ,Polymorphism, Genetic ,biology ,Waist-Hip Ratio ,business.industry ,Angiotensin-converting enzyme ,Cardiorespiratory fitness ,ta3121 ,Skinfold Thickness ,Endocrinology ,Blood pressure ,Hypertension ,biology.protein ,Gene-Environment Interaction ,Waist Circumference ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,Body mass index - Abstract
Background Genetic variants may modify the associations of adiposity measures with blood pressure (BP) and hypertension. The insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene is an attractive candidate. Aims To examine interaction effects between I/D polymorphism and adiposity measures (BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and skinfold thickness) during childhood and adulthood in relation to adult BP and hypertension. Methods Data were available for 4835 participants from three prospective cohort studies. Multivariable linear regression models for adult SBP and DBP, and multivariable logistic regression models for hypertension were fit that included interaction effects between child or adult adiposity and I/D polymorphism. Results Evidence for interaction effects on BP/hypertension were found across the three studies. Compared with childhood measures, the effect modification appeared to be more consistent when using adult adiposity. In particular, the adverse effects of greater adult waist circumference on increasing adult SBP and DBP appeared to be larger among carriers of ACE DD (or GG) [adjusted linear regression coefficients 0.26, 95% CI (0.21–0.31) and 0.28 (0.24–0.32) for SBP and DBP, respectively] and ID (or AG) genotypes [0.25 (0.21–0.29) and 0.25 (0.21–0.28), respectively], whereas those with II (or AA) genotypes had smaller effects [0.15 (0.09–0.21) and 0.19 (0.13–0.23)]. Conclusion ACE genetic variation may modify the effect of adult adiposity on increasing BP and risk of hypertension in adulthood. Individuals with ACE DD (or GG) and/or ID (or AG) genotypes, compared with those with II (or AA) genotype, appear more vulnerable to the impact of excess adiposity.
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- 2018
24. IDO activity forecasts obesity in males and premenopausal females in a 10-year follow-up study:The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study
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Jorma Viikari, Mikko Hurme, Costan G. Magnussen, Mika Kähönen, Risto Kaaja, Petri Niinisalo, Terho Lehtimäki, Markus Juonala, Olli T. Raitakari, Tampere University, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Clinical Medicine, BioMediTech, and Department of Clinical Chemistry
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Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Longitudinal study ,Waist ,3121 Internal medicine ,Gastroenterology ,Body Mass Index ,Young Adult ,Risk Factors ,Diabetes mellitus ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase ,Obesity ,Risk factor ,Finland ,Triglycerides ,business.industry ,Hypertriglyceridemia ,medicine.disease ,Cardiovascular Diseases ,Heart Disease Risk Factors ,Relative risk ,Female ,3111 Biomedicine ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,Body mass index ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
Background and aims: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an intracellular enzyme associated with artery wall inflammation. Previous studies have verified correlation between IDO activity and early signs of atherosclerosis especially in females. We aimed to elucidate the relationship between an estimate of IDO activity and atherosclerotic risk factors related to non-alchohol-fatty liver (NAFLD) in a 6- and 10-year follow-up. Methods: Estimates of IDO activity along with complete risk factor data were measured from females (n = 506; age 24–39) and males (n = 421; age 24–39) in 2001. Risk factor measurements were conducted again in 2007 and 2011. Statistical examinations were carried out by Pearson correlation and risk ratio analysis. Results: In females, age-adjusted IDO correlated with body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.0008), waist (p = 0.0009), C-reactive protein (CRP) (p = 0.0014) and logarithmically modified triglycerides (p = 0.0488) in 2007. Correlation remained significant with BMI (p = 0.0007) and waist (p = 0.0063) in 2011. In males, age-adjusted IDO correlated with waist (p = 0.0367) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (p = 0.0489) in 2007. Correlation remained significant with HDL-C (p = 0.0348) in 2011. In risk ratio analysis, relationship between IDO and obesity was confirmed in females after 10 years (RR = 1.026, p = 0.0147, 95% CI) and in males after 6 and 10 years (RR = 1.019, p = 0.0091, 95% CI and RR = 1.015, p = 0.0404, 95% CI, respectively) when the data was adjusted for age and BMI. Conclusions: IDO activity correlated with obesity and factors related to NAFLD, namely obesity of visceral type, hypertriglyceridemia and CRP (in females), well-characterized risk factors for diabetes and atherosclerosis in 6- and 10-year follow-up in males and premenopausal females. publishedVersion
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- 2021
25. Does better education mitigate risky health behavior? A mendelian randomization study
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Jutta Viinikainen, Alex Bryson, Petri Böckerman, Jaana T. Kari, Terho Lehtimäki, Olli Raitakari, Jorma Viikari, Jaakko Pehkonen, Tampere University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, and Clinical Medicine
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elintavat ,Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous) ,Health Behavior ,Mendelian Randomization Analysis ,ruokavaliot ,3121 Internal medicine ,3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health ,Health Risk Behaviors ,koulutus ,koulutustaso ,tupakointi ,terveyskäyttäytyminen ,Educational Status ,Humans ,3111 Biomedicine ,alkoholinkäyttö ,Finland - Abstract
Education and risky health behaviors are strongly negatively correlated. Education may affect health behaviors by enabling healthier choices through higher disposable income, increasing information about the harmful effects of risky health behaviors, or altering time preferences. Alternatively, the observed negative correlation may stem from reverse causality or unobserved confounders. Based on the data from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study linked to register-based information on educational attainment and family background, this paper identifies the causal effect of education on risky health behaviors. To examine causal effects, we used a genetic score as an instrument for years of education. We found that individuals with higher education allocated more attention to healthy habits. In terms of health behaviors, highly educated people were less likely to smoke. Some model specifications also indicated that the highly educated consumed more fruit and vegetables, but the results were imprecise in this regard. No causal effect was found between education and abusive drinking. In brief, inference based on genetic instruments showed that higher education leads to better choices in some but not all dimensions of health behaviors. publishedVersion
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- 2021
26. Modular genome-wide gene expression architecture shared by early traits of osteoporosis and atherosclerosis in the Young Finns Study
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Binisha H. Mishra, Pashupati P. Mishra, Emma Raitoharju, Saara Marttila, Nina Mononen, Harri Sievänen, Jorma Viikari, Markus Juonala, Marika Laaksonen, Nina Hutri-Kähönen, Mika Kähönen, Olli T. Raitakari & Terho Lehtimäki
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- 2021
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27. Uncovering the shared lipidomic markers of subclinical osteoporosis-atherosclerosis comorbidity: The Young Finns Study
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Harri Sievänen, Binisha H. Mishra, Mika Hilvo, Marika Laaksonen, Pashupati P. Mishra, Mika Kähönen, Nina Mononen, Nina Hutri-Kähönen, Reijo Laaksonen, Terho Lehtimäki, Jorma Viikari, Markus Juonala, Olli T. Raitakari, Tampere University, Clinical Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Paediatrics, and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine
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Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Histology ,Physiology ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,Osteoporosis ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Comorbidity ,3121 Internal medicine ,Carotid Intima-Media Thickness ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Risk Factors ,Lipidomics ,medicine ,Humans ,Quantitative computed tomography ,Finland ,Subclinical infection ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Atherosclerosis ,medicine.disease ,Omics ,030104 developmental biology ,Cohort ,Female ,3111 Biomedicine ,business ,Body mass index ,Biomarkers - Abstract
Background: Osteoporosis and atherosclerosis are complex multifactorial diseases sharing common risk factors and pathophysiological mechanisms suggesting that these are comorbidities. Omics studies identifying joint molecular markers associated with these diseases are sparse. Subjects and methods: Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we quantified 437 molecular lipid species from the Young Finns Study cohort (aged 30–45 years and 57% women) and performed lipidome-wide multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with early markers for both diseases. Carotid intima-media thickness for atherosclerosis measured with ultrasound and bone mineral density from distal radius and tibia for osteoporosis measured with peripheral quantitative computed tomography were used as early markers of the diseases. Results: MANOVA adjusted with age, sex and body mass index, identified eight statistically significant (adjusted p-value (padj) < 0.05) and 15 suggestively significant (padj < 0.25) molecular lipid species associated with the studied markers. Similar analysis adjusted additionally for smoking habit, physical activity and alcohol consumption identified four significant and six suggestively significant molecular lipid species. These most significant lipid classes/species jointly associated with the studied markers were glycerolipid/TAG(18:0/18:0/18:1), glycerophospholipid/PC(40:3), sphingolipid/Gb3(d18:1/22:0), and sphingolipid/Gb3(d18:1/24:0). Conclusion: Our results support the osteoporosis-atherosclerosis comorbidity hypothesis and present potential new joint lipid biomarkers for these diseases. publishedVersion
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- 2021
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28. Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Childhood and Left Ventricular Diastolic Function in Adulthood
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Jorma Viikari, Päivi Tossavainen, Tomi Laitinen, Suvi P. Rovio, Katja Pahkala, Eero Jokinen, Mika Kähönen, Markus Juonala, Nina Hutri-Kähönen, Terho Lehtimäki, Jarkko S. Heiskanen, Saku Ruohonen, Ville Kytö, and Olli T. Raitakari
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Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Pediatric Obesity ,Waist ,Adolescent ,Diastole ,03 medical and health sciences ,Ventricular Dysfunction, Left ,0302 clinical medicine ,030225 pediatrics ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Longitudinal Studies ,Risk factor ,Child ,Exercise ,Adiposity ,business.industry ,Area under the curve ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Obesity ,Physical activity level ,Blood pressure ,Echocardiography ,Heart Disease Risk Factors ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Hypertension ,Cardiology ,Female ,Sedentary Behavior ,business ,Biomarkers ,Lipoprotein - Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cardiovascular risk factors, such as obesity, blood pressure, and physical inactivity, have been identified as modifiable determinants of left ventricular (LV) diastolic function in adulthood. However, the links between childhood cardiovascular risk factor burden and adulthood LV diastolic function are unknown. To address this lack of knowledge, we aimed to identify childhood risk factors associated with LV diastolic function in the participants of the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. METHODS: Study participants (N = 1871; 45.9% men; aged 34–49 years) were examined repeatedly between the years 1980 and 2011. We determined the cumulative risk exposure in childhood (age 6–18 years) as the area under the curve for systolic blood pressure, adiposity (defined by using skinfold and waist circumference measurements), physical activity, serum insulin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterols. Adulthood LV diastolic function was defined by using E/é ratio. RESULTS: Elevated systolic blood pressure and increased adiposity in childhood were associated with worse adulthood LV diastolic function, whereas higher physical activity level in childhood was associated with better adulthood LV diastolic function (P < .001 for all). The associations of childhood adiposity and physical activity with adulthood LV diastolic function remained significant (both P < .05) but were diluted when the analyses were adjusted for adulthood systolic blood pressure, adiposity, and physical activity. The association between childhood systolic blood pressure and adult LV diastolic function was diluted to nonsignificant (P = .56). CONCLUSIONS: Adiposity status and the level of physical activity in childhood are independently associated with LV diastolic function in adulthood.
