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التمييز في أساليب التأريخ الهجري الواردة في نقوش الحجاز دراسة نحوية سلطان بن عواض العوفي قسم اللغويات، کلية اللغة العربية، الجامعة الإسلامية، المدينة المنورة، المملکة العربية السعودية. البريد الإلکتروني: sultanhh77@gmail.com الملخص: عرض هذا البحث أحکام التمييز النحوية في أسلوب التأريخ في اللغة العربية على ضوء ما ورد في نصوص النقوش الإسلامية المبکرة في الحجاز، حي تعتبر تلک النصوص أوثق ما ورد عن العرب من استعمالات في التأريخ، وتميزت بأنها مما کتبه العرب الفصحاء الذين يحتج بنطقهم واستعمالاتهم عند النحاة، ممن عاش في الحجاز في زمن الاحتجاج. يهدف البحث إلى دراسة أحکام التمييز الوارد في أساليب التأريخ النحوية دراسة متعمقة على ضوء تلک النقوش ومقارنة ذلک بما ذکره النحاة، وبيان أحکام التمييز فيها، والمقيس منها والشاذ، مع توجيه تلک النصوص نحويا، ومقارنة ما فيها من أحکام مع ما قرره العلماء من قواعد وأحکام؛ لتکون مؤيدة لما ذکروه وموضحة له، ومضيفة ما تم الکشف عنه من أحکام لم يذکرها العلماء ثبتت عن طريق نصوص هذه النقوش. اعتمد البحث في تحليل تلک النصوص على المنهج الوصفي، مع المقارنة بما ورد من أحکام التمييز عند النحاة. ومن أهم نتائج البحث: أنه يستعمل وجهان في تمييز الليالي عند التأريخ، الأول التصريح بلفظ التمييز، والثاني عدم التصريح به لفظا ومراعاته في المعنى، أما السنة المؤرخ بها فالأکثر في النقوش أن يذکر لفظ (سنة) مجرورا بحرف الجر أو منصوبا على الظرفية ويأتي بعده لفظ العدد مضافا إليه، ويکون جره بحرف الجر (في) أو اللام، أو (من)، وأقل من ذلک أن يتکرر لفظ (سنة)، في الصياغة، فيأتي أولا على نحو ما تقدم، مضافا إلى العدد الأول المعطوف عليه، ثم يأتي تمييز للمعطوف أيضا، وهذا خاص بالعدد المعطوف، وهو أسلوب لم يتحدث عنه النحاة، واستعمل في نقوش الدراسة. الکلمات المفتاحية: صياغة التأريخ، التمييز، النقوش الإسلامية المبکرة. The Specificative in the Methods of Hijri Dating Found on Hijaz Inscriptions: a Syntactic Study Sultan bin Awwad al-Aoufi Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Arabic Language, Islamic University of Madinah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Email: sultanhh77@gmail.com Abstract: The present study explains the grammatical rules of the specificative in the method of dating in Arabic language in light of the texts of early Islamic inscriptions in Hijaz; these texts are regarded as the most trustworthy texts used by Arabs for dating. They are distinctive because they are written by eloquent Arabs who lived in Hijaz whose pronunciation and usage are cited by grammarians. The study aims at closely examining the rules of the specificative that are found in the grammatical methods of dating in light of these inscriptions, and comparing this with the opinions of grammarians. It aims to explain the grammatical rules of the specificative including regular and irregular cases, and compare the rules found in inscriptions with the rules and opinions of grammarians so as to support and clarify the grammarians’ opinions. In addition, it adds some rules that are not mentioned by grammarians but proved through the texts of these inscriptions. The study follows a descriptive approach to analyze these texts and compare between the grammarians’ rules of the specificatives. The most important conclusion of the study is that there are two ways of specifying nights in dating; the first way is to state the lexical item verbally and the second way is to avoid stating the lexical item verbally but take it into account in meaning. Regarding the dating of a year, most inscriptions are of the opinion of stating the lexical item (سنه /sanah/ meaning ‘year’) in the genitive case by a preposition or in the accusative case because of an adverb followed by the lexical item of a number as adnominal. When it is in the genitive case, this takes place with prepositions (في /fi:/ ), (اللام /la:m/), or (من /min/). It is less frequently found in the inscriptions that the lexical item (سنه /sanah/ meaning ‘year’) is repeated in writing. In this case, it is dealt with as mentioned above, added to the first number, then comes the specificative to the coordinated; this is related to the number coordinated; this method is not mentioned by the grammarians but is referred to in the inscriptions in question. Keywords: Expressing date , The specificative , Early Islamic inscription.

We consider the following question: given information on individual policyholder characteristics, how can we ensure that insurance prices do not discriminate with respect to protected characteristics, such as gender? We address the issues of direct and indirect discrimination, the latter resulting from implicit learning of protected characteristics from nonprotected ones. We provide rigorous mathematical definitions for direct and indirect discrimination, and we introduce a simple formula for discrimination-free pricing, that avoids both direct and indirect discrimination. Our formula works in any statistical model. We demonstrate its application on a health insurance example, using a state-of-the-art generalized linear model and a neural network regression model. An important conclusion is that discrimination-free pricing in general requires collection of policyholders’ discriminatory characteristics, posing potential challenges in relation to policyholder’s privacy concerns., ASTIN Bulletin, 52 (1), ISSN:0515-0361, ISSN:1783-1350

The research analyzes and reflects on the contents of university educational models in order to identify the conceptions that support them, the similarities and differences in doctrinal and pedagogical philosophical approaches that animate the academic life of universities and if they respond to the requirements of virtual education that is applied today in universities across the country. To meet the objective, a documentary technique methodology is used that is based on the review of articles and books that deal with university educational models. Likewise, ten educational models from public universities in Peru were selected. As a qualitative study, categories were formulated for analysis and reflection from a content analysis file. The most important conclusion is that Peruvian public universities adopt educational foundations that revolve around humanism, which is reflected in pedagogical, curricular and didactic conceptions, focused on the development of the cognitive and attitudinal capacities of the student as protagonist and valid interlocutor in didactic communication in the classroom. However, due to the accelerated change from face-to-face to virtual education modality, it is urgent to adapt the educational models of the universities to the new educational context. Keywords: Educational model; virtual university education. La investigación analiza y reflexiona sobre los contenidos de los modelos educativos universitarios con el propósito de identificar las concepciones que los fundamentan, las semejanzas y diferencias en planteamientos filosóficos doctrinarios y pedagógicos que animan la vida académica de las universidades y si éstos responden a los requerimientos de la educación virtual que se aplica hoy en día en las universidades de todo el país. Para cumplir con el objetivo se utiliza una metodología de técnica documental que se sustenta en la revisión de artículos y libros que tratan sobre modelos educativos universitarios. Se seleccionaron, así mismo, diez modelos educativos de universidades públicas del Perú. Como estudio cualitativo se formularon categorías para realizar el análisis y la reflexión desde una ficha de análisis de contenidos. La conclusión más importante es que las universidades públicas peruanas adoptan fundamentos educativos que giran en torno al humanismo, el cual se refleja en concepciones pedagógicas, curriculares y didácticas, centradas en el desarrollo de las capacidades cognitivas y actitudinales del estudiante como protagonista e interlocutor válido en la comunicación didáctica en el aula. Sin embargo, por el cambio acelerado de modalidad de educación presencial a virtual, resulta urgente adecuar los modelos educativos de las universidades al nuevo contexto educativo. Palabras clave: Modelo educativo; educación virtual universitaria.

The paper investigates the possibility of evolution in superstitions that support self-governance arrangements. To show that superstitions may adapt to changes in economic constraints, I study a Russian religious sect called the beguny. The sect originated in the eighteenth century and operated in continual opposition to the Russian state. The beguny relied on a system of self-governance, centered around the notion of religious purity. As economic conditions shifted, the beguny rationally amended the concept of religious purity to adapt to change. As a result of its malleability, the sect first evolved from nomadic wandering to a system of refuge providers. Afterwards, the beguny endured an evolutionary split, after which one-half of the sect became a complex hierarchical organization living in a network of hidden monastic cells, whilst the other established monasteries deep in the Siberian taiga. That division allowed the beguny to survive until the twenty-first century. The simple, yet important conclusion of my analysis is that superstitions do not need to be discarded when they cease being socially productive. Instead, they can evolve to continue an efficient supply of governance.

