Search

Blue sharks

Among other circumstances relevant to maritime delimitations, some States have recently used the protection of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) as grounds for advancing jurisdictional or sovereignty claims over different maritime areas. After identifying the contours of current international law governing that heritage, this book critically addresses: first, the generally limited use of archaeological heritage in territorial claims; second, the broad acceptance by States of ‘archaeological maritime zones’ that overlap with declared contiguous zones; and, third, the (mis)use of UCH and underwater archaeology in three still disputed maritime claims, namely, Canada’s claim in Arctic waters, China’s in the South China Sea, and Russia’s in Crimea and its surrounding waters. Legal and ethical issues related to underwater archaeology are also discussed.

Each individual cetacean is an ecosystem itself, potentially harboring a great variety of animals that travel with it. Despite being often despised or overlooked, many of these epizoites have been proven to be suitable bio-indicators of their cetacean hosts, informing on health status, social interactions, migration patterns, population structure or phylogeography. Moreover, epizoites are advantageous over internal parasites in that many of them can be detected by direct observation (e.g., boat surveys), thus no capture or dissection of cetaceans are necessary. Previous reviews of epizoites of cetaceans have focused on specific geographical areas, cetacean species or epibiotic taxa, but fall short to include the increasing number of records and scientific findings about these animals. Here we present an updated review of all records of associations between cetaceans and their epibiotic fauna (i.e., commensals, ecto- or mesoparasites, and mutualists). We gathered nearly 500 publications and found a total of 58 facultative or obligate epibiotic taxa from 11 orders of arthropods, vertebrates, cnidarians, and a nematode that are associated to the external surface of 66 cetacean species around the globe. We also provide information on the use as an indicator species in the literature, if any, and about other relevant traits, such as geographic range, host specificity, genetic data, and life-cycle. We encourage researchers, not only to provide quantitative data (i.e., prevalence, abundance) on the epizoites they find on cetaceans, but also to inform on their absence. The inferences drawn from epizoites can greatly benefit conservation plans of both cetaceans and their epizoites.

Antarctic minke whales,Balaenoptera bonaerensis, breed in tropical and temperate waters of the Southern Hemisphere in winter and feed in Antarctic grounds in the austral summer. These seasonal migrations could be less defined than those of other whale species, but the evidence is scanty. We quantitatively describe the epibiotic fauna of Antarctic minke whales and explore its potential to trace migrations. Seven species were found on 125 out of 333 examined Antarctic minke whales captured during the last Antarctic NEWREP-A expedition in the Southern Ocean: the amphipodBalaenocyamus balaenopterae(prevalence = 22.2%), the copepodPennella balaenoptera(0.6%); three coronulid, obligate barnacles,Xenobalanus globicipitis(11.1%),Coronula reginae(8.7%),C. diadema(0.9%); and two lepadid, facultative barnacles,Conchoderma auritum(9.0%) andC. virgatum(0.3%). Species with prevalence > 8% exhibited a modest increase in their probability of occurrence with whale body length. Data indicated positive associations between coronulid barnacles and no apparent recruitment in Antarctic waters.All specimens ofX. globicipitiswere dead, showing progressive degradation throughout the sampling period, and a geographic analysis indicated a marked drop of occurrence where the minimum sea surface temperature is X. globicipitis, on whales in the Southern Ocean could evince seasonal migration. Future investigations on geographical distribution, growth rate, and degradation (forX. globicipitis) could also assist in timing whales’ migration.

Brewers spent grain (BSG) is the largest by-product originated from the brewery industry with a high potential for producing carbohydrases by solid-state fermentation. This work aimed to test the efficacy of a carbohydrases-rich extract produced from solid-state fermentation of BSG, to enhance the digestibility of a plant-based diet for European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). First, BSG was fermented with A. ibericus to obtain an aqueous lyophilized extract (SSF-BSG extract) and incorporated in a plant-based diet at increasing levels (0control; 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4%). Another diet incorporating a commercial carbohydrases-complex (0.04%; Natugrain; BASF) was formulated. Then, all diets were tested in in vitro and in vivo digestibility assays. In vitro assays, simulating stomach and intestine digestion in European seabass, assessed dietary phosphorus, phytate phosphorus, carbohydrates, and protein hydrolysis, as well as interactive effects between fish enzymes and dietary SSF-BSG extract. After, an in vivo assay was carried out with European seabass juveniles fed selected diets (0control; 0.1%, and 0.4%). In vitro digestibility assays showed that pentoses release increased 45% with 0.4% SSF-BSG extract and 25% with Natugrain supplemented diets, while amino acids release was not affected. A negative interaction between endogenous fish enzymes and SSF-BSG extract was observed in both diets. The in vivo digestibility assay corroborated in vitro data. Accordingly, the dietary supplementation with 0.4% SSF-BSG increased the digestibility of dry matter, starch, cellulose, glucans, and energy and did not affect protein digestibility. The present work showed the high potential of BSG to produce an added-value functional supplement with high carbohydrases activity and its potential contribution to the circular economy by improving the nutritional value of low-cost and sustainable ingredients that can be included in aquafeeds. © 2021, The Author(s)., Te authors thank UNICER, a sof-drink company (Porto, Portugal), for providing the brewer’s spent grain used in this study. Tis study was supported by the project “SPO3-Development of innovative sustainable protein and omega-3 rich feedstufs for aquafeeds, from local agro-industrial by-products”, reference POCI-01- 0145-FEDER-030377, funded by European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) and by strategic funding of UIDB/04423/2020 by UIDB/04469/2020 unit, the BioTecNorte operation (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004) through national funds provided by FCT, and under the scope of the strategic funding of UIDB/04469/2020 unit. Te H.F. and C.C were supported by grants SFRH/BD/131219/2017 and SFRH/BPD/114942/2016, respectively, from FCT, MCTES, FSE, and UE under the North Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE2020). José Manuel Salgado was supported by Beatriz Galindo contract of Ministry of Education (Spain)., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Issue/problem Leptospirosis is an endemic disease which is mandatorily notifiable in Spain. It is associated with occupational activities in which workers come into contact with rat urine. In our region, this disease's rates of prevalence and incidence are highest among red swamp crayfish collectors (Procambarus clarkii) (RSCC). The increase in outbreaks of leptospirosis over the last 7 years has motivated us to design and implement a Clinical Practice Guide (CPG) for health workers, informational material for the general population, and ID cards and specific information aimed at RSCCs, as a means of reducing the incidence rate. The guide may also serve as a useful tool in other regions and countries with activities associated with Leptospira-infected wetlands. Description of the problem The material we have designed is the result of a research project funded by the Consejería de Salud de Andalucía to identify leptospirosis incidence, prevalence, and risk factors among wetland RSCCs. Hardly any CPGs or informational material exist about this disease. The GPC and the educational material designed may be very useful in other environments with a high risk of leptospirosis. Results Prevalence of the disease was higher among RSCCs than among the general population (9.8% vs 3.1%) (OR: 3.4; CI 95%: 1.1-12.7) and accumulated incidence was 17.4%. Less than half of the workers adopted appropriate individual preventive measures. Lessons The risk of contracting leptospirosis is 3.4 times greater for the RSCC population than it is for the general population. Early detection and antibiotic therapy prevent aggravation of the disease in serious cases and may even prevent deaths. Education and the promotion of preventive measures among RSCCs reduces the risk of infection. The training of health professionals and the design of decision algorithms shorten and improve the quality of treatment for leptospirosis patients. Key messages Early detection and antibiotic therapy reduce the incidence of severe forms of leptospirosis. The material designed will help the risk population to adopt preventive measures and seek medical attention.

