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Context Urine color (Uc) is used to asses urine concentration when laboratory techniques are not feasible. Objective To compare the accuracy of Uc scoring using 4 light conditions and 2 scoring techniques with a 7-color Uc chart. Additionally, to assess the results' generalizability, a subsample was compared with scores obtained from fresh samples. Design Descriptive laboratory study. Samples A total of 178 previously frozen urine samples were scored, and 78 samples were compared with their own fresh outcomes. Main Outcome Measure(s) Urine color and accuracy for classifying urine samples were calculated using receiver operating characteristics analysis, allowing us to compare the diagnostic capacity against a 1.020 urine specific gravity cutoff and defining optimal Uc cutoff value. Results Urine color was different among light conditions (P < .01), with the highest accuracy (80.3%) of correct classifications of low or high urine concentrations occurring at the brightest light condition. Lower light intensity scored 1.5 to 2 shades darker on the 7-color Uc scale than bright conditions (P < .001), but no further practical differences in accuracy occurred between scoring techniques. Frozen was 0.5 to 1 shade darker than freshly measured Uc (P < .004), but the values were moderately correlated (r = 0.64). A Bland-Altman plot showed that reporting bias mainly affected darker Uc without affecting the diagnostic ability of the method. Conclusions Urine color scoring, accuracy, and Uc cutoff values were affected by lighting condition but not by scoring technique, with greater accuracy and a 1-shade-lower Uc cutoff value at the brightest light (ie, light-emitting diode flashlight).

Major sporting events are often scheduled in thermally challenging environments. The heat stress may impact athletes but also spectators. We examined the thermal, cardiovascular, and perceptual responses of spectators watching a football match in a simulated hot and humid environment. A total of 48 participants (43 ± 9 years; n = 27 participants 0.05). Heat stress induced by watching a football match in simulated hot and humid conditions does not result in substantial thermal or cardiovascular strain, whereas a significant perceptual strain was observed.

Knowledge of the normal size of important abdominal vessels is important for determination of hydration status and intravascular volume. Knowing the normal value of superior mesenteric artery (SMA) exit angle from the aorta (SMA angle) is necessary for the diagnosis of clinical pathologies caused by SMA compression.The aim of this study was to determine the normal SMA angles and normal diameters of the main abdominal vascular structures of pediatric participants on ultrasonography (USG).Between January 2019 and July March 2019, the USG examinations obtained from 210 participants (age range, 1-214 years; mean age, 83.5 [SD, 5.5] months; females 51%, males 49%) with normal abdominal examinations were prospectively evaluated. The participants were divided into 5 groups according to age. Body mass index values of the participants were kept equal.The diameters of the abdominal vascular structures increased with age, and the statistical differences among the age groups were significant. In all groups, no statistically significant difference was observed between sexes (P0.05). The SMA angle was between 17° and 58° (mean, 37.8° [SD, 8.5°]). A statistically significant difference was observed between the age groups in terms of SMA angle (P0.05). No statistically difference was found between sexes (P0.58-0.912).In our study, we think that the measurements obtained by USG provide normal values of the diameters of the abdominal main vessels and SMA angle. These values can be used as a reference for interpreting hydration status, vascular diameter assessment, and SMA compression syndromes.

Background: A Venn diagram consisting of percentage body mass loss, urine color, and thirst perception (weight, urine, thirst [WUT]) has been suggested as a practical method to assess hydration status. However, no study to date has examined relationships between WUT and urine hydration indices. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between urine specific gravity, urine osmolality, and the WUT criteria. Hypothesis: Urine specific gravity and urine osmolality indicate hypohydration when the WUT criteria demonstrate hypohydration (≥2 markers). Study Design: Laboratory cohort study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: A total of 22 women (mean ± SD; age, 20 ± 1 years; mass, 65.4 ± 12.6 kg) and 21 men (age, 21 ± 1 years; body mass, 78.7 ± 14.6 kg) participated in this study. First morning body mass, urine color, urine specific gravity, urine osmolality, and thirst level were collected for 10 consecutive days in a free-living situation. Body mass loss >1%, urine color >5, and thirst level ≥5 were used as the dehydration thresholds. The number of markers that indicated dehydration levels were counted and categorized into either 3, 2, 1, or 0 WUT markers that indicated dehydration. One-way analysis of variance with Tukey pairwise comparisons was used to assess the differences in urine specific gravity and urine osmolality between the different number of WUT markers. Results: Urine specific gravity in 3 WUT markers (mean ± SD [effect size], 1.021 ± 0.007 [0.57]; P = 0.025) and 2 WUT markers (1.019 ± 0.010 [0.31]; P = 0.026) was significantly higher than 1 WUT marker (1.016 ± 0.009). Urine mosmolality in 2 WUT markers (705 ± 253 mOsmol [0.43]; P = 0.018) was significantly higher than 1 WUT (597 ± 253 mOsmol). Meeting at 3 WUT resulted in specificity of 0.956 and at 0 WUT resulted in sensitivity of 0.937 for urine osmolality>700mOsm. Conclusion: These results suggest that when 3 WUT markers are met, urine specific gravity and urine osmolality indicated hypohydration and 0 WUT represents a high likelihood of euhydration. 1 and 2 WUT values are indeterminate of hydration status. The WUT criterion is a useful tool to use in field settings to assess hydration status when first morning urine sample was used. Clinical Relevance: Athletes, coaches, sports scientists, and medical professionals can use WUT criteria to monitor dehydration with reduced cost and time.

[ES] Este estudio investigó el efecto del momento de pesaje sobre el estado de hidratación y el aumento agudo de peso (AWG). Veintisiete judokas y 23 luchadores de categoría masculina, participaron voluntariamente. Se midió la masa corporal y la gravedad específica de la orina (USG) de los atletas justo antes del pesaje oficial y de la competición. Para determinar las diferencias en AWG y USG entre ambos grupos y tiempos de medición se utilizó un análisis de varianza de dos vías (ANOVA factorial mixto) con medidas repetidas (tiempo x deporte). En caso de existir diferencias significativas entre deportes, se aplicaron pruebas t. Se encontró un efecto principal significativo en el tiempo (p

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between resting morning heart rate variability (HRV) metrics and indirect markers of hydration status in elite male athletes. Twenty-two field hockey players (age 26.8 ± 3.4 yr; height 178.4 ± 6.3 cm; body mass 76.2 ± 7.4 kg) were monitored over 10-d during a pre-Olympic training camp. Measurement of heart rate variability (HRV) during an orthostatic challenge, urine specific gravity (Usg, first morning void) and body mass were captured on seven of the mornings. Individual generalized linear mixed models evaluated the relationships between supine and standing HRV metrics with Usg and day-to-day change in body mass. No meaningful relationships were identified between supine (estimates −0.002 to 0.001) or standing (−0.002 to 0.003) HRV metrics and Usg as well as between supine (−0.003 to 0.016) or standing (−0.004 to 0.006) HRV metrics and changes in body mass. These outcomes indicate that supine and standing HRV metrics are not influenced by indirect indices of hydration status in elite male field hockey players.