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- 2020
29. Attainment of Targets of the 20-Year Infancy-Onset Dietary Intervention and Blood Pressure Across Childhood and Young Adulthood: The Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP)
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Matthew A. Sabin, Costan G. Magnussen, David Burgner, Jorma Viikari, Eero Jokinen, Harri Niinikoski, Katja Pahkala, Joel Nuotio, Olli T. Raitakari, Tomi T. Laitinen, Hanna Lagström, Tapani Rönnemaa, Markus Juonala, Olli Simell, Antti Jula, and Suvi P. Rovio
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Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Pediatrics ,DASH diet ,Adolescent ,Blood Pressure ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Body Mass Index ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Risk Factors ,Intervention (counseling) ,Epidemiology ,Internal Medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Prospective Studies ,Young adult ,Child ,2. Zero hunger ,business.industry ,Infant ,Middle age ,Blood pressure ,Intima-media thickness ,Heart Disease Risk Factors ,Coronary risk ,Child, Preschool ,Female ,Diet, Healthy ,business - Abstract
We examined whether success in achieving the key targets of an infancy-onset 20-year dietary intervention was associated with blood pressure (BP) from infancy to young adulthood. In the prospective randomized STRIP (Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project; n=877 children), dietary counseling was provided biannually based on the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations primarily to improve the quality of dietary fat in children’s diets and secondarily to promote intake of vegetables, fruits, and whole grains. Dietary data and BP were accrued annually from the age of 13 months to 20 years. The dietary targets for fat quality were defined as the ratio of saturated fatty acids to monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids P =0.03) and diastolic BP (mean [SE] diastolic BP, 60.4 [0.2], 60.5 [0.2], 59.9 [0.2], and 59.9 [0.3] mm Hg; P =0.02). When the lowest age-specific quintile of dietary cholesterol was added as an additional target, the association with systolic BP remained significant ( P =0.047), but the association with diastolic BP attenuated ( P =0.13). Achieving the key targets of an infancy-onset 20-year dietary intervention, reflecting dietary guidelines, was favorably albeit modestly associated with systolic and diastolic BP from infancy to young adulthood. Registration— URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT00223600.
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- 2020
30. Metabolic profiles of socio-economic position: a multi-cohort analysis
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Yoav Ben-Shlomo, Usha Menon, Reecha Sofat, Alice R Carter, Alun D. Hughes, Aroon D. Hingorani, Therese Tillin, Chung-Ho E Lau, Mika Kähönen, Olli T. Raitakari, Julie Taylor, Juan P Casas, Jorgen Engmann, Jorma Viikari, Stephanie Smith, Tina Shah, Terho Lehtimäki, Marjo-Riitta Järvelin, Oliver Robinson, Mika Ala-Korpela, Nishi Chaturvedi, Laura D Howe, Ville Karhunen, Paolo Vineis, Rui Providência, Mika Kivimäki, Andy Ryan, Andrew Wong, Diana Kuh, Medical Research Council (MRC), UNIVERSITY OF OULU, Tampere University, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Clinical Medicine, and Department of Clinical Chemistry
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Epidemiology ,Social Determinants of Health ,Physiology ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Cohort Studies ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,occupation ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Cognitive decline ,Child ,Finland ,life course ,education ,biology ,0104 Statistics ,General Medicine ,ALSPAC ,metabolomics ,3. Good health ,Docosahexaenoic acid ,Metabolome ,Life course approach ,Educational Status ,Apolipoprotein A1 ,lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins) ,Cohort study ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,socio-economic status ,Socio-economic status ,3121 Internal medicine ,1117 Public Health and Health Services ,03 medical and health sciences ,metabonic ,medicine ,Humans ,metabonomic ,AcademicSubjects/MED00860 ,Risk factor ,Triglycerides ,Cholesterol ,business.industry ,lipoproteins ,chemistry ,biology.protein ,3111 Biomedicine ,business - Abstract
Background Low socio-economic position (SEP) is a risk factor for multiple health outcomes, but its molecular imprints in the body remain unclear. Methods We examined SEP as a determinant of serum nuclear magnetic resonance metabolic profiles in ∼30 000 adults and 4000 children across 10 UK and Finnish cohort studies. Results In risk-factor-adjusted analysis of 233 metabolic measures, low educational attainment was associated with 37 measures including higher levels of triglycerides in small high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and lower levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), omega-3 fatty acids, apolipoprotein A1, large and very large HDL particles (including levels of their respective lipid constituents) and cholesterol measures across different density lipoproteins. Among adults whose father worked in manual occupations, associations with apolipoprotein A1, large and very large HDL particles and HDL-2 cholesterol remained after adjustment for SEP in later life. Among manual workers, levels of glutamine were higher compared with non-manual workers. All three indicators of low SEP were associated with lower DHA, omega-3 fatty acids and HDL diameter. At all ages, children of manual workers had lower levels of DHA as a proportion of total fatty acids. Conclusions Our work indicates that social and economic factors have a measurable impact on human physiology. Lower SEP was independently associated with a generally unfavourable metabolic profile, consistent across ages and cohorts. The metabolites we found to be associated with SEP, including DHA, are known to predict cardiovascular disease and cognitive decline in later life and may contribute to health inequalities.
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- 2020
31. Evaluating the direct effects of childhood adiposity on adult systemic-metabolism: A multivariable Mendelian randomization analysis
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Tom G. Richardson, Katja Pahkala, Kurt Taylor, Juha Mykkänen, Joshua A. Bell, Terho Lehtimäki, Mika Ala-Korpela, Jorma Viikari, O T Raitakari, and G Davey Smith
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Coronary artery disease ,business.industry ,Mendelian randomization ,Direct effects ,Area under the curve ,Medicine ,Physiology ,Mendelian Randomization Analysis ,Genome-wide association study ,business ,medicine.disease ,Body mass index ,Lipoprotein - Abstract
BackgroundIndividuals who are obese in childhood have an elevated risk of cardiometabolic disease in adulthood. However, whether childhood adiposity directly impacts intermediate markers of this risk, independent of adult adiposity, is unclear.Methods and ResultsWe conducted a multivariable Mendelian randomization (MR) study to simultaneously evaluate the effects of childhood and adulthood body size on over 100 systemic molecular biomarkers representing multiple metabolic pathways. We first validated UK Biobank-derived genetic risk scores using data on body mass index (BMI) measured during childhood (n=2,427, age: 3-18 years) and adulthood (n= 1,762, age: 34-49 years) from the Young Finns Study (YFS). Results indicated that the childhood score is a stronger predictor of childhood BMI (0.74 vs 0.62 area under the curve (AUC) for the childhood and adult scores respectively), whereas the adult score was a stronger predictor of adulthood BMI (0.57 vs 0.62 AUC). Two-sample MR analyses in a univariable setting using summary genome-wide association study (GWAS) data in up to 24,925 adults provided evidence of an effect of childhood body size on 42 of the 123 metabolic markers assessed (based on P-04). Undertaking multivariable MR analyses suggested that the effects for the majority of these metabolic biomarkers (35/42) substantially attenuated when accounting for adult body size. In further analyses, the biomarkers with the strongest evidence of mediating a long-term effect of adiposity on coronary artery disease (CAD) risk were those related to triglyceride-rich very-low-density lipoprotein particles. In contrast, the biomarkers which showed the strongest evidence of being directly influenced by childhood body size (amino acids leucine, isoleucine and tyrosine) provided little evidence that they mediate this effect on adult disease risk.ConclusionsThe effects of childhood adiposity on the majority of biomarkers investigated in this study were greatly attenuated when accounting for adult body size. This suggests that the detrimental impact of genetically predicted childhood adiposity on systemic metabolism, as well as subsequent later life risk of CAD, can likely be mitigated through lifestyle modifications during adolescence and early adulthood.