Today, medicalization is one of the major shifts within the practice of female genital cutting (FGC). Medicalization, as defined by the WHO, refers to any situation in which the practice is performed by a trained health professional, at a public or private clinic, at home, or elsewhere. The question “to medicalize or not to medicalize” is a hot topic in the debate on FGC, typically answered by policy makers through the implementation of an anti-medicalization discourse. Yet, in this Ph.D. dissertation, we argue that the discussion on medicalization is often built on moral and ethical arguments, with little empirical grounding. More specifically, we argue it is essential to incorporate the view of practicing communities themselves in the debate. The overarching research questions within this Ph.D. dissertation are “Why do mothers opt to medicalize their daughters’ cut and how does this decision relate to her social position within her community?”. In this dissertation we aim to identify the social correlates of the shift towards medicalization, and the meaning and motivation behind them. In Egypt, we examined the association between mothers’ social position, social norms surrounding the practice, the mothers’ daughters’ risk to be cut and the possible medicalization of this cut. In Kisii County, Kenya, we explored the mothers’ motivation to medicalize their daughters’ cut and we discussed the shift towards medicalization in relation to other shifts in the practice. The first important conclusion of our research is that increasing medicalization and decreasing FGC prevalence can coexist. Increasing medicalization percentages do not necessarily increase girls’ risk to be cut. Moreover, we indicated three major drivers behind mothers‘ choices to medicalize their daughters’ cut. Firstly, mothers argue that they opt for a medicalized cut to reduce the health risks related to the cut. They seek a less harmful but still culturally acceptable alternative. Secondly, the medicalization of FGC is socially stratified. Thirdly, medicalization may act as a social norm itself. In conclusion, we state that the debate about medicalization should be more nuanced and that the general discourse on medicalization should be challenged and empirically grounded. Before we are able to answer the question “to medicalize or not to medicalize”; many more questions lay before us

مسألة تأويل النص الديني وتوظيفه لخدمة القضايا الفلسفية والکلامية من المسائل الشائکة في الفکر الإسلامي، حيث وقع فيها الخلاف بين طوائف المسلمين، وکان لفلاسفة الإسلام نصيب کبير من الإسهام الفکري في هذه المسألة، وقد أدلوا بدلوهم فيها محاولين التوفيق بين النصوص الشرعية والقضايا العقلية وکان من أبرز المهتمين بهذه المسألة من الفلاسفة المسلمين الشيخ الرئيس ابن سينا، وابن رشد الفيلسوف الشهير، وذلک أنهم في بعض مسائلهم الفلسفية کانوا يحاولون ربطها بنصوص الدين لمحاولة البرهنة عليها من جانب، وإکسابها قداسة وصحة من جانب آخر، وقد وفقوا في بعض من ذلک، وجانبهم الصواب في الکثير من المسائل، وفي هذا البحث تعرضت لمسألة تأويل النصوص الدينية وتوظيفها عند الشيخ الرئيس ابن سينا وعند فيلسوف قرطبة ابن رشد، وقد تبين من خلال البحث مدى حرص ابن سينا وابن رشد الشديد على التوفيق بين آراءهما وبين النصوص الدينية، وأنهما في کثير من الأحيان قد لجئا إلى التأويل التعسفي لبعض نصوص الشرع الشريف بهدف إلباس آراءهم ونظرياتهم ثوب القداسة، وجعلها محفوفة بإطار من الدين، حتى لا يجرأ شخص على نقدها والطعن فيها. وکل هذا قد أسلمنا إلى نتيجة مهمة مفادها، أن إعمال العقل في النص الشرعي بدون توفر أدوات فهمه يؤدي بصاحبه إلى الوقوع في مزالق ومخاطر عظيمة، وأن الخوض في تأويل النصوص الشرعية لا يتم إلا بعد اکتساب العلوم المؤهلة لهذه المهمة العظيمة. The issue of interpreting the religious text and employing it to serve philosophical and theological issues is one of the thorny issues in Islamic thought, where disagreement occurred among Muslim sects, and the philosophers of Islam had a great share of intellectual contribution in this issue, and they gave their opinion in it, trying to reconcile between legal texts and mental issues. Among the most prominent Muslim philosophers interested in this issue were the chief Sheikh Ibn Sina, and the famous philosopher Ibn Rushd, and that in some of their philosophical issues they were trying to link them to the texts of religion in an attempt to prove them on the one hand, and make them holiness and health on the other hand, and they were successful in some of that, And their right side in many issues, and in this research I was exposed to the issue of interpretation of religious texts and their employment with the chief Sheikh Ibn Sina and with the Cordoba philosopher Ibn Rushd, and it was shown through the research how keen Ibn Sina and Ibn Rushd were to reconcile their views with religious texts, and that they are in many Sometimes they resorted to the arbitrary interpretation of some texts of the Shari’a in order to dress their views and theories in the guise of holiness, and make them surrounded by a framework of religion, so that no one would dare criticize and challenge them. And all of this has delivered us to an important conclusion that the realization of the mind in the legal text without the availability of tools for understanding it leads the owner to fall into great pitfalls and dangers, and that delving into the interpretation of the legal texts is only after acquiring the sciences qualified for this great task.

This article analyses the availability of transport infrastructure objects in the Baltic macroregion. With the help of the cluster and integral assessment methods, the authors differentiate and classify mesoregions of the Baltic macroregion according to the level of development of both individual transport types and the transport system as a whole. The theoretical contribution of the study lies in the revision of the existing integral indices of transport infrastructure object availability, whereas the practical contribution of the study relates to the possibility to apply the results obtained in developing and adjusting regional and industry-specific transport development programmes. An important conclusion of the study is the practical confirmation of the significant underdevelopment of the regions of North-West Russia (within the Baltic region) as to the availability of transport infrastructure objects in comparison to most mesoregions of the Baltic macroregion. KEYWORDS: Baltic region, transport infrastructure, Engel coefficient, the coefficient of transport infrastructure availability. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.15181/rfds.v12i1.690

مباحث في زيادة الثقة إيمان أحمد شلبي عثمان قسم الحديث وعلومه ، کلية الدراسات الإسلامية والعربية للبنات بالقاهرة - مصر- البريد الإلکتروني: eman.shalaby@azhar.edu.eg الملخص: يعد هذا البحث محاولة لدراسة موضوع زيادة الثقة وما يتصل بها من أنواع علوم الحديث الأخرى وعرضها بوحدة موضوعية . ويهدف البحث إلى إظهار الترابط بين زيادة الثقة وبين هذه الأنواع الحديثية التي ذکرت في کتب مصطلح الحديث کموضوعات مستقلة ، کالحديث المعلول بتعارض الوصل والإرسال ، أوتعارض الرفع و الوقف ، وکالحديث الشاذ ، والمزيد في متصل الأسانيد ، ليشمل هذه الأنواع المترابطة حکم کلي، منعا للتناقض والتعارض فى الحکم عليها، کما يهدف البحث إلى الوصول إلى الرأي الراجح في حکم زيادة الثقة. وقد اعتمدت على المنهج المقارن والمنهج التحليلي في بيان العلاقة بين زيادة الثقة وغيرها من أنواع علوم الحديث المرتبطة بها ،والمنهج النقدي في عرض آراء العلماء في حکم زيادة الثقة . ومن أهم نتائج البحث: أن إطلاق بعض المحدثين القول بأن الزيادة من الثقة مقبولة ليس قولا مطلقا منهم في کل زيادة، حتى وإن کان روايها عدلا ضابطا، وإنما هي في زيادة الثقة المبرز في الحفظ والإتقان على غيره ، ولکل زيادة حکم خاص بها من حيث القبول أو الرد، وفقا لما ترجح من الملابسات والقرائن التي يحکم بمقتضاها على راوي الزيادة بأنه قد أتقن وحفظ مالم يحفظه الآخرون فتقبل زيادته ،أو أنه قد وهم واختل ضبطه فترد زيادته . الکلمات المفتاحية : الثقة – الشاذ – المزيد –المنکر – المعلول . Investigations on Additions Made by Trustworthy Narrators Eman Ahmad Shalabi Othman Department of Hadith and its Sciences، Faculty of Islamic and Arabic Studies for Girls in Cairo، Egypt. Email: eman.shalaby@azhar.edu.eg Abstract: The present study is an attempt to examine the subject of additions made by trustworthy narrators and its relation to other types of Hadith sciences and elaborating the topic objectively. The study aims at showing the connection between additions made by trustworthy narrators and the types of hadiths which have been mentioned in the Hadith terminology literature as independent topics، such as defective hadith because of a contradiction in continuity1 and attribution2 or a contradiction in attribution to the Prophet (Peace be upon him) and discontinuation3. Other examples include the irregular hadith4، and the hadith that is added in a continuous chain of transmission. This is in order to have a holistic judgement for these connected types to avoid inconsistency and contradiction that may happen while judging them. The study also aims at reaching the most preponderant opinion in the status of the additions made by trustworthy narrators. The study adopts the comparative approach and the analytical approach to show the relation between the additions made by trustworthy narrators and the other related types of Hadith sciences. It also adopts the critical approach in reviewing the opinions of scholars in the status of the additions made by trustworthy narrators. The most important conclusion arrived at is that the generalization made by some hadith scholars about the acceptability of the additions made by trustworthy narrators is not applicable to every addition even if its narrator is a truly pious person who has been known for his uprightness and exactitude. The generalization applies to the additions made by a trustworthy narrator who surpasses other narrators in memory and exactitude. Every addition has its own judgement in terms of acceptance or rejection; it is judged in accordance to the weighted circumstances and inferences according to which the narrator of the additions is judged so as to see whether he has mastered and memorized what others did not preserve (in this case his addition is accepted) or he has been deluded and his exactitude is doubted (in this case his addition is rejected). Keywords: Trustworthy narrator – irregular hadith - hadith that is added in a continuous chain of transmission – odd hadith- defective hadith