Purpose In Indonesia, 29.3% of Indonesian women were obese. Dehydrated women have 1.6 times higher risk of becoming obese than normal ones. This study was aimed to further explore the association between gestational weight gain (GWG) and maternal hydration status. Design/methodology/approach This longitudinal study involved 50 pregnant women aged 18–35 years. Subject identity, age, parity and household expenses were collected using questionnaire. Urine specific gravity (USG) was used as an indicator for hydration status. Venous blood was collected to measured haemoglobin (Hb) by anemometer method. Anthropometric data such as pre-pregnancy weight, maternal body weight, GWG, body mass index (BMI) and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) was collected using standardized tools. Dietary and total water intake (TWI) were measured through three consecutive days of a 24-h food recall. Pearson’s correlation, independent t-test and analysis of covariance were used to appraise the hypothesis. Findings The subject’s mean age was 29.3 ± 5.6 years; BMI was 23.5 ± 4.1 kg/m2. MUAC (28.2 ± 4.0 cm) and Hb (11.5 ± 1.0 g/dl) were still in the normal range. Most subjects were well hydrated, with an average USG of 1.016 g/mL. GWG and TWI are significantly correlated (p < 0.01). Based on the hydration status, after corrected with TWI, GWG was not significantly different. Originality/value It calls to mind that nutrition and water intake, alongside weight gain monitoring during pregnancy, are part of an effort to prevent pregnancy risks.

Objectives To assess the effects of hydration status and ice-water dousing on physiological and performance parameters. Design Randomized, crossover. Methods Twelve athletes (mean[M] ± standard deviation[SD]; age, 20 ± 1 years; height, 174 ± 8 cm; body mass, 72.1 ± 11.0 kg; VO2max 53.9 ± 7.3 mL⋅kg−1⋅min−1) completed four trials (euhydrated without dousing, hypohydrated without dousing, euhydrated with dousing, and hypohydrated with dousing), which involved intermittent treadmill running (five 15-minute bouts) in the heat (M ± SD; ambient temperature, 34.7 ± 2.1 °C; relative humidity, 46 ± 3%; wet-bulb globe temperature, 28.0 ± 0.4 °C). Participants also completed four cognitive, power, agility, reaction time, and repeated sprint performance tests throughout each trial. Heart rate (HR) and rectal temperature (Trec) were measured continuously. Repeated measures ANOVAs were performed to assess differences between physiological and performance variables. Alpha was set at ≤0.05, a priori. Data are reported as mean difference ± standard error (MD ± SE). Results HR was significantly lower in euhydrated trials compared to hypohydrated trials, irrespective of dousing (8 ± 2 bpm; p = 0.001). Dousing did not significantly impact HR (p = 0.455) and there was no interaction between hydration and dousing (p = 0.893). Trec was significantly lower in euhydrated trials compared to hypohydrated trials (0.39 ± 0.05 °C, p Conclusions Athletes should aim to maintain euhydration during exercise in the heat for improved physiological function and cooling with ice-water dousing elicits additional performance benefits.

Objective Hydration status after cardiac surgery can be difficult to assess, often requiring invasive measurements. Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) is based on patterns of resistance (R) and reactance (Xc), corrected by height, and has been used in various clinical scenarios to determine body composition and monitor its changes over time. The purpose of the present study was to apply this method in cardiac surgery patients to assess the variation in hydration status and to compare its changes according to the use of extracorporeal circulation. Design Single-center, observational, prospective study including patients older than 18 years undergoing elective or urgent cardiac surgery. Setting Intensive cardiac care unit of a tertiary center in a metropolitan area. Participants The study comprised 76 patients with a median age of 60 years and mostly undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) (n = 47 [61.8%]) with extracorporeal circulation (n = 54 [73%]). Interventions Bioimpedance was measured with a standard tetrapolar single-frequency bioimpedance meter using a standardized procedure and plotted in an R–Xc graph. Measurements and Main Results The study demonstrated an increase in total body water immediately after surgery that was sustained until producing hyperhydration 24 hours later. Off-pump CABG was associated with a normal hydration status after surgery, whereas on-pump CABG produced a significant increase in total body water. Conclusions Fluid status assessment with BIVA in cardiac surgery showed an increase in total body water up to 24 hours after surgery. Off-pump surgery prevented overhydration, which partially could explain the reduction in some of the postoperative complications. BIVA could serve as a useful method for monitoring fluid status in the setting of goal-directed therapy to assist in maintaining euvolemia in cardiac surgical patients.

Maintaining euhydration is important for optimal health, performance and recovery, but can be challenging for alpine skiers when training in a relatively cold but dry environment. This study aimed to evaluate hydration status, fluid loss and fluid intake in adolescent alpine skiers during a training camp. Twelve athletes aged 14.3 ± 0.9 years volunteered to participate in the study. Athletes resided at an altitude of 1600 m and trained between 1614 and 2164 m. During eight consecutive days, urine specific gravity was measured before each morning training session using a refractometer. Changes in body weight representing fluid loss and ad libitum fluid intake during each morning training session were assessed using a precision scale. Mean pre-training urine specific gravity remained stable throughout the training camp. Individual values ranged between 1.010 and 1.028 g/cm3with 50 to 83% of athletes in a hypohydrated state (urine specific gravity ≥ 1.020 g/cm3). Mean training induced fluid loss remained stable throughout the training camp (range -420 to -587 g) with individual losses up to 1197 g (-3.5%). Fluid intake was significantly lower than fluid loss during each training session. To conclude, urine specific gravity values before training indicated insufficient daily fluid intake in more than half of the athletes. Furthermore, fluid intake during training in adolescent alpine skiers was suboptimal even when drinks were provided ad libitum. Coaches and athletes should be encouraged to carefully monitor hydration status and to ensure that alpine skiers drink sufficiently during and in between training sessions.

Introduction: Diet modification in dysphagia management can significantly impact patient nutrition and hydration status. Since speech-language pathologists (SLPs) do not receive formal training in ...

In adolescence, the body requires sufficient amounts of adequate nutrients. This is especially important in the case of young athletes, for whom a nutrition plan should be as significant as a proper training plan. The aim of the study was a 17-week follow-up of the effects of individual and group nutrition intervention on changes in eating habits and selected biochemical parameters. 46 young soccer players aged 12–17 from the Soccer Academy in Northeastern Poland completed the study. One group received only individual recommendations, while the other additionally received group nutrition education. As a result of the dietary education, teenagers from the latter group consumed less saccharose (44 g vs. 39.2 g) in favor of digestible carbohydrates (266 g vs. 273 g) and dietary fiber (19.7 g vs. 22.2 g), further emphasizing the health-promoting profile of diets. The amount of fluid consumed (33% vs. 48% above 2 L of water a day) and the habits of the peri-workout hydration routine were also improved. Many of the participants (41%) reported faster regeneration while 26% experienced an overall better well-being. The short-term intervention produced positive results, but nevertheless it is the implementation of long-term dietary improvement schemes involving parents and coaches that should be the direction of future approaches.

OBJECTIVE To assess the relationship between various physical and clinicopathologic parameters and the capillary refill time (CRT) using a standard method; to evaluate the influence of emergency room (ER) versus ICU hospital location on CRT; and to identify latent subgroups among the CRT distribution. DESIGN Prospective, observational study. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Client-owned dogs in the ER (n = 40) and ICU (n = 71). INTERVENTIONS The CRT was defined as the duration required for the oral mucosa of the upper lip to return to its original color after blanching for 4 seconds. The CRT was recorded in seconds to the 10ths place by a single observer using an automated recording device. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Median CRT for all dogs was 1.1 seconds (ER, 1.2 s; ICU, 1.1 s; P = 1.000). The CRT was significantly associated with rectal temperature (P = 0.004), systolic blood pressure (P = 0.028), body weight (P = 0.031), mucous membrane color (P = 0.007), skin turgor (P = 0.039), and acute patient physiologic and laboratory evaluation mentation score (P = 0.019) for all dogs. The CRT was related to a greater number of variables in the ER than in the ICU patient population. In general, the total population of dogs had CRTs belonging to 1 of 2 groups: either ≤1.2 or ≥1.7 seconds. A statistically significant association was found between body weight CRT ≥1.3 seconds (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS A CRT following blanching for 4 seconds may provide insight into the hydration status and hemodynamic stability of canine patients. Further research into its clinical application is warranted.