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- 2020
32. Dietary Pattern Trajectories from Youth to Adulthood and Adult Risk of Impaired Fasting Glucose: A 31-year Cohort Study
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Jorma Viikari, Costan G. Magnussen, Kylie J. Smith, Olli T. Raitakari, Matthew A. Sabin, Feitong Wu, Terho Lehtimäki, Tomi Laitinen, Mika Kähönen, Antti Jula, Katja Pahkala, Tapani Rönnemaa, Marie-Jeanne Buscot, Nina Hutri-Kähönen, Satu Männistö, Suvi P. Rovio, and Markus Juonala
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Blood Glucose ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Time Factors ,Adolescent ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Population ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Context (language use) ,Type 2 diabetes ,Biochemistry ,Prediabetic State ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Endocrinology ,Risk Factors ,Internal medicine ,Glucose Intolerance ,Medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Prospective Studies ,education ,Child ,Finland ,2. Zero hunger ,education.field_of_study ,business.industry ,Biochemistry (medical) ,Fasting ,Feeding Behavior ,Impaired fasting glucose ,medicine.disease ,Prognosis ,Diet ,Relative risk ,Child, Preschool ,Cohort ,Red meat ,Female ,business ,Biomarkers ,Cohort study ,Demography ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
Context The influence of dietary pattern trajectories from youth to adulthood on adult glucose metabolism is unknown. Objective To identify dietary pattern trajectories from youth to adulthood and examine their associations with adult impaired fasting glucose (IFG). Methods Thirty-one-year population-based cohort study among 1007 youths aged 3-18 years at baseline in Finland. Diet intake was assessed in 1980, 1986, 2001, 2007, and 2011. Group-based trajectory modelling was used to identify dietary pattern (identified by factor analysis) trajectories. Adult IFG was measured by the latest available data from 2001, 2007, and 2011. Results Among 1007 participants, 202 (20.1%) developed IFG and 27 (2.7%) developed type 2 diabetes in adulthood (mean follow-up of 30.7 years; mean [SD] age 40.5 [5.0] years). Three dietary patterns were identified at baseline and were retained in 1986 and 2001: “Traditional Finnish,” “High carbohydrate,” and “Vegetables and dairy products.” Three different patterns were identified in 2007, which remained similar in 2011: “Traditional Finnish and high carbohydrate,” “Red meat,” and “Healthy.” Trajectories of increased or stably medium “red meat” pattern scores from youth to adulthood were detrimentally associated with IFG (relative risk 1.46, 95% CI 1.12-1.90 for Medium (M)-stable/M-large increase vs low-stable trajectory) after adjusting for confounders. This association was slightly reduced after further adjusting for long-term dietary fiber intake. Conclusion Trajectories of an increased or stably moderate adherence to a “red meat” dietary pattern from youth to adulthood are associated with higher risk of adult IFG. This association is partly explained by low dietary fiber intake.
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- 2020
33. Lipoprotein signatures of cholesteryl ester transfer protein and HMG-CoA reductase inhibition
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Qin Wang, Marjo-Riitta Järvelin, Terho Lehtimäki, Veikko Salomaa, Michael V. Holmes, Mika Ala-Korpela, Clare Oliver-Williams, Emanuele Di Angelantonio, Therese Tillin, Adam S. Butterworth, Elias Allara, Mika Kähönen, Johannes Kettunen, Nish Chaturvedi, George Davey Smith, Pauli Ohukainen, Markus Perola, John Danesh, Olli T. Raitakari, Jorma Viikari, Alun D. Hughes, Olga Anufrieva, Research Programs Unit, CAMM - Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Lääketieteen ja terveysteknologian tiedekunta - Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Holmes, Michael V [0000-0001-6617-0879], Allara, Elias [0000-0002-1634-8330], Ohukainen, Pauli [0000-0002-0919-7204], Oliver-Williams, Clare [0000-0002-3573-2426], Hughes, Alun D [0000-0001-5432-5271], Salomaa, Veikko [0000-0001-7563-5324], Järvelin, Marjo-Riitta [0000-0002-2149-0630], Davey Smith, George [0000-0002-1407-8314], Butterworth, Adam S [0000-0002-6915-9015], Ala-Korpela, Mika [0000-0001-5905-1206], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, UNIVERSITY OF OULU, Holmes, Michael V. [0000-0001-6617-0879], Hughes, Alun D. [0000-0001-5432-5271], and Butterworth, Adam S. [0000-0002-6915-9015]
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Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics ,Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Very low-density lipoprotein ,Apolipoprotein B ,LOCI ,Coronary Disease ,Biochemistry ,Vascular Medicine ,DISEASE ,Cohort Studies ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Coronary Heart Disease ,EPIDEMIOLOGY ,Biology (General) ,Genetics of disease ,11 Medical and Health Sciences ,education.field_of_study ,biology ,PLASMA ,General Neuroscience ,CARDIOVASCULAR RISK ,Middle Aged ,Lipids ,Coronary heart disease ,Cholesterol ,HMG-CoA reductase ,Female ,lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins) ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Life Sciences & Biomedicine ,Research Article ,Adult ,Biochemistry & Molecular Biology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Biolääketieteet - Biomedicine ,QH301-705.5 ,Lipoproteins ,Population ,Cardiology ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,LDL ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,MAGNETIC-RESONANCE METABOLOMICS ,07 Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences ,Internal medicine ,Cholesterylester transfer protein ,REVEALS ,medicine ,Genetics ,Humans ,GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION ,education ,Biology ,Triglycerides ,Alleles ,Apolipoproteins B ,Science & Technology ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,Triglyceride ,Genetic Variation ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Proteins ,Cholesterol, LDL ,06 Biological Sciences ,Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins ,Medical risk factors ,030104 developmental biology ,Endocrinology ,Apolipoproteins ,chemistry ,Genetic Loci ,Medical Risk Factors ,Genetics of Disease ,biology.protein ,COHORT PROFILE ,1182 Biochemistry, cell and molecular biology ,Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases ,3111 Biomedicine ,Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Follow-Up Studies ,Developmental Biology ,Lipoprotein - Abstract
Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibition reduces vascular event risk, but confusion surrounds its effects on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Here, we clarify associations of genetic inhibition of CETP on detailed lipoprotein measures and compare those to genetic inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR). We used an allele associated with lower CETP expression (rs247617) to mimic CETP inhibition and an allele associated with lower HMGCR expression (rs12916) to mimic the well-known effects of statins for comparison. The study consists of 65,427 participants of European ancestries with detailed lipoprotein subclass profiling from nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Genetic associations were scaled to 10% reduction in relative risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). We also examined observational associations of the lipoprotein subclass measures with risk of incident CHD in 3 population-based cohorts totalling 616 incident cases and 13,564 controls during 8-year follow-up. Genetic inhibition of CETP and HMGCR resulted in near-identical associations with LDL cholesterol concentration estimated by the Friedewald equation. Inhibition of HMGCR had relatively consistent associations on lower cholesterol concentrations across all apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins. In contrast, the associations of the inhibition of CETP were stronger on lower remnant and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, but there were no associations on cholesterol concentrations in LDL defined by particle size (diameter 18–26 nm) (−0.02 SD LDL defined by particle size; 95% CI: −0.10 to 0.05 for CETP versus −0.24 SD, 95% CI −0.30 to −0.18 for HMGCR). Inhibition of CETP was strongly associated with lower proportion of triglycerides in all high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. In observational analyses, a higher triglyceride composition within HDL subclasses was associated with higher risk of CHD, independently of total cholesterol and triglycerides (strongest hazard ratio per 1 SD higher triglyceride composition in very large HDL 1.35; 95% CI: 1.18–1.54). In conclusion, CETP inhibition does not appear to affect size-specific LDL cholesterol but is likely to lower CHD risk by lowering concentrations of other atherogenic, apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins (such as remnant and VLDLs). Inhibition of CETP also lowers triglyceride composition in HDL particles, a phenomenon reflecting combined effects of circulating HDL, triglycerides, and apolipoprotein B-containing particles and is associated with a lower CHD risk in observational analyses. Our results reveal that conventional composite lipid assays may mask heterogeneous effects of emerging lipid-altering therapies., Inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein does not affect size-specific low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but may lower coronary heart disease risk by lowering cholesterol concentrations in other apolipoprotein-B containing atherogenic lipoproteins, and by lowering triglyceride content of high-density lipoprotein particles.