التردد بين الحقيقة والمجاز عند الأصوليين وأثره في الفروع الفقهية عبد الله فتحي سعد سيد أحمد قسم أصول الفقه ، کلية الدراسات الإسلامية والعربية للبنين بالقاهرة ، جامعة الأزهر، مصر. البريد الإلکتروني: abdullahahmed.4@azhar.edu.eg ملخص يعد هذا البحث محاولة لإبراز الارتباط الوثيق بين علم أصول الفقه، وعلوم اللغة العربية ؛ وذلک لأنه لما کانت نصوص الوحي الشريف نازلة بلغة العرب، توقف استنباط الأحکام الشرعية منها على العلم بعلوم العربية؛ ولهذا نجد الأصوليين قد بثوا في ثنايا کتبهم کثيرا من المباحـث اللغـوية، التي لها أثر في الاستنباط، ومن هنا تظهر أهمية الکلام على الحقيقة والمجاز، وأحوال تردد اللفظ بينهما. ويهدف البحث إلى: تحديد صور تردد مفهوم اللفظ بين المعنى الحقيقي والمجازي، بما يبين ماهية کل صورة منها، ويجلي ما بينها من الفروق، مع تمييز ما کان الاعتبار فيه للحقيقة، وما ترجح فيه جانب المجاز، وما لزم المصير فيه إلى کون اللفظ مجملا من أحوال ذلک التردد. وقد اعتمد البحث على کل من المنهج الاستقرائي في تتبع الصور والأقوال، والمنهج النقدي في المقارنة بين مذاهب الأصوليين، والمنهج التحليلي لما وقع فيه التردد بين الحقيقة والمجاز، سواء کان ذلک في نصوص الوحي، أو في کلام المکلفين. ومن أهم نتائج البحث: إبراز تأثير ما صار إليه الأصوليون في الجانب التقعيدي على الجانب التطبيقي في هذا الباب، فإذا ما تردد مفهوم لفظ ما بين الحقيقة والمجاز، کان اتضاح ما ذکره الأصوليون من أحوال ذلک التردد وضوابطه لازما للتمکن من تحديد موقف صحيح في تقديم أحدهما على الآخر في خصوص السياق الذي ورد اللفظ فيه. الکلمات المفتاحية: الحقيقة، المجاز، التردد، الأصوليون، الفروع الفقهية. Page BreakHesitation Between The Real and Figurative Meaning from The Perspective of Scholars of Principles of Jurisprudence and its Effect on Fiqh Branches Abdullah Fathy Saad Sayed Ahmad Department of Principles of Jurisprudence, Faculty of Islamic and Arabic Studies for boys in Cairo, Al-Azhar University, Egypt. Email: abdullahahmed.4@azhar.edu.eg Abstract: The present study is an attempt to highlight the close connection between the field of principles of jurisprudence and the Arabic language sciences; this is due to the fact that the noble revelation were in the language of Arabs and this in turn made inferring legal judgments to be based on competence of the Arabic language sciences. As a result, it is noticed that scholars of principles of jurisprudence have embedded in their books several linguistic chapters relating to deduction. This shows the significance of investigating the real and figurative meaning and the conditions where the lexical item hovers between both of them. The study aims at identifying the cases of hesitation between the real and figurative meaning in a way that defines each case and clarifies the differences among the cases. It shows the cases when the real meaning outweighs the figurative meaning and vice versa, and also when the lexical item includes both meanings. The present study adopts the deductive approach to identify cases and opinions on them. It uses the critical approach to compare the schools of thought of the scholars of principles of jurisprudence. It also adopts the analytical approach to analyze the cases where hesitation between the real and figurative meaning occurs in the texts of revelation or in the sayings of legally competent obligated persons. The most important conclusion arrived at is that the effect of the efforts exerted by the scholars of principles of jurisprudence to make rules is more highlighted than their efforts in the practical aspect of this topic. When hesitation between the real and figurative meaning occurs, there should be a clarification of the opinions and rules of the scholars of principles of jurisprudence in this regard, so as to be able to hold a proper position to decide which meaning outweighs the other in the context in which it occurs. Keywords Reality – figurative meaning – hesitation – scholars of principles of jurisprudence, fiqh branches

Utilizing a SIRE model, I analyze the impact of the 'Trump factor', defined as the ratio of Republican to Democratic voters, in the spread of COVID-19 in the state of Louisiana. The principal findings are these: when the Trump factor is estimated with 2016 State election results, the share of infections peaks at around 40 percent, and the share of expired (deaths) plateaus at around 3.015 percent of the state's population. Utilizing 2020 State election data, the share of infections decreases slightly – to 39 percent – and the share of expired plateaus at 3.018 percent. If the Trump factor is measured utilizing 2020 National election results, the share of infections in Louisiana would only reach 12 percent of the population and the share of expired would stabilize at 2.254 percent, reflecting a decrease in the number of total deaths of roughly 23, 459 individuals. An important conclusion is that had Trump shown more interest, and relied more heavily, on the advice of his health experts to make public pronouncements about the pandemic, perhaps the evolution of the virus in the US would not have been as tragic and costly as it has been.

Nuevas pesquisas practicadas sobre viejos instrumentos archivísticos arrojan respuestas igualmente novedosas. Esta es la situación sobrevenida con los tumbos de los siglos XVI-XVIII elaborados en los monasterios cistercienses del noroeste español. El objetivo inicial estribó en la posibilidad de reconstruir la estructura y funcionamiento de los archivos y las bibliotecas del Císter, de los siglos XII y XIII, mediante el estudio de los tumbos elaborados en los monasterios en siglos posteriores. Las respuestas recibidas de los propios tumbos aquilataron una conclusión inesperada y de importancia puesto que parecen responder a un plan estratégico de prevención de los monasterios cistercienses.

The article describes the results of our study of the term “cultural consumption” and its influence on the process of formation of students’ social status. In this article, we present data from sociological researches and the data of our study about tendencies of cultural consumption. The most important conclusion is that the level of students’ cultural consumption is high, but consumption is demonstrative. This distinguishing feature of youth society must be studied in detail.

