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When evaluating the intelligibility of speech distorted by noise and reverberation, direct or indirect methods of measuring the speech transmission index are used. However, it remains insufficiently studied how significantly differ the results of measurements obtained by direct and indirect methods. To find an answer to this question, the use of a multicomponent test signal consisting of four "elementary" signals separated by pauses is proposed in this paper. As "elementary" signals, it is proposed to use a maximum-length sequence, a speech shaped maximum-length sequence, a speech shaped stationary noise, and a speech shaped amplitude-modulated noise. Use of amplitude-modulated noise allows estimating speech transmission index by a direct method. Other "elementary" signals make it possible to estimate speech transmission index by two variants of indirect method. The proposed algorithms and corresponding computer programs were tested on trial signal models, while the consistency of the obtained results with the results of previous studies was revealed. The results of the signal models studies show that both considered variants of the indirect speech transmission index measurement method lead to underestimated results compared to the direct method. For one of the variants of the indirect method, the value of the estimate bias is 0.03–0.04, regardless of the interfering conditions. For another variant of the indirect method, the estimate bias varies from 0.01 to 0.18, depending on the interference conditions. Для оценивания разборчивости речи, искаженной шумом и реверберацией, используют прямой или косвенный метод измерения индекса передачи речи. Однако остается недостаточно изученным, насколько существенно отличаются результаты измерений, полученные прямым и косвенным методом. Для поиска ответа на этот вопрос в данной работе предлагается использовать тестовый сигнал, состоящий из четырех «элементарных» сигналов, разделенных паузами. В качестве «элементарных» сигналов предлагается использовать последовательность максимальной длины, последовательность максимальной длины со спектром речи, стационарный шум со спектром речи и амплитудно-модулированный шум со спектром речи. Использование амплитудно-модулированного шума позволяет оценить индекс передачи речи прямым методом. Остальные «элементарные» сигналы позволяют оценить индекс передачи речи двумя вариантами косвенного метода. Предложенные алгоритмы и соответствующие компьютерные программы проверены на модельных примерах, при этом обнаружена согласованность полученных результатов с результатами предыдущих исследований. Результаты пробных модельных исследований свидетельствуют, что оба рассмотренных варианта косвенного метода измерения приводят к заниженным результатам по сравнению с прямым методом. Для одного из вариантов косвенного метода эта разница составляет 0,03-0,04 независимо от помеховых условий. Для другого варианта косвенного метода разница варьируется от 0,01 до 0,18, в зависимости от помеховых условий. Для оцінювання розбірливості мови, спотвореної шумом та реверберацією, використовують прямий або непрямий методи вимірювання індексу передавання мовлення. Проте залишається недостатньо вивченим, наскільки суттєво відрізняються результати вимірювань, отримані прямим та непрямим методами. Для пошуку відповіді на це питання в даній роботі пропонується використовувати тестовий сигнал, що складається з чотирьох «елементарних» сигналів, розділених паузами. В якості «елементарних» сигналів пропонується використовувати послідовність максимальної довжини, послідовність максимальної довжини із спектром мовлення, стаціонарний шум із спектром мовлення та амплітудно-модульований шум із спектром мовлення. Використання амплітудно-модульованого шуму дозволяє оцінити індекс передачі мовлення прямим методом. Інші «елементарні» сигнали дозволяють оцінити індекс передачі мовлення двома варіантами непрямого методу. Запропоновані алгоритми та відповідні комп’ютерні програми перевірено на модельних прикладах, при цьому виявлено узгодженість отриманих результатів з результатами попередніх досліджень. Результати пробних модельних досліджень свідчать, що обидва розглянуті варіанти непрямого методу вимірювання призводять до занижених результатів порівняно з прямим методом. Для одного з варіантів непрямого методу ця різниця становить 0,03–0,04 незалежно від завадових умов. Для іншого варіанту непрямого методу різниця варіюється від 0,01 до 0,18, в залежності від завадових умов.

In the present essay it is discussed the main features of reductio ad absurdum as a source of justification. These properties are consequences of the employment of contradictions as a reason for proving if a statement is true. Although a valid deductive argument can build an internalistic justification, I would suggest that the justification obtained by reductio ad absurdum cannot be externalist. This is because contradictions as reasons can be considered internal states from different definitions.