Adequate hydration is an essential component of health at every stage of life. Although many factors such as age, gender, physical activity, drug use, and illness affect hydration status, it is vital to maintain water balance, especially in infectious diseases. This study was conducted to estimate the hydration status of young adults living in Turkey during the COVID-19 pandemic. The total water intake (TWI) and total water loss of the individuals were determined using the Water Balance Questionnaire (WBQ), which consists of questions about physical activity status, frequency of food and beverage consumption, water consumption, and water loss with urine and feces. The TWI of men and women was found to be 4,776.1 and 4,777.3 mL/day, respectively (p > 0.05). It was determined that 29% of the total water was obtained from drinking water, 49% from other beverages, and 22% from food. A positive net water balance was found in all body mass index (BMI) groups, men, and women. The net water balance was statistically lower in men (2,230.6 mL) than women (2,783.8 mL) (p < 0.05). As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, studies should be done on hydration status in the more balanced populations in terms of BMI and age groups. HIGHLIGHTS The present findings show that there is a positive net water balance in all body mass index groups, men and women.; It was determined that 74.5% of men and 93.5% of women met the Dietary Reference Intake recommendation in terms of total water intake.; Individuals' total energy intake (TEI) was found to be 2,538 kcal/day and the effect of energy taken from beverages on TEI was 7.6%.

Background: Hydration results from body fluids balance, while dehydration results from body fluids imbalance. Dehydration can result from losing too much water, not drinking enough or both of these things. There are certain job who has special needs for fluids especially who works in hot environments.Objective: To determine the relationship between knowledge, fluid intake and nutritional status with hydration status in expedition couriers.Methods: A cross-sectional design with 44 expedition couriers as the research subject. Knowledge of fluids were obtained using a questionnaire, fluid intake were obtained by interview using repeated 24-h food recall, nutritional status were obtained by using BMI and the hydration status were obtained by urine specific gravity using urinalysis reagent strips. The data was processed and analyzed using Pearson correlation test.Results: Most of the respondents had sufficient knowledge (59.1%). The average fluid intake of the respondents were 2562 mL. Most of the respondents had normal nutritional status (45.4%). Almost half of respondents has pre-dehydration (45.5%). There were arelationship between knowledge of fluids and hydration status (p=0,0001, r=-0,514), also between fluid intake and hydration status (p=0,0001, r=-0,685). There is no relationship between nutritional status and hydration status (p=0,337, r=0,148).Conclusion: Fluid intake and hydration status on expedition couriers are still not as expected, even though expedition couriers have sufficient knowledge.

Summary Background & aims The accuracy of estimating body composition compartments is critical in the clinical setting. Currently, there are different bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) devices available for obtaining raw BIA parameters. The aim of this study was to determine the level of agreement between multiple frequency (MF)-BIA and single frequency (SF)-BIA devices in obtaining raw BIA measurements (resistance (R), reactance (Xc), and phase angle (PhA)), as well as the agreement on the classification of hydration status and body cell mass by the bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) method. Methods This cross-sectional study included 406 outpatients with stable chronic heart failure (HF). The raw BIA measurements at 50 kHz obtained by tetrapolar MF-BIA (Bodystat QuadScan 4000) were compared with those obtained by tetrapolar SF-BIA (RJL Quantum X). In addition, the patients were classified by their hydration status and body cell mass according to the BIVA method. Results Strong and significant correlations were observed between the two methods in all raw BIA variables (r ≥ 0.90). Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) values were almost perfect for R (CCC = 0.99; 95% CI 0.997 to 0.998), moderate for Xc (CCC = 0.93; 95% CI 0.92 to 0.94), and poor for PhA (CCC = 0.88; 95% CI 0.85 to 0.90). The agreement obtained in the two classifications (quadrants and hydration status) was >0.81. Conclusions MF-BIA and SF-BIA demonstrated good agreement for measurement of the R parameter; however, the Xc and PhA parameters must be used carefully due to the previously reported variability. Likewise, the agreement in all classifications by the BIVA method was almost perfect.

WstępNoworodki z wrodzoną wadą serca (WWS) wymagają ostrożnej terapii płynami z uwagi na ryzyko wystąpienia niewydolności krążenia. Rutynowe badania laboratoryjne nie są optymalnym narzędziem w identyfikacji stanu przewodnienia i dlatego konieczne są poszukiwania nowych markerów. Kopeptyna (CTproAVP) może być jednym z nich. Celem pracy była analiza wpływu aktualnie obowiązującego protokołu nawadniania noworodków z WWS na homeostazę wolemii z wykorzystaniem CTproAVP.Materiał i metodyDo badania włączono 10 noworodków z WWS hospitalizowanych na oddziale intensywnej terapii noworodka przed zabiegiem kardiochirurgicznym. Cztery z nich prezentowały objawy niewydolności oddechowej, a wszystkie z wyjątkiem dwóch otrzymywały alprostadil. Postępowanie kliniczne było rutynowe, z wyjątkiem pomiaru CTproAVP w pierwszych pięciu dniach życia wraz z oceną osmolalności surowicy i moczu. Podaż płynów mieściła się w zakresach normy dla wieku. Grupę kontrolną stanowiło 200 zdrowych donoszonych noworodków.WynikiAktualny protokół nawadniania nie powodował, w porównaniu z grupą kontrolną, wzrostu stężenia osmolalności surowicy i moczu. Efektywna osmolalność analizowanych płynów ustrojowych była nawet niższa u noworodków z WWS. Również stężenie CTproAVP było niższe w grupie badanej, lecz różnica nie była istotna statystycznie. Nie obserwowano klinicznych objawów niewydolności krążenia lub przewodnienia. Nie zidentyfikowano czynników, które wyjaśniałyby zmienność w stężeniu CTproAVP.WnioskiWstępne wyniki sugerują, że aktualny protokół nawadniania nie powoduje odwodnienia ani nie stymuluje uwalniania CTproAVP. Wydaje się, że u noworodków z WWS i ryzykiem przeciążenia krążenia płucnego można za-stosować nawet bardziej restrykcyjny protokół nawadniania. Konieczna jest dłuższa obserwacja, z włączeniem okresu pooperacyjnego, aby otrzymać bardziej miarodajne dane na temat optymalnego nawodnienia i roli kopeptyny w monitorowaniu wolemii.

We aimed to validate bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS), compared with tracer dilution measurements, for assessing total body water (TBW), intracellular water (ICW), and extracellular water (ECW) in athletes differing in hydration status. A total of 201 athletes participated. Reference TBW and ECW were determined by deuterium and bromide dilution methods, respectively; ICW was calculated as TBW-ECW. Water compartments were estimated by BIS. Urine specific gravity (USG) classified athletes into well-hydrated (WH) (USG 1.023), euhydrated (EH) (USG:1.024-1.026), and dehydrated (DH) (USG1.027). No significant differences were found between BIS and the reference methods for WH, EH, and DH athletes for TBW, ICW nor ECW (p0.05). Concordance of TBW and its compartments by method was significant (p 0.001) with coefficients of determination ranging by hydration classification [EH:52-96%;DH:56-98%;WH:71-96%]. Bland-Altman analyses showed no trend for TBW and its compartments with the exception of ICW in the WH athletes. The 95% confidence BIS intervals for the WH group ranged from -3.08 to 2.68 kg for TBW, -4.28 to 4.14 kg for ICW, and -3.29 to 3.02 kg for ECW. For the EH athletes, the 95% confidence intervals ranged from -2.78 to 2.24 kg for TBW, -4.10 to 3.94 kg for ICW, and -3.44 to 3.06 kg for ECW. In DH group, TBW ranged between -1.99 and 2.01 kg, ICW between -3.78 and 6.34 kg, and ECW between -6.22 and 3.74 kg. These findings show that BIS is useful at a group level in assessing water compartments in athletes differing in hydration status. However, the usefulness of BIS is limited at an individual level, especially in dehydrated athletes.