CEL NAUKOWY: Celem artykulu jest analiza przewidywanych i widocznych juz dzisiaj konsekwencji kryzysu pandemii w wymiarze politycznym, gospodarczym, spolecznym i religijnym PROBLEM I METODY BADAWCZE: Autor korzysta z bogatego spektrum wypowiedzi wspolczesnych analitykow kryzysu COVID-19, dokonując przeglądu ich opinii oraz oceniając ich rzeczywiste podstawy Przywoluje poglądy i prognozy formulowane w świecie zachodnich demokracji przez politykow, naukowcow, hierarchow Kościola PROCES WYWODU: Proces wywodu polega na analizie wspolczesnych problemow związanych z zarazą w Europie i USA Drugim stopniem analiz jest sformulowanie domnieman co do przyszlych konsekwencji kryzysu WYNIKI ANALIZY NAUKOWEJ: Najistotniejszą konkluzją artykulu jest proba rozpoznania konsekwencji kryzysu w kluczowych dziedzinach zycia zachodnich demokracji Zdaniem autora obecny kryzys przyczynia sie do wzrostu podejrzliwości spoleczenstw zachodnich wobec panstwa demoliberalnego, ktore w sytuacji pandemii stara sie uwypuklic swoją sklonnośc do dzialan autorytarnych Chodzi tu przede wszystkim o oddzialywanie w duchu interwencjonizmu gospodarczego, centralizmu, protekcjonizmu WNIOSKI, INNOWACJE, REKOMENDACJE: Autor dochodzi do wniosku, iz obecny kryzys powoduje radykalizacje istniejących juz wcześniej idei Jego zdaniem ani elity polityczne, ani tez hierarchowie Kościola nie są w stanie zachowac rownowagi intelektualnej wobec kryzysu COVID-19, ktory nazywa on kryzysem „rozchwiania" Ostatecznie nie wiadomo, jaka czeka nas przyszlośc Poki co nie mogą nas o tym pouczyc ani wspolczesna nauka, ani tez - tym bardziej - zadne elity polityczne Alternate abstract:RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is an analysis of the consequences, which can be foreseen and are visible just now during the crisis of the pandemic in the sphere of politics, economy, social life and religion THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The author uses the rich spectrum of the statements formulated by the present-day analysts of the COVID-19;he analyses theirs opinions and estimates its real grounds He points at the views and prognoses formulated by the politicians, scientists and hierarchy of the Church THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The process of argumentation consists in an analysis of the present-day problems related to the pestilence in Europe and USA The second step of analysis is the presentation of the supposed consequences of the crisis RESEARCH RESULTS: The most important conclusion of the research is an attempt to recognize the consequences of crisis in the pivotal spheres of the life in western democracies In the author's opinion, the present situation increases the distrust of the western societies towards the demo-liberal State, which in the present situation of pandemic is trying to bring into relief its inclination for the authoritarian and even tyrannical activity It deals first of all with the activities connected with the politics of economic restrictions, centralization and protectionism CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The author comes to the conclusion that the present-day crisis causes the radicalization of the ideas, which have been existed before In his opinion, neither political elites nor the hierarchies of the Church are able to keep a rational balance in the time of Covis-19 crisis, which he calls the crisis of „swinging" At last, the future is unknown As long as we are in crisis we could be instructed about future neither by the present-day science nor - still less - by any political elites

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar las relaciones causales de corto plazo entre el sector petrolero y el crecimiento económico; utilizando dos metodologías, el modelo ARDL y la propuesta basada en lógica difusa, el Autorregresivo de Rezagos Distribuidos Gaussiano Difuso FG-ARDL. Para ello se analizaron 59 variables del sector petrolero y su relación con el Indicador Global de la Actividad Económica, y el correspondiente indicador de actividades primarias, secundarias y terciarias, en formato mensual entre enero 1997 y diciembre 2019. El modelo FG-ARDL logró mejores estimaciones, permitiendo identificar con mayor precisión la influencia de las variables derivadas de la industria petrolera en el crecimiento económico. La principal recomendación es evaluar otras relaciones económicas para verificar la eficiencia de la nueva metodología, en la que la primordial limitación es su dependencia al método ARDL, por lo que no proporciona nuevas relaciones causales. La conclusión más relevante es que el consumo interno de gasolina y PEMEX diésel son las principales variables que impulsan el crecimiento económico de corto plazo, resultado que se observa de mejor forma en el modelo propuesto.

يهدف البحث إلى بيان العلاقة بين الدلالة اللغوية والدلالة التأويلية للرمز في الرؤى، ومن ثم اهتم البحث بشرح المصطلحات المتعلقة به وبيان المعاني اللغوية والاصطلاحية لها، وانتقل بعد ذلک إلى کشف الضوابط والقواعد اللغوية التي اعتمد عليها المعبرون في تأويل الرؤى، وتطبيق ذلک على الرؤى الواردة في سورة يوسف، وتبين لنا بوضوح دور اللغة في تعبير الرؤى وبيان معاني رموزها، واتضح أن المعبرين اعتمدوا على کثير من القواعد اللغوية سواء ما کان منها متعلقا بسياق المقال، أو ما کان متعلقا بسياق الحال، حتى يکاد المتأمل يظن أن تعبير الرؤى في جوهره جاء انعکاسا لقوانين لغوية خالصة. وقد ظهر جليا من البحث ومجرياته أن السياق غير اللغوي بکل عناصره له أثر کبير في معرفة المعنى المراد من الرمز وتحديده، کما اتضح کذلک دور القرائن السياقية في توجيه المعنى. وأکد البحث على أهمية معرفة المعبر بکل ما يحيط بالرؤيا المعبرة وصاحبها، ومن ثم فإن تعبير الرؤى ليس عملا سهلا ميسورا لکل أحد، فصاحبه عليه أن يمتلک کل أدواته وقبل کل ذلک أن يذلل الله له سبل هذا العلم وطرائقه ويفتح عليه بالتأويل. ويلفت البحث أنظار الباحثين اللغويين إلى الاهتمام بهذا العلم وسبر أغواره وکشف أسراره، فهو مجال خصب وبيئة لغوية ثرية لمن أراد أن يبحث في اللغة ومعانيها وأسرارها. الکلمات المفتاحية: الرمز – الرؤيا – الرؤى – رؤى يوسف – سورة يوسف – الدلالة التأويلية – الدلالة اللغوية – رؤيا يوسف – رؤيا الملک – رؤيا صاحبي يوسف- معجم رموز الرؤى- الدلالة السياقية. Linguistic versus hermeneutic connotations of symbols in dreams in Surah Yusuf Muhammad Mahmoud Al-Qadi Assistant Professor, Department of Arabic Language, Faculty of Arts, Helwan University Email: Mohamed_alkady01@arts.helwan.edu.eg This study aims to clarify the relation between linguistic and hermeneutic connotations of symbols in visions. Hence it gives special consideration to explaining the terms related to the title of the study, and clarifying their linguistic and technical meanings. The study also aims to uncover the linguistic rules on which interpreters relied in interpreting visions, and applying them to the visions in Surah Yusuf. The study shows the pivotal role of language in interpreting visions and explaining the symbols in them. In addition, it shows clearly that the interpreters of visions relied heavily on many linguistic rules, both relating to context of speech and context of situation, to the extent that one may think that interpreting visions in essence is a reflection of pure linguistic rules. The study reached some important practical conclusions of which the most significant is compiling dictionaries for symbols of visions and their various indications. Another important conclusion is inviting researchers to study the literature on interpreting dreams from a lexical-semantic perspective, as such studies are expected to contribute to compiling objective linguistic dictionaries. Key words: the symbol - the vision - the visions - the visions of Joseph - Surat Yusuf - the interpretive connotation - the linguistic connotation - the vision of Joseph - the vision of the king - the vision of Joseph's two friends - the dictionary of symbols of the visions - the contextual connotation.