Proprioceptive coherence is proposed as a novel osteopathic treatment technique whereby the desired technique response is rapid, resulting from the sensory integration of multiple diverse proprioceptive, somatosensory, nociceptive, neuroendocrine elements contributing to focal somatic dysfunction. Volitional components involving the cerebral cortex, emotional contributions from the limbic system as well as prioritization of the motor responses to dysfunction contribute to mechanisms putatively involved with the technique. The technique has a unique obligatory focus on a temporal element. To better comprehend this treatment approach, diverse determinants of somatic dysfunction such as altered proprioceptive input, muscular influences, nociception, spinal cord processing and higher level central processing are discussed including muscular, aspects of mechanical transduction and tensegrity, nociception, spinal cord, and central processing. The diagnostic component of this technique involves identification of primarily interoceptive, proprioceptive and somatosensory related tissue alterations and considers a secondary exteroceptive contribution. The treatment phase is dictated by perception of precise balancing of localized forces on the area of dysfunction. A mandatory physician participation is dictated by the feed forward unique chronoception component. At the completion of the technique, rapid therapeutic effects are perceived by both the physician and the patient. This paper is intended to appeal to the scientist in all of us; the lover of osteopathic manipulative techniques, and the healer we embrace as practicing osteopathic physicians. To help establish proprioceptive coherence as a novel technique, a comparison to common forms of osteopathic treatment based upon the indirect method is presented. It is proposed that proprioceptive coherence is a novel technique with unique mechanisms however others may consider the technique as a refinement of existing indirect methods.

International audience; Sampled-data control systems have steadily been gaining interest for their applications in automatic engineering where they are implemented as digital controllers and recently results have been obtained in optimal control theory for nonlinear sampled-data control systems and certain generalizations. In this paper we derive a Pontryagin maximum principle for general nonlinear finite-dimensional optimal sampled-data control problems with running inequality state constraints. In particular, we obtain a nonpositive averaged Hamiltonian gradient condition with the adjoint vector being a function of bounded variations. Our proof is based on the Ekeland variational principle. In general, optimal control problems with running inequality state constraints are difficult to solve using numerical methods due to the discontinuities (the jumps and the singular part) of the adjoint vector. However in our case we find that under certain general hypotheses the adjoint vector only experiences jumps at most at the sampling times and moreover the trajectory only contacts the running inequality state constraints at most at the sampling times. We call this behavior a bouncing trajectory phenomenon and it constitutes the second major focus of this paper. Finally taking advantage of the bouncing trajectory phenomenon we numerically solve three examples with different kinds of constraints and in several dimensions.

This paper is a response to the ongoing debate in the accounting profession on whether the direct method is better than the indirect method when reporting cash flows from operating activities. The debate has its roots from the standard setters who prefer the direct method and are even debating on whether to make the direct method mandatory. The contention being that the direct method is a better method than the indirect method when reporting cash flows from operating activities since the disaggregation of its components suggests more disclosure. More disclosure in financial statements has been a cry from the financial statement users such as the creditors and investors. This qualitative argument will therefore show the merits of both the direct and the indirect method before getting to a conclusion on which method is better than the other. Further, it is a contribution to the ongoing debate in the accounting profession that can guide the standard setters as they deliberate on the possibility of making the direct method mandatory. In addition, a contention map and an argument map are used as roadmaps of the ideas being discussed in this study.

When obtaining new cultivars or monitoring the nutritional composition of lettuce, new techniques are necessary given the high cost and time required to conduct laboratory analyses of plant composition by conventional methods. The objective of this study was to evaluate different vegetation indices for the estimation of anthocyanin, chlorophyll, and carotenoids in mini-lettuce genotypes with different leaf colors and different typologies from red, green, and blue (RGB) images. The contents of pigments were evaluated in 15 lettuce genotypes, in addition to the soil plant analysis development (SPAD) index and vegetation indices in the visible range. The variability among genotypes was confirmed by the Scott-Knott test (p < 0.05) and multivariate analysis. Linear regressions were obtained between the green leaf index (GLI) and leaf pigments. GLI was a good predictor for estimating the contents of anthocyanin (r = −0.83; r2 = 0.75), carotenoid (r = −0.59; r2 = 0.43), chlorophyll a (r = −0.69; r2 = 0.48), chlorophyll b (r = −0.62; r2 = 0.39), and total chlorophyll (r = −0.77; r2 = 0.65) in red and green mini-lettuce. The high-performance phenotyping technique can be used to evaluate leaf pigments in breeding programs, as well as in crops for monitoring biofortification levels in lettuce.