Species of Anisakis typically infect the stomach of cetaceans worldwide, often causing ulcerative lesions that may compromise the host's health. These nematodes also cause anisakiasis or allergic reactions in humans. To assess the risks of this emerging zoonosis, data on long-term changes in Anisakis infections in cetaceans are necessary. Here, we compare the prevalence and severity of ulcerative lesions caused by Anisakis spp. in five cetacean species stranded along the north-west Spanish coast in 2017-2018 with published data from 1991-1996. Open ulcers were found in 32/43 short-beaked common dolphins, Delphinus delphis; 3/5 striped dolphins, Stenella coeruleoalba; 1/7 bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus; and 1/3 harbour porpoises, Phocoena phocoena meridionalis; a single individual of long-finned pilot whale, Globicephala melas, was found uninfected. In common dolphins, the mean abundance of open ulcers per host was 1.1 (95% confidence interval: 0.8-1.3), with a maximum diameter (mean ± standard deviation) of 25.4 ± 16.9 mm. Stomachs with scars or extensive fibrosis putatively associated with Anisakis were detected in 14 and five animals, respectively. A molecular analysis based on the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase II gene using 18 worms from three cetacean species revealed single or mixed infections of Anisakis simplex sensu stricto and Anisakis pegreffii. Compared with the period 1991-1996, we found a strong increase of prevalence, abundance and extension of ulcerative lesions in most cetacean species. Anisakis populations could have increased in the study area over the last decades, although we cannot rule out that a higher environmental stress has also boosted the pathological effects of these parasites.

Spain has just declared a new marine protected area in the Mediterranean. This follows a protective trend taken by Spanish authorities during the last decades and has permitted Spain to honour its international compromises under the Convention on Biological Diversity. It contributes to a framework of protected areas established under conventional regimes such as OSPAR, RAMSAR or EU Natura 2000. The new area protects a ‘cetacean corridor’ and will be inscribed in the list of Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance under the Barcelona Convention regional framework.

In the standard AK growth model we introduce the threat of an ecological catastrophe and study the consequences for the economic variables in the long-run. We extend the basic framework by considering two environmental externalities: the first one is local and gives account of the marginal damage from emissions flow; the second one is aggregate, or global, and relates to the extreme damage which may happen if the accumulated stock of pollutants is on the threshold of a worldwide catastrophe. In this context dominated by market failures, we focus on the socially optimal solution and the search of conditions for sustainability. We identify the efficient balanced growth path, which may even show a singularity with trajectories truncating and changing course. In short, with respect to the economy’s long-run performance, we study how environment matters in different ways and at different stages, giving conditions to prevent the catastrophe and preserve (a lower) sustained growth. This paper may also be read as a clear and rigorous example of an optimal control problem involving a pure state-space constraint.

Se realiza una revisión de las diferentes pruebas de laboratorio empleadas para el control de la terapéutica anticoagulante. Se hace especial hincapié en el estudio del trombotest de Owren. Se precisan las particularidades del mismo, técnica, valoración y otros aspectos. Se exponen las ventajas de este test sobre otros empleados hasta ahora.