Hydration status is a significant component to keep the functions of bodywork system. Memory is one of the cognitive brain functions which enables human to do daily activities optimally. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between hydration status and memory in nursing students. This research employed a comparative analytical method and involved 152 students. The measurement of hydration status was carried out by calculating urine specific gravity using a urinometer while the Everyday Memory Questionnaire (EMQ) was used to measure memory. The independent t-test employed to identify the relationship between hydration status and memory. This research reveals that there is a significant difference between the value of average memory score in students who do not suffer from dehydration and that in students who suffer from dehydration (p = 0.003; t = 3.040). Maintaining the balance of dehydration status is crucial to make the memory work optimally.

BACKGROUND During competition season, races and games can be scheduled multiple times a week or even within 24 hours. This may interfere with macronutrient periodization, carbohydrate loading regimen, hydration status and nutrition. Most of the studies investigating the influence of diet on performance do not take into consideration that an athlete may need to perform closely spaced, repeated events. The study tested whether the fat-adaptation diet would improve performance on the consecutive day of interval exercise. METHODS Nine healthy, male amateur athletes were randomly assigned to two diets in a single-blinded, crossover study. The fat-adaptation diet consisted of the first five days high-fat diet (2.62 g/kg/d carbohydrates, 2.23 g/kg/d fat). The day six and seven of the fat-adaptation diet consisted of 5.42 g/kg/d carbohydrates. The balanced carbohydrate diet consisted of a seven-day protocol involving consumption of 5.33 g/kg/d. On day seven of each diet protocol, subjects performed an interval treadmill test dependent on exhaustion. Blood glucose and lactate were measured before and immediately after exercise. The identical treadmill test was performed once again after 24 hours on the day eight of each diet. RESULTS There was a significant decrease in the total distance to exhaustion after the fat-adaptation diet (11.2 ±0.6 km vs 10.9 ±0.8 km), p < 0.05 with lactate being lower after exercise on the second day (6.2 ±0.8 mM) compared to the first day (7.4 ±0.9 mM). Glucose was elevated after exercise except on the second test day on the fat-adaptation diet (5.3 ±0.3 mmol/L). CONCLUSIONS Athletes perform better on the balanced carbohydrate diet than short fat-adaptation diet on the consecutive day of interval test.

Paragliding is one of the extreme sports categories. Several factors that can affect paragliding athletes' achievements include physical fitness, ability to read wind direction, nutritional needs, and fluid needs. The methods used in this training are mentoring, creating special exercise programs, measuring and calculating nutritional status, and calculating the hydration status of athletes. Indicators of training success are measured using questionnaires given to athletes in the time before and after training. The results include: increased knowledge of special exercise programs, calculating and measuring nutritional status, and calculating the hydration status of paragliding athletes.

International audience; Introduction. - There is no feasible benchmark in daily routine to estimate the hydration status of haemodialysis patients, which is essential to their management. Objective. - We performed a study in haemodialysis patients to assess the diagnostic performance of pulmonary ultrasound and clinical examination for the evaluation of fluid overload using transthoracic echocardiography as a gold standard.Methods. - Thirty-one patients receiving chronic haemodialysis patients were included. Evaluation of hydration status was assessed weekly before haemodialysis sessions using clinical and Echo Comet Score from pulmonary ultrasound and transthoracic echocardiography (reference method).Results. - Five patients had a transthoracic echocardiography overload. Compared with transthoracic echocardiography, the diagnostic performance of the clinical overload score has a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 77%, a positive predictive value of 50% and a negative predictive value of 100% with a k of 0.79. Only orthopnoea (P = 0.008), jugular turgor (P = 0.005) and hepatic-jugular reflux (P = 0.008) were significantly associated with transthoracic echocardiography overload diagnosis. The diagnostic performance of Echo Comet Score by pulmonary ultrasound has a sensitivity of 80%, a specificity of 58%, a positive predictive value of 26% and a negative predictive value of 94%. Ten patients (32.3%) had an increase of extravascular pulmonary water without evidence of transthoracic echocardiography or clinical overload.Conclusions. - Our clinical score has a convincing diagnostic performance compared to transthoracic echocardiography and could be easily used in daily clinical routine to adjust dry weight. The evaluation of the overload using pulmonary ultrasound seems poorly correlated with the overload evaluated by transthoracic echocardiography. Extravascular pulmonary water undetected by clinical examination and transthoracic echocardiography remains a parameter that requires further investigation. (C) 2020 Societe francophone de nephrologie, dialyse et transplantation.

To provide a new and efficient at-the-toilet-bowl method of self-assessing urine concentration via urine color (Uc) to identify hypohydration. A large athletic population (n = 189) delivered a urine sample, then chose a color panel that was displayed on the back wall of the lavatory stall. Selection was based on duration of urine voiding time, so that for a short-duration, the lighter panel was selected; for a mid-duration, the mid color panel; and for a longer-void-duration, the darker panel was selected. Then, subjects noted if their urine was lighter than, similar to, or darker than the selected color panel. Trained investigators also rated subjects’ urine samples. To assess validity of Uc classification, the outcome was compared with a urine concentration (urine specific gravity, USG, and urine osmolality) threshold indicating hypohydration. Urine color was scored similarly by subjects and investigators (P = 0.99). Based on receiver operating curves (ROC), the method scored fair, i.e., the area under the curve ranging 0.73–0.82, with an accuracy of participants and investigators correctly classifying 72% and 75% urine samples compared to a USG threshold of 1.020, respectively, and 62% and 70% compared to a urine osmolality threshold of 836 mmol·kg−1, respectively. This new lavatory urine color (LUC) method of scoring Uc levels to assess potential hypohydration gives results similar to those of traditional urine color charts, but it has the advantage of an immediate assessment of hydration status based on scoring urine color directly from the toilet bowl.

