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App-based habit building has been shown to be a good tool for forming desired habits; however, it is unclear how much individual features that are present in many apps contribute to the success of habit building. In this paper, the authors consider the influence of social support features by developing an app in which habit progress was shared with peers – 'buddies' in the app. In the study, 38 participants created habits and monitored their progress regularly with the app over three weeks. The participants were divided into a control group without a 'buddy' and a treatment group cohort in which they were assigned to buddies based on their desired habits. With each habit repetition, the app gave feedback on the number of repetitions and the automaticity of the user's habit. The results obtained show that the reproduction of app-based intentional habit building is effective and that automaticity could be predicted by habit repetition.

This paper examines the impact of habit formation on the demand for life-contingent contracts in a life-cycle model. We derive an analytical solution for the optimal consumption, portfolio choice, and life insurance/annuity purchases. We illustrate the mechanism by which the consumption habit assumption can alter the bequest motive and therefore drive the demand for life-contingent products. Based on our assumed insurance/annuity markets, we show that habit formation alone leads to low demand on either life insurance or annuity but not both. However, habit formation together with social security results in low demand in both life insurance and annuity. Submitted/Accepted version

COVID-19 is a global epidemic for which the world was completely unprepared. It has a broad influence on a variety of facets of life. This encompasses, among other things, education, medical care, religious practice, social activities, and economic endeavors. Reading is the name of the game. Reading has an impact on one's own growth as well as the advancement of society as a whole (Sheikh & Loan, 2010). The purpose of this study is to investigate at the reading habit in L1 and reading habit in English among rural area students at MUET. The primary goal of this research is to learn more about first-year rural students' reading habit in L1 and reading habit in English. The approach follow in this study is descriptive approach. A stratified sampling strategy was used to pick 50 students who returned the survey questionnaire among 207 students at MUET. The data analysis is descriptive statistics. The findings show that students with a reading habit spend their time reading various niches that are linked to their academic as well as for enjoyment. Students with a reading habit have a detrimental effect on their reading performance.

This study details the development and validation of a new algorithm that determines the dominant habit plane of a transformed child phase from orientation maps of a single planar cross-section. The method describes the habit plane in terms of its five-parameter grain boundary character and couples it to the specific orientation relationship of the identified orientation variant. The symmetry operations associated with the specific orientation relationship of the variants are applied to transform habit plane traces as determined in the specimen-fixed reference frame into the parent or child reference frame, allowing for the fitting of the habit plane. Our algorithm stands out by its robustness, computational efficiency, automation and ability to operate on fully transformed microstructures. Four automated methods for habit plane trace determination are proposed and compared. Detailed sensitivity analysis reveals that the proposed algorithm is exceptionally robust against poor accuracy in the measured traces and distortions in the orientation map, but more sensitive to inaccuracies propagated from parent grain reconstruction. Validation on a synthetic microstructure with a known habit plane and returned consistent results when applied to high and low carbon steels with different prior austenite grain sizes and orientation map resolutions. The habit planes were not significantly affected by the austenite grain sizes. The habit plane of the steel with 0.35 wt% C was close to (111)γ whereas the habit plane of steel with 0.71 wt% C was closer to (575)γ, in close agreement with previous work using two-surface stereological analysis and transmission electron microscopy-based trace analysis.

Resisting immediate temptations in favor of larger later rewards predicts academic success, socioemotional competence, and health. These links with delaying gratification appear from early childhood and have been explained by cognitive and social factors that help override tendencies toward immediate gratification. However, some tendencies may actually promote delaying gratification. We assessed children’s delaying gratification for different rewards across two cultures that differ in customs around waiting. Consistent with our preregistered prediction, results showed that children in Japan ( n = 80) delayed gratification longer for food than for gifts, whereas children in the United States ( n = 58) delayed longer for gifts than for food. This interaction may reflect cultural differences: Waiting to eat is emphasized more in Japan than in the United States, whereas waiting to open gifts is emphasized more in the United States than in Japan. These findings suggest that culturally specific habits support delaying gratification, providing a new way to understand why individuals delay gratification and why this behavior predicts life success.