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- 2020
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34. Dietary Fats and Atherosclerosis From Childhood to Adulthood
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Jorma Viikari, Antti Jula, Hanna Lagström, Joel Nuotio, Olli Simell, Tapani Rönnemaa, Markus Juonala, Suvi P. Rovio, Costan G. Magnussen, Tomi T. Laitinen, Katja Pahkala, Eero Jokinen, Olli T. Raitakari, and Harri Niinikoski
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Counseling ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Diet therapy ,Aorta, Thoracic ,Carotid Intima-Media Thickness ,law.invention ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Randomized controlled trial ,law ,Risk Factors ,030225 pediatrics ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Prospective Studies ,Young adult ,Prospective cohort study ,Child ,Diet, Fat-Restricted ,Finland ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,business.industry ,Incidence ,Unsaturated fat ,Atherosclerosis ,Prognosis ,Dietary Fats ,Confidence interval ,Carotid Arteries ,chemistry ,Intima-media thickness ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Disease Progression ,Female ,business ,Energy Intake ,Polyunsaturated fatty acid ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
BACKGROUND: The association of dietary fat distribution with markers of subclinical atherosclerosis during early life is unknown. We examined whether success in achieving the main target of an infancy-onset dietary intervention based on the distribution of dietary fat was associated with aortic and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and distensibility from childhood to young adulthood. METHODS: In the prospective randomized controlled Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project trial, personalized dietary counseling was given biannually to healthy children from infancy to young adulthood. The counseling was based on Nordic Nutrition Recommendations, with the main aim of improving the distribution of dietary fat in children’s diets. IMT and distensibility of the abdominal aorta and common carotid artery were measured repeatedly at ages 11 (n = 439), 13 (n = 499), 15 (n = 506), 17 (n = 477), and 19 years (n = 429). The targeted distribution of dietary fat was defined as a ratio of saturated fatty acids to monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids of RESULTS: Individuals who achieved the main intervention target had lower aortic IMT (age- and sex-adjusted mean difference 10.4 µm; 95% confidence interval: 0.3 to 20.5 µm) and better aortic distensibility (0.13% per 10 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval: 0.00% to 0.26% per10 mm Hg) compared with their peers who did not meet the target. CONCLUSIONS: Achieving the main target of an infancy-onset dietary intervention, reflecting dietary guidelines, was favorably associated with aortic IMT and distensibility during the early life course. These data support the recommendation of favoring unsaturated fat to enhance arterial health.
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- 2020
35. Success in Achieving the Targets of the 20-Year Infancy-Onset Dietary Intervention: Association With Insulin Sensitivity and Serum Lipids
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Joel Nuotio, Olli Simell, Katja Pahkala, Jorma Viikari, Antti Jula, Tapani Rönnemaa, Olli T. Raitakari, Costan G. Magnussen, Tomi T. Laitinen, Harri Niinikoski, Suvi P. Rovio, Hanna Lagström, Eero Jokinen, and Markus Juonala
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Counseling ,Dietary Fiber ,Male ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Blood lipids ,Physiology ,Coronary Disease ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,0302 clinical medicine ,Blood serum ,Risk Factors ,Vegetables ,Medicine ,Prospective Studies ,Child ,Finland ,2. Zero hunger ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Whole Grains ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Child Health ,Lipids ,Diet Records ,3. Good health ,Child, Preschool ,Female ,Diet, Healthy ,Polyunsaturated fatty acid ,Adolescent ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Health Promotion ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,Insulin resistance ,Diabetes mellitus ,Internal Medicine ,Humans ,Advanced and Specialized Nursing ,business.industry ,Insulin ,Infant ,Atherosclerosis ,medicine.disease ,Dietary Fats ,Obesity ,Diet ,chemistry ,Fruit ,Insulin Resistance ,Energy Intake ,business ,Lipid profile - Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined whether success in achieving the key targets of an infancy-onset 20-year dietary intervention associated with insulin sensitivity and serum lipids from early childhood to young adulthood. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The sample comprised 941 children participating in the prospective, randomized Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP). Dietary counseling was given biannually based on the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations with the main aim to improve the quality of dietary fat in children’s diets and the secondary aim to promote intake of vegetables, fruits, and whole-grain products. Food records and serum lipid profile were studied annually from 1 to 20 years of age, and HOMA of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was assessed between 7 and 20 years of age. Meeting the intervention targets for quality of dietary fat was defined as the ratio of saturated fatty acids (SAFA) to monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (MUFA + PUFA) RESULTS Participants in the intervention group had a higher probability of meeting the targets of SAFA/(PUFA + MUFA) 3 g/MJ (RR 1.37 [95% CI 1.04–1.80]). Participants who achieved more targets had lower HOMA-IR, lower concentrations of fasting serum glucose, insulin, LDL cholesterol, and non-HDL cholesterol, and a lower ratio of apolipoprotein (Apo) B/ApoA1 (P values all ≤0.003). CONCLUSIONS Achieving the key targets of an infancy-onset 20-year dietary intervention was associated with better insulin sensitivity and serum lipid profile throughout the early life course.
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- 2018
36. P3462IDO activity forecasts obesity in premenopausal females in 10-year follow-up study: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study
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O T Raitakari, Jorma Viikari, Risto Kaaja, Markus Juonala, Mika Kähönen, and P. Niinisalo
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Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,10 year follow up ,business.industry ,Medicine ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,medicine.disease ,Obesity - Abstract
Background Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an intracellular enzyme that has an important immunomodulator function. Human inflammatory response promotes upregulation of IDO level in blood. This may lead to suppression of inflammation in atherosclerotic vessel wall and consequently may slow the progression of the disease. Previous studies have shown that IDO activity correlates with early signs of atherosclerosis especially in females but is not an atherosclerosis-specific marker. Materials and methods IDO levels were measured from females (n=544; age 24–39; weight 40.5–134.4 kg) in 2001 along with several risk factors for atherosclerosis. Follow-up risk factor measurements were performed in 2007 and 2011. Here we aimed to elucidate the relationship between IDO measurements from 2001 and several atherosclerotic risk factors from 2007 and 2011 by analyzing correlations and risk ratios from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study patient cohort. Results After age standardization, IDO correlated significantly with BMI (p=0.0008), waist (p=0.0009) and logarithmically modified triglycerides (p=0.0488) and CRP (p=0.0014) in female samples (n=434) from 2007. When female samples (n=384) from 2011 were examined, statistically significant correlations were discovered in BMI and Waist in both unadjusted (p Conclusions It is concluded that IDO activity forecasts obesity – a well-characterized risk factor for diabetes and atherosclerosis – in premenopausal females.
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- 2019
37. Physical Inactivity from Youth to Adulthood and Risk of Impaired Glucose Metabolism
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Suvi P. Rovio, Markus Juonala, Petri Kallio, Nina Hutri-Kähönen, Harri Helajärvi, Mirja Hirvensalo, Costan G. Magnussen, Jorma Viikari, Risto Telama, Olli T. Raitakari, Olli J. Heinonen, Katja Pahkala, and Tuija Tammelin
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Blood Glucose ,Male ,Cross-sectional study ,physical activity ,Type 2 diabetes ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,0302 clinical medicine ,Risk Factors ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Longitudinal Studies ,030212 general & internal medicine ,ta315 ,impaired glucose metabolism ,Child ,Finland ,liikkumattomuus ,ta3142 ,Middle Aged ,aikuisuus ,Child, Preschool ,Female ,fyysinen aktiivisuus ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,pitkittäistutkimus ,Carbohydrate metabolism ,03 medical and health sciences ,aineenvaihduntahäiriöt ,Internal medicine ,Diabetes mellitus ,medicine ,Humans ,Exercise ,Life Style ,childhood ,business.industry ,Metabolism ,lapsuus ,ta3121 ,medicine.disease ,Impaired fasting glucose ,Confidence interval ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Glucose ,Endocrinology ,Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ,Relative risk ,physical inactivity ,Sedentary Behavior ,business ,aikuistyypin diabetes - Abstract
Introduction: Physical activity (PA) is important in the prevention and treatment of impaired glucose metabolism. However, association of physical inactivity during the transition between childhood and adulthood with glucose metabolism is unknown. Therefore, we studied the association of persistent physical inactivity since childhood with glucose metabolism in adulthood. Methods: Data were drawn from the ongoing, Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study with repeated follow-ups between 1980 and 2011 (baseline age, 3-18 yr; n = 3596). Impaired glucose metabolism was defined as having impaired fasting glucose (6.1-6.9 mmol·L-1) or type 2 diabetes in adulthood. Leisure-time PA habits were repeatedly collected with a standardized questionnaire and expressed as a PA Index. Using PA Index, four groups were formed (n = 2000): 1) persistently low PA, 2) decreasingly active, 3) increasingly active, and 4) persistently active subjects. Poisson regression model was used to examine the association between PA groups and impaired glucose metabolism. Results: The proportion of the sample with impaired glucose metabolism was 16.1% in individuals with persistently low PA, 14.5% in decreasingly active, 6.8% in increasingly active, and 11.1% in persistently active. Compared with individuals with persistently low PA, age and sex-adjusted risk for impaired glucose metabolism were lower in those who increased PA (relative risk [RR], 0.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.29-0.76) and in those who were persistently active (RR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.51-0.97), but similar in those who decreased PA (RR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.66-1.36). Conclusions: Persistently physically inactive lifestyle from youth to adulthood is associated with increased risk of impaired glucose metabolism in adulthood. Importantly, a moderate increase in PA lowered the risk. The results highlight the importance of avoiding physically inactive lifestyle at all stages of life.