The main problem with counting vehicles in rest areas in Europe and America is the overflowing of parking lots in the rest areas. Thus it is impossible to count parked vehicles with traditional, direct methods, which use cameras and Lidar (light detection and ranging) to detect the presence of vehicles in individual parking spots. The solution to this problem may be an indirect method which uses cameras to count the vehicles entering and leaving the rest area and which sorts the vehicles into categories. This article introduces a method for determining car park occupancy in rest areas using indirect measurement and evaluates the uncertainty of this method for determining the occupancy. This indirect method counts the vehicles entering and leaving the car park and sorts the vehicles into categories. The difference between the number of vehicles that entered and the number of vehicles that left in a given time gives the number of vehicles occupying the car park, i.e., the parking space demand for a given time. This demand will vary over time. In order to register the vehicles entering and leaving, mains-free supply video cameras were installed next to the entrance and exit. The counting and categorizing could be conducted organoleptically, semi-automatically, or using an image computer analysis using artificial intelligence networks. Because the difference between the number of vehicles entering and leaving is calculated over a long period, a relative error (regarding car park capacity) might be grave even when the counting errors are minor. The authors will show how the certainty of this indirect counting method can be improved.

Recent decades have witnessed a rise in interest in bridge health monitoring utilizing the vibrations of passing vehicles. However, existing studies commonly rely on constant speeds or tuning vehicular parameters, making their methods challenging to be used in practical engineering applications. Additionally, recent studies on the data-driven approach usually need labeled data for damage scenarios. Still, getting these labels in engineering is difficult or even impractical because the bridge is typically in a healthy state. This paper proposes a novel, damaged-label-free, machine-learning-based, indirect bridge-health monitoring method named the assumption accuracy method (A2M). Initially, the raw frequency responses of the vehicle are employed to train a classifier, and K-folder cross-validation accuracy scores are then used to calculate a threshold to specify the bridge’s health state. Compared to merely focusing on low-band frequency responses (0–50 Hz), utilizing full-band vehicle responses can significantly improve the accuracy, meaning that the bridge’s dynamic information exists in the higher frequency ranges and can contribute to detecting bridge damage. However, raw frequency responses are generally in a high-dimensional space, and the number of features is much greater than that of samples. To represent the frequency responses via latent representations in a low-dimension space, appropriate dimension-reduction techniques are therefore, needed. It was found that principal component analysis (PCA) and Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) are suitable for the aforementioned issue, and MFCCs are more damage-sensitive. When the bridge is in a healthy condition, the accuracy values obtained using MFCCs are primarily dispersed around 0.5, but following the occurrence of damage, they increased significantly to 0.89–1.0 in this study.

Sensitivity analysis is applied to ship manoeuvring mathematical models as a means of dealing with model uncertainties, and often leads to model simplifications. A rather standard 3DOF manoeuvring model was tuned with the available results of full-scale trials of a naval combatant and was further used as the reference model for sensitivity analysis. The present research was based on multiple perturbed simulations of the turning, zigzag and spiral manoeuvres. A salient feature of the present study is that the perturbations were applied to the total hydrodynamic forces and moments as well as separately to their characteristic parts, i.e., to the linear and nonlinear single-variable and coupled components. Another special feature is that the deviations of the perturbated responses were estimated not only considering the standard manoeuvring performance indices, but also through application of the Euclidean metric directly to the time histories and to the spiral curve. The performed analysis permitted the sensitivity of the model to be traced to various parameters and groups thereof. It was established that the highest sensitivity of the model was to linear and some nonlinear multivariable parameters, and the Euclidean metric permitted a more detailed analysis than that based only on standard discrete manoeuvring indices. The obtained results are expected to be useful in the application of system identification methods to typical inherently stable fast surface-displacement ships.

We consider methods to find the distribution of the line length in a discrete-time G I ∕ G ∕ 1 queue with bounded inter-arrival and service times. Here, the term line is meant to include all elements in the system. The methods in question can be divided into two groups: direct and indirect methods. The direct methods formulate the problem as a three-dimensional Markov chain, with one dimension indicating the line length, one the arrival process, and the third one the departure process. The indirect methods find first the waiting time distribution or the roots defining this distribution, and then use this information to determine the distribution of the line length. As it turns out, the indirect methods are faster, often by many orders of magnitude. All indirect methods discussed in literature use characteristic roots. However, we present a new indirect method that does not use roots. We also present a new indirect method based on roots. This method leads to much simpler formulas. Numerical tests show that the indirect methods we developed are indeed much faster than any direct method described in literature.