Objective : This study assessed the effect of active digit sucking on muscle thickness and fractional shortening of the masseter, lateral pterygoid, and temporalis in a population of Nigerian children using motion mode ultrasonography.Methods : The sample consisted of 100 selected children aged 7-12 years, divided into two equal groups of digit sucking and nonsucking. Participants were matched for age groups and gender. Ultrasonography evaluation (2 D and motion mode) of the masticatory muscles was performed using a linear probe of 7.5 MHz. The muscle thickness at contraction/relaxation and fractional shortening was determined. Independent t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Two-way ANOVA were used for data analysis.Results : Whilst temporalis and lateral pterygoid muscles demonstrated a significant increase in thickness during relaxation (p

International audience; Summary The ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbiosis has independently evolved from diverse types of saprotrophic ancestors. In this study, we seek to identify genomic signatures of the transition to the ECM habit within the hyper-diverse Russulaceae. We present comparative analyses of the genomic architecture and the total and secreted gene repertoires of 18 species across the order Russulales of which 13 are newly sequenced, including a representative of a saprotrophic member of Russulaceae, Gloeopeniophorella convolvens. The genomes of ECM Russulaceae are characterized by a loss of genes for plant cell-wall degrading enzymes (PCWDEs), an expansion of genome size through increased transposable element (TE) content, a reduction in secondary metabolism clusters, and an association of small secreted proteins (SSPs) with TE “nests”, or dense aggregations of TEs. Some PCWDEs have been retained or even expanded, mostly in a species-specific manner. The genome of Gloeopeniophorella convolvens possesses some characteristics of ECM genomes (e.g., loss of some PCWDEs, TE expansion, reduction in secondary metabolism clusters). Functional specialization in ectomycorrhizal decomposition may drive diversification. Accelerated gene evolution predates the evolution of the ECM habit, indicating that changes in genome architecture and gene content may be necessary to prime the evolutionary switch.

Psychological theories of habit posit that when a strong habit is formed through behavioral repetition, it can trigger behavior automatically in the same environment. Given the reciprocal relationship between habit and behavior, changing lifestyle behaviors is largely a task of breaking old habits and creating new and healthy ones. Thus, representing users’ habit strengths can be very useful for behavior change support systems, for example, to predict behavior or to decide when an intervention reaches its intended effect. However, habit strength is not directly observable and existing self-report measures are taxing for users. In this paper, building on recent computational models of habit formation, we propose a method to enable intelligent systems to compute habit strength based on observable behavior. The hypothesized advantage of using computed habit strength for behavior prediction was tested using data from two intervention studies on dental behavior change ($$N = 36$$N=36and$$N = 75$$N=75), where we instructed participants to brush their teeth twice a day for three weeks and monitored their behaviors using accelerometers. The results showed that for the task of predicting future brushing behavior, the theory-based model that computed habit strength achieved an accuracy of 68.6% (Study 1) and 76.1% (Study 2), which outperformed the model that relied on self-reported behavioral determinants but showed no advantage over models that relied on past behavior. We discuss the implications of our results for research on behavior change support systems and habit formation.

With the high-quality requirements for cephalexin monohydrate, developing a robust and practical crystallization process to produce cephalexin monohydrate with good crystal habit, appropriate aspect ratio and high bulk density as well as suitable flowability is urgently needed. This research has explored the influence of ultrasound on crystallization of cephalexin monohydrate in terms of nucleation mechanism and crystal habit control. The results of metastable zone width and induction time measurement showed the presence of ultrasound irradiation can narrow the metastable zone and shorten induction time. Cavitation phenomena generated by ultrasound were used to qualitatively explain the mechanism of ultrasound promoting nucleation of cephalexin monohydrate. Furthermore, on the basis of classical nucleation theory and induction time data, a series of nucleation-related parameters (such as crystal-liquid interfacial tension, radius of the critical nucleus and etc.) were calculated and showed a decreasing trend under ultrasound irradiation. The diffusion coefficient of the studied system was also determined to increase by 72.73% under ultrasound. The changes in these parameters have quantitatively confirmed the mechanism of ultrasound influence on the nucleation process. In further, the calculated surface entropy factor has confirmed that the growth of cephalexin monohydrate follows continuous growth mechanism under the research conditions of this work. Through the exploration of crystallization conditions, it is found that suitable ultrasonic treatment, seeding, supersaturation control and removal of fine crystals are conducive to improving the quality of cephalexin monohydrate product. Optimizing the crystallization process coupled continuous ultrasound irradiation with fine-crystal dissolution policy has achieved the controllable production of monodisperse cephalexin monohydrate crystal with good performance.