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- 2018
38. Childhood socioeconomic status and lifetime health behaviors: The Young Finns Study
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Costan G. Magnussen, Kylie J. Smith, Tomi Laitinen, Tuija Tammelin, Elina Puolakka, Olli T. Raitakari, Laura Pulkki-Råback, Marko Elovainio, Tomi T. Laitinen, Satu Männistö, Eero Jokinen, Kristiina Pälve, Jorma Viikari, Nina Hutri-Kähönen, Katja Pahkala, Päivi Tossavainen, Markus Juonala, Lastentautien yksikkö, Children's Hospital, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Medicum, Psychosocial factors and health, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, and HUS Children and Adolescents
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Male ,Health Behavior ,Cohort Studies ,TRACKING ,0302 clinical medicine ,CARDIOVASCULAR RISK-FACTORS ,Multiple time ,Medicine ,Longitudinal Studies ,Prospective Studies ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Child ,Finland ,ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY ,Smoking ,ta3142 ,Cardiovascular disorders ,Child, Preschool ,Socioeconomic status ,Cohort ,Life course approach ,Female ,Diet, Healthy ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,515 Psychology ,Physical activity ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Family income ,SECULAR TRENDS ,03 medical and health sciences ,Humans ,CORONARY-HEART-DISEASE ,COHORT ,Health behaviors ,Life Style ,Preventive healthcare ,Preventive medicine ,business.industry ,ta3121 ,PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY ,Social Class ,3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine ,ADULT HEALTH ,DOSE-RESPONSE METAANALYSIS ,Tracking (education) ,FOLLOW-UP ,business ,Risk Reduction Behavior ,Follow-Up Studies ,Demography - Abstract
Background: Differences in health behaviors partly explain the socioeconomic gap in cardiovascular health. We prospectively examined the association between childhood socioeconomic status (SES) and lifestyle factors in adulthood, and the difference of lifestyle factors according to childhood SES in multiple time points from childhood to adulthood. Methods and results: The sample comprised 3453 participants aged 3-18 years at baseline (1980) from the longitudinal Young Finns Study. The participants were followed up for 31 years (N = 1675-1930). SES in childhood was characterized as reported annual family income and classified on an 8-point scale. Diet, smoking, alcohol intake and physical activity were used as adult and life course lifestyle factors. Higher childhood SES predicted a healthier diet in adulthood in terms of lower consumption of meat (beta +/- SE -3.6 +/- 0.99, p
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- 2018
39. Impact of Lipid Measurements in Youth in Addition to Conventional Clinic-Based Risk Factors on Predicting Preclinical Atherosclerosis in Adulthood
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Matthew A. Sabin, Ronald J. Prineas, Gerald S. Berenson, Jorma Viikari, Julia Steinberger, Juha Koskinen, Trudy L. Burns, Lydia A. Bazzano, David R. Jacobs, Nina Hutri-Kähönen, Elaine M. Urbina, Costan G. Magnussen, Jessica G. Woo, Markus Juonala, Alan R. Sinaiko, Alison Venn, Terence Dwyer, Russell Thomson, Stephen R. Daniels, and Olli T. Raitakari
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Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Overweight ,medicine.disease ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Intima-media thickness ,Physiology (medical) ,Cohort ,medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Metabolic syndrome ,Risk factor ,medicine.symptom ,Young adult ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,Risk assessment ,business ,National Cholesterol Education Program - Abstract
Background: Data suggest that the prediction of adult cardiovascular disease using a model comprised entirely of adult nonlaboratory-based risk factors is equivalent to an approach that additionally incorporates adult lipid measures. We assessed and compared the utility of a risk model based solely on nonlaboratory risk factors in adolescence versus a lipid model based on nonlaboratory risk factors plus lipids for predicting high-risk carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) in adulthood. Methods: The study comprised 2893 participants 12 to 18 years of age from 4 longitudinal cohort studies from the United States (Bogalusa Heart Study and the Insulin Study), Australia (Childhood Determinants of Adult Health Study), and Finland (The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study) and followed into adulthood when cIMT was measured (mean follow-up, 23.4 years). Overweight status was defined according to the Cole classification. Hypertension was defined according to the Fourth Report on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents from the National High Blood Pressure Education Program. High-risk plasma lipid levels were defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Cholesterol Levels in Children. High cIMT was defined as a study-specific value ≥90th percentile. Age and sex were included in each model. Results: In univariate models, all risk factors except for borderline high and high triglycerides in adolescence were associated with high cIMT in adulthood. In multivariable models (relative risk [95% confidence interval]), male sex (2.7 [2.0–2.6]), prehypertension (1.4 [1.0–1.9]), hypertension (1.9 [1.3–2.9]), overweight (2.0 [1.4–2.9]), obesity (3.7 [2.0–7.0]), borderline high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (1.6 [1.2–2.2]), high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (1.6 [1.1–2.1]), and borderline low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (1.4 [1.0–1.8]) remained significant predictors of high cIMT ( P P =0.02). Conclusions: Nonlaboratory-based risk factors and lipids measured in adolescence independently predicted preclinical atherosclerosis in young adulthood. The addition of lipid measurements to traditional clinic-based risk factor assessment provided a statistically significant but clinically modest improvement on adolescent prediction of high cIMT in adulthood.
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- 2018
40. Pulse Wave Velocity Predicts the Progression of Blood Pressure and Development of Hypertension in Young Adults
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Jorma Viikari, Teemu Koivistoinen, Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen, Heikki Aatola, Terho Lehtimäki, Tiina Luukkaala, Mika Kähönen, Olli T. Raitakari, Nina Hutri-Kähönen, and Markus Juonala
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Population ,Diastole ,Pulse Wave Analysis ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Risk Assessment ,Prehypertension ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Predictive Value of Tests ,Internal medicine ,Internal Medicine ,Humans ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,education ,Pulse wave velocity ,Finland ,Retrospective Studies ,education.field_of_study ,Receiver operating characteristic ,business.industry ,Incidence ,Age Factors ,Blood Pressure Determination ,Odds ratio ,ta3121 ,Middle Aged ,Confidence interval ,Logistic Models ,Blood pressure ,Case-Control Studies ,Hypertension ,Multivariate Analysis ,Disease Progression ,Cardiology ,Female ,business ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine whether pulse wave velocity (PWV) predicts the progression of blood pressure and the development of hypertension in young adults. In addition, we studied whether PWV improves the risk prediction of incident hypertension beyond traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured in 2007 and 2011 for 1449 Finnish adults (aged 30–45 years). In addition, PWV and other cardiovascular risk factors were measured in 2007. The association between PWV (in 2007) and blood pressure (in 2011) was studied in the whole population (n=1449) and in a normotensive subpopulation (n=1183). The ability of PWV measured in 2007 to predict incident hypertension in 2011 was investigated in the subpopulation (n=1183). PWV measured in 2007 was directly and independently associated with systolic and diastolic blood pressures measured in 2011 ( P P P =0.040), and the continuous net reclassification improvement 59.4% ( P
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- 2018
41. Sugar-sweetened beverage intake associations with fasting glucose and insulin concentrations are not modified by selected genetic variants in a ChREBP-FGF21 pathway: a meta-analysis
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Emily Sonestedt, Ilkka Seppälä, Yanping Li, Lyn M. Steffen, Kari E. North, Denis Rybin, Mika Kähönen, Kristin L. Young, David S. Siscovick, Jiantao Ma, Carol A. Wang, Stephen S. Rich, Renée de Mutsert, Vera Mikkilä, Bruce M. Psaty, Danielle E. Haslam, Lu Qi, Oscar H. Franco, Alexis C. Frazier-Wood, Caren E. Smith, Nicola M. McKeown, L. Adrienne Cupples, Elisabeth T.M. Leermakers, Kenneth Rice, Christina-Alexandra Schulz, Josée Dupuis, Rozenn N. Lemaitre, Craig E. Pennell, Wendy H. Oddy, Mark A. Herman, Louise Brunkwall, Terho Lehtimäki, James B. Meigs, Marju Orho-Melander, Kenneth J. Mukamal, Ulrika Ericson, Tao Huang, Frits R. Rosendaal, Toshiko Tanaka, Jorma Viikari, Dariush Mozaffarian, Albert Hofman, Jessica C. Kiefte-de Jong, Mariaelisa Graff, Olli T. Raitakari, André G. Uitterlinden, Ruifang Li-Gao, Dennis O. Mook-Kanamori, Tzu An Chen, Hassan S. Dashti, Epidemiology, Erasmus MC other, Department of Food and Nutrition, and University of Helsinki