The main objective of this research paper is to perform a parametric comparison of gas flow (air and hydrogen) through a curved channel in terms of thermodynamic based environmental and sustainability analysis. For this analysis, the following sustainability indicators which are i) exergetic efficiency (ee), ii) waste exergy ratio (wer), iii) environmental effect factor (eef) and iv) exergetic sustainability index (esi) are defined and estimated in terms of the channel aspect ratio (AR), Dean Number (De) and reference temperature (T0). Consequently, it is found that ee and esi rise with the increment of De and AR of the curved channel and with the decrease of T0. However, wer and eef show the opposite behavior. As an important conclusion, air flow through the channel is found to be more exergetic than that of hydrogen under the boundary conditions assumed for the problem. The ee and esi increases with the rise of De while rising with the decrement of T0. For air, maximum ee and esi values are obtained to be 99.9% and 751.69 incase De is 207.1 and T0 is 243 K. Adding that, for hydrogen, the maximum ee and esi values have been estimated to be 99.8% and 710.5 while De is 202.3 and T0 is 243 K. The ee and esi increase with the rise of AR. For air, the maximum ee and esi values are found to be 97.9% and 45.8 while De is equal to 207.1 and AR is 5.5. Also, for hydrogen, the maximum ee and esi values have been calculated to be 97.5% and 38.6 while De is 202.3 and AR is 5.5.

The purpose of the article is a socio-philosophical reflection of the determinants and self-determinates of social life in Russian society based on socio-philosophical self-reflection. Research methodology. The paper suggests a «neo-marxist» version of social determinism, in which social consciousness is practical and consists of the relations that a social class maintains with other groups. Research result. Introduction to the research discourse of both determinants and self-determinants of social life according to the author's position means preserving the tradition of social determinism, despite the deconstructivism of social postmodernism. Research the complexity of the situation is that in the concept-movement is required to develop a position of interdependence, of vzaimozavisimost public life based on the definition of the determinant of the objectified results of human activity, and semideterminate – as the subject-choice models of social action within the possibilities that are treated as determinants of social life. The authors come to the conclusion that at the present stage in Russian society there is the emergence of new ties and relations, as a consequence of the information and individual revolution in public life. Prospects of the study. An important conclusion can be considered the introduction of determinants and self-determinants of social life into the socio-philosophical discourse, and this concept can be used in further socio-philosophical research.

الهدف من کتابة موضوع قرنية العين بين التبرع والمتاجرة في الفقه الإسلامي ، ما حدث في مستشفى القصر العيني التابع لجامعة القاهرة في 2018م بالاستيلاء علي قرنية العين من جثة احد الموتى بدون إذن من أقاربه فأدي لحصول مشکلة قانونية وشرعية، تناولتها في البحث من حيث التعريف بقرنية العين ومکوناتها ووظيفتها، ثم المتاجرة بقرنية العين عن طريق البيع والشراء، ومدي قابلية القرنية للمالية ، وقانون انشاء البنوک مع التعديلات علي القانون حتي 2017م، ومدي التبرع بقرنية العين، والحکم لو قرر الأطباء استئصالها فهل يحق له التبرع بها لشخص آخر، ثم بيان رأي المجامع الفقهية ودار الإفتاء المصرية ، وموقف الفقهاء من نص القانون الخاص بقرنيات العيون حتي آخر تعديل، ثم ختمت بخاتمة لأهم النتائج والتوصيات الخاصة بقرنيات العيون وبالنظر بتعديل بعض مواده الخاصة بالتبرع دون موافقه أهل المتوفي . The topic of cornea of ​​the eye between donation and trading in Islamic jurisprudence, the aim of writing the research is what happened at the Kasr Al-Aini Hospital of the University of Cairo in 2018 AD by seizing the cornea of ​​the eye from the body of a dead person without permission from his relatives, led to the occurrence of a legal and legal problem, dealt with in the research in terms of definition of cornea The eye, its components, and its function, then trading in the cornea of ​​the eye through buying and selling, the extent of the viability of the cornea for finance, the law of establishing banks with amendments to the law until 2017 AD, the extent of donating the cornea of ​​the eye, and the ruling. The Gahah and Dar al-Fatwa, and the position of jurists from the text of the private law Baqrnaat eyes until the last modified, and then sealed the most important conclusion of the findings and recommendations for Baqrnaat eyes and considering amending some articles of the special donation without the consent of the people of the deceased.

South Korea launched the world’s first nationwide 5G mobile services on 3 April 2019 and rushed in the race to roll out the latest wireless technology. It is necessary to perform a preliminary estimation of the new mobile market to take advantage of its huge opportunity. This study proposes a customer adoption model based on system dynamics combined with agent-based model to understand the evolution of 5G service better taking into account 5G adoption forecasts under categories with three alternative scenarios. The most important conclusion is that the 5G adoption curve is faster than 4G at the introduction stage.

We investigate the impact of the Czech Republic's membership in the European Union on capital mobility. Our estimation of capital mobility is based on the alternative Feldstein-Horioka model. The model comes from intertemporal budget constraints with the additional assumption of a different data generation process. We propose an empirical framework to capture two different regimes in the vector error correction model. We show that the period 1996-2004 is composed of both regimes. The most important conclusion is that the period 1996-2004 is connected with a mix of both regimes. However, the period 2005-2017 comprises only one regime, which is connected with higher capital mobility. Therefore, capital mobility in the Czech Republic increased after 2004.

This text is the presentation of Edward Stachura’s philosophy. It is not about literal philosophy, however, it concerns a system of values and views taken by the writer. The article is an attempt to read Stachura from a different side than as a poet, bard, and mediocre singer. It is a compilation of the writer’s various texts, but the leading one is a little-known work called Everything is poetry. The story-river (edited by H. Berezy, Z. Fedecki, K. Rutkowski, vol. 4, Warsaw 1984) Stachura trans-forms into almost a sage, into a philosopher who tries to create elementary definitions of the world, people, time and eternity. First of all, I analysed the conceptualisation of the phrase “everything is poetry” as well as attempting to explain what poetry is for the writer in general. The most important conclusion is that “everything is poetry and the least poetry is a poem; everyone is a poet and the least poet is a poet who writes poems”. Thus, he proves that he is not only an “extreme” creator, but one who seeks hope and gaps in describing and understanding the world. Ultimately, it is also a study of Stachura’s broadly understood optimism, underestimated in his work on a daily basis.

الملخص: يهدف البحث إلى الاطلاع على مکامن سورة البلد , والدلالات والإضاءات, والفوائد والفرائد, واللطائف الجلية والخفيةلها، وما فيها من البديع والبيان والمعاني الجليلة من خلال المنهج التحليلي وترک الحکم للقارئ مما يعين على ايجاد أفق أوسع للقارئ الذي يريد نيل علوم القرآن بشکل جميل, بعيد عن التطويل والملل, وقريب من التوسط وعدم الخلل.لذا فإن دراسة جانب من جوانبه أمر في غاية الأهمية ومنها سورة البلد ، لتوصل الباحث إلى الإحاطة بالجزء المدروس، وتطلعه على الأسرار الکامنة وراءه. من : علوم, وتفسير, وإشارات, ومعنى، وأسلوب، ودلالة، وترکيب، وبلاغة. وکان من أهم نتائج البحث : اشتملت سورة البلد على العديد من الدلالات، والتراکيب، فضلا عن اللطائف البلاغية. The Interpretation of the Ever-Glorious Quran and its Sciences Surat Al-Balad’s Radiance Jassim Ashwi Shari' Mohammed Al-Dfairi Imam and preacher in the mosque sector, and assistant director in the Department of Islamic Studies, the Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs in Kuwait Email:mm.mostafa@yahoo.com Abstract: The present study aims at revealing the contents, indications, illuminations, benefits of Surat Al-Balad. It explores the unique, clear and hidden secrets of Surat Al-Balad, and its wonderful, evident, great and beautiful meanings. The study adopts the analytical approach and leaves the judgement to the reader, which helps to find a broader horizon for the reader who wants to obtain beautifully the sciences of the Qur’an, far from prolongation and boredomand close to mediation and without defects.Therefore, studying an aspect is very important, including Surat Al-Balad, so that the researcher comes to know the studied part, and the secrets behind it including: sciences, interpretation, signs, meaning, style, significance, structure, and rhetoric. The most important conclusion the study arrived at is that Surat Al-Balad involves significance, structures, and rhetorical illuminations.