The rigid, stimulus-bound nature of drug seeking that characterizes substance use disorder (SUD) has been related to a dysregulation of motivational and early attentional reflexive and inhibitory reflective systems. However, the mechanisms by which these systems are engaged by drug-paired conditioned stimuli CSs) when they promote the enactment of seeking habits in individuals with a SUD have not been elucidated. The present study aimed behaviorally and electrophysiologically to characterize the nature of the interaction between the reflexive and reflective systems recruited by CSs in individuals with a smoking habit. We measured the behavioral performance and associated Event Related Potentials (ERPs) of 20 individuals with a smoking habit and 20 controls, who never smoked regularly, in a modified Go/NoGo task during which smoking-related CSs, appetitive, and neutral pictures, presented either in first-person or as a third-person visual perspective were displayed 250 ms before the Go/NoGo cue. We show that smoking-related cues selectively influence early incentive motivation-related attentional bias (N2 after picture onset), motor readiness and behavioral inhibition (Go-P3, NoGo-P3 and Pc) of individuals with a smoking habit only when presented from a first-person perspective. These data together identify the neural signature of the aberrant engagement of the reflexive and reflective systems during the recruitment of an incentive habit by CSs presented as if they had been response-produced, i.e., as conditioned reinforcers., Medical research funding

Fernando Contreras Castro’s novel Única mirando al mar (1993 and 2010) is a bitter, scathing social critique of Costa Rica’s government, a government which only occasionally remembers its duty to its taxpayers and its environment. Rewritten in 2010 after the closure of Río Azul, a landfill near San José, the novel explores the way this action affected the population of the landfill, locally known as the buzos. Analyses of the novel address primarily the buzos’ resilience and the complexity of the relationship between the buzos’ society and the rest of the country. This study will consider the buzos’ society as a social order based on habit, and trace its adaptability and persistence in the face of multiple changes to the buzos’ life. To this end, I will use the theory of posthegemony with a particular focus on Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts of habit and habitus to explore the adaptability and persistence of the buzos’ habitus as reflected in habitual practices, rituals and ritual language. I will analyse the 2010 version of the novel, published after the closure of the landfill.

Many climate-relevant behaviours are habitual. Habits are memory-based propensities to respond automatically to specific cues, acquired by repetition of behaviours in stable contexts. Socio-cognitive models are widely used to predict climate-relevant behaviours, but by positing behaviour as intentional, provide a poor account of habitual behaviours. While unsustainable habits are barriers to change, their very features (frequent, automatic and resistant to change) also make them desirable for sustainable behaviours to obtain. While informational approaches are generally ineffective for breaking habits, legislation, incentives, ‘nudges’, implementation intentions, competitions, and ‘moments of change’ (e.g., moving house) are more effective. Linking behaviour to identity and a stable context can ensure new habits to endure. Psychological theories and policy efficacy can be greatly improved by attention to habits.