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0301 basic medicine ,Blood Glucose ,Male ,FGF21 ,Epidemiology ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Type 2 diabetes ,CARDIOVASCULAR RISK-FACTORS ,Insulin ,METABOLIC SYNDROME ,2. Zero hunger ,Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors ,Fasting ,RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED-TRIAL ,ADIPOSE-TISSUE ,MACRONUTRIENT INTAKE ,Female ,3143 Nutrition ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Offspring ,FRUCTOSE TRANSPORT ,Single-nucleotide polymorphism ,Carbohydrate metabolism ,Biology ,Article ,Beverages ,03 medical and health sciences ,Internal medicine ,Internal Medicine ,medicine ,Genetics ,Humans ,Nutrition ,CONSUMPTION ,Fructose transport ,medicine.disease ,ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN ,Fibroblast Growth Factors ,Meta-analysis ,030104 developmental biology ,Endocrinology ,Sweetening Agents ,3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine ,Metabolic syndrome ,RESISTANCE - Abstract
Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are a major dietary contributor to fructose intake. A molecular pathway involving the carbohydrate responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP) and the metabolic hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) may influence sugar metabolism and, thereby, contribute to fructose-induced metabolic disease. We hypothesise that common variants in 11 genes involved in fructose metabolism and the ChREBP-FGF21 pathway may interact with SSB intake to exacerbate positive associations between higher SSB intake and glycaemic traits. Data from 11 cohorts (six discovery and five replication) in the CHARGE (Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology) Consortium provided association and interaction results from 34,748 adults of European descent. SSB intake (soft drinks, fruit punches, lemonades or other fruit drinks) was derived from food-frequency questionnaires and food diaries. In fixed-effects meta-analyses, we quantified: (1) the associations between SSBs and glycaemic traits (fasting glucose and fasting insulin); and (2) the interactions between SSBs and 18 independent SNPs related to the ChREBP-FGF21 pathway. In our combined meta-analyses of discovery and replication cohorts, after adjustment for age, sex, energy intake, BMI and other dietary covariates, each additional serving of SSB intake was associated with higher fasting glucose (β ± SE 0.014 ± 0.004 [mmol/l], p = 1.5 × 10−3) and higher fasting insulin (0.030 ± 0.005 [log e pmol/l], p = 2.0 × 10−10). No significant interactions on glycaemic traits were observed between SSB intake and selected SNPs. While a suggestive interaction was observed in the discovery cohorts with a SNP (rs1542423) in the β-Klotho (KLB) locus on fasting insulin (0.030 ± 0.011 log e pmol/l, uncorrected p = 0.006), results in the replication cohorts and combined meta-analyses were non-significant. In this large meta-analysis, we observed that SSB intake was associated with higher fasting glucose and insulin. Although a suggestive interaction with a genetic variant in the ChREBP-FGF21 pathway was observed in the discovery cohorts, this observation was not confirmed in the replication analysis. Trials related to this study were registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00005131 (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities), NCT00005133 (Cardiovascular Health Study), NCT00005121 (Framingham Offspring Study), NCT00005487 (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) and NCT00005152 (Nurses’ Health Study).
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- 2018
42. Both youth and long-term vitamin D status is associated with risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adulthood: a cohort study
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Jorma Viikari, Costan G. Magnussen, Tomi Laitinen, Niina Pitkänen, Markus Juonala, Olli T. Raitakari, Mika Kähönen, Katja Pahkala, Matthew A. Sabin, Feitong Wu, Nina Hutri-Kähönen, Terho Lehtimäki, and Antti Jula
- Subjects
Male ,Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,endocrine system diseases ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Type 2 diabetes ,Cohort Studies ,Prediabetic State ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Risk Factors ,Diabetes mellitus ,Vitamin D and neurology ,Humans ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Vitamin D ,Child ,Finland ,business.industry ,Incidence ,nutritional and metabolic diseases ,Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ,Fasting ,General Medicine ,Odds ratio ,ta3121 ,Impaired fasting glucose ,medicine.disease ,3. Good health ,Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ,Child, Preschool ,Female ,business ,Body mass index ,Cohort study - Abstract
Objectives: To determine whether vitamin D status in childhood and adolescence (herein collectively referred to as youth) and the long-term status from youth to adulthood is associated with risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) in adulthood. Materials and methods: This was a 31-year follow-up study of 2300 participants aged 3–18 years. Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess the association of both (a) baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels and (b) the mean of baseline and the latest follow-up 25OHD levels (continuous variable and quartiles) with incident T2DM and IFG (cut-off = 5.6 mmol/L) in adult life. Results: High serum 25OHD levels in youth and also mean values from youth to adulthood were associated with reduced risk of developing T2DM in adulthood (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval= 0.73, 0.57–0.95 and 0.65, 0.51–0.84, respectively, for each SD increment in 25OHD). Compared to Q1, a dose-dependent negative association was observed across other quartiles of youth 25OHD, while the strongest association was found in the Q3 for the mean 25OHD levels. Neither youth nor the mean 25OHD was associated with IFG. Conclusions: High serum 25OHD levels in youth, and from child to adult life, were associated with a reduced risk of developing T2DM in adulthood.Key MessagesHigh serum 25OHD levels in youth, and between youth and adulthood, were associated with a lower risk of T2DM in adulthood.Each SD (15.2 nmol/L) increment in youth serum 25OHD levels was associated with a 26% reduction in odds for T2DM, which was independent of a number of confounding variables and other risk factors for T2DM. A similar magnitude of association was observed for the long-term 25OHD levels between youth and adulthood.These findings suggest a potentially simple and cost-effective strategy for reducing adulthood risk of T2DM starting in an earlier stage of life – improving and maintaining vitamin D status throughout youth and early adulthood. High serum 25OHD levels in youth, and between youth and adulthood, were associated with a lower risk of T2DM in adulthood. Each SD (15.2 nmol/L) increment in youth serum 25OHD levels was associated with a 26% reduction in odds for T2DM, which was independent of a number of confounding variables and other risk factors for T2DM. A similar magnitude of association was observed for the long-term 25OHD levels between youth and adulthood. These findings suggest a potentially simple and cost-effective strategy for reducing adulthood risk of T2DM starting in an earlier stage of life – improving and maintaining vitamin D status throughout youth and early adulthood.
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- 2017
43. Aortic sinus diameter in middle age is associated with body size in young adulthood
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Nina Hutri-Kähönen, Noora Kartiosuo, Saku Ruohonen, Eero Jokinen, Mika Kähönen, Jorma Viikari, Jarkko S. Heiskanen, Merja Kallio, Markus Juonala, Päivi Tossavainen, Terho Lehtimäki, Tomi Laitinen, Jussi Hernesniemi, Olli T. Raitakari, Lääketieteen ja biotieteiden tiedekunta - Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, and Tampere University
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Body Surface Area ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,Aortic aneurysm ,0302 clinical medicine ,Internal medicine ,Aortic sinus ,Body Size ,Humans ,Medicine ,Longitudinal Studies ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Young adult ,Child ,Finland ,Aortic valve regurgitation ,Aortic dissection ,Body surface area ,business.industry ,Sisätaudit - Internal medicine ,Anatomy ,Middle Aged ,Sinus of Valsalva ,medicine.disease ,Middle age ,Blood pressure ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Echocardiography ,Child, Preschool ,Cardiology ,Female ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
ObjectiveAortic sinus dilatation can lead to aortic valve regurgitation or even aortic dissection. Our objective was to examine the association between body surface area (BSA) measures from childhood to middle age and aortic sinus diameter in middle age. Understanding the relation of these two clarifies how aortic size is normally determined.MethodsCardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study is a longitudinal study with follow-up of over 31 years (1980–2011). The study comprises information of body composition from multiple time points of 1950 subjects with cardiac ultrasound measurements made in 2011. The association between BSA in different ages and aortic sinus diameter in middle age was analysed by linear regression modelling adjusted with age, sex and diastolic blood pressure. Missing BSA values were derived for each life year (ages 3–33 years) from subject-specific curves for body weight and height estimated from longitudinal measurements using mixed model regression splines.ResultsBSA estimates in early 20s are most strongly associated with aortic sinus diameter in middle age. Top association was observed at age 23 years with one SD increase in estimated BSA corresponding to 1.04 mm (0.87–1.21 mm) increase in aortic diameter. Increase in body weight beyond early 20s does not associate with aortic sinus diameter, and the association between middle age BSA and aortic size is substantially weaker (0.74 mm increase (0.58–0.89 mm)). These results were confirmed in a subpopulation using only measured data.ConclusionThe association between aortic sinus diameter and BSA is stronger when considering BSA in young adulthood compared with BSA in middle age.