Ultrasonography is a diagnostic technique that has been used clinically for 30 years. Due to the increased availability of ultrasound machines as well as the reduction of their size and making them more mobile, ultrasound has found its place in early diagnosis in emergency medicine settings. One of the important, however, an underestimated ultrasound examination is the measurement of the thickness of the optic nerve sheath. The optic nerve is the second cranial nerve, meaning the same sheath surrounds it as the brain. At the moment of intracranial pressure increase, cerebrospinal fluid flows into the subarachnoid space causing an increase in intracranial pressure and thus increasing the diameter of the optic nerve sheath. therefore, ONSD imaging is a quick non-invasive test aimed at detecting and monitoring changes in intracranial pres- sure. Optic nerve sheath ultrasound is a simple, safe and inexpensive bedside diagnostic test. Ophthalmic ultrasound usually uses the frequency between 5 and 10.5 MHz to evaluate the eye and the orbit.

The integration between Gestalt grouping cues has been a relatively unexplored issue in vision science. The present work introduces an objective indirect method based on the repetition discrimination task to determine the rules that govern the dominance dynamics of the competition between both intrinsic (Experiment 1: proximity vs luminance similarity) and extrinsic grouping cues (Experiment 2: common region vs connectedness) by means of objective measures of grouping (reaction times and accuracy). Prior to the main task, a novel objective equating task was introduced with the aim of equating the grouping strength of the cues for the visuomotor system. The main task included two single conditions with the grouping cues acting alone as well as two competing conditions displaying the grouping factors pitted against one another. Conventional aggregated analyses were combined with individual analysis and both revealed a consistent pattern of processing dominance of: (1) luminance similarity over proximity and (2) common region over connectedness. Interestingly, the individual analyses showed that, despite the heterogeneous responses to the single conditions, the pattern of dominance between cues was robustly homogeneous among the participants in the competing conditions.

The aim of this study is to propose an inverse method based in capture data for estimating muscle forces. This estimation method is essentially decomposed into three parts at combining a dynamics model, a biomechanical model and optimization algorithm. Firstly, an inverse dynamics algorithm is applied to compute joint torques from capture data which are measured by a Kinect system. The second part is the development of a biomechanical model of upper limb allows determining the moment arms of muscles. Finally, the last part is to develop an optimization algorithm with linear and non-linear constraints for estimating muscle forces involved in shoulder motion. This study selects the motion of shoulder elevation in the sagittal plane. The obtained results have shown the efficiency of indirect method based on capture data for estimating muscle forces during shoulder elevation. They have confirmed a good overall correlation between the estimated muscle forces and the EMG data.

Boiler performance and efficiency evaluation is generally performed by direct and indirect methods as reported in three boiler performance evaluation codes which will be the subject of our study (ASME PTC4-2008, IS13979: 1994 and BS845-1: 1987 codes). On the one hand, ASME code PTC4-2008 describes in detail the indirect method with different types of losses; some of them are applied in certain exceptional cases. On the other hand, IS13979: 1994 and BS845-1: 1987 codes commonly introduce six types of losses. In literature, direct and indirect methods are widely used to calculate boilers efficiency, and it’s found that indirect method is more effective than direct method which is confirmed by the present study. The present work aims to compare boilers efficiency by direct and indirect methods, while matching the heat losses formulas proposed by the codes mentioned above with other formulas found in literature. Therefore, we will conduct the performance evaluation of a fire tube boiler burning fuel (HHV 9238,55 kcal/kg) through formulas retained from this study. Indirect method is found to be more effective and accurate than the direct method, and the major heat losses are dry combustion gases loss as well as water produced by hydrogen in fuel loss. Furthermore, some unavoidable losses occur for various reasons. However, energy lost could be reused by means of different energy recovery technologies.

This article reports the pressure characteristic measurement of compressed hosiery via direct and indirect methods. In the direct method, an interface sensor is used to measure the pressure value exerted on the lower limbs. In the indirect method, the necessary parameters mentioned by the cone and cylinder model are tested to calculate the pressure value. The necessary parameters involve course density, wales density, circumference, length, thickness, tension, and deformation of the compressed hosiery. Compared with the results of the direct method, the cone model in the indirect method is more suitable for calculating the pressure value because the cone model considers the change in radius of the lower limb from the knee to the ankle. Based on this measurement, the relationship among fabrication, structure, and pressure is further investigated in this study. We find that graduation is the main influence that can change the wales density. On the other hand, elastic motors directly affect the course density and the circumference of the stockings. Our reported work provides the fabrication-structure-pressure relationship and a design guide for gradually compressed hosiery.