Employee behaviors remain at the center of the cybersecurity of workplaces, despite the challenges they face in doing so. Time pressures and competing demands mean that users tend to rely on habitual behaviors that often run counter to good cybersecurity practice. One possible solution may be to encourage positive habit formation. Designing such interventions, however, relies on knowledge of the perception and experience of habit formation in the context of cybersecurity. To this end, a qualitative survey containing open-ended questions was completed by 195 participants (mean age = 35.51, 53 percent female) recruited via an online participant panel. Participants were asked what cybersecurity behaviors they perform at work and how they believe any habits were prompted, formed, and maintained. Thematic analysis identified three over-arching themes: (a) forming habits unavoidably or unconsciously (some were mandated, or formed without conscious awareness), (b) consciously cultivating habits (including the roles of intrinsic motivation and external prompts), and (c) social and organizational influences (including the influence of occupational culture, social modeling, previous experiences, and information gathering practices). Based on these findings, we present guidelines for supporting workplace cybersecurity habit formation reflecting these subjective experiences, namely introducing automatic solutions, facilitating external cues, fostering interest in cybersecurity issues among employees, creating a positive cybersecurity occupational culture and highlighting positive behavior, and providing access to accessible cybersecurity information to employees. These results constitute a first step in identifying how habits can be exploited for positive cybersecurity behavior change in a way that accounts for the reliance on habitual behaviors in busy, time-pressured workplaces.

Trichotillomania is a debilitating psychiatric condition, marked by repeated hair pulling resulting in visible hair loss and significant levels of distress. The last three decades of clinical trial research has yielded a number of efficacious interventions for trichotillomania, with the most empirical support for habit-reversal training (HRT) as well as enhanced HRT, such as acceptance-enhanced HRT. Despite available evidence-based treatments, trichotillomania is widely under treated, and many therapists lack accurate knowledge of the disorder and its treatments. Given the apparent research to practice gap, it’s clear evidence-based treatment for trichotillomania has not been effectively disseminated. Therefore, attempts to train community providers on the topic are needed to enhance provider knowledge and make treatment more widely available. Currently research on the dissemination of treatment for trichotillomania does not exist. Efforts are first needed to assess the extent to which implementation of therapist training on the topic is feasible, attracts interested providers, increases provider knowledge, and promotes provider-self efficacy and willingness to treat the condition. To investigate these questions, we are proposing a waitlist-controlled implementation trial to train 120 therapists to treat trichotillomania using acceptance enhance HRT, involving a one-shot online workshop and six months of consultation.

Some researchers have proposed that dissociative symptoms in PTSD patients are a form of experiential avoidance, that patients use to manage overwhelming emotions (Hayes et al., 1996; Polusny & Follette, 1995). In this view, dissociation is negatively reinforced by the reduction of aversive emotions and maintained through instrumental learning. According to dual-process theories, instrumental behavior can be under goal-directed or habitual control. In this study we investigate whether dissociation has developed into a mental habit, that is automatically triggered by negative emotions. To this end, PTSD patients that are currently undergoing trauma therapy will fill out an online questionnaire (~15min) regarding the goal-directed status of their dissociative symptoms versus automaticity, the positive and negative beliefs about dissociation, and the frequency of dissociation.

Preregistration of research questions and analysis plan for the HabitWalk project. The goal of the HabitWalk study is to gain a deeper understanding on the process of habit formation regarding physical activity behavior. This research is being conducted at the Department of Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland.

In a society which is becoming more and more globalized, it is essential to promote teaching processes that enable the meaningful acquisition of knowledge, emphasizing the learning of English, as the main goal of the teachers. Reading in education is the paradigm of culture and is part of the language learning process. Nevertheless, its practice has declined in recent years. Consequently, through this Project, with the aim of motivating the Reading frequency, we intend to take a deeper look into the role of technologies in order to foster the Reading habit in a foreign language, highlighting the importance of reading for the student cognitive development. For that reason, an innovation proposal for promoting reading based on the use of ICT in the educational field is presented, with a specific focus on the Booktube community, as a tool to increase interest and motivation in reading.