العقوبات القلبية وأسباب رفعها في ضوء السنة النبوية هناء علي علي محمد بشر قسم الحديث وعلومه ، کلية الدراسات الإسلامية والعربية بنات، جامعة الأزهر، القاهرة. البريد الإلکتروني:Hh33322h@gmail.com الملخص: هدفت الدراسة إلى إظهار مکانة القلب ؛ فالقلب أمير البدن وبصلاح الأمير تصلح الرعية وبفساده تفسد، فالمتدبر لآيات القرآن الکريم يجدها حافلة بالحديث عن القلب وتوجيه النظر لأهميته لأن مدار صلاح الإنسان وفساده على صلاح القلب وفساده؛ إذ القلب محل عظائم الأمور فهو موضع الإيمان والتصديق والاعتقاد الحق، والقلب موطن التفکر والتعقل والتدبر، والقلب في الحقيقة هو المجزي على الأعمال لأن صلاح الأعمال وفسادها مدارها على القلب. والقلوب تنقسم باعتبار أحولها إلى: قلب سليم، وقلب مريض، وقلب ميت. والقلوب إنما خلقت لأجل غاية عظيمة ومهمة جليلة ألا وهي معرفة الله تعالى وعبادته، فإذا لم يقم القلب بمهامه وما خلق لأجله استحق العقاب من الله تعالى، فالذنب لا يخلوا من عقوبة البته سواء کانت العقوبة في الأبدان أو على القلوب، وهي أشد أنواع العقوبات إذ قد يکون المرء معاقب بإحدى العقوبات القلبية وهو لا يدري. فمن العقوبات التي تقع على القلب: قسوة القلب، وعمى القلب، والطبع والران، والختم، وغير ذلک من العقوبات التي جاءت واضحه في القرآن الکريم والسنة النبوية المطهرة، وإنما تقع العقوبات على القلب بسبب اقتراف الذنوب والجسارة عليها، والغفلة، واتباع الشهوات. فإذا وقع العبد في ذنب فلا بد له أن يسارع إلى التوبة، وأن يستعين على ذلک بذکر الله تعالى فإن الذکر دواء للقلوب، وأن يذکر الموت وما فيه فإن ذکر الموت يردع عن المعاصي، ويلين القلوب، ويجعل القلب مشغولا بربه U. ولابد له من صحبة صالحة تعينه على طاعة الله. واستخدمت في الدراسة منهج: الاستقراء والتحليل. من أهم نتائج البحث: أن العقوبات القلبية کما أن لها أسباب لوقوعها على القلب، کذلک لها أسباب لرفعها من أهمها: مجاهدة النفس، والتوبة، وذکر الله، وتذکر الموت، وصحبة الصالحين. الکلمات المفتاحية: أهمية القلب، أنواع القلوب، العقوبات القلبية، أسباب رفعها، التوبة. Heart Sanctions and Reasons for Lifting them in Light of the Sunnah Hana Ali Ali Muhammad Bisher The department of Hadith and its Sciences, Faculty of Islamic and Arabic Studies, Women's branch, Al-Azhar University in Cairo. Email: Hh33322h@gmail.com Abstract: The present study aims at showing the significance of the heart; the heart is the most important part of the body and if the heart is good, the whole body becomes good, and vice versa. Whoever contemplates the verses of the Glorious Quran find that they have many verses talking about the heart and directing attention to its significance because the righteousness of man depends on the righteousness of his heart and vice versa; the heart is the center of greatest matters including faith, belief, and attestation. The most important conclusion of the study is that sanctions imposed upon the heart have causes as well as reasons for lifting them. Among the reasons for lifting sanctions on hearts are striving against self, repentance, remembrance of Allah, remembering death, and righteous company. Keywords: Significance of the heart – types of hearts – sanctions upon hearts – reasons for lifting sanctions on hearts – repentance.

Prostate cancer is one of the most frequent diagnosed cancer in men in devoloped countries. So, the crucial point for achiving the best results of therapy is chosing optimal treatment for particular patient. The appriopriate treatment decision process is challenging for all specialists involved in this process such as urologists, radiation oncologists, and clinical oncologists. Prostate cancer treatment with radiotherapy during the scientific conferences such as ASTRO and ESTRO was one of significant part of scientific disscusion regarding reults of the most important clinical studies evaluated the role of radiotherapy. One of the most important conclusion from recently presented trials for intermediate and high-risk prostate cancer patients stated that combined treatment encompassed androgen deprivation therapy and modern high-dose radiotherapy gives the best results in comparison to high-dose or moderate dose radiotherapy alone. Another very important groups of trials concerned the role of dose escalation for patients with prostate cancer and all studies clearly showed that dose escalation is related with significant clinical benefit, but still it is some concerns regarding translation of biochemical gain into overal survival benefit especially when the follow-up period is relatively short.

The strong growth of cash in circulation in Hungary seen in recent years seemingly contradicts the changes in payment habits and can also be interpreted to show that the development of the Hungarian payment system is falling behind relative to other countries in Europe. Placing the Hungarian data in an international context, this study attempts to provide a true and accurate picture of the situation with cash usage in Hungary and uses the relevant literature to present the trends in cash demand observed globally. One important conclusion is that, in terms of their nature, transactional cash demand and cash demand for savings purposes are clearly separated, with the latter primarily responsible for the expansion of the volume of cash on a global scale. While the growth seen in Hungary may be high in European comparison, taking into consideration changes in interest rate levels and GDP it cannot be seen as extreme. Based on international trends, the realistic goal for Hungary should primarily be to decelerate the expansion, as experiences show that a nominal decrease in cash volume requires the long-term and concurrent existence of several factors.

The Four Color Conjecture is a well-known coloring problem of graphs. Since its advent, there are a lot of solvers. One of the early pioneers was Percy John Heawood, who has proved the Five Color Theorem. In addition, Kempe first demonstrated an important conclusion about planar graph: in any map, there must be a country with five or fewer neighbors. Kempe’s proof proposed two important concepts—“configuration” and “reducibility”, which laid the foundation for further solving the Four Color Problem. The Four Color Problem had previously been proved by use of computer. Based on Kempe’s concepts of “configuration” and “reducibility”, this paper attempts to provide a non-computer proof of the Four Color Problem through rigorous logical analysis.

The purpose of this article was to demonstrate the approach of the Supreme Administrative Court to ruling in cases of the “reverse distribution chain” and its effects for the entities operating public pharmacies that participate in the “reverse distribution chain”. The judgments of the Supreme Administrative Court in this area were analysed, taking into account the new legal standard prohibiting wholesale trade in medicinal products by a public pharmacy, regulations existing before the above legal standard was implemented, and the effects associated with the participation in the “reverse distribution chain”. The most important conclusion of the above analysis was the fact that the Pharmaceutical Law, when regulating trade in medicinal products, defines the principles of such trade and only on the basis thereof may the activity be conducted.

An experimental study on optimum spacing between grooved tubes is reported in this paper. Two grooved tubes having pitch of 10 mm and 15 mm and a plain tube were considered for the heat transfer analysis. The spacing between two tubes with same pitch was varied from 10 mm to 35 mm with a step size of 5 mm. Velocity of air flowing over the tube surfaces was changed from 0.4 m/s to 1 m/s using a blower fan. Based on Nusselt number (Nu) the optimum spacing between the tubes was decided. The optimum spacing between grooved tubes of pitch 10 mm and 15 mm was compared with that of plain tubes. From the experimental analysis it was noticed that with increase in air velocity (increase in Reynolds number) the tube surface temperature reduced irrespective of any tube considered. Nu increased with increase in air velocity for all the tubes. The important conclusion drawn from the present study was that, there exists a limiting spacing (optimum) between the tubes above which no change in Nu was observed. Spacing of 30 mm was found to be the optimum spacing between the tubes irrespective of its surface geometry modifications.

This chapter contains a brief overview of computational multiscale modeling methods and their potential applications in the field of lignocellulosic biomass. The electronic structure and classical molecular dynamics method are discussed. The lignocellulosic biomass structure is evaluated based on multiscale modeling methods, and the stability and impact of moisture content are also described. The underlying interactions between lignocellulosic polymers, conformational changes of polymers, and pretreatment analysis are the focus. The implementation of a coarse-grained model for biomass and reactive force field molecular dynamics simulation is illustrated. Finally, an important conclusion is drawn to use state-of-the-art modern computational techniques towards the design and valorization of the molecular structure of lignocellulosic biomass and its conversion to value-added materials.

