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Aims The out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) outcomes project is a national research registry. One of its aims is to explore sources of variation in OHCA survival outcomes. This study reports the development and validation of risk prediction models for return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) at hospital handover and survival to hospital discharge. Methods and results The study included OHCA patients who were treated during 2014 and 2015 by emergency medical services (EMS) from seven English National Health Service ambulance services. The 2014 data were used to identify important variables and to develop the risk prediction models, which were validated using the 2015 data. Model prediction was measured by area under the curve (AUC), Hosmer–Lemeshow test, Cox calibration regression, and Brier score. All analyses were conducted using mixed-effects logistic regression models. Important factors included age, gender, witness/bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) combined, aetiology, and initial rhythm. Interaction effects between witness/bystander CPR with gender, aetiology and initial rhythm and between aetiology and initial rhythm were significant in both models. The survival model achieved better discrimination and overall accuracy compared with the ROSC model (AUC = 0.86 vs. 0.67, Brier score = 0.072 vs. 0.194, respectively). Calibration tests showed over- and under-estimation for the ROSC and survival models, respectively. A sensitivity analysis individually assessing Index of Multiple Deprivation scores and location in the final models substantially improved overall accuracy with inconsistent impact on discrimination. Conclusion Our risk prediction models identified and quantified important pre-EMS intervention factors determining survival outcomes in England. The survival model had excellent discrimination.

The importance of social and environmental factors in determining the health status of a population provides the context for the role of health services in health promotion and disease prevention. Health service providers play important roles as advocates, leaders, and partners in disease prevention and health promotion strategies. The initial sections of this chapter discuss the definition of prevention, levels of prevention, and the place of population-wide and high-risk approaches. It then discusses some of the public health skills that are required in prevention programmes, including assessing needs and priorities, evidence of effectiveness, the role of behavioural and implementation sciences, and the importance of evaluation. The chapter illustrates these principles using examples from communicable and non-communicable disease control.

Introduction\ud \ud This study reports the epidemiology and outcomes from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in England during 2014.\ud \ud Methods\ud \ud Prospective observational study from the national OHCA registry. The incidence, demographic and outcomes of patients who were treated for an OHCA between 1st January 2014 and 31st December 2014 in 10 English ambulance service (EMS) regions, serving a population of almost 54 million, are reported in accordance with Utstein recommendations.\ud \ud Results\ud \ud 28,729 OHCA cases of EMS treated cardiac arrests were reported (53 per 100,000 of resident population). The mean age was 68.6 (SD = 19.6) years and 41.3% were female. Most (83%) occurred in a place of residence, 52.7% were witnessed by either the EMS or a bystander. In non-EMS witnessed cases, 55.2% received bystander CPR whilst public access defibrillation was used rarely (2.3%). Cardiac aetiology was the leading cause of cardiac arrest (60.9%). The initial rhythm was asystole in 42.4% of all cases and was shockable (VF or pVT) in 20.6%. Return of spontaneous circulation at hospital transfer was evident in 25.8% (n = 6302) and survival to hospital discharge was 7.9%.\ud \ud Conclusion\ud \ud Cardiac arrest is an important cause of death in England. With less than one in ten patients surviving, there is scope to improve outcomes. Survival rates were highest amongst those who received bystander CPR and public access defibrillation.

Dear Editor, Those classed as homeless have a greatly reduced life expectancy compared to the population average:at 44 years for men and 42 years for women. New legislation has come into force that gives a powerful tool for emergency front-line staff to break down the cycle of disadvantage and help reduce attendances from this group. Clinicians working in urgent and emergency care settings may well be the first and only health professionals that someone who is homeless see. It must therefore be recognised that this healthcare encounter could be the key opportunity to improve the life course for this person. It is important to note that ‘homelessness’ does …