Wheat stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici is a widespread and recurring threat to wheat production. Emerging P. graminis f. sp. tritici variants are rapidly overcoming major gene resistance deployed in wheat cultivars and new sources of race-nonspecific resistance are urgently needed. The National Small Grains Collection (NSGC) contains thousands of wheat landrace accessions that may harbor unique and broadly effective sources of resistance to emerging P. graminis f. sp. tritici variants. All NSGC available facultative and winter-habit bread wheat landraces were tested in a field nursery in St. Paul, Minnesota, against a bulk collection of six common U.S. P. graminis f. sp. tritici races. Infection response and severity data were collected on 9,192 landrace accessions at the soft-dough stage and resistant accessions were derived from single spikes. Derived accessions were tested in St. Paul a second time to confirm resistance and in a field nursery in Njoro, Kenya against emerging races of P. graminis f. sp. tritici with virulence to many known resistance genes including Sr24, Sr31, Sr38, and SrTmp. Accessions resistant in the St. Paul field were also tested at the seedling stage with up to 13 P. graminis f. sp. tritici races, including TTKSK and TKTTF, and with 19 molecular markers linked with known stem rust resistance genes or genes associated with modern breeding practices. Forty-five accessions were resistant in both U.S. and Kenya field nurseries and lacked alleles linked with known stem rust resistance genes. Accessions with either moderate or strong resistance in the U.S. and Kenya field nurseries and with novel seedling resistance will be prioritized for further study.

Children nowadays are overwhelming with luxurious things and have only little or even no money concepts where most of the kids just reach out to their parents for buying anything they want. This could be an issue for parents, hence kids should be taught the value of money and knowing that save their own money is important to purchase anything they desired. This project proposed an innovative way to inculcate saving behaviours in children using an IoT Piggy Bank. This goal-directed approach allows children to set their saving goals (values of their desired items) and form a saving habit slowly through their saving routines toward their saving goals. Every saving made by the children will be tracked in a mobile app and a buzzer will be triggered as a reinforcer to alert children when they do not save regularly. The user acceptance testing (UAT) of the proposed prototype has shown the majority of the parents (90%) agreed that the proposed IoT piggy bank is very suitable for children to instil saving habit. Most of the children have reacted positively where they were having lots of fun when trying on the IoT piggy bank and expressed that they would continue to use it for saving in the future.

South Tangerang Health Office had the responsibility in giving outstanding healthcare services to its resident’s despite of its limitation due Covid-19 pandemic. Some programs were initiated to reduce maternal, babies and toddler mortality, and in the same time reduce the number of malnourished children. The integrated healthcare mobile application called Si Pandai Kemas TangSel had been launched and can be downloaded easily through smartphone. The study is expected to measure the effectiveness of Si Pandai Kemas TangSel using UTAUT approach by measuring the influence of performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating condition and habit toward behavior intention in using Si Pandai Kemas TangSel mobile application. The study showed that the effort expectancy and habit can increase the intention to use Si Pandai Kemas TangSel application. Meanwhile, performance expectancy and facilitating conditions did not affect behavioral intention in using Si Pandai Kemas TangSel application.

Efficient behavioral learning is a great challenge to an autonomous mobile robot. During navigation, animals can improve their behavioral learning ability by constantly interacting with the environment and gradually realize efficient navigation. Although habitual behavior in animal navigation is relatively well known, understanding of the brain’s habit-generation mechanism remains limited. In this study, we propose a striatal behavioral learning model, composed of the striosome and a matrix model, to possibly explain the generation of habitual behavior in animal navigation. The model’s bionic mechanism is characterized as follows: (1) in the striosome model, orientation information updates constantly based on the operant conditioning mechanism, leading to the generation of habitual behavior, and (2) a matrix model with an improved e-greedy algorithm chooses actions by adjusting the utilization of learned habits, balancing the relationship between exploration and exploitation in an agent’s navigation. We test our model in Morris square dry maze tasks. Results indicate the effectiveness of the model in explaining habit-related behavior. Besides, we compare our model with the widely used striatal temporal difference learning model. Results show that our model is more efficient and robust than the contrast model. We can conclude that it can successfully solve navigation tasks with habits while showing key neural characteristics of the striatum, which may be significant to the bionic navigation of robots. The proposed model confirms and builds a relationship among habit generation, the striatum, and operant conditioning, which may help explain the mechanism underlying habit generation in animal navigation.