Se ha realizado la valoración estadística del trombotest de Owren basándose en más de 600 determinaciones del mismo. Se llega a las siguientes conclusiones: 1ª Operando con sangres normales, la exactitud de la técnica es grande, ya que el margen de variación no sobrepasa un segundo. 2.ª A medida que los valores del trombotest van aumentando, el error de la técnica aumenta, llegando a ser el margen de variación de 4 segundos cuando los valores del trombotest alcanzan 80 segundos, aproximadamente. 3.ª Con reactivos congelados se pueden obtener resultados valorables, ya que se comportan como si fueran recientes. La congelación debe ser a menos 25º C. 4.ª A 4º C. el reactivo del trombotest no se conserva en condiciones de ser usado de nuevo. 5.ª Las muestras de sangre se conservan perfectamente durante 36 horas a partir del momento en que se practicaba la extracción. Después de 48 horas, los valores del Trombotest se acortan sensiblemente, por lo que creemos que pasado este período de tiempo, la muestra de sangre no se halla en condiciones de ser usada.

Los aa. han estudiado la adhesividad plaquetar "in vivo" por medio de un método simple, fácilmente realizable en un laboratorio corriente. Consiste en practicar recuentos de plaquetas en sangre venosa y capilar y ver las diferencias numéricas existentes entre ambas. Normalmente estas diferencias oscilan entre 50.000/mm3 y 180.000/mm3, con una disminución porcentual que varía entre 18,1 y 51,4 por 100. Asimismo se observa una disminución progresiva de las plaquetas en las sucesivas gotas que fluyen de la misma herida. Dicha disminución igualmente está en relación con la propiedad de los trombocitos de adherirse entre sí y a la superficie de la herida, con la finalidad de coartar la hemorragia por medio de la formación del tapón hemostático. Durante las investigaciones practicadas se han observado dos casos, caracterizados clínicamente por una púrpura de origen vasculo plaquetar, en los cuales la adhesividad trombocítica estaba francamente disminuida. Basándose en los resultados obtenidos, se ha puesto en evidencia el hecho de que si se quiere realizar un recuento exacto de plaquetas en sangre periférica, conviene hacer las determinaciones sobre la primera gota de sangre que se obtiene después de practicada la incisión.

1. Se estudiaron 30 sujetos considerados normales con la técnica del tiempo de hemorragia secundario, a fin de valorar la misma, habiéndose conseguido unas cifras que oscilaron entre 0 y 5 min. 30 seg. 2. Se investigaron las variaciones del mismo en un grupo de 4 hemofílicos, cuyos tiempos de hemorragia primarios fueron normales. Se obtuvieron unos tiempos de hemorragia secundarios de 9, 12 y 14 min., resultados, como se ve, francamente alterados: lo que nos parece de interés como dato coadyuvante para el diagnóstico de los estados hemofílicos. 3. Asimismo se estudiaron 10 sujetos sometidos a la administración de Sintrom y en los que se pudo comprobar un manifiesto alargamiento de los tiempos de hemorragia primario y secundario tras la administración del mismo. Se estudia el mecanismo fisiopatológico de estas anomalías.

Los autores presentan un caso de cloroma en un niño de ocho años, diagnosticado once meses después del comienzo de la enfermedad. Actualmente se considera el cloroma como una variedad de tumor mieloblástico. El color de las masas tumorales es debido a la verdeperoxidasa. Parece demostrado que la porfirina forma parte de la molécula del fermento.

Background:Axial involvement in patients diagnosed of Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) in variable in previous studies. Axial involvement (according GRAPPA criteria) is based upon inflammatory spinal symptoms pain with loss of lumbar mobility and the presence of radiological sacroiliitis and other radiographic signs of spondylitis in patients with PsA.Objectives:Evaluate the prevalence of axial involvement in PsA an their clinical features.Methods:All patients included in the monographic PsA consultation database of our second level hospital were analyzed. Demographic, clinical and analytical variables were collected. Statistical analysis was performed using SPPSS v.25Results:We included 145 patients with PsA (fulfilling CASPAR criteria) with a mean age at diagnosis of 45,4 (±13) years and time of evolution of the disease 9,3 (±6,2) years. The proportion of the affectation types were: peripheral 94 (64,8%), mixta 31 (21,4%) and axial 20 (13,8%). Therefore, 51 (35,2%) patients meet criteria for axial involvement, of with 31 (21,4%) also had associated peripheral involvement. Table 1 shows the differences between patients with and without axial disease. Axial involvement was higher in males than women [OR=2,3 (1,1-4,7), p=0,023]. HLAB27, determined in 106 patients, was more prevalent in axial PsA than in exclusive peripheral patients, 35% and 4,5% respectively [OR=11,3 (3,0-42,7), p25) less frequently than peripheral disease [OR=0,4 (0,2-0,8), p=0,01)]. We didn’t find any differences in other comorbidities (arterial hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipemia, hyperuricemia, ischemic heart disease, depression) between patines with axial or peripheral disease.TABLE 1.Differences between axial and peripheral patternsWith axial involvement, n=51Without axial involvement, n=94OR (IC 95%)p valueAge at diagnosis, years (SD)44,6 (±13,3)45,9 (±12,8)0,6Time of evolution, years (SD)10 (±6,8)8,9 (±5,8)0,3Men, n (%)36 (42,9%)48 (57,1%)2,3 (1,1-4,7)0,02HLAB27, n (%)14 (82,4%)3 (17,6%)11,3 (3,0-42,7)Skin Psoriasis, n (%)47 (36,4%)82 (63,6%)1,7 (0,5-5,6)0,4Onicopathy, n (%)11 (26,2%)31 (73,8%)0,6 (0,2-1,2)0,1Dactilytis, n (%)9 (32,1%)19 (67,9%)0,8 (0,3-2,0)0,7Enthesitis, n (%)13 (44,8%)16 (55,2%)1,7 (0,7-3,8)0,2Uveitis, n (%)2 (66,7%)1 (33,3%)3,8 (0,3-42,9)0,2Inflammatory bowel disease, n (%)2 (66,7%)1 (33,3%)3,8 (0,3-42,9)0,2Hyperlipemia, n (%)27 (31%)60 (69%)0,6 (0,3-1,3)0,2BMI >25, n (%)22 (26,5%)61 (73,5%)0,4 (0,2-0,8)0,01Hypertension, n (%)18 (39,1%)28 (60,9%)1,3 (0,6-2,6)0,5Hyperuricemia, n (%)16 (39%)25 (61%)1,3 (0,6-2,7)0,5Smokers, n (%)13 (50%)13 (50%)2,1 (0,9-5,0)0,08Ischemic heart disease, n (%)8 (53,3%)7 (46,7%)2,3 (0,8-6,8)0,1Depression, n (%)7 (30,4%)16 (69,6%)0,8 (0,3-2,0)0,6Diabetes, n (%)7 (30,4%)20 (74,1%)0,6 (0,2-1,5)0,3Conclusion:Prevalence of axial involvement in our cohort (35,2%) is found within the data reported in other studies (25-70%). Nevertheless, we found less prevalence of HLAB27 positive than other reports. Patients with HLAB27 positive, dactylitis or uveitis are diagnosed at earlier ages.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS) is a capital issue for the majority of aviation actors nowadays. The integration of RPAS is an extremely demanding task that must be tackled by multiple standpoints: economic, social, technological or environmental among others. U-space is the answer from Europe to design the operation of multiple and different types of RPAS. U-space is a set of novel services designed to support efficient, safe and secure access to airspace, from the very low level to the upper airspace. This paper focuses on the terminal airspace to design the operational concept for the integration of RPAS in conjunction with conventional aircraft and general aviation. This work develops a holistic methodology to analyse the way RPAS integration affect crucial factors and tries to bring to the light different issues that can frustrate their integration. First, we focus on detailing the requirements specified by RPAS legislation. Second, all the requirements are gathered into different categories to perform further analysis. The categorisation identifies navigation, communication, surveillance, air traffic management and control, and safety as crucial categories (security is out of the scope of this study). The results provide for each category a proposal about how to solve the integration and implementation of RPAS in a TMA.