In low and middle- income countries, due to lack of financial resources, the number of patients receiving one or two hemodialysis (HD) sessions a week has increased, leading to a large number of complications. Protein-energy wasting (PEW) and overhydration (OH) are common complications; nevertheless, the evidence regarding the nutritional status of patients receiving 2 and 3 weekly dialysis sessions is scarce. Thus, our objective was to compare the nutritional and hydration status of patients with two and three HD sessions. Secondarily, we aimed to compare hospitalizations, infectious complications and mortality within the following 6 months after the initial assessment. Forty-four patients in a 3 weekly session scheme and 44 dialyzed twice a week were included. Anthropometrical, biochemical, dietary and impedance measurements were performed. Malnutrition Inflammation Score (MIS) and PEW score were applied. Number of hospitalizations, infectious complications and mortality during the 6 months following the evaluation were recorded. Prevalence of moderate/severe undernutrition (63.6% vs 36.4%, p

Prestasi atlet ditentukan salah satunya oleh performa. Kenyataannya banyak atlet mengalami penurunan stamina dalam waktu yang singkat saat pertandingan. Faktor gizi dan hidrasi atlet sangat berpengaruh dalam mencapai prestasi. Pemain sepakbola seharusnya memiliki indeks massa tubuh normal, komposisi tubuh antara massa otot dan lemak yang proporsional. Tujuan penelitian ini menganalisis profil asupan, status gizi, hidrasi dan performa atlet. Penelitian observasional dengan desain cross-sectional di Sekolah Sepak Bola (SSB) Semarang. Besar sampel sebanyak 111 atlet yang dipilih melalui metode consecutive sampling. Variabel dependen adalah performa atlet yang dinilai berdasarkan VO 2 Max yang diukur menggunakan metode multistage. Variabel independen adalah status gizi, asupan energi, makronutrien, zat besi, kalsium, asupan cairan dan status hidrasi. Status Gizi dinilai berdasarkan IMT, persen lemak tubuh, dan lingkar pinggang. Data asupan dan c presentase perubahan berat badan. Uji korelasi Spearman dan regresi linear ganda digunakan dalam analisis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada hubungan antara indeks massa tubuh (p=0,007; r=0,254), persen lemak tubuh (p=0,001; r=0,317), asupan energi (p=0,021; r=0,218), asupan protein (p=0,029; r=0,207), asupan lemak (p=0,018; r=0,224), asupan zat besi (p=0,003; r=0,276), asupan cairan sehari (p=

Purpose: Hydration has been shown to play a pivotal role in sport. Soccer is a team sport in which the integrity of all players is vital for team performance; thus, individual player hydration status is important. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the hydration status of female collegiate soccer players during regular season. Methods: Sixteen collegiate female soccer players (age: 20.4 ± 0.8 years; height: 163.6 ± 6.9 cm; weight: 65.3 ± 12 kg) provided urine over 9 days to monitor their hydration status. Hydration was determined by urine specific gravity (Usg). Usg was analyzed in the morning (AM) and in the afternoon before practice/game (PM). Results: All 16 players were at least minimally hypohydrated (Usg > 1.010) in the AM on 5 of the 9 days tested. Players had significantly higher Usg values in the AM as compared to PM (F(1,250) = 23.09; p < 0.0001); however, there was no significant time*day interaction (F(1,250) = 1.98; p = 0.16). Conclusion: Data show a high prevalence of hypohydration occurring in this specific population. This sub-optimal hydration status could be a cause for concern in terms of overall performance. Efforts should be made to integrate hydration interventions and daily monitoring to minimize hypohydration in players. Propósito: Se ha demostrado que la hidratación juega un papel fundamental en el deporte. El fútbol es un deporte de equipo en el que la integridad de todos los jugadores es vital para su rendimiento; por lo tanto, el estado de hidratación de cada jugador es importante. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue investigar el estado de hidratación de las jugadoras universitarias de fútbol durante la temporada regular. Métodos: Dieciséis jugadoras universitarias de fútbol (edad: 20.4 ± 0.8 años; estatura: 163.6 ± 6.9 cm; peso: 65.3 ± 12 kg) proporcionaron muestras de orina durante 9 días para controlar su estado de hidratación, la cual se determinó por la gravedad específica de la orina (Usg). La Usg se analizó en la mañana (AM) y en la tarde antes del entrenamiento o el juego (PM). Resultados: Las 16 jugadoras estaban al menos mínimamente hipohidratadas (Usg > 1.010) en la AM en 5 de los 9 días medidos. Las jugadoras tuvieron valores Usg significativamente más altos en AM en comparación con PM (F (1,250) = 23.09; p < 0.0001); sin embargo, no hubo interacción significativa de tiempo * día (F(1,250) = 1.98; p = 0.16). Conclusión: los datos muestran una alta prevalencia de hipohidratación en esta población específica. Este estado de hidratación subóptimo podría ser motivo de preocupación en términos de rendimiento general. Se deberían hacer esfuerzos para integrar las intervenciones de hidratación y el monitoreo diario para reducir al mínimo la hipohidratación en las jugadoras. Objetivo: Foi demonstrado que a hidratação desempenha um papel fundamental no esporte. O futebol é um esporte coletivo no qual a integridade de todos os jogadores é vital para o desempenho da equipe; portanto, o estado de hidratação de cada jogador é importante. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi investigar o estado de hidratação de universitárias jogadoras de futebol do sexo feminino durante a temporada regular. Métodos: Dezesseis universitárias jogadoras de futebol (idade: 20,4 ± 0,8 anos; altura: 163,6 ± 6,9 cm; peso: 65,3 ± 12 kg) forneceram amostras de urina por 9 dias para monitorar seu estado de hidratação. A hidratação foi determinada pela gravidade específica da urina Usg. Sua Usg foi analisado pela manhã (matutino) e à tarde (vespertino) antes do treino ou jogo. Resultados: As 16 jogadoras estavam minimamente hipohidratadas (Usg > 1.010) no período matutino em 5 dos 9 dias medidos. As jogadoras apresentaram valores de Usg significativamente maiores no período matutino em comparação ao vespertino (F (1.250) = 23,09; p

Background: The use of flash-glucose monitoring system FreeStyle Libre (FSL) has demonstrated benefits in metabolic control and quality of life in different populations with diabetes mellitus (DM), being funded in many countries. Due to this, DM subjects on hemodialysis (HD) are using FSL despite the accuracy in this population being unclear. The aims of the present study are to assess the accuracy of FSL in DM subjects on HD, its relationship to hydration status, and patient satisfaction. Material and Methods: A prospective study in 16 patients with DM in a chronic HD program was conducted. Interstitial glucose values from FSL during a 14-day period were compared to capillary glucose measurements obtained at the same time. Hydration status was measured via bioimpedance spectroscopy. Satisfaction with FSL was obtained from an ad hoc satisfaction questionnaire. Results: A total of 766 paired interstitial and capillary glucose levels were analyzed. A correlation coefficient of 0.936 was determined and a mean absolute relative difference (MARD) value of 23%, increasing to 29% during HD. MARD was not related to hydration status. Interstitial glucose values were lower during HD (100.1 ± 17 mg/dL) than within the 12 hours after (125.1 ± 39 mg/dL; P = .012) and the days without HD (134.2 ± 32 mg/dL; P = .001). Subjects showed high satisfaction with FSL. Conclusion: The accuracy of FSL in DM patients on HD is lower than in other populations, especially during HD sessions and is not related with the hydration status. Despite this, the degree of patient satisfaction with FSL is very high.