The increase in the elderly population brings a reflection on successful aging. Thus, beneficial aspects during this phase are analyzed. This study aimed to analyze the forms of influence of the reading habit for the promotion of successful aging, relating the readings performed with the periods of the development process throughout life. The study presents a qualitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional design. This study sample was composed of seven women who participated in this research, aged 60 years, or over, intentionally selected through the snowball technique. The criterion for inclusion in the study was to have the habit of reading throughout the life cycle. The research instrument was a semi-structured interview script. The analysis was performed using the Bardin content analysis method. From the results, it was possible to identify the habit of reading as a great ally, working as a tool for coping with difficulties. In aging, reading occurs naturally, showing its importance throughout life. Among the interviewees, it was possible to identify, despite their unique stories, that parents have a strong influence on an individual reader's formation. It comes to solidify when the school reinforces it in adolescence. The experience of aging is unique, that is, subjective, and reading can serve all people in different ways. Consequently, this habit enables learning to overcome difficulties in each phase, providing a conscious and autonomous experience of aging, retirement, and body changes, looking for ways to live healthier, taking advantage of their individual potential.

Background: A child is unique individual. The childhood era is critical for the socialization process, which involves the transmission of attitudes, customs, and behaviour through the influence of family and community. The promotion and maintenance of a child's health is influenced by the family's cultural and religious beliefs, educational level, and lifestyle. Improved child health requires better education, nutrition, family planning, improved health behaviour, and increased use of health services. The form of the caregiver interaction has a significant impact on a child's behavioural development. Parents, especially women, who are emotionally present, sensitive, perceptive, and effective in satisfying their child's needs are more likely to have securely connected children who are more likely to meet crucial behavioral milestones as they grow up. Objectives: To assess the existing knowledge regarding selected habit disorders in children among mothers of preschooler. To assess the effectiveness of self-instructional module on knowledge regarding selected habit disorders in children among mothers of preschooler. To determine the posttest knowledge score regarding selected habit disorder in children among mothers of preschooler with demographic variables. Methodology: A study will be based on Evaluatory research approach with one group pretest and posttest research design. The impact of self instructional module on knowledge regarding selected habit disorders in children among mothers of preschooler will be assessed using non probability convenient sampling technique. selected 60 mothers of preschooler will be assessed knowledge regarding selected habit disorder in children by structured questionnaires and then self instructional module will be given to the selected sample developed by researcher as intervention. Expected Results: The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of self-instructional module on knowledge regarding selected habit disorders in children among mothers of preschooler. Self instructional module will be useful in improving the respondents' knowledge.

This study aims to describe the implementation or application of the 'Sekolah Sak Ngajine' Program as a habit of loving the Qur'an from an early age in RA Khodijah II Sebaung, Gending District. The 'Sekolah Sak Ngajine' program is taken from the Javanese language, which means School While Reciting the Qur'an. This habituation program is packaged in Qur'an learning activities using the Tilawati method. This research uses a qualitative descriptive approach with the type of case study. This study found that the 'Sekolah Sak Ngajine' program can condition the tendency of the world of children to be active and challenging to concentrate so that the quality and quantity targets can be achieved well in learning the Qur'an. Through the 'Sekolah Sak Ngajine' program, it can have a tremendous impact on students, namely instilling the habit of learning the Qur'an to students so that they can foster a sense of love for the Qur'an from an early age in RA Khodijah II Sebaung, Gending District, Probolinggo Regency. The implication is that learning the Qur'an in early childhood requires creativity, patience, and patience from teachers in teaching.

Readings plays an important role in the life of a human. It is also one of the most important components of the language. Reading habit is determined by measuring how often the people read, how long do they read and what do they read. Particularly for students, reading is very crucial part for them during the span of learning. It is an instrument used to acquire new knowledge and skills. This study aims to investigate the reading habits among students and their effect on their academic performance. This study is conducted at ATI, Sammanthurai located in the Eastern province, Sri Lanka. Data are collected using questionnaire with deductive approach in quantitative method and analyzed by statistical package for social science (SPSS). Findings are presented using frequency analysis, regression analysis, descriptive analysis and correlation analysis. The questionnaire is conducted via Google form then shared among the students of ATI, Sammanthurai. The findings indicate that most of the students has a good reading habit and it affects their academic performance positively. Finally, the study confirms that there is a relationship between reading habit and the academic performance of the students. Some findings are that; the majority of the respondents read class notes which means the need to read it for the examination purpose. Majority of the students get reading material via internet (81.4%) as they state that they spend most of their time in surfing internet and using social media.