espanolLas nociones de derechos preferentes e intereses de los estados no son ajenas al derecho internacional general o al derecho del mar y, como hipotesis, existe una tendencia sutil y plausible de preferir los ultimos a los primeros al abordar el regimen juridico de los bienes comunes globales. Considerando el patrimonio cultural subacuatico (PCS) entre estos bienes comunes, este articulo analiza como construir un regimen juridico que proteja el PCS abandonando progresivamente la presencia de derechos y su sustitucion por la nocion de interes. Una busqueda de los titulares de este interes y su identificacion in casu a traves de la nocion revisada de vinculo verificable, el contenido y el alcance de sus capacidades juridicas y las responsabilidades que los actores interesados puedan tener (particularmente los Estados), y el regimen juridico que rige todos estos temas son el proposito de estas paginas. Este articulo discutira primero la nocion de derecho preferente como se usa en el derecho internacional y el derecho del mar, en general, seguido por el estudio de la presencia y proyeccion de esa nocion en los instrumentos juridicos internacionales actuales que rigen el PCS. Se seguira el mismo esquema de analisis cuando se aborde la nocion del interes juridico y su desempeno como un concepto operativo tanto a nivel general del derecho internacional como en el derecho del mar para, mas adelante, estudiar como esta nocion puede estar creando una nueva estructura de analisis para la proteccion del PCS. EnglishThe notions of preferential right and interest of states are not alien to general international law or the law of the sea and, as hypothesis, there is a subtle and plausible trend to prefer the later before the former when addressing the legal regime of global commons. Considering the underwater cultural heritage (UCH) as a possible component among these commons, this article discusses how to build up a legal regime protecting UCH progressively abandoning the presence of rights and its substitution by the notion of interest. A quest for the holders of this interest and their identification in casu through the revisited notion of verifiable link, the content and extent of their legal capacities and the responsibilities these stakeholders may have ⎯particularly states⎯, and the legal regime governing all these issues are the purpose of these pages. This article will discuss first the notion of preferential right as used in international law and the law of the sea, in general, followed by the study of the presence and projection of that notion in current international legal texts governing UCH. The same scheme of analysis will be followed when addressing the notion of legal interest and its performance as an operative concept both at the general level of international law and the law of the sea and, later, how this notion may be creating a new legal and political canvas for the protection of UCH.

A detailed list of acanthocephalans from Argentina was generated based on 205 published records. The list includes 52 named and 35 undetermined species of Acanthocephala infecting 6 species of invertebrate (2 amphipods, 3 decapods and 1 insect) and 155 species of vertebrate (one cartilaginous fish, 95 bony fishes, 10 amphibians, 3 reptiles, 13 birds and 33 mammals) host species in the Argentinean territory. The present list contains information on the invertebrate and vertebrate host(s), site of infection, developmental stage and locality(ies) of the acanthocephalans listed and references. For some species of acanthocephalans, information about repositories of the type material, voucher specimens, and DNA sequences of individual taxa are also presented. Finally, a host-Acanthocephala list is also provided. The data compiled revealed considerable gaps in the knowledge of the diversity, taxonomy, distribution, and life cycles of the acanthocephalans from Argentina.