This study is an attempt to introduce the references in Old Tamil Caṅkam literature to the death of kings and heroes, to evaluate the data through a historical lens, and to discover the memorialising techniques in ancient South India. During our investigations we came to an important conclusion, as not just the erected memorial stones were the bearers of memory in these centuries, but the heroic poetry itself became a symbolic lieu de memoire, which played the same role through the ages as other memorial monuments, and provided an opportunity to the people of Tamiḻakam to remember and be commemorated of the ancient heroic past.

Based on the results of the research, the most important conclusion is that due to the high cost of dental care (especially due to the high cost of dental materials), most of the socially vulnerable people do not receive such care today. We consider it possible for the Social Department of the Ministry of Health as well as the Social Assistance Departments of the cities to increase the budget funds to solve this problem.

The purpose of this research is to know the effect of the future accounting information and the predictability provided by that information in enhancing the financial viability of the economic units and identifying the financial feasibility and importance of the economic units in terms of guiding the owners of capital to take the right investment decision.This research was conducted in one of the investment projects for the production of iron located in the city of Baghdad, the region of Awrig , The most important conclusion of this study is that for the financial feasibility study it is important to estimate the success of the project by determining the expected returns compared to the expected costs.

The aim of this research is to find out the adequacy and appropriateness of revenue recognition procedures in mobile phone companies and to know how well they comply with international financial reporting standards. The most important conclusion reached by the researcher is the lack of experience and know-how in the accounting and administrative staff working in most mobile phone companies. The most important recommendations of the research are the need to provide an efficient accounting and administrative staff with sufficient experience and know-how in the methods of recognizing revenues generated by mobile phone companies.

We study the effect of credit conditions on the allocation of inputs, and their implications for aggregate TFP growth. For this, we build a new dataset for Mexican manufacturing merging real and financial data at the 4-digit industrial sector level. Using a simple misallocation framework, we find that changes in inter-industry allocative efficiency account for 41 percent of changes in aggregate TFP. We then construct a model of firm behavior with working capital constraints and borrowing limits which generate sub-optimal use of inputs, and calibrate it to our data. We find that the model accounts for 38 percent of the observed variability in efficiency. An important conclusion is that heterogeneity in credit conditions across industries is key in accounting for efficiency gains. Despite overall credit stagnation, more access to credit and lower interest rates to distorted industries contributed substantially to the recovery from the 2009 recession, suggesting a plausible mechanism for credit-less recoveries.

In a market economy with frequent changes, audit is an area that can provide some stability at the economic and social lever, even if the economic and financial crises have questioned the audit work and led to a decrease in the trust of the intended users in the auditors work, leading to a distortion of the primary purpose of the financial audit. The article presents the relevant aspects of the evolution of audit reporting, especially on the underlying issues that expressing qualified opinions or disclaimer of opinion. The content of paper includes a review literature, national and international, and a case study that identified and analyzed the qualified opinions expressed in the auditor’s independent reports, after analysis the financial statements of companies listed on the Bucharest Stock Exchange for the period 2015, 2016 and 2017. The entities were grouped on 9 sectors of activity and researched for each industry if the auditors expressed an unqualified opinion or a modified opinion and if the auditor is part of a Big4 company or belongs to another auditor category. The reasons behind the modified opinions were analyzed and grouped according to the frequency of their appearance in the audit reports. The most important conclusion of the case study was that in all cases, the reasons that led to express modified opinions, was detailed in the auditor’s report, this being considered as a reference guide for the future auditor’s missions, as well as, a recommendation for improving the highlighted aspects.

The availability of numerous modeling approaches for volatility forecasting leads to model uncertainty for both researchers and practitioners. A large number of studies provide evidence in favor of combination methods for forecasting a variety of financial variables, but most of them are implemented on returns forecasting and evaluate their performance based solely on statistical evaluation criteria. In this paper, we combine various volatility forecasts based on different combination schemes and evaluate their performance in forecasting the volatility of the S&P 500 index. We use an exhaustive variety of combination methods to forecast volatility, ranging from simple techniques to time‐varying techniques based on the past performance of the single models and regression techniques. We then evaluate the forecasting performance of single and combination volatility forecasts based on both statistical and economic loss functions. The empirical analysis in this paper yields an important conclusion. Although combination forecasts based on more complex methods perform better than the simple combinations and single models, there is no dominant combination technique that outperforms the rest in both statistical and economic terms.

Thousands of households in coastal Madagascar that employ pitcher-pump systems to provide water for domestic use may be at risk for harmful exposure to lead (Pb), which leaches from locally manufactured pump system components. The Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic model (IEUBK) can predict blood lead levels (BLLs) in exposed children, thereby characterizing potential health risks. However, it is unclear if the existing methodology of the IEUBK accounts adequately for dietary Pb contributions from contaminated cooking water. Therefore, aims of this study are (1) to develop a method for modifying the IEUBK to account for contaminated cooking water, (2) to quantitatively estimate the importance of dietary Pb uptake (relative to other routes of Pb exposure) in coastal Madagascar, and (3) to estimate BLLs of children in that area, accounting for dietary uptake. Results show that if the Pb concentration in household drinking and cooking water is low (≤ 4 µg/L), Pb in cooking water is not a major route of exposure; predicted BLLs in children are low regardless of whether the dietary component is modified. However, the importance of dietary intake increases with water concentration: if the household aqueous Pb concentration increases from 4 to 24 µg/L, corresponding to the 90th percentile concentration measured in a field campaign, then the estimated dietary contribution to total Pb uptake can exceed 50%. Based on median measured Pb concentrations (11 µg/L), 7–14% of children in households using pitcher-pump systems in coastal Madagascar would present with BLLs > 5 µg/dL (i.e., levels implicated in developmental health issues); however, this number could exceed 90% in households or communities where the water concentration is particularly high. An important conclusion is that the IEUBK should be modified when applied to a developing-world context, where preparation of a starch food staple like rice may present considerable Pb exposure; omitting dietary uptake in cooking water potentially ignores the dominant route of Pb exposure.

A 1.2-kV rated 4H-SiC split-gate octagonal cell MOSFET (SG-OCTFET) is proposed and successfully fabricated in a 6-in foundry for the first time. The measured results quantify the benefits of the SG-OCTFET structure: improvement in high-frequency figures of merit (HF-FOM) ( $\text{R}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}\times $ C $_{\text {gd}}$ ) by $1.8\times $ , HF-FOM ( $\text{R}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}\times $ Q $_{\text {gd}}$ ) by $1.6\times $ , and FOM ( $\text{C}_{\text {iss}}/\text{C}_{\text {gd}}$ ) by $1.6\times $ compared with the optimized compact OCTFET design due to the reduced gate-to-drain overlap area. An important conclusion of this letter is that unlike commercially available 1.2-kV SiC power MOSFETs with linear cell topology, the 1.2-kV SG-OCTFET design can outperform commercially available 600-V Si super-junction devices.