New transport trends have emerged in developing countries to promote bicycling due to its individual and societal benefits. Although bicycle infrastructure provision has been one of the most utilised strategies to encourage bicycling, it has had a limited immediate impact on the bicycling modal share. Published research indicates the need to incorporate the psychosocial dimension to understand commuters' transport behaviour and explain why bicycling infrastructure usage is lower than expected. This study highlights the processes behind bicycle mode choice decisions, explicitly incorporating pro-bicycle attitudes and habits, while also considering the influence of socioeconomic, bicycle facilities and bicycling experience variables on shaping that attitude. For this purpose, an online survey was designed and sent to students, faculty members and staff of two Chilean universities to collect ad-hoc data. The modelling used an approach based on an integrated choice and latent variable model. The main findings are: attitude in itself is a relevant construct to explain behaviour; bicycling infrastructure contribute to explain bicycle choice but only indirectly through attitude; socioeconomic characteristics, bicycling familiarity and practical issues have both a direct effect on bicycle choice decision and an indirect one by fostering pro-bicycling attitudes. Additionally, results show that the explicit inclusion of habit reduces the contribution of pro-bicycle attitude in explaining bicycle choice. This might be due to interaction and reinforcement between habit and attitude.

This research was a correlation study which aims to determine the correlation between students’ reading habit and their writing ability in descriptive text. There were two variables in this study, reading habit and writing ability. The population of the study were the X grade students of SMAN 2 Batusangkar in the academic year 2020/2021. The sample technique in this research used cluster random sampling from 356 students selected for class X MIPA 2 with 36 students. This study used the Product Moment formula to determine the coefficient correlation and t-test to found out the significance correlation between students’ reading habit (X) and their writing ability (Y). The result showed that the t-observed was (4.01) and t-table was (1.70) in significance level of 5% (0,005), so t-observed was bigger than t-table then Ha was accepted and Ho was rejected. Thus, it can be concluded that there was a correlation between students’ reading habit and their writing ability in descriptive text at the X grade of SMAN 2 Batusangkar.

Interactions among living beings are the structuring basis of ecosystems, and studies of networks allow us to identify the patterns and consistency of such interactions. Antagonistic networks reflect the energy flow of communities, and identifying network structure and the biological aspects that influence its stability is crucial to understanding ecosystem functioning. We used antagonistic anuran interactions-predator-prey and host-parasite-to assess structural patterns and to identify the key anuran species structuring these networks. We tested whether anuran body-size and life-habit are related to their roles in these networks. We collected individuals of 9 species of anurans from an area of the Atlantic Forest in Brazil and identified their prey and helminth parasites. We used network (modularity, specialization, and nestedness) and centrality metrics (degree, closeness, and betweenness) to identify the role of anuran species in both networks. We then evaluated whether anuran body-size or life-habit were related to anuran centrality using generalized linear mixed models. The networks formed specialized interactions in compartments composed by key species from different habits. In our networks, anurans with rheophilic and cryptozoic habit are central in predator-prey networks, and those with larger body size and arboreal and cryptozoic habit in the host-parasite network. This study represents a step towards a better understanding of the influential factors that affect the structure of anuran antagonist networks, as well as to recognize the functioning roles of anuran species.