In this study, 542 individual fish from 20 species from the Patagonian continental shelf of Argentina were examined for acanthocephalans. A total of 1,547 acanthocephalans belonging to 5 species were collected from 18 species of fish. Adult forms were represented by 2 species: Aspersentis johni ( Baylis, 1929 ) (Heteracanthocephalidae) from longtail southern cod, Patagonotothen ramsayi (Regan) (new host record), and Breizacanthus aznari Hernández-Orts, Alama-Bermejo, Crespo, García, Raga and Montero, 2012 (Arhythmacanthidae) from raneya, Raneya brasiliensis (Kaup). Immature worms of B. aznari were also collected from the intestine of pink cusk-eel, Genypterus blacodes (Forster) (new host record). Cystacanths of 3 species of Corynosoma Lühe, 1904 (Polymorphidae) were found encapsulated in the mesenteries of fish. Corynosoma australe Johnston, 1937 was the most abundant acanthocephalan in our study, infecting 18 species of fish and accounting for89.9% of all specimens collected. A cystacanth of Corynosoma bullosum (Linstow, 1892) was found in "castañeta", Nemadactylus bergi (Norman) (new host record), and cystacanths of Corynosoma cetaceum Johnston and Best, 1942 were collected from red searobin, Prionotus nudigula Ginsburg, and flounders Paralichthys isosceles Jordan (new host record) and Xystreurys rasile (Jordan). The Patagonian shelf of Argentina represents a new locality record for A. johni and C. bullosum. This survey is a starting point for understanding the diversity of marine acanthocephalans in Patagonian waters.

On the 10-year anniversary of the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells, we review the main results from their various fields of application, the obstacles encountered during experimentation and the potential applications in clinical practice. The efficacy of induced pluripotent cells in clinical experimentation can be equated to that of human embryonic stem cells; however, unlike stem cells, induced pluripotent cells do not involve the severe ethical difficulties entailed by the need to destroy human embryos to obtain them. The finding of these cells, which was in its day a true scientific milestone worthy of a Nobel Prize in Medicine, is currently enveloped by light and shadow: high hopes for regenerative medicine versus the, as of yet, poorly controlled risks of unpredictable reactions, both in the processes of dedifferentiation and subsequent differentiation to the cell strains employed for therapeutic or experimentation goals.

On the 10-year anniversary of the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells, we review the main results from their various fields of application, the obstacles encountered during experimentation and the potential applications in clinical practice. The efficacy of induced pluripotent cells in clinical experimentation can be equated to that of human embryonic stem cells; however, unlike stem cells, induced pluripotent cells do not involve the severe ethical difficulties entailed by the need to destroy human embryos to obtain them. The finding of these cells, which was in its day a true scientific milestone worthy of a Nobel Prize in Medicine, is currently enveloped by light and shadow: high hopes for regenerative medicine versus the, as of yet, poorly controlled risks of unpredictable reactions, both in the processes of dedifferentiation and subsequent differentiation to the cell strains employed for therapeutic or experimentation goals.

Se ha estudiado en 10 enfermos, no afectos de hepatopatías, ni de nefropatías, y con ausencia de trastornos de la coagulación o hemostasia, el efecto de la terapéutica anticoagulante con derivados cumarínicos. Ello se hizo midiendo la actividad de los diversos factores. Las caídas más profundas se observaron al 4º día, y afectaron a los factores VII, IX y X. El trombotest de Owren, que muestra en su caída un marcado paralelismo con el IX, se ha mostrado como eficaz elemento de control. Se discuten asimismo los niveles ideales y perjudiciales en la terapéutica anticoagulante.

Los autores han estudiado el Test de Generación de Tromboplastina, usando diversos sustitutivos de las plaquetas en la realización del mismo. Estos han sido: Asolecitin (un fosfolípido procedente de la simiente de soja), cefalina animal y un liofilizado de plaquetas de origen comercial. Con todos ellos han obtenido buenos resultados, cuando se usan en la concentración adecuada, que para el Asolecitin es de 0,25 mgrs. por ml. de solvente y para la Cefalina de 0,12 mgrs., es decir, a una concentración aproximada de 1/8.000. El liofilizado plaquetar da resultados idóneos cuando se diluye una ampolla con 5 ml. de agua destilada. Tanto el Asolecitin como la cefalina se conservan bien, una vez practicada la dilución de los mismos, a 4º C. durante un mes como mínimo.

Sustainability and optimality are the two main issues discussed in environmental economics and economic growth theory. This paper studies economic growth in the presence of two environmental externalities. The first one is local and gives account of the marginal damage from the emissions flow. The second one is aggregate, or global, and relates to the extreme damage which may happen if the accumulated stock of pollutants is on the threshold of a worldwide catastrophe. In this context, the decentralized equilibrium is inefficient and economic growth unsustainable. However, we find and completely characterize the socially optimal equilibrium, which shows that sustained growth is feasible along the balanced path. Efficiency alone is not sufficient for sustainability, but Pareto optimality is necessary to produce sustainable outcomes. According to our results, the sustainability of the optimal sustained long-run growth depends on environmental constraints, production and abatement technologies, individual preferences, and population dynamics. This means that government has a clear incentive for intervention by means of direct and indirect policies. These ones cover the usual Pigouvian taxes and subsidies, the setting of emission standards, and the public provision of abatement. Moreover, the government can promote eco-efficiency in the use of materials, implement information campaigns that influence social preferences for environmental conservation, or even put into action population controls and other measures that encourage the demographic transition.