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- 2017
44. Childhood Socioeconomic Status and Arterial Stiffness in Adulthood
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Laura Pulkki-Råback, Costan G. Magnussen, Markus Juonala, Katja Pahkala, Elina Puolakka, Jorma Viikari, Eero Jokinen, Mika Kähönen, Nina Hutri-Kähönen, Päivi Tossavainen, Tomi T. Laitinen, Matthew A. Sabin, Marko Elovainio, Tomi Laitinen, Olli T. Raitakari, and Terho Lehtimäki
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Pulse Wave Analysis ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Vascular Stiffness ,0302 clinical medicine ,Internal medicine ,Internal Medicine ,Humans ,Medicine ,Longitudinal Studies ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Child ,Socioeconomic status ,Pulse wave velocity ,Finland ,Carotid artery distensibility ,Cardiometabolic risk ,business.industry ,Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease ,Wave velocity ,Child Health ,ta3121 ,Atherosclerosis ,medicine.disease ,Carotid Arteries ,Social Class ,Child, Preschool ,Arterial stiffness ,Cardiology ,Physical therapy ,Female ,Metabolic syndrome ,business - Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the importance of socioeconomic factors in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. However, the association of childhood socioeconomic status (SES) with arterial stiffness in adulthood has not been reported. Our aim was to determine whether higher childhood family-level SES is associated with lower arterial stiffness in adulthood. The analyses were performed using data gathered within the longitudinal Young Finns Study. The sample comprised 2566 participants who had data concerning family SES at ages 3 to 18 years in 1980 and arterial pulse wave velocity and carotid artery distensibility measured 21 or 27 years later in adulthood. Higher family SES in childhood was associated with lower arterial stiffness in adulthood; carotid artery distensibility being higher ( β value±SE, 0.029±0.0089%/10 mm Hg; P =0.001) and pulse wave velocity lower ( β value±SE, −0.062±0.022 m/s; P =0.006) among those with higher family SES in a multivariable analysis adjusted with age, sex, and conventional childhood cardiometabolic risk factors. The association remained significant after further adjustment for participant’s SES in adulthood ( β value±SE, 0.026±0.010%/10 mm Hg; P =0.01 for carotid artery distensibility and β value±SE, −0.048±0.023 m/s; P =0.04 for pulse wave velocity) but attenuated after adjustment for adulthood cardiometabolic risk factors ( β value±SE, 0.015±0.008%/10 mm Hg; P =0.08 for carotid artery distensibility and β value±SE, −0.019±0.02 m/s; P =0.38 for pulse wave velocity). In conclusion, we observed an association between higher family SES in childhood and lower arterial stiffness in adulthood. Our findings suggest that special attention could be paid to children from low SES families to prevent cardiometabolic diseases primordially.
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- 2017
45. Association of Non–High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Measured in Adolescence, Young Adulthood, and Mid-Adulthood With Coronary Artery Calcification Measured in Mid-Adulthood
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Brooklyn J Fraser, Mika Kähönen, Feitong Wu, Olli T. Raitakari, Nina Hutri-Kähönen, Matthew K Armstrong, Marie-Jeanne Buscot, Terho Lehtimäki, Tomi Laitinen, Juha Koskinen, Markus Juonala, Jorma Viikari, Olli Hartiala, and Costan G. Magnussen
- Subjects
education.field_of_study ,Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Population ,nutritional and metabolic diseases ,Odds ratio ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Intima-media thickness ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Young adult ,Family history ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,Agatston score ,business ,Prospective cohort study ,education ,Body mass index ,Original Investigation - Abstract
Importance Elevated non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non–HDL-C) is associated with the presence of coronary artery calcification (CAC), a marker of heart disease in adulthood. However, the relative importance of non–HDL-C levels at specific life stages for CAC remains unclear. Objective To identify the relative association of non–HDL-C measured at distinct life stages (adolescence, young adulthood, mid-adulthood) with the presence of CAC measured in mid-adulthood. Design, Setting, and Participants The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study is a population-based prospective cohort study that started in 1980 with follow-up over 28 years. Participants from 3 population centers (Kuopio, Tampere, and Turku in Finland) represent a convenience sample drawn from the 3 oldest cohorts at baseline (aged 12-18 years in 1980). Data were collected from September 1980 to August 2008. Analysis began February 2020. Exposures Non–HDL-C levels were measured at 3 life stages including adolescence (aged 12-18 years), young adulthood (aged 21-30 years), and mid-adulthood (aged 33-45 years). Main Outcomes and Measures In 2008, CAC was determined from computed tomography and dichotomized as 0 (no CAC, Agatston score = 0) and 1 (presence of CAC, Agatston score ≥1) for analysis. Using a bayesian relevant life course exposure model, the relative association was determined between non–HDL-C at each life stage and the presence of CAC in mid-adulthood. Results Of 589 participants, 327 (56%) were female. In a model adjusted for year of birth, sex, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, blood glucose level, smoking status, lipid-lowering and antihypertensive medication use, and family history of heart disease, cumulative exposure to non–HDL-C across all life stages was associated with CAC (odds ratio [OR], 1.50; 95% credible interval [CrI], 1.14-1.92). At each life stage, non–HDL-C was associated with CAC and exposure to non–HDL-C during adolescence had the strongest association (adolescence: OR, 1.16; 95% CrI, 1.01-1.46; young adulthood: OR, 1.14; 95% CrI, 1.01-1.43; mid-adulthood: OR, 1.12; 95% CrI, 1.01-1.34). Conclusions and Relevance These data suggest that elevated non–HDL-C levels at all life stages are associated with coronary atherosclerosis in mid-adulthood. However, adolescent non–HDL-C levels showed the strongest association with the presence of CAC in mid-adulthood, and greater awareness of the importance of elevated non–HDL-C in adolescence is needed.
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- 2021
46. Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Risk of Fatty Liver
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Tapani Rönnemaa, Tuija H Tammelin, Jorma Viikari, Katja Pahkala, Markus Juonala, Emmi Suomela, Janne Hulkkonen, Nina Hutri-Kähönen, Risto Telama, Terho Lehtimäki, Kristiina Pälve, Olli T. Raitakari, Heikki Aatola, and Mika Kähönen
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Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Population ,Physiology ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,Comorbidity ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Lower risk ,Body Mass Index ,03 medical and health sciences ,Oxygen Consumption ,0302 clinical medicine ,Risk Factors ,Internal medicine ,Prevalence ,Humans ,Medicine ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Obesity ,education ,Finland ,Ultrasonography ,education.field_of_study ,business.industry ,Fatty liver ,VO2 max ,Cardiorespiratory fitness ,ta3121 ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Fatty Liver ,Endocrinology ,Cardiorespiratory Fitness ,Relative risk ,Female ,030211 gastroenterology & hepatology ,Steatohepatitis ,business ,Body mass index ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
Fatty liver is an expanding health concern associated with metabolic disturbances and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Experimental studies in animals have shown associations between fatty liver and cardiorespiratory fitness but limited data exist in humans. The aim of this study was to analyze the links between cardiorespiratory fitness and fatty liver in a population-based sample of adults.Participants were 463 adults (48% men) from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured with a cycle ergometer exercise test as peak oxygen uptake (V˙O2peak [mL·kg·min]) in 2008 to 2009. Hepatic ultrasonographic imaging was performed in 2011 to determine fatty liver.Cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with lower risk of fatty liver (1 mL·kg·min increase in V˙O2peak: risk ratio, 0.90; 95% confidence interval, 0.88-0.93, P0.0001; adjusted for age and sex). This association remained significant after further adjustments with physical activity, adiposity, smoking, alcohol consumption, serum lipids, insulin, glucose, and C-reactive protein. Participants who were obese (waist circumference,80 cm in women and94 cm in men) but fit (V˙O2peak in the upper age- and sex-specific median) had lower prevalence of fatty liver than participants who were obese and unfit (below median), (11.7% vs 34.8%, P = 0.0003).In a population-based sample of adults, cardiorespiratory fitness is strongly, inversely and independently related with the risk of fatty liver. Importantly, the association is evident also among obese.