Objectives: Our objective was to systematically review randomized, controlled trials of fluid resuscitation in animal models of uncontrolled hemorrhage and to explore potential sources of heterogeneity. Methods: We conducted an electronic bibliographic search of published research, reviewed reference lists of included trials, and contacted authors about unpublished studies. We included all unconfounded, randomized, controlled trials of fluid resuscitation (timing, volume, or resuscitation targets) in animal models of uncontrolled hemorrhage. The outcome measure was mortality at the end of the scheduled follow-up period of the trial. Two reviewers independently applied the selection criteria to the trial reports. A third reviewer resolved disagreements. Results: Forty-four trials compared fluid versus no fluid resuscitation. There was marked heterogeneity in the effect of fluid resuscitation on the risk of death, much of which was explained by the hemorrhage model used. In aortic injury models, the adjusted relative risk of death with fluid resuscitation was 0.48 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.33-0.71). In organ incision models, the adjusted relative risk of death was 0.76 (95% CI, 0.49-1.18). In tail resection models, the adjusted relative risk of death was 0.69 (95% CI, 0.38-1.25) if 50% or more was removed and 1.86 (95% CI, 1.13-3.07) if less than 50% was removed. In other vascular injury models, the adjusted relative risk of death with fluid resuscitation was 1.70 (95% CI, 1.01-2.85), respectively. Nine trials compared hypotensive versus normotensive resuscitation. The relative risk of death with hypotensive resuscitation was 0.37 (95% CI, 0.27-0.50). Conclusion: Fluid resuscitation appears to reduce the risk of death in animal models of severe hemorrhage but increases the risk of death in those with less severe hemorrhage. Excessive fluid resuscitation could therefore be harmful in some situations. Hypotensive resuscitation reduced the risk of death in all the trials investigating it. An evaluation of the potential impact of hypotensive resuscitation in humans could now be warranted.

Background Research studies are essential to improving healthcare. However, many fail to recruit their planned number of participants. There are many interventions that researchers try to improve recruitment. Finding which ones are effective would be of benefit to the research community and society. Objectives To quantify the effects of strategies to improve participation in research studies. Search methods We aimed to find all randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials of strategies to improve recruitment to research studies. We searched nine electronic databases and manually searched the reference lists of relevant trials. We assessed the eligibility of each trial using pre-defined criteria. Selection criteria Randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials of methods to increase recruitment in research studies. This includes non-healthcare studies. Studies that required only questionnaire completion were excluded. Data collection and analysis We extracted data on the method evaluated, nature of the population, nature of the study to be recruited into, randomisation or quasi-randomisation method, allocation concealment, numbers and proportions in each arm. We used risk ratios and their 95% confidence intervals to describe the effects in individual trials, and assessed heterogeneity of these ratios between trials. Main results We identified 15 eligible trials, including a total of 33,719 participants. All strategies were aimed at participants for healthcare studies. No strategies were identified at the level of researcher collaborators or ethics committees. Because of heterogeneity between trials and within strategies, the results were not synthesised. Trials of monetary incentives, an additional questionnaire at invitation and treatment information on the consent form demonstrated benefit; these specific interventions from individual trials are not easily generalizable. Authors' conclusions On this evidence, it is not possible to predict the effect most interventions will have on recruitment. Funders and researchers should ensure that the evaluation of recruitment strategies are incorporated into research studies.

In this review, we examine outcomes from using high-frequency ventilation compared with conventional ventilation as therapy for acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome in children and adults. We conducted a systematic search of the literature based on the guidelines of the Cochrane Collaboration. Two trials met the inclusion criteria; one recruited children (n = 58), and the other recruited adults (n = 148). Both trials used a high-frequency oscillatory ventilator as the intervention and included variable use of lung-volume recruitment strategies. The intervention groups showed a trend toward less 30-day mortality (children: relative risk [RR], 0.83; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.43-1.62; adults: RR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.50-1.03), although neither study showed a statistically significant difference. Similarly, there was no statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups for "total length of ventilator days." There was a statistically significant reduction in the risk of requiring supplemental oxygen among survivors at 30 days in the pediatric study (RR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.14-0.93). Overall there is not enough evidence to conclude that high-frequency ventilation reduces mortality or long-term morbidity in patients with acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome. (This review is published as a Cochrane Review in The Cochrane Library 2004, Issue 3. Cochrane Reviews are regularly updated as new evidence emerges and in response to comments and criticisms, and The Cochrane Library should be consulted for the most recent version of the Review.).