Background:The estimated prevalece of osteporosis in lumbar spine in women over 50 years is around 22.8% of the general population. In women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoporosis (OP) is more prevalent and begins at earlier ages.Objectives:The aim of this study is to assess the effect of different risk factors in the development of OP in women with RA.Methods:This is an observational study in women diagnosed of RA according ACR criteria 1987 and 2010, in order to know the influence of different clinical features in the development of OP. Between 2013 and 2109 we offer all women diagnosed of RA to participate in the study and perform an BMD (GE Lunar Prodigy®). SPSS25 was used for statistical analysis.Results:We enrolled 295 women with RA. Mean age 62,4 (± 11,6) years old and average duration of the disease of 118,3 (±98,8) months. Table 1 shows the clinical features of the studied population. BMD was normal in 66 woman (22,4%), therefore 229 (77,6%) y 85 (28,8%) had BMD values less than -1 y -2.5, respectively in femoral neck and/or lumbar spine. Major risk fracture and hip risk fracture (FRAX DMO) was hight in 49,2 y 40,2% of the RA patients, of which almost 15% had a fracture [OR 7,6 (3,1-18,9) pTable 1.Clinical featuresAge RA, years (SD)52,54 (13,21)Height, cm (SD)153,72 (7,54)Weight, kg (SD)70,04 (14,39)Smokers, n (%)33 (11,3)OH-vit D2 21 (7,8)RF +, n (%)219 (76,6)ACPA +, n (%)187 (65,4%)Corticosteroids, n (%)191 (64,7%)Biologics treatment, n (%)75 (25,4%)MBD normal66 (22,4%)MBD lumbar spine CL 175 (59,3%)MBD femoral neck 192 (65,8%)MBD lumbar spine 60 (20,5%)MBD femoral neck 55 (18,8%)Fractures, n (%)43 (14,7%)Major risk fracture (FRAX), n (%)125 (49,2%)Femoral head risk fracture (FRAX), n (%)102 (40,2%)Conclusion:OP and fragility fractures occur earlier and higher in women with RA. BD T-score in femoral neck seems to be the best predictor of fracture.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

Background:Cardiovascular diseases are more prevalent in inflammatory arthritis, such as psoriatic arthropathy (PsA), than in general population. An increase in the presence of anxiety-depressive disorders has been also described in patients with psoriatic disease.Objectives:To assess the prevalence of comorbilities in a cohort of patient with PsA, especially cardiovascular events and anxiety-depression disorders.Methods:Observational, cross- sectional study of a cohort of patients with PsA from a monographic clinical unit in a rheumatology department to describe the presence of comorbidities: hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipemia, hyperuricemia, smoking, obesity, depression and isquemic heart disease (IHD). The comorbidities were analyzed according to the type of disease: peripheral, mixed and axial involvement. For statistical analysis SPSS v.25 was used.Results:We included 145 patients: 84 men and 61 women. The mean age at diagnosis was 45,4 (± 12,9) years, and the mean time of evolution was 9.3 (± 6,2) years. No significant difference between genders was observed.Peripheral involvement was observed in 94 (64,8%), mixed 31 (21,4%) and axial involvement in 20 (13,8%). We did not find any differences between gender for peripheral and axial pattern, however 31% of men versus 8,2% of women presented a mixed pattern. [OR=5 (1,8-14), p= 0,001].The most common comorbidities founded were hyperlipemia, overweight and arterial hypertension. Table 1 shows all the comorbidities studied and their distribution by pattern.Patients with mixed involvement had a higher proportion of smokers [OR=2,9 (1,2-7,3), p=0,02] and a tendency to higher IHD [OR=2,8 (0,9-8,6), p=0,06].Overweight was significantly lower in axial pattern patients [OR=0,4 (0,2-0,8), p=0,01] and higher in the peripheral ones [OR=1,5 (1,1-2,1), p=0,01].IHD was prevalent in patients of our cohort (10,3%), it was significantly higher in men than in women [OR=12 (1,5-93,9), p=0,003], and more likely in mixed involvement (19,4%).Males with PsA also developed hyperuricemia more frequently [OR=6,5 (2,5-16,9), pConclusion:In our cohort, a high prevalence of comorbidities was found, especially hyperlipemia, metabolic syndrome and IHD. In general, overweight (BMI > 25) was very common and was associated to a peripheral disease while the axial disease showed as a protective factor.Table 1.Comorbilities in patterns of disease.PsA (n=145)Peripheral disease (n=94)Mixed disease(n=31)Axial disease(n=20)Age at diagnosis, year (DE)45,4 (±13)45,7 (±12,9)45 (±13)43,9 (±13,8)Time of evolution, years (DE)9,3 (±6,2)9,6 (±6,5)8,6 (±5,4)7,3 (±2,9)Men, n (%)84 (57,9%)48 (51,1%)26 (83,9%)10 (50%)Women n (%)61 (42,1%)46 (48,9%)5 (16,1%)10 (50%)Hyperlipemia, n (%)87 (60%)60 (63,8%)17 (54,8%)10 (50%)BMI >25, n (%)83 (57,2%)61 (64,9%)15 (48,4%)7 (35%)Hypertension, n (%)46 (31,7%)28 (29,8%)13 (41,9%)5 (25%)Hyperuricemia, n (%)41 (28,3%)25 (26,6%)11 (35,5%)5 (25%)Diabetes, n (%)27 (18,6%)20 (21,3%)6 (19,4%)1 (5%)Smokers, n (%)26 (17,9%)13 (13,8%)10 (32,3%)3 (15%)Depression, n (%)23 (15,9%)16 (17%)6 (19,4%)1 (5%)Metabolic syndrome n (%)23 (15,9%)15 (16%)5 (16%)3 (15%)IHD, n (%)15 (10,3%)7 (7,4%)6 (19,4%)2 (10%)Disclosure of Interests:None declared