Despite the great potential and the high performance of energy-efficient line-start permanent magnet synchronous motors (LSPMSMs), their developers face a great deal of difficulties, one of which is the lack of reliable and accurate testing methods for such electrical machines. In this paper, we propose a new method for indirectly determining the efficiency of LSPMSM through the summation of individual loss components. The standard input-output method usually used for these machines is based on torque measurement, requires expensive measuring equipment, and, as a rule, has great uncertainty. Contrarily, the proposed method does not require direct measurement of torque and mechanical power on the shaft and is less sensitive to measurement uncertainties. The theoretical substantiation of the proposed method and its experimental verification using a commercially available four-pole LSPMSM with a rated power of 0.55 kW are presented. Satisfactory convergence of the experimental results obtained using the standard input-output method and using the proposed indirect method is shown. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

In this paper, we proposed an indirect method to measure the distance of an object accurately by single visual cameras using triangulation. The object can be seen as the third point of a triangle with two known sides and one known angle. Distance to object can be determined indirectly on the base of known sides and angle, rather than being measured directly. It would be very useful in case there is no line of sight to object (inaccessible) or an obstacle interrupts it. Furthermore, the results show that the measured distance using the indirect method has a lower measurement error than the one using the direct method. This method establishes a basis for the implementation of the position algorithm into the navigation subsystem of swarm robots and will be very helpful especially in robot cooperation.

We propose an indirect method of ASTM D-1200 for measurement of viscosity from 0.1 to 30 stokes (St) using Ford cup 5 (range 2~ 12 St) by developing a statistical relation. General purpose low styrene content polyester resin (without adding initiator, hardener and accelerator) was used for viscosity measurement. In existing ASTM D 1200 standard, ford cups (1-4) are used to measure the viscosity up to 2 St, while fifth cup is used for measurement from 2 to 12 St. Viscosity above 12 St is not estimated using existing ASTM D- 1200 method. In contrast, our method and statistical relation proposed in this paper estimates viscosity in the flexible range of 0.1 to 30 St by using Ford cup 5 only. The estimated values were confirmed by existing ASTM D-1200 (0.1 to 12 St) and by using Ubbelohde viscometer (12 to 30 St). Values estimated above 12 St are from the proposed model are also in good conformance (percentage error ~ 5% or less) with experimental results. The satisfaction level of the estimated values with the experiments suggests that the model has also the potential for application to paints, polymer and oil industry.

For several years the China railway has been investigating the safety risk of passenger cars subjected to cross winds in the LX railway lines. In this paper, an indirect method for wheel-rail force measurement is proposed. By analyzing the forces exerted on the wheelset, the wheel axle lateral force and wheel-rail vertical forces can be derived from the suspension forces and inertia forces. Since it is difficult to separate the wheel-rail lateral forces at two sides of the wheelset, the union safety domain based on the wheelset derailment coefficient and wheel unloading ratio is applied to assess the running safety of the train. The field test of a high speed train travelling in the wind area of the LX high speed railway line was carried out. The identified wheel-rail forces based on the indirect method were compared with that of the instrumented wheelset. The measured wheel-rail forces are analysed to evaluate the running safety of train under cross winds. The derailment evaluation based on union safety domain is compared with the traditional criterion. This indirect method is finally applied to the long-term safety monitoring of high speed trains in operations.

STEP-NC is the next generation of data models between CAD/CAM and CNC systems and it aims at providing a digital thread for CNC manufacturing. After more than a decade of investigation, the STEP-NC...

The paper presents the results of full-scale experimental investigation of loads generated on the quay wall by bow thrusters during unberthing of a self-manoeuvring vessel. The presented research allowed for the comparison of the measurements results with generally accepted empirical prediction methods and confirmed the utility of the developed measuring setup for the on-line monitoring of jet induced loads. The conclusions from the research are focused on the strengths and limitations of the presented measuring method and its applicability for the on-line monitoring of loads induced by bow thrusters on seabed protection along the quay wall.

An indirect method of measuring the pulse pressure created on a pendulum-type installation is developed, without using a reference sensor. The basic technical characteristics of the installation are regulated. The possibility and expediency of using the developed measurement method are theoretically substantiated and experimentally confirmed.

A completely new method for quantitative risks assessment has been proposed by authors. The method is focused on practical application in specific national circumstances. The principle of state management for labor protection, and the concept of absolute security that are valid in the labor protection area do not allow apply direct risk assessment methods based on hazards’ proximate identification. Moreover, such a work requires a special training for experts, and great problems are connected with this too. On the other hand, the same factors helped for publication of almost incalculable number of normative legal acts and regulatory documents containing safety requirements. From the authors’ point of view the state safety requirements are nothing else than the regulatory protective measures, which have been established without prior hazard identification and risk assessment. The proposed method based on hazard identification through semantic analysis for wording of the protective measure to be followed by the analysis of residual risk assessment taking into account the implemented protective measure.