- Published
- 2017
47. Longitudinal child-oriented dietary intervention: Association with parental diet and cardio-metabolic risk factors. The Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project
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Jorma Viikari, Eero Jokinen, Johanna M. Jaakkola, Harri Niinikoski, Antti Jula, Olli T. Raitakari, Tapani Rönnemaa, Hanna Lagström, Katja Pahkala, Children's Hospital, Lastentautien yksikkö, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, and HUS Children and Adolescents
- Subjects
Counseling ,Male ,Parents ,Pediatrics ,Time Factors ,Heart disease ,Epidemiology ,Saturated fat ,Coronary Artery Disease ,INFANCY-ONSET DIETARY ,Intervention group ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,0302 clinical medicine ,Risk Factors ,3123 Gynaecology and paediatrics ,ADOLESCENTS ,IMPROVES ,Medicine ,Prospective Studies ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Parent-Child Relations ,Child ,Diet, Fat-Restricted ,Finland ,CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH ,Incidence ,Dietary intake ,STRIP ,ta3142 ,Dietary counselling ,3. Good health ,cardio-metabolic risk factors ,Cholesterol ,DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL ,SATURATED-FAT DIET ,Child, Preschool ,LIFE-STYLE INTERVENTION ,Coronary risk ,Female ,TRIAL ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,HEART-DISEASE ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,Intervention (counseling) ,Humans ,parental ,business.industry ,ta1184 ,Infant ,Cardio metabolic risk ,Feeding Behavior ,Atherosclerosis ,medicine.disease ,ta3123 ,Food record ,3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine ,diet ,business ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
Background The child-oriented dietary intervention given in the prospective Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP) has decreased the intake of saturated fat and lowered serum cholesterol concentration in children from infancy until early adulthood. In this study, we investigated whether the uniquely long-term child-oriented intervention has affected also secondarily parental diet and cardio-metabolic risk factors. Methods The STRIP study is a longitudinal, randomized infancy-onset atherosclerosis prevention trial continued from the child's age of 8 months to 20 years. The main aim was to modify the child's diet towards reduced intake of saturated fat. Parental dietary intake assessed by a one-day food record and cardio-metabolic risk factors were analysed between the child's ages of 9-19 years. Results Saturated fat intake of parents in the intervention group was lower [mothers: 12.0 versus 13.9 daily energy (E%), p 0.0001; fathers: 12.5 versus 13.9 E%, p 0.0001] and polyunsaturated fat intake was higher (mothers: 6.1 versus 5.4 E%, p 0.0001; fathers: 6.3 versus 5.9 E%, p = 0.0003) compared with the control parents. Maternal total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were lower in the intervention compared with the control group (mean ± SE 5.02 ± 0.04 versus 5.14 ± 0.04 mmol/l, p = 0.04 and 3.19 ± 0.04 versus 3.30 ± 0.03 mmol/l, p = 0.03, respectively). Paternal cholesterol values did not differ between the intervention and control groups. Other cardio-metabolic risk factors were similar in the study groups. Conclusions Child-oriented dietary intervention shifted the dietary fat intakes of parents closer to the recommendations and tended to decrease total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the intervention mothers. Dietary intervention directed to children benefits also parents.
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- 2017
48. Positive Psychosocial Factors in Childhood Predicting Lower Risk for Adult Type 2 Diabetes: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study, 1980–2012
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Matthew A. Sabin, Marko Elovainio, Olli T. Raitakari, Christian Hakulinen, David Burgner, Mirka Hintsanen, Eero Jokinen, Nina Hutri-Kähönen, Jorma Viikari, Markus Juonala, Anna Serlachius, Vera Mikkilä, Laura Pulkki-Råback, Costan G. Magnussen, Liisa Keltikangas-Järvinen, Terho Lehtimäki, Jari Lipsanen, Antti Jula, Tapani Rönnemaa, Kateryna Savelieva, Laura D. Kubzansky, Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, Medicum, Psychosocial factors and health, University of Helsinki, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Children's Hospital, Lastentautien yksikkö, Clinicum, Department of Food and Nutrition, HUS Children and Adolescents, and Teachers' Academy
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Male ,Epidemiology ,Health Behavior ,Child Behavior ,Type 2 diabetes ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Body Mass Index ,Cohort Studies ,0302 clinical medicine ,Risk Factors ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Medicine ,Longitudinal Studies ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Child ,Finland ,CUMULATIVE RISK ,ASSOCIATION ,EXPERIENCES ,3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health ,3. Good health ,Cardiovascular Diseases ,OBESITY ,ADOLESCENCE ,Child, Preschool ,Cohort ,Female ,HEALTH ,Psychosocial ,Cohort study ,Adult ,Adolescent ,515 Psychology ,Lower risk ,03 medical and health sciences ,Humans ,CORONARY-HEART-DISEASE ,COHORT ,ABUSE ,business.industry ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,ta3121 ,medicine.disease ,Obesity ,LIFE ,416 Food Science ,Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ,Social Class ,3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine ,Relative risk ,business ,Body mass index ,Demography - Abstract
Introduction: Type 2 diabetes is a public health concern, but psychosocial factors that may protect against the disease are unknown. This study examines whether a positive psychosocial environment in childhood is associated with lower risk for Type 2 diabetes in adulthood or healthier glucose trajectories over the life course, and whether BMI mediates the associations. Methods: A cohort of 3,596 Finnish children was followed into adulthood over 32 years. An overall positive psychosocial score, consisting of six subdomains, was measured at study baseline (1980). Relative risk ratios and multilevel growth curve modeling were used to examine associations of the psychosocial score with Type 2 diabetes (2012) and glucose trajectories (1986-2012). The mediating effect by BMI was examined using mediation analysis. The analyses were conducted between June 2015 and January 2016. Results: There was a 21% decrease in the rate of Type 2 diabetes (relative risk ratio, 0.79; 95% CI = 0.66, 0.94) for each 1-SD increase in the positive psychosocial score after adjustment for childhood cardiovascular risk factors and dietary behaviors. Adult BMI mediated 52% and weight gain mediated 25% of the association. The growth curve model showed healthier glucose trajectories (age X psychosocial score interaction, b = -0.01; p = 0.010) for participants with higher versus lower positive psychosocial score in childhood. Conclusions: Positive psychosocial environment in childhood seems to have beneficial influences on the risk for Type 2 diabetes over the life span. RCTs will be required to see if interventions directed at early-life circumstances are warranted. (C) 2017 American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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- 2017
49. Cardiovascular Risk Factors From Childhood and Midlife Cognitive Performance
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Leena Taittonen, Eero Jokinen, Mika Kähönen, Juha O. Rinne, Nina Hutri-Kähönen, Pia Salo, Jaakko Nevalainen, Päivi Tossavainen, Suvi P. Rovio, Markus Juonala, Katja Pahkala, Jorma Viikari, Terho Lehtimäki, Tomi Laitinen, and Olli T. Raitakari
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2. Zero hunger ,Gerontology ,education.field_of_study ,business.industry ,Population ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,3. Good health ,Cognitive test ,Associative learning ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Cohort ,Medicine ,Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance ,Risk factor ,Young adult ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,education ,business ,Body mass index ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Background In adults, high blood pressure (BP), adverse serum lipids, and smoking associate with cognitive deficits. The effects of these risk factors from childhood on midlife cognitive performance are unknown. Objectives This study sought to investigate the associations between childhood/adolescence cardiovascular risk factors and midlife cognitive performance. Methods From 1980, a population-based cohort of 3,596 children (baseline age: 3 to 18 years) have been followed for 31 years in 3- to 9-year intervals. BP, serum lipids, body mass index, and smoking were assessed in all follow-ups. Cumulative exposure as the area under the curve for each risk factor was determined in childhood (6 to 12 years), adolescence (12 to 18 years), and young adulthood (18 to 24 years). In 2011, cognitive testing was performed in 2,026 participants aged 34 to 49 years. Results High systolic BP, elevated serum total-cholesterol, and smoking from childhood were independently associated with worse midlife cognitive performance, especially memory and learning. The number of early life risk factors, including high levels (extreme 75th percentile for cumulative risk exposure between ages 6 and 24 years) of systolic BP, total-cholesterol, and smoking associated inversely with midlife visual and episodic memory and visuospatial associative learning (–0.140 standard deviations per risk factor, p Conclusions Cumulative burden of cardiovascular risk factors from childhood/adolescence associate with worse midlife cognitive performance independent of adulthood exposure.
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- 2017
50. Convergent Validity of a Physical Activity Questionnaire against Objectively Measured Physical Activity in Adults: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study
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Ilkka Heinonen, Tuija Tammelin, Jorma Viikari, Olli T. Raitakari, Kasper Salin, Xiaolin Yang, Risto Telama, Nina Hutri-Kähönen, Costan G. Magnussen, and Mirja Hirvensalo
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Gerontology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Leisure time ,Adult population ,Large population ,Physical activity ,physical activity ,liikunta ,Metabolic equivalent ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,adults ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,ta315 ,aikuiset ,pedometer ,business.industry ,questionnaire ,Objective measurement ,total steps ,ta3141 ,030229 sport sciences ,General Medicine ,Convergent validity ,Pedometer ,sydän- ja verisuonitaudit ,Physical therapy ,business ,fyysinen aktiivisuus ,aerobic steps - Abstract
Background: Traditionally, a self-reported questionnaire has been a cost-effective method of gathering information about physical activity (PA). An objective measurement, such as the use of a pedometer, can be used to validate the findings of a PA questionnaire in a large population. Objective: The study objective was to determine the convergent validity of a PA questionnaire against objectively measured PA in adults obtained with the use of a pedometer. Methods: Data from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study (YFS) were collected from 1853 participants aged 30 - 45 years. The participants completed a self-reported questionnaire that included items on leisure time, commuting and habitual PA. PA was expressed as leisure-time physical activity index (PAI) and metabolic equivalent hours/week (METh/wk). The participants wore a pedometer for seven consecutive days and used it to record their total daily and aerobic steps. Results: There was a low to moderate association between the self-reported questionnaire and pedometer measurements regarding both total steps and aerobic steps taken during leisure time and commuting PA. An association was not observed between pedometer data and habitual PA. Of the individual items in the questionnaire, questions that described the frequency of PA and the duration of vigorous PA correlated the most strongly with the pedometer values obtained for total and aerobic steps (r = 0.28 - 0.44, p ≤ 0.010). Conclusions: These findings suggest that the YFS PA questionnaire showed acceptable convergent validity in assessing, in particular, exercise-type PA in an adult population. peerReviewed
- Published
- 2017
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