Background:Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is associated with low bone density and hight risk fracture compared to general population.Objectives:The aim of this study is to assess the effect of some variables on fragility fractures in patients with RA.Methods:We perform an observational study in a cohort of patients diagnosed of RA according to 1987 and 2010 ACR criteria, to determine the frequency of osteoporotic fractures and associated clinical and densitometric variables. All patients diagnosed of RA were invited to participate in the study between 2013 and 2019, and to perform BMD DXA (GELunarProdigy®). SPSS25 was used to compare variables between patients with fracture and without fracture.Results:376 patients with RA were included (78,7% women), mean age 63,3 (±13,2) years old and a mean of evolution of the RA of 118,7(±96,7) months at the moment the BMD was performed. We found bone fracture in 47 (12,6%) patients. Fractures were associated to female gender (OR: 2,93 (1,08-7,93); p=0,02), lower height and weight (pTable 1 shows the characteristics and differences between patients with and without fragility fractures. Women presented high risk of osteoporosis in lumbar spine [OR=3,89(1,46-10,37); p=0,002] than men, but any differences between gender were found in BMD of femoral neck. Of the fractured patients, BMD T-score was normal in 2 (4,3%), Table 1.CharacteristicsPatients with fractures (n=47)Patients without fractures (n=327)OR (IC 95%); p valueFemales43 (14,7%)250 (85,3%)2,9 (1,1-7,8); p=0,02Age67,7 (±10,6)62,7 (±11,6)P=0,005Height152,4 (±9,4)157,3 (±8,8)P=0,001Weight66,2 (±16)73,3 (±14,4)P=0,003Smokers8 (12,1%)58 (87,9%)0,9 (0,4-2,1) p=0,89RF (+)35 (12,2%)252 (87,8%)0,9 (0,4-1,7) p=0,66ACPA+30 (12,3%)213 (87,7%)1,3 (0,6-2,8) p=0,44Steroids36 (14,4%)214 (85,6%)1,7 (0,8-3,5) p=0,13Biologics treatment16 (16,2%)83 (83,8%)1,5 (0,8-2,9) p=0,22Bone mineral density (BMD) in lumbar spine34 (16,8)168 (83,2)2,6 (1,3-5,2) p=0,006BMD femoral neck CF43 (17,8)198 (82,2)9,0 (2,7-29,6) pBMD lumbar spine17 (26,6)47 (73,4)3,4 (1,7-6,7) pBMD femoral neck20 (29,4)48 (70,6)4,4 (2,3-8,5) pMajor osteoporotic risk (FRAX)37 (23,6)120 (76,4)7,4 (3,2-17,2) pHip fracture risk (FRAX)34 (24,5)105 (75,5)5,9 (2,8-12,5) pConclusion:Women with RA present higher risk of fracture than men. The most sensitive indicator for fracture risk seems to be MBD in femoral neck.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

Additional file 1. Timeline of the measures included in the multifaceted intervention program.

Introduction The SMART (Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends) surveillance study monitors antimicrobial susceptibility and extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) in Gram-negative bacilli recovered from intra-abdominal infections (IAI). Material and methods Antimicrobial susceptibility of 5,343 isolates from IAI recovered in 11 centres during the 2011-2015 SMART-Spain program was analysed by standard microdilution (EUCAST criteria) and compared with that from 2002-2010. ESBLs were phenotypically detected. Results Escherichia coli, the most common isolate, significantly decreased in community acquired IAI (60.9% 2002-2010 vs. 56.1% 2011-2015, P=0.0003). It was followed in prevalence by Klebsiella pneumoniae that increased both in the community (8.9% vs. 10.8%, P=0.016) and nosocomial (9.2% vs. 10.8%, P=0.029) IAI and P. aeruginosa, which significantly increased in community acquired IAI (5.6% vs. 8.0%, P=0.0003). ESBLs were more prevalent in K. pneumoniae (16.3%) than in E. coli (9.5%) of nosocomial origin and were more frequently isolated from elderly patients (>60 years). Considering all Enterobacteriaceae, ertapenem (92.3-100%) and amikacin (95.5%-100%) were the most active antimicrobials. Ertapenem activity, unlike amoxicillin-clavulanate or piperacillin-tazobactam, remained virtually unchanged in ESBL (100%) and non-ESBL (98.8%) E. coli producers. Its activity decreased in ESBL-K. pneumoniae (74.7%) but was higher than that of amoxicillin-clavulanate (14.0%) and piperacillin-tazobactam (24.0%). Interestingly, ertapenem susceptibility was maintained in >60% of ESBL isolates that were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanate, piperacillin-tazobactam or fluoroquinolones. Conclusions SMART-Spain results support current guidelines which include ertapenem as empiric treatment in mild-moderate community-acquired IAI, particularly with ESBL producers. These recommendations will need to be updated with the recently introduction of new antimicrobials.

Dactylitis is a typical feature of psoriatic arthritis. However, dactylitis was included as a spondyloarthritis (SpA) feature for both (axial and peripheral) of the ASAS classification criteria, but data about its prevalence are scarce, especially in patients with a recent onset of the disease. Our objective was to determine the prevalence and characteristics associated with dactylitis in patients with early SpA.A baseline dataset from the ESPeranza cohort was used. This programme included patients who were suspected of having SpA (age45 years, symptoms duration of 3-24 months and with inflammatory back pain, or asymmetrical arthritis, or spinal/joint pain plus ≥1 of the SpA features). For this study, 609 patients who were diagnosed with SpA by their physician were included. Descriptive, univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were employed to investigate the association between the presence of dactylitis and the characteristics associated with SpA.Fifty-eight (9.5%) patients currently or previously had dactylitis. In the multivariable analysis, dactylitis was independently associated with peripheral arthritis (OR= 4.83; p0.001), enthesitis (OR= 2.49; p=0.01), psoriasis (OR= 3.62; p0.01) and the physician's visual analogue scale (OR= 0.82; p=0.01). However, 67% of the patients who had dactylitis did not have peripheral arthritis or psoriasis and 15% had predominantly axial disease.Dactylitis is a frequent manifestation in patients with SpA, even during the early stages of the disease. Its presence is mainly associated with peripheral manifestations and psoriasis. Nevertheless, dactylitis is not exclusive of patients with PsA or peripheral manifestations.