Context Research focusing on improving hydration status and knowledge in female indoor-sport athletes is limited. Investigators have demonstrated that hydration education is an optimal tool for improving the hydration status of athletes. Objective To assess the hydration status and fluid intake of collegiate female indoor-sport athletes before and after a 1-time educational intervention. Design Controlled laboratory study. Setting Collegiate women's volleyball and basketball practices. Patients or Other Participants A total of 25 female collegiate volleyball and basketball athletes (age = 21 ± 1 years, height = 173.5 ± 8.7 cm, weight = 72.1 ± 10.0 kg) were assessed during 6 days of practices. Intervention(s) Participants' hydration status and habits were monitored for 3 practice days before they underwent a hydration educational intervention. Postintervention, participants were observed for 3 more practice days. Main Outcome Measure(s) Change in body mass, fluid consumed, urine specific gravity (Usg), urine color (Ucol), and sweat rate were recorded for 6 practice days. Participants completed a hydration-knowledge questionnaire before and after the intervention. Results Three-day mean Usg and Ucol were considered euhydrated prepractice (Usg = 1.015 ± 0.006, Ucol = 4 ± 1) and remained euhydrated postpractice (Usg = 1.019 ± 0.005, Ucol = 5 ± 2) during the preintervention period. Decreased prepractice Ucol (P < .01) and increased hydration knowledge (P < .01) were present postintervention. Basketball athletes had greater body mass losses from prepractice to postpractice than did volleyball athletes (P < .001). Overall increases were evident when we compared prepractice and postpractice measures of Usg and Ucol in the preintervention (P < .001 and P = .001, respectively) and postintervention (P = .001 and P < .001) period, respectively. No correlation was found between hydration knowledge and physiological indices of hydration and fluid intake. Conclusions Overall, female collegiate indoor-sport athletes were hydrated and knowledgeable on hydration. However, our variable findings indicated that further research on these athletes is needed; clinically, attention should be given to the individual needs of each athlete. More examination will demonstrate whether a 1-time educational intervention may be an effective tool for improving hydration status in this population.

This narrative review provides an overview of the current knowledge of B-mode ultrasound-derived echo intensity (EI) as an indicator of skeletal muscle quality. PubMed and Google Scholar were used to search the literature. Advanced search functions were used to find original studies with the terms ‘echo intensity’ and/or ‘muscle quality’ in the title and/or abstract. Publications that conceptually described muscle quality but did not include measurement of EI were not a focus of the review. Importantly, the foundational premise of EI remains unclear. While it is likely that EI reflects intramuscular adiposity, data suggesting that these measurements are influenced by fibrous tissue is limited to diseased muscle and animal models. EI appears to show particular promise in studying muscular aging. Studies have consistently reported an association between EI and muscle function, though not all chronic interventions have demonstrated improvements. Based on the existing literature, it is unclear if EI can be used as a marker of muscle glycogen following exercise and nutritional interventions, or if EI is influenced by hydration status. Inconsistent methodological approaches used across laboratories have made comparing EI studies challenging. Image depth, rest duration, participant positioning, probe tilt, and the decision to correct for subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness are all critical considerations when interpreting the literature and planning studies. While some areas show conflicting evidence, EI shows promise as a novel tool for studying muscle quality. Collaborative efforts focused on methodology are necessary to enhance the consistency and quality of the EI literature.

Introduction: Hydration status is considered a parameter likely to influence the risk of decompression sickness (DCS), but scientific evidence is scarce and conflicting. This experiment aimed to analyse the influence of pre-hydration on DCS occurrence in a rat model. Methods: Intra-peritoneal injections of saline solution were administered to rats (NaCl 0.9% 0 ml (Control), 0.1 ml (Group 1), or 1 ml·100g-1 body mass (Group 2) at each of 24 h, 12 h, and 30 min prior to simulated air dives (45 min at 1,010 kPa; compression and decompression rates 101 kPa·min-1; stops 5 min at 202 kPa, 5 min at 160 kPa, 10 min at 130 kPa). Evaluation of DCS occurrence and severity was made after decompression. Results: Pre-dive hydration reduced severe DCS from 47% (Control) to 29% (Group 1) and 0% (Group 2), and increased the proportion of animals without any signs of DCS from 40 (Control) to 57% (Group 1) and 93% (Group 2); Chi2 P = 0.041. Conclusions: This experiment demonstrated that pre-hydration can drastically reduce the DCS occurrence in an animal model. In the context of scuba diving, this result highlights the importance of elucidating the mechanisms linking hydration status and DCS risk.

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text, Objectives: To evaluate impact of electrolyte supplementation on hydration status and health outcomes in Guatemalan agricultural workers performing heavy work under hot climatic conditions. Methods: A 3-week pragmatic trial was conducted with a group of 50 workers during the 2017 to 2018 sugarcane harvest. Workers received an electrolyte hydration intervention during 2 of the 3 weeks. Blood and urine samples were collected each week. Results: Increased electrolyte intake resulted in less muscle injury. Kidney function was maintained across the intervention period. Workers were adequately hydrated and average electrolyte levels remained in normal ranges. Mild indications of hyponatremia occurred at higher levels of fluid intake. Conclusions: This trial demonstrates the feasibility of maintaining workers’ electrolyte levels under extremely hot and humid conditions while mitigating muscle injury. Electrolyte supplementation should be added to standard workplace water, rest, and shade interventions to protect workers.

AIM While the heat during the summer season may dehydrate the elderly, little is known about the seasonal variation in dehydration. This study aimed to investigate the seasonal variation in hydration status among the community-dwelling elderly in Japan. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the data collected after an overnight fast of adults aged ≥65 years who had no advanced kidney disease and underwent an annual health checkup at Nihon University Hospital between January and December 2019. Participants were classified according to their checkup date, whether summer (n = 265) or not summer (n = 638). The not summer group was subdivided into spring (n = 235), autumn (n = 213) and winter (n = 190). RESULTS Among the four seasons, the spring group showed the highest levels of plasma osmolality (306.1 ± 3.9 mOsm/L), urine specific gravity (1.0172 ± 0.0058) and prevalence rates of urine specific gravity ≥1.020 (34.0%). However, seasonal differences were clinically mild, and >90% of participants showed plasma osmolality ≥300 mOsm/L, indicating dehydration, in all four seasons. The summer group showed lower urine specific gravity levels (1.0150 ± 0.0062 vs. 1.0165 ± 0.0064, P

Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a typical outcome for all pathological processes affecting the cardiovascular system and is diagnosed in 1–2% of the population in developed countries. The strategy for managing patients with CHF involves the prescription of diuretics for the relief of volume retention syndrome in addition to pathogenetic pharmacotherapy. Considering the confl icting data concerning the effects of diuretics on the long-term prognosis and clinical course of CHF, a strict approach to the analysis of risk/benefit ratio is necessary while choosing a specific diuretic and determining its optimal dose and duration of use. The article reviews state-of-theart literature on the assessment of hydration status in patients with CHF. The euvolemia state, in which the optimal volume of fl uid is achieved in the body of a patient with CHF is viewed from the perspective of evaluating the efficacy and relevance of diuretic therapy.

Individual variation in resource acquisition prior to mating can influence the expression of sexually selected traits and mating dynamics. One important resource that has the potential to affect mating is water; however, little is known about whether variation in individual hydration status impacts mating behaviour. Here, we investigate the effects of short-term water deprivation on mating behaviour in the harvestman Leiobunum vittatum, commonly known as daddy longlegs. These harvestmen follow stereotyped stages of mating during which males attempt to clasp females in a ‘mating embrace’, then attempt to copulate, and may guard females after copulation; females are able to resist male attempts at each stage to end the interaction. During these interactions, males pass fluid nuptial gifts to females for their consumption. We tested how short-term water deprivation affects mating dynamics in harvestmen using a fully factorial, single-choice mating trials between males and females that were deprived or not deprived of water for 4 h. Water deprivation affected behaviour at multiple stages of mating. Females deprived of water were less likely to resist male advances but also less likely to be embraced by males. Most dramatically, the duration of intromission was greatly reduced in trials where both sexes were water-deprived. Together, these results suggest that even short periods of water deprivation impact mating-related behaviour of both sexes and may be an important but neglected factor in sexual selection.