The assessment of drought tolerance of winter soft wheat samples by a direct and an indirect method The article presents the results of assessment of drought tolerance of winter soft wheat samples under stress conditions ‘zasushnik’, as well as the results of study of wheat drought resistance according to the degree of seed germination on osmotic solutions. As a result of the studies, there were identified the samples with the highest degree of resistance to drought. According to drought resistance, the most significant values were found in the samples ‘Asket’ (79.3%), ‘1377/06’ (78.7%), ‘Kazachka’ (77.6%), ‘Krasa Dona’ (75.3%), ‘Shef’ (73.5% %), ‘Bonus’ (73.2%), ‘1232/13’ (73.2%), ‘352/11’ (71.6%), ‘Luchezar’ (71.3%), ‘1237/13’ (70.4%). The highest values of the index of complex stability were established in the samples ‘1377/06’ (255.4 per-unit), ‘Asket’ (253.4 per-unit) ‘Kazachka’ (252.1 per-unit), ‘1232/13’ (245.4 per-unit), ‘Shef’ (245,0 per-unit), ‘Krasa Dona’ (244,3 per-unit), ‘Bonus’ (236,9 per-unit), ‘Luchezar’ (236.2 per-unit), ‘352/11’ (240.0 per-unit). One of the indirect methods is the method of determining the level of resistance to complex drought; the samples ‘Asket’ (43%), ‘1237/13’ (40%), ‘Krasa Dona’ (33.0%), ‘260/09’ (31.0%), ‘Kazachka’ (31.0%), ‘1377/06’ (31.0%) showed the highest degree of resistance. In the conditions of model drought in comparison with the optimal conditions, all the studied samples showed a decrease of the trait ‘1000-kernel weight’. One of the reactions to lack of moisture is the reduction of productive stems from 1 m2. The reduction of productive stems in the experiment in relation to the control variety ranged from 4 to 45%. The kernel weight per main head decreased from 36 to 65% was observed in all studied samples. The varieties ‘Asket’ (226.2 g), ‘Krasa Dona’ (191.8) and ‘Lydia’ (190.4 g) produced high grain yields in strongly arid conditions.

The aim of this study was to measure the translucency of one indirect and direct resin composite after polymerization and to examine the effect of color parameters on this property. Tescera and Fil...

Background: Transference of reference intervals (RIs) from multicentre studies are often verified by use of a small number of samples from reference individuals or by the use of one serum sample (Serum X for NORIP RI). Despite recommended and appropriate methods, both have inconveniencies and drawbacks. Several attempts have been made to develop an indirect method, which uses historical data from the laboratory. These methods are retrospective relying on older test results. A near prospective method would be preferable for the laboratories introducing new methods or changing analytical platforms. Methods: We performed a data mining experiment using results from our laboratory information system covering patients from a large geographic area. Request patterns for patients with assumed healthy characteristics were identified and used to extract laboratory results for calculation of new RI by an indirect method. Calculated RI and confidence intervals (CIs) were compared to transferred NORIP RI verified by NFKK Reference Serum X. Results: We found that our indirect method and NFKK Reference Serum X in general produced similar results when verifying transference of RI. The method produces results for all stratifications. Only single stratifications and one analyte showed unexplained incongruences to the NORIP RI. Conclusions: Our results suggest using request patterns as a surrogate measure for good health status. This allows for a data mining method for validation of RI or validating their transference, which is likely to be applicable in countries with similar healthcare and laboratory information system.

Purpose Two studies were conducted to assess of the accuracy of an indirect method used to detect lies about past behaviour and intentions. Methods In Experiment 1, participants (N = 123) assessed the veracity (direct condition) or cognitive effort (indirect condition) of interviewees who had planned or taken part in mock academic misconduct and then lied or told the truth about their intentions or past activities. In Experiment 2, 33 participants assessed the veracity of interviews on true and false intentions answering a direct question and three indirect questions. Results As predicted, the indirect method was equally effective in detecting lies about past activities and intentions. The accuracy of this method was not reduced by asking direct and indirect questions together. Conclusions The experiments provided further evidence that the indirect method of detecting deception is accurate and can also be used to detect lies about intent.