To investigate whether hospital mortality of patients was associated with the day of the week or time of admission to intensive care units (ICUs). Cohort study. One hundred two adult, general (mixed medical/surgical) ICUs in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. A total of 56,250 admissions from 1995 to 2000 that fit the inclusion criteria for calculation of the APACHE II probability of hospital mortality. None. Crude and case mix adjusted hospital mortality were examined by day of the week and time of day of admission to ICU. Patients admitted on Saturday and Sunday had higher crude hospital mortality compared with admissions on Wednesday [Saturday crude odds ratio (OR) 1.41, 95% CI 1.32–1.52; Sunday OR 1.56, 1.45–1.68]. The association was still significant after adjustment using the UK APACHE II model (Saturday OR 1.16, 1.1.07–1.26; Sunday OR 1.24, 1.14–1.35) but not after adjustment using individual components of the APACHE II model (Saturday OR 1.03, 0.95–1.12; Sunday OR 1.09, 1.00–1.19). Night admissions were also associated with higher mortality compared with day both before and after adjustment for case mix using the UK APACHE II model (crude OR 1.43, 1.37–1.51; adjusted OR 1.16, 1.10–1.23) but not after adjustment using components of the APACHE II model (OR 1.02, 95% CI 0.96–1.09). After appropriate adjustment for case mix, day of the week and time of day of admission of patients to ICU were not associated with significant differences in hospital mortality.

BACKGROUND: Pedestrians and cyclists account for nearly one in three of all road users killed and seriously injured in road traffic crashes. Late detection of other road users is one of the basic driver failures responsible for collisions. Aids to improve pedestrians and cyclist visibility have been used to avert potential collisions. However, the impact of these strategies on drivers' responses, and on pedestrian and cyclist safety is unknown. OBJECTIVES: 1. To quantify the effect of visibility aids versus no visibility aids, and of different visibility aids on the occurrence of pedestrian and cyclist‐motor vehicle collisions and injuries. 2. To quantify the effect of visibility aids versus no visibility aids, and of different visibility aids on drivers' detection and recognition responses. SEARCH METHODS: Searches were not restricted by date, language or publication status. All electronic databases were searched from date of inception to the most recent date available. We searched CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2009, Issue 2), MEDLINE (Ovid SP), TRANSPORT (to 2007/06), PsycINFO (Ovid SP), PsycEXTRA (Ovid SP), ISI Web of Science: Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) and ISI Web of Science: Conference Proceedings Citation Index‐ Science (CPCI‐S). We searched the reference lists of included trials, contacted authors and searched the websites of relevant transport research organisations. The searches were last updated in May 2009. SELECTION CRITERIA: 1. Randomised controlled trials and controlled before‐and‐after studies of the effect of visibility aids on the occurrence of pedestrian and cyclist‐motor collisions and injuries. 2. Randomised controlled trials of the effect of visibility aids on drivers' detection and recognition responses. This included trials where the order of presentation of visibility aids was randomised or balanced using a Latin Square design. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently screened records, extracted data and assessed trial quality. MAIN RESULTS: We found no trials assessing the effect of visibility aids on pedestrian and cyclist‐motor vehicle collisions and injuries. To date we have identified 42 trials assessing the effect of visibility aids on drivers' responses. Fluorescent materials in yellow, red and orange colours improve detection and recognition in the daytime. For night‐time visibility, lamps, flashing lights and retroreflective materials in red and yellow colours increase detection and recognition. Retroreflective materials enhance recognition, in particular when arranged in a 'biomotion' configuration, taking advantage of the motion from a pedestrian's limbs. Substantial heterogeneity between and within the trials limited the possibility for meta‐analysis. Summary statistics and descriptive summaries of the outcomes were presented for individual trials when appropriate. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Visibility aids have the potential to increase visibility and enable drivers to detect pedestrians and cyclists earlier. Biomotion markings, which highlight the movement and form of the pedestrian, showed evidence of improving pedestrians' conspicuity at night. Public acceptability of various effective strategies which improve visibility would merit further development. However, the effect of visibility aids on pedestrian and cyclist safety remains unknown. A cluster randomised controlled trial involving large communities may provide an answer to this question. It would, however, be a challenging trial to conduct. Studies that collect data of road traffic injuries relating to the use of visibility aids also warrant consideration.