Heileson, JL, Peterson, M, Adair, KE, and Funderburk, LK. Comparison of a sucrose-based and rice-based sports beverage on hydration status during a 19.3-km foot march in ROTC cadets. J Strength Cond Res 36(4): 1105-1110, 2022-The purpose of this field study was to determine whether a rice-based sport beverage (RB) maintains hydration status compared to a sucrose-based sports beverage (SB) during a load-bearing 19.3-km foot march. Eighteen Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) cadets (male, n = 11; female, n = 7) were randomly assigned to consume either 2.84 L of an RB (carbohydrate, 114 g; sodium, 1306 mg) or SB (carbohydrate, 170 g; sodium, 1136 mg) throughout the duration of the foot march (temperature 14.44° C, humidity 50%). The sports beverages were distributed once before the event and then every 3.2 km for a total of 6 servings (0.47 L each). Pre- and post-urine specific gravity (USG) and body mass were used to assess hydration status. A survey was used to determine subjective ratings of perceived exertion and gastrointestinal (GI) discomfort. The level of significance was set at p0.05 for all analyses. Sixteen cadets completed the study. Based on USG, both beverages significantly improved hydration status (USG = 1.017 ± 0.010 pre-march vs. 1.011 ± 0.008 post-march, p = 0.04); however, there was no difference between groups (change in USG = -0.009 ± 0.012 for RB group vs. -0.003 ± 0.008 for SB group, p = 0.92). Ratings for perceived exertion and GI discomfort scores were similar between groups. In conclusion, the RB was as effective as the SB at maintaining hydration status and could potentially reduce GI discomfort. Athletes and military personnel concerned with ensuring appropriate hydration during moderate-intensity endurance events can achieve similar fluid balance from a rice-based sports beverage that is lower in calories, carbohydrate, and sugar.

Background. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication of newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and is associated with severe dehydration. The aim of the study was to evaluate the changes in hematological parameters (RBC, Hct, Hb, MCV, PLT, WBC) and their correlations with acidosis level and dehydration during ketoacidosis treatment. Methods. The study group consisted of 262 children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. Clinical data were collected from hospital discharge charts. Data considering hematological parameters were collected from two timepoints: first at admission and second up to 6 days since admission. Results. Ketoacidosis was present in 76 patients (29.01%). The DKA group had significantly higher values of baseline RBC (p = 0.0026), Hct (p = 0.0019), Hb (p = 0.0235), PLT (p = 0.0427) and WBC count (p 0.3 and all p values < 0.05) in DKA group but not in no-DKA group. However, weak, positive correlations at the margin of statistical significance with pH were observed for changes in PLT (p = 0.0609) and WBC (p = 0.0811) in no-DKA group. Conclusion. Monitoring dynamics of hematological parameters at T1DM diagnosis may be useful in esti­mating patients’ hydration status.

Fluid overload has been associated with a high prevalence of sleep apnea (SA) in patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). In this prospective study, we hypothesized that improvement in kidney function and hydration status after kidney transplantation (Tx) may result in an improvement in SA severity. A total of 196 patients on the kidney Tx waiting list were screened for SA using home nocturnal polysomnography (PSG) to measure the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and underwent bioimpedance to assess body composition. Of 88 participants (44.9%) with SA (AHI ≥ 15/h), 42 were reassessed 6 months post-Tx and were compared with 27 control patients. There was a significant, but small, post-Tx improvement in AHI (from 44.2 ± 24.3 to 34.7 ± 20.9/h, P = .02) that significantly correlated with a reduction in fluid overload (from 1.8 ± 2.0 to 1.2 ± 1.2 L, P = .02) and body water (from 54.9% to 51.6%, P = .003). A post-Tx increase in body fat mass (from 26% to 30%, P = .003) possibly blunted the beneficial impact of kidney Tx on SA. All parameters remained unchanged in the control group. In conclusion, SA is a frequent condition in ESKD patients and partially improved by kidney Tx. We suggest that SA should be systematically assessed before and after kidney Tx. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02020642.

Purpose To increase our knowledge about the causes and physiological consequences of concentrated urine, the relevance of which in the general population is uncertain. Methods Twenty healthy volunteers (mean age 42 years) recorded all intake of food and water for 2 weeks. During the 2nd week, they increased their daily consumption of water by 716 mL (32%). The volunteers delivered a 24-h and a morning urine sample for analysis of osmolality and creatinine during the first 4 days of both weeks, and a sample each time they voided on the other days. The water content of food and liquid was calculated and the body fluid volumes were measured by bioimpedance. Haemodynamic stability was assessed with the passive leg-raising test. Results There was a curvilinear correlation between the daily intake of water and biomarkers measured in the 24-h collection of urine (coefficient of determination 0.37–0.70). Habitual low intake of water was associated with larger body fluid volumes. The increased fluid intake during the 2nd week was best reflected in the 24-h collection (−15 and −20% for the osmolality and creatinine, respectively, P Conclusions The 24-h collection reflected recent intake of fluid, whereas the morning urine seemed to mirror long-term corrections of the fluid balance. Concentrated urine was associated with larger body fluid volumes.

Objective: To examine the effects of training intensity and environmental condition on the hydration status of Elite football players. Methods: Eleven elite football players completed three trainin...

Frequent monitoring of hydration status may help to avoid the adverse effects of dehydration. Other than urine color assessment, hydration assessment methods are largely impractical for the general population and athletes to implement on a routine basis. Despite its widespread use, the validity of urine color as an indicator of hydration status has not been systematically evaluated. The objective of this systematic review is to determine the validity of urine color evaluation as a hydration status assessment method in the general adult population, older adults, and athletes. Using the PRISMA guidelines, electronic databases were searched to identify original research articles of all study design types for inclusion. Of the 424 articles screened, 10 met inclusion criteria. Most studies compared urine color to either urinary specific gravity or urine osmolality, and reported significant associations (r) ranging from 0.40 to 0.93. Lower correlations were noted in studies of adults aged60 years. Studies generally reported a high sensitivity of urine color as a diagnostic tool for detecting dehydration and supported the ability of this method to distinguish across categories of hydration status. Research is needed to determine if clinicians, patients, and clients can accurately utilize this method in clinical and real-world settings. Future research is also needed to extend these findings to other populations, such as children.Key teaching pointsInadequate hydration can lead to impairments in physical performance and cognitive function.Methods used to assess hydration status include plasma/serum osmolality, urinary specific gravity (USG), urine osmolality (Uosm), change in body weight, urine volume, and urine color.Urine color assessment is a practical method that is routinely used in clinical, athletic, and other settings. The validity of this method has not been systemically evaluated.Available research was limited to 10 articles.Validity of this method was generally supported; however, research has not investigated the validity of this method by clinicians, patients and clients.

IntroductionMalnutrition, suboptimal hydration, and inadequate body composition can have negative consequences on soldiers’ performance and health. A recent consensus statement concerning “soldiers’ physical performance” points to the scarcity of data in specific military populations. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess and compare dietary intake, hydration status, and body composition of three military groups during their specific military training.Materials and MethodsEighty-five soldiers (ie, 21 in a qualification course to join the Special Forces [SF], 22 Infantrymen [Chasseurs Ardennais, CA], and 42 Recruits [REs]) participated in this 3- to 4-day study. Body mass was assessed before and after each study period. All soldiers self-reported their dietary intakes, from which energy and macronutrient intakes were calculated. In addition, their morning urine samples were collected daily to assess urine specific gravity (USG) as a measure of hydration status. Fat mass was estimated at the end of the study using bioelectrical impedance analysis.ResultsAll groups lost significant amounts of body mass (ie, mean losses ranging between 1.3 and 1.7 kg). Macronutrient intakes were not fully met in respect to the recommendations. Most notably, REs’ fat intake was high (ie, 42.3 [±1.6] energy percent [E%]), while their carbohydrate intake was low (ie, 44.5 [±2.1] E%). Furthermore, saturated fat intakes were high among all groups (ie, group means ranging between 13.6 and 21.4 E%). USG values indicated suboptimal hydration status was prevalent in all groups. Most noteworthy, for SF, only 5.4% of the USG values indicated optimal hydration. The average fat mass (%) for SF, CA, and RE was 11.2 (±3.1), 18.8 (±5.1), and 19.4 (±5.0), respectively.ConclusionThe present study showed that military men are not always adequately fed nor hydrated. These issues should be resolved by creating nutritional packages, and individual dietary and hydration strategies, all in function of military planning and weather conditions.