In the application of cement composites as Externally Bonded Reinforcement (EBR) for concrete structures, debonding is reported to be a common and undesired failure mode. This paper presents an indirect bond identification method that incorporates the nonlinear material behaviour of cement composites. The extended nonlinear indirect method is compared with a linear method by means of virtual and laboratory experiments. The virtual experiments allow omitting measurement scatter and hence quantify the error inherent to the theoretical assumptions. The laboratory experiments validate the use of the indirect method on real slip measurements. The results show that incorporating the cement composite’s nonlinear secant modulus as a function of the occurring strain is essential to accurately determine the cement composite – concrete bond from experiments.

Direct inverse methods solve the problem of interest; in addition, they communicate whether the problem of interest is the problem that we (the seismic industry) need to be interested in. When a direct solution does not result in an improved drill success rate, we know that the problem we have chosen to solve is not the right problem — because the solution is direct and cannot be the issue. On the other hand, with an indirect method, if the result is not an improved drill success rate, then the issue can be either the chosen problem, or the particular choice within the plethora of indirect solution methods, or both. The inverse scattering series (ISS) is the only direct inversion method for a multidimensional subsurface. Solving a forward problem in an inverse sense is not equivalent to a direct inverse solution. All current methods for parameter estimation, e.g., amplitude-variation-with-offset and full-waveform inversion, are solving a forward problem in an inverse sense and are indirect inversion methods. The direct ISS method for determining earth material properties defines the precise data required and the algorithms that directly output earth mechanical properties. For an elastic model of the subsurface, the required data are a matrix of multicomponent data, and a complete set of shot records, with only primaries. With indirect methods, any data can be matched: one trace, one or several shot records, one component, multicomponent, with primaries only or primaries and multiples. Added to that are the innumerable choices of cost functions, generalized inverses, and local and global search engines. Direct and indirect parameter inversion are compared. The direct ISS method has more rapid convergence and a broader region of convergence. The difference in effectiveness increases as subsurface circumstances become more realistic and complex, in particular with band-limited noisy data.

This paper presents a novel algorithm for the estimation of bridge mode shapes using the response measured on a passing vehicle. A truck-trailer system is assumed, equipped with an external excitation at a frequency close to one of the bridge natural frequencies. The excitation makes the bridge response dominant at its natural frequency. The acceleration responses are measured on two following axles of the vehicle. It is shown that the amplitude of the signal includes the operational deflected shape data which can be used to estimate the bridge mode shapes. The energy of the responses measured on two following axles is obtained using the Hilbert Huang Transform. It is shown that the bridge mode shape can be estimated with high resolution and accuracy using a rescaling process. The presence of road roughness introduces additional contributions to the response measured on the vehicle, in addition to the bridge response. The concept of subtraction of the responses measured from two identical axles is used to remove the effect of road roughness. Science Foundation Ireland Transport Infrastructure Ireland (TII)

Introduction: Many techniques have been described in the literature for molding of the Neutral zone. Gothic arch tracer attached to neutral zone record used for accurate registration of centric relation.Material and method: This study was passed on 10 edentulous patients to compare the accuracy of centric relation using intra-oral Gothic arch tracer attached to two different neutral zone records. The first method includes, recording of neutral zone for each arch separately without vertical stopper then orientation of the occlusal plane on the articulator (indirect method), the other method record the neutral zone at predetermined vertical relation, using upstanding flange, then orient the occlusal plane intra- orally (direct method).Result: within this study, the indirect method of neutral zone exhibit a statistically more accuracy in registration of the centric relation using the Gothic arch tracer compared to the direct method.Conclusion: recording the neutral zone of each arch separately give more accurate registration of the centric relation than that using upstanding flange.

Minimum resolvable temperature difference (MRTD) is considered as the most important parameter of thermal imagers. A new method of MRTD measurement without drawbacks of other methods is presented in this paper. Proposed MRTD measurement method coded as virtual MRTD is based on a three steps measurement concept using semi-automatic objective measurements and computer simulation. First, objective parameters of the tested thermal imager are measured. Second, software simulates this tested thermal imager and generates the image of 4-bar target of specified spatial frequency (size) and contrast (temperature difference). Third, a human observer analyses the images of the 4-bar target generated by the software on the screen of PC set and measures MRTD of the simulated thermal imager at specified set of spatial frequencies. The proposed method offers higher measurement speed, lower cost and typically better accuracy in comparison with the typical MRTD measurement method.

This paper presents an indirect method to estimate the near-normal sun-conic reflectance of solar mirrors, which is considered to be the relevant parameter to describe the reflectance characteristics of reflectors employed for CSP systems. The indirect method has been validated by direct measurements with the Spectral Specular Reflectometer measurement device reported in previous conferences. Good agreement between indirect and direct measurements was found for new and aged mirrors but not for soiled mirrors, where different phenomena seem to occur. The indirect method is thus only applicable for clean mirror surfaces in new and aged condition. The benefit of the indirect method is that it is simple and applicable with commercial equipment, providing a useful tool to determine near-normal sun-conic reflectance for all laboratories which do not own advanced reflectometers.