This study aims to quantify the effect of visibility aids on the occurrence of pedestrian and cyclist-motor vehicle collisions and injuries, and drivers' responses in detection and recognition. Trial reports were systematically reviewed according to predefined eligibility criteria, including randomised controlled trials or controlled before-and-after trials comparing visibility aids and no visibility aids, and of different visibility aids on pedestrian and cyclist safety, and drivers' responses in detection and recognition. This included trials in which the order of interventions was randomised, or balanced using a Latin square design. Two reviewers independently assessed validity of trials and abstracted data. The main outcome measures were pedestrian and cyclist-motor vehicle collisions and injuries, and drivers'/observers' responses in the detection and recognition time, distance and frequency. No trials which assessed the effect of visibility aids on pedestrian and cyclist-motor vehicle collisions and injuries were identified. Twelve trials examined the effectiveness of daytime visibility aids and 25 trials on night time visibility aids, including 882 participants. Drivers' and observers' detection and recognition improved with visibility aids. For daytime, fluorescent materials in yellow, red and orange colours enhanced detection and recognition. "Biomotion" markings enhanced recognition. Substantial heterogeneity between the trials limits the possibility for meta-analysis. Visibility aids have the potential to improve detection and recognition and would merit further development to gain public acceptance. However, the impact of visibility aids on pedestrian and cyclist safety is unknown and needs to be determined.

The effects of thyroid hormone deficiency in utero on the fetal glucogenic capacity were investigated by measuring glucose production and hepatic levels of glycogen and gluconeogenic enzymes in normal sheep fetuses in the fed and fasted states during late gestation and in those made thyroid hormone deficient by fetal thyroidectomy (TX). In the fed state, fetal TX had no effect on glucose uptake, utilisation or production by the fetus. It also had no apparent effect on the glycogen content or activities of the key gluconeogenic enzymes in the fetal liver. In addition, fetal plasma concentrations of insulin, cortisol, adrenaline or noradrenaline were unaffected by fetal TX in the fed state. In contrast, the rates of fetal O(2) consumption and CO(2) production per kilogram fetal bodyweight were significantly lower in TX than in intact fetuses in the fed state (P

We are currently living through a period of substantial political uncertainty, and many of us are facing an unquantifiable risk of terrorist action, but would however have to deal with the consequences of any such action. Terrorists have demonstrated a sophisticated ability to produce high mortality "spectaculars", thus far with conventional weaponry. We are advised that we face challenges from non-conventional weaponry such as the deliberate release of chemical, biological or nuclear material. However, given recent intelligence and political failure, the confidence that we can place on such advice is uncertain. Several factors do however seem clear: for many of us the risks of attack have unequivocally increased; our previous major incident plans were designed for an out of date paradigm, and need revising; and the revision of our plans provide us with the opportunity for a thorough review of how we would deal with man-made or natural disasters. Health care systems are now very complex, and when events render such complexity impossible, we need to be sure that we can function with externally imposed simplicity.