Cities are rapidly expanding, and global warming is intensified in urban environments due to the urban heat island effect. Therefore, urban animals may be particularly susceptible to warming associated with ongoing climate change. We used a comparative and manipulative approach to test three related hypotheses about the determinants of heat tolerance or critical thermal maximum (CT max) in urban ants—specifically, that (a) body size, (b) hydration status, and (c) chosen microenvironments influence CT max. We further tested a fourth hypothesis that native species are particularly physiologically vulnerable in urban environments. We manipulated water access and determined CT max for 11 species common to cities in California's Central Valley that exhibit nearly 300‐fold variation in body size. There was a moderate phylogenetic signal influencing CT max, and inter (but not intra) specific variation in body size influenced CT max where larger species had higher CT max. The sensitivity of ants’ CT max to water availability exhibited species‐specific thresholds where short‐term water limitation (8 hr) reduced CT max and body water content in some species while longer‐term water limitation (32 hr) was required to reduce these traits in other species. However, CT max was not related to the temperatures chosen by ants during activity. Further, we found support for our fourth hypothesis because CT max and estimates of thermal safety margin in native species were more sensitive to water availability relative to non‐native species. In sum, we provide evidence of links between heat tolerance and water availability, which will become critically important in an increasingly warm, dry, and urbanized world that others have shown may be selecting for smaller (not larger) body size., Larger urban ant species had greater heat tolerance (critical thermal maxima, CT max). Water availability increased CT max in an urban ant community. CT max and thermal safety margins in native species were more sensitive to water availability.

Background Every year, over 312 million surgical operations are performed globally. While perioperative goal-directed fluid strategy may reduce postoperative complications among patients undergoing major surgery, poor perioperative fluids management has been linked to adverse postoperative patients’ outcome. Methods This study used quantitative prospective design to assess the perioperative fluids management in 133 patients operated in the theatre of University Teaching Hospital of Butare (CHUB). The SPSS 21 was used to analyze the data, Chi-square test was performed to assess the association between fluid administered and patients’ hydration status with an acceptable cutoff at p

OBJECTIVES Adequate hydration status prior to chemotherapy initiation prevents nephrotoxicity in patients receiving potentially nephrotoxic regimens. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the time to initiation of ifosfamide administration between patients receiving standard 6-hour pre-hydration versus 1-hour rapid pre-hydration. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted to determine the primary endpoint of time to ifosfamide administration. Patients 1 to 21 years of age who received ifosfamide with standard 6-hour pre-hydration (125 mL/m2/hr for 6 hours) between September 2017 and January 2018 or 1-hour rapid pre-hydration (750 mL/m2/hr for 1 hour) between September 2018 and March 2019 were included. Secondary endpoints included the incidence of hemorrhagic cystitis, incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI), urine specific gravity, amount of time that ifosfamide was delayed from the originally scheduled administration time, the number of times ifosfamide was delayed greater than 4 hours from the originally scheduled administration time, and length of stay. RESULTS A total of 128 patients were included; 68 patients received standard 6-hour pre-hydration and 60 patients received 1-hour rapid pre-hydration prior to ifosfamide administration. Time to ifosfamide administration was reduced from an average of 9.3 hours to 2.4 hours (p < 0.0001). There was no incidence of hemorrhagic cystitis or AKI in either group. CONCLUSIONS The 1-hour rapid pre-hydration protocol significantly reduced the time to ifosfamide administration without an increase in adverse effects.

We aimed to identify the association of hydration status with insulin resistance (IR) and body fat distribution. A total of 14 344 adults participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2010. We used urine specific gravity (USG) to indicate hydration status, and HOMA-IR (homoeostasis model assessment of IR) and trunk:leg fat ratio (TLR) as primary outcomes. In multivariate logistic regression, the OR per 0·01 increase in USG for high IR was 1·303 (95 % CI 1·185, 1·433;P< 0·001). In multivariate generalised additive model plots, increased USG showed a J-shaped association with logarithmic HOMA-IR, with the lowest Akaike’s information criterion score of USG 1·030. Moreover, increased USG was independently associated with increased trunk fat, decreased leg fat and increased TLR. In mediation analysis, the proportion of mediation effects of USG on TLR via IR was 0·193 (95 % CI 0·132, 0·285;P< 0·001), while the proportion of mediation effects of USG on IR via TLR was 0·130 (95 % CI 0·086, 0·188;P< 0·001). Increased USG, a sign of low hydration status and presumably high vasopressin, was associated with IR and poor fat distribution. Direct effect of low hydration status may be more dominant than indirect effect via IR or fat distribution. Further studies are necessary to confirm our findings.

Purpose: To examine the influence of fluid intake on heat acclimation and the subsequent effects on exercise performance following acute hypohydration. Methods: Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups, either able to consume water ad libitum (n = 10; age 23 [3] y, height 1.81 [0.09] m, body mass 87 [13] kg; HAW) or not allowed fluid (n = 10; age 26 [5] y, height 1.76 [0.05] m, body mass 79 [10] kg; HANW) throughout 12 × 1.5-h passive heat-acclimation sessions. Experimental trials were completed on 2 occasions before (2 baseline trials) and 1 following the heat-acclimation sessions. These sessions involved 3 h of passive heating (45°C, 38% relative humidity) to induce hypohydration followed by 3 h of ad libitum food and fluid intake after which participants performed a repeat sled-push test to assess physical performance. Urine and blood samples were collected before, immediately, and 3 h following hypohydration to assess hydration status. Mood was also assessed at the same time points. Results: No meaningful differences in physiological or performance variables were observed between HANW and HAW at any time point. Using pooled data, mean sprint speed was significantly (P Conclusions: Results suggest that passive heat-acclimation protocols may be effective at improving short-duration repeat-effort performance following acute hypohydration.

There is growing interest in the measurement of plasma levels of arginine vasopressin (AVP) for the assessment of mild dehydration. However, the principles of biological variation have not been applied to the study of AVP and understanding biological variation of AVP may provide insights regarding measurement thresholds. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the biological variation of AVP in healthy euhydrated individuals to understand the potential for establishing both static and/or change thresholds of importance. We studied 29 healthy volunteers (24 men and 5 women) while controlling for hydration and pre-analytical factors. All subjects completed between 2–8 trials where biological variation was determined using widely published methods. We determined the intraindividual, interindividual, and analytical coefficients of variation (CVI, CVG, and CVA, respectively) and subsequently the index of individuality and heterogeneity (II and IH, respectively). AVP did not reach the IH threshold required to be considered useful in the dynamic assessment of physiological deviations from normal. AVP levels approached the II threshold required to be considered useful in the static assessment of physiological deviations from normal. This analysis demonstrates that AVP assessment is unlikely to yield useful information about hydration status.