Thromboelastography (TEG) as a global coagulation test has been continuously developed for many decades in either research or clinical practice. The versatility of TEG test leads to difficulty in standardization and result interpretation. Reference intervals (RIs) of TEG may be one of the most controversial factors that influence its wide applications. RIs establishment with the traditional method is time‐consuming and laborious as well as beyond general laboratory capability. Indirect method using stored data and with statistical calculation and small cost is emerging as an alternative approach for RIs determination. Gender, age, or both affect RIs and must be taken into account before RIs estimation. The present study retrospectively collected a total of 930 TEG results as subjects and established RIs with indirect method for Kaolin‐activated TEG, including the parameters of R, K, αAngle, MA, and CI. Furthermore, gender, age, and gender‐dependent age subsets analyses were performed to determine their effects on RIs of TEG. In this study, we found that TEG parameters showed more hypercoagulability in female than male, most of the measured TEG variables were significantly associated with aging, but only in male statistical significance was found among different age stratification and 60‐year‐old could be considered as cutting point to differentiate coagulation ability in male. In addition, RIs of TEG were estimated by indirect method suitably and verified to be valid in our study. Finally, the RIs of TEG by indirect method were basically significantly different to the RIs recommended by manufacturer, but the consistent percentage is relatively high in the most of measured parameters. In conclusion, it is suggestive that the indirect method for RIs establishment is feasible, but relevant factors, such as gender and age, specifically gender‐dependent age effect, should be considered before RIs determinations.

The research studies the problem-solving methods of the parts geometrics in the contact zone depending on the deforming rollers geometrics. The direct and indirect methods are used to solve this problem. Different forms of contact zones were studied. Research results showed that the contact zone form and size do not provide the same working environment. Maximum depth of the roller feeding-in into the part surface and the contact zone volume can be used as such data. This problem solution determines the surface quality influence factors during the parts’ treatment with the surface plastic deformation. The direct method is commonly used to solve the problems about the different deforming rollers geometrics influence and the treatment factors influence on tension in the contact zone and the surface layer quality during the surface plastic deformation. The method consists of determining the contact zone geometric parameters depending on the specific parameters of the deforming roller used in the deformation process. During the indirect method, the arbitrary shape and the size of the contact are defined first, after that, the contact zone correspondence to the type and the size of the roller is determined.

The paper presents a new, indirect method of measurement, for determining the characteristics of the regulation of synchronous machines with salient poles. The method is based on the measurement results in the no-load and short circuit conditions. The difference in comparison to the existing similar methods is, according to the authors, in determining the characteristics of regulation at different loads in the original way. This method takes into account the influence of the change in the flux leakage of the field windings depending on the excitation currents in the original way. This leads to the fact that, according to the proposed procedure, the indirectly obtained regulation characteristics will be much more accurate and reliable compared to the results obtained by the previous similar indirect procedures.

A method for determining the oxygen concentration in the air based on the meteorological parameters of the environment is considered. Metrological parameters of this method are considered. The extended uncertainty of the method is estimated from the results of Monte-Carlo simulation. Prediction of the volume concentration of oxygen in the air was carried out using an inverse functional relationship established using the discrete Fourier transform.

This article presents the authors’ look at uncertainty evaluation technique of gas volumetric flow rate measurements, which are held through indirect method with dynamic ultrasonic flow transducer applied under standard-reduced conditions. While assessing the uncertainty an influence of unsuspected error was detected. The technique optimization allows its application at oil-extracting facilities functioning at high-risk level.

Background Serum ferritin (SF) test has been widely used in clinical practice. However, its reference intervals (RIs) vary depending on the analytical method and ethnic origin. This study was to establish the RIs using indirect method for SF in Chinese adults. Methods SF was assayed on Abbott i2000SR analyzer. The SF test results of all health examinees (8913 males aged 18‐93 years and 5397 females aged 18‐90 years) between December 2010 and April 2019 were obtained from our laboratory information system. After Box‐Cox transformation of raw data and exclusion of outliers, parametric and non‐parametric approaches were used to calculate 95% RIs. The correlation between SF levels and ages, and the differences in SF levels between subgroups were also analyzed. Results SF levels in females were significantly different from those in males (Z = 88.96, Z* = 23.17; Z > Z*) and showed a weak positive correlation with age (r = .466, P