Background The aim of early RA treatment is remission. Intensive treatment with MTX achieve remission in 30–50% patients (pts). Modifiable risk factors, as smoking, alcohol, coffee and tea, may affect response to MTX. Objectives To study the influence of tobacco, alcohol, caffeine on the MTX response in early RA pats. Methods A case-control study (2010–2015): cases were pts who achieved DAS28 18years with early RA, treated with MTX, evaluated quarterly in a specialized unit early RA. All the pts underwent a structured interview about their smoking history and others habits. A descriptive and comparative study, was performed (SPSS21). Results 182 pts (age 50,96±13,11y, 67,6% female, 81,3% FR+ and 65,7% ACPA+) was treated with MTX and followed 105,03±7,15 months since 1995. More than 95% pts received MTX (in rapid escalation) in the first 24 months of the onset of symptoms. DAS28 Conclusions The treatment of early RA with MTX alone achieved high rates of remission, especially in non-smokers. Smoking cessation could significantly improve the response to MTX and therefore should be an integral part of the treatment of early RA patients. References Soderlin, et al. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 2011;40(4):249–55. Disclosure of Interest None declared

Background RA treatment involves starting early with a DMARD. MTX achieves good sustained response in 30–40% of patients (pts). When MTX response is insufficient add other DMARD by achieve RA remission. Different factors may affect the response to MTX Objectives To analyze the clinical and demographic characteristics related to response to MTX in RA pts DMARD-naive Methods We enrolled between 2011 and 2015, pts>18years RA diagnosed (ACR 1987 criteria), treated firs with MTX monotherapy (MTXm). A case-control study (MTXm persistence with CRP-DAS28 Results We included 222 pts (70 men and 152 women). The characteristics of cases (123) and controls (99) are shown in the table. The causes of MTXm suspension were remission (7), intolerance/toxicity (19) and inefficiency (79). MTX was discontinued in 40 (18.2%) pts, 28 (12.7%) of them by intolerance/toxicity. Of 123 (55.4%) responders, 71 (32.0%) were CRP-DAS28 Conclusions The initial treatment of RA with MTX is an effective and safe option, with a high drug survival. MTX response was not associated with antibody positivity (RF or ACPA), but it was significantly better in non-smokers patients and RF References Saevarsdottir S, et al. Arthritis Rheum 2011;63:26–36. V. K. Ranganath et al. Rheumatology 2013;52:1809–1817. Disclosure of Interest None declared

Abstract The law of the sea, mainly codified in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (losc), does not properly address the protection of underwater cultural heritage. This is particularly evident for the contiguous zone, a maritime area where different public and private marine activities may be threatening that heritage. Articles 33 and 303(2) losc are counterproductive and may create a legal problem that the 2001 unesco Convention on the protection of underwater cultural heritage tries to solve and clarify. In addition to this Convention, State practice shows how coastal States have been expanding their rights over their contiguous zone by adding legislative powers to the limited enforcement powers allegedly endorsed in the losc. This article tries to demonstrate that general and consistent State practice over the last decades, both conventional and unilateral, has produced a change in the legal rules governing the coastal States’ archaeological rights over their contiguous zone, expanding them with no clear objection among States, which now consider the protection of underwater cultural heritage—a generally absent interest during the negotiation of the losc—indispensable to safeguard for future generations the fragile elements composing that heritage.

The Mugilidae are a group of fish with a great interest for aquaculture due to their omnivorous profile, rapid growth, and resistance to environmental variations. The selection of feed ingredients for these species is currently focused on an extensive use of plant by-products, with this being limited by their content in anti-nutritive factors (mainly phytate and non-starch polysaccharides, NSPs). Nevertheless, specific enzymes can be used to counteract some of those negative effects. In the present study, the effect of pretreating two high-plant feeds with a mixture of enzymes (glucanases + phytase) on the digestive use of protein and phosphorus by juvenile mullets (Mugil cephalus) was assessed using both in vitro and in vivo assays. The enzymatic treatment significantly modified the potential bioavailability of some nutrients, such as a reduction of sugars, pentoses, and phytic phosphorus. Also, it increased the digestibility of protein in one of the feeds but reduced that of phosphorus in both of them. The potential usefulness of enzyme treatment and the information provided by the two types of assays are discussed.

The RMS Titanic struck an iceberg and sank 14–15 April 1912. This article summarizes some of the legal implications of the 100th anniversary of its sinking, as the Titanic becomes subject to the provisions of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage. This article also discusses the implications of the application of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the rather unique development under the law of salvage through orders of the U.S. court sitting in admiralty that prohibit the exclusive salvors in possession of the Titanic, RMS Titanic, Inc. and Premier Exhibitions, Inc. (RMST/PE) from selling individual artifacts and instead require that RMST/PE keep the collection of artifacts salvaged from the Titanic together as an intact collection for the public benefit. Finally, the article discusses the need for general legislation to protect the Titanic and other underwater cultural heritage f...