Basicly, the employee performance are the result of a complex processes, which are come from the employees itself (internal factor), company situation (external factor), and the company strategic efforts. A good performance is certainly being expected all company and institution who employ the employees, because the employee performance finally expected to increase the company performance totality. This research is aimed to examine the impact of communication competence, emotional intelligence, and organizational culture to employee performance. The problem raised in this study are (1) The influence of communication competence on employee, (2) The influence of emotional intelligence on employee performance, (3) The influence of organizational culture on employee performance.This research has been conducted in PT Bangun Jaya Alam Permai I District of Kotawaringin Barat, Province of Central Kalimantan. As many as 40 employees are taken as respondent using disproportionate stratified sampling. Questionnaires were used as a tool in data collection method. Data analysis techniques in this research SPSS 20 for Windows.This research gets some important conclusion. Firstly, all hypotheses were proved to be significant. Secondly, all of variables communication competence, emotional intelligence and organizational culture impact on employee performance. The implies that communication competence, emotional intelligence and organizational culture played as important role in developing employee performance

In most modern countries, much learning in childhood and adolescence takes place outside of regular school hours. That holds for community-based programs – like afterschool programs – as well as for private offerings – like private tutoring. In the international research literature, this field of learning opportunity is called extended education. This article attempts to define the term, extended education, and to describe in some detail the common features of extended education programs and activities, focusing among other things on questions of methods, outcomes and professionals working in this field. The article addresses additionally the question whether learning in the field of extended education decreases social inequality, or, on the contrary, widens the social gap. The most important conclusion is that many relevant questions regarding social inequality and the effectiveness of extended education are still empirically open to research. Keywords: Extended education, learning society, learning opportunities, social inequality, family socio-reproduction strategies ----- Bibliography: Stecher, Ludwig: Extended Education – Some Considerations on a Growing Research Field, IJREE – International Journal for Research on Extended Education, Vol. 6, Issue 2-2018, pp. 144-152. https://doi.org/10.3224/ijree.v6i2.05

The article considers the French educational system. Author analyses the history and peculiarities of French education development, and evaluates it in comparison with other European countries and Russia. They pay attention to the right of education for women, stopped at the characteristics of education on each of it stage: from primary school, moving to the middle school till high school, and at the end on the CAP. They make an important conclusion, that French’s education system has much common with other EU nations, what permits the students from the European Union to find a job quicker in any of the twenty eight countries due to the fact that the systems resemble one another.

This research paper applies a holistic solution to successfully cope with Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) needs in a traditional university in Colombia. The suggested methodology follows a humanistic approach and strategically identifies and prioritizes available opportunities for this university within a territory, considering it is present in several regions. The most important conclusion of this work is that the proposed methodology presents an efficient way to design a CSR strategy for a private higher education institution; although we assume it can be easily replicated in other organizations. In consequence, this proposal contributes to the achievement of human development objectives in a specific geographical area. This is important in the Colombian context because of the current efforts to achieve peace and development for the country.

Municipalities tend to replicate the size and the composition of their neighbours’ expenditures, independently of being ruled by left-wing or right-wing parties. This is one important conclusion of...

The paper applies argumentative discourse analysis to a corpus of official statements made by key players (USA, EU, China, India, etc.) at the opening of the 2015 Paris Climate Conference. The chief goal is to reveal the underlying structure of practical arguments and values legitimising the global climate change policy-making. The paper investigates which of the elements of practical arguments were common and which were contested by various players. One important conclusion is that a complex, multilateral deal such as the 2015 Paris Agreement is based on a fragile consensus. This consensus can be precisely described in terms of the key premises of practical arguments that various players share (mostly: description of current circumstances and future goals) and the premises they still discuss but prefer not to prioritise (value hierarchies or precise measures). It thus provides an insight into how a fragile consensus over goals may lead to a multilateral agreement through argumentative processes.

Among the age-dependent protein aggregation disorders, nine neurodegenerative diseases are caused by expansions of CAG repeats encoding polyglutamine (polyQ) tracts. We review the clinical, pathological, and biological features of these inherited disorders. We discuss insights into pathogenesis gleaned from studies of model systems and patients, highlighting work that informs efforts to develop effective therapies. An important conclusion from these analyses is that expanded CAG/polyQ domains are the primary drivers of neurodegeneration, with the biology of carrier proteins influencing disease-specific manifestations. Additionally, it has become apparent that CAG/polyQ repeat expansions produce neurodegeneration via multiple downstream mechanisms, involving both gain- and loss-of-function effects. This conclusion indicates that the likelihood of developing effective therapies targeting single nodes is reduced. The evaluation of treatments for premanifest disease will likely require new investigational approaches. We highlight the opportunities and challenges underlying ongoing work and provide recommendations related to the development of symptomatic and disease-modifying therapies and biomarkers that could inform future research.

This study aims to check the effect of trilemma and quadrilemma choices on price and output stability of the Indian economy over the period of 1980-2016. All the three combos of trilemma triangle have been put into an empirical framework in order to check their effect upon the inflation rate, growth rate, inflation volatility, and output volatility. The role played by the international reserve hoarding has also been taken into account as the many studies have proved that trilemma framework is converting into the quadrilemma due to an increasing amount of reserves as well as due to the decisive role played by these reserves in the effectiveness of trinity choices upon the macroeconomic stability. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) has used and concluded that trinity choices could successfully affect the macroeconomic stability of the Indian economy. Another important conclusion is that the quadrilemma framework choices are better than the trilemma as the presence of interaction variable of the trinity indices and international reserves have altered the policy effects in an efficient manner and made these policy choices more stabilizing.

Electronic commerce, or people call it e-commerce, it refers to buying and selling products or services on the Internet and transferring money and data to carry out these transactions. More consumers are shifting from traditional transactions to e-commerce, as e-commerce becomes faster and cheaper. In contrast, electronic commerce provides more ease and variety in the composition of goods and services worldwide. E-commerce is the type of electronic business that has been in business for more than 25 years and is used by many users around the world. This research aims to shed light on the nature of electronic commerce and the difficulties it faces on the technical side. This research used descriptive methodology after gathering data from online and indexed research. The research also mentioned five of these obstacles, and how the Amazon overcomes them, and we will take a look at how the opportunities of the Amazon grow so that they have an effect called the Amazon effect, the research reached an important conclusion that eDesk is the leading help desk for online sellers, specifically designed to meet the exact requirements of e-commerce. The research also found solutions to some of the weaknesses faced by electronic commerce platforms.

The research aims to prepare (S.A.Q) and (MetCon) exercises to develop some motor abilities, explosiveability and defensive foot movements for young basketball players, and to learn about the effect of (S.A.Q)training and (MetCon) in the development of some movement abilities, explosive ability and defensivefoot movements of young basketball players. The researcher hypothesized that there is a positive effect of(S.A.Q) training, which consists in developing some movement abilities, explosive ability and defensivefoot movements for young basketball players. The researcher used the experimental method using themethod of (the two equal experimental groups) of pre and post-test due to its suitability to the nature ofthe research, the research sample was represented by (12) players who were deliberately selected from theresearch community and randomly assigned to two groups, two experiments, a group of (S.A.Q) exercisesand a group of MetCon exercises. The most important conclusion is that (S.A.Q) training has a positiveeffect in developing some movement abilities, explosive ability and defensive foot movements for youngbasketball players. Through the conclusions, he mentioned some recommendations, the most important ofwhich is the emphasis on the use of (S.A.Q) and (MetCon) training to develop the defensive foot movementsof young basketball players. And the use of complex exercises by integrating motor abilities and explosiveability with defensive foot movements in similar conditions according to the motor path of the skill.

This paper examines how American and Hungarian economists of generation Y and Z view the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) in the short and long term. The choice of topic is motivated by the integration of AI into our everyday lives. Research has been carried out in human resources and social perspectives. Based on the responses of 147 Hungarian and 105 American economists surveyed within the framework of an online, anonymous questionnaire method, a positive vision emerges for young economists. They were confident in the social and economic welfare effects of AI. No significant difference can be found between the thinking of the two generations and the opinion of the nations. The most important conclusion from the empirical results is that AI does not take away the job of economists, but transforms it, and supports to appreciate the virtues of human resources. Accordingly, employers need to develop a shortand long-term action plan to secure their employees’ future.

The article demonstrates that over the past few years medical tourism market goes through significant changes . This especially relates to regional economy and its aspects in the field of tourism. The article presents an important conclusion that nowadays the top-priority factor in the development of medical tourism is a number of crisis points in provision of health tourism services both in the regions of Russia and in the capital region that are related to pandemic and its consequences. The article considers complex of factors related just to epidemiological crisis and its consequences? including economic and social factors related to health-preserving technologies of medical tourism industry. The actual condition of tourism industry, as a branch of the Russian economy,demonstrates that it was among the first ones hit by the pandemic. The article emphasizes that due to emerging problematic trends during epidemics and their aftermaths the possibilities of providing medical tourism services and their concentration in the country, costs and conditions are changing that undoubtedly impact the economic component and health ecology aspects. The conclusion is made that among main conditions of adjustment of medical tourism industry to the new economic conditions are to be truly multidimensional and structured directions and tools that can be applied to look for way out of difficult situations when sales of medical services have fallen to zero, and companies are forced to work out on solutions emerging problems and to make plans of operational way out of existing crisis.