Although cerrado trees have evolved with fire for millions of years, it is not well-understood which tree attributes are more important to survive fire in the Brazilian savanna. To address this issue, we used pre- and post-fire data on 367 cerrado trees (113 native species) planted in an arboretum in south-east Brazil and then left unburnt until 2019, when a prescribed burn was applied. Tree size (height and diameter) had been measured in 2017. Four months after the fire, we assessed tree size, relative bark thickness (bark-to-diameter ratio), leaf habit (evergreen or deciduous) and habitat preference (savanna specialist or generalist). These were the predictor variables used in generalised linear models exploring tree survival and resprouting type. Most trees survived fire: 59% resprouted epicormically, 25% resprouted basally, 6% had root suckers, and only four trees died. Basal and epicormic resprouting were related to tree size: small trees (diameter ≤ 5 cm) resprouted basally more frequently, whereas tall trees (height ≥ 3.7 m) resprouted epicormically more frequently. Our results suggest that rapid growth is more important than bark thickness, leaf habit or habitat preference to escape the fire trap, because it allows cerrado trees to reach a fire-resistant height more quickly.

The formation of microcrystals with fullerene-like truncated icosahedral habit observed in experiments on the electrodeposition of copper has been explained. The analysis has been performed in terms of the behavior of the total energy upon the evolution of the truncated icosahedron to the regular icosahedron, and a significant role of the surface energy in this evolution has been indicated. Reasons have been presented for the st-ability of rare experimentally observed fullerene-like habit of single-component small particles and microcrystals.

The statue habit was a defining characteristic of classical cities, and its demise in late antiquity has recently attracted great scholarly attention. This article analyzes this process by focusing on the city of Rome, an exceptionally well-documented case, charting the decline and abandonment of the practice of setting up free-standing statues between the end of the 3rd and the middle of the 6th c. CE. Focusing on the epigraphic evidence for new dedications, it discusses the nature of the habit in late antique Rome, in terms of its differences and continuities with earlier periods. It will then analyze the quantitative evolution of the habit, suggesting that its end was associated with deeper transformations in its dynamic. The final section examines the broader significance of setting up statues in late antique Rome, arguing that the decline of the statue habit must be understood in the context of a new statue culture that saw statue dedications in an antiquarian light, rather than as part of an organic honorific language. Publisher PDF

OCEM Journal, The OCEM Journal of Management, Technology and Social Sciences Volume 2, Issue 2, 81-102 ISSN Print: 2705-4845 Issue online: 2705-48

Stage 1 IPA at PCI RR

Background Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disorder that is thought to involve alterations in the gut microbiome, but robust microbial signatures have been challenging to identify. As prior studies have primarily focused on composition, we hypothesized that multi-omics assessment of microbial function incorporating both metatranscriptomics and metabolomics would further delineate microbial profiles of IBS and its subtypes. Methods Fecal samples were collected from a racially/ethnically diverse cohort of 495 subjects, including 318 IBS patients and 177 healthy controls, for analysis by 16S rRNA gene sequencing (n = 486), metatranscriptomics (n = 327), and untargeted metabolomics (n = 368). Differentially abundant microbes, predicted genes, transcripts, and metabolites in IBS were identified by multivariate models incorporating age, sex, race/ethnicity, BMI, diet, and HAD-Anxiety. Inter-omic functional relationships were assessed by transcript/gene ratios and microbial metabolic modeling. Differential features were used to construct random forests classifiers. Results IBS was associated with global alterations in microbiome composition by 16S rRNA sequencing and metatranscriptomics, and in microbiome function by predicted metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, and metabolomics. After adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, BMI, diet, and anxiety, IBS was associated with differential abundance of bacterial taxa such as Bacteroides dorei; metabolites including increased tyramine and decreased gentisate and hydrocinnamate; and transcripts related to fructooligosaccharide and polyol utilization. IBS further showed transcriptional upregulation of enzymes involved in fructose and glucan metabolism as well as the succinate pathway of carbohydrate fermentation. A multi-omics classifier for IBS had significantly higher accuracy (AUC 0.82) than classifiers using individual datasets. Diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D) demonstrated shifts in the metatranscriptome and metabolome including increased bile acids, polyamines, succinate pathway intermediates (malate, fumarate), and transcripts involved in fructose, mannose, and polyol metabolism compared to constipation-predominant IBS (IBS-C). A classifier incorporating metabolites and gene-normalized transcripts differentiated IBS-D from IBS-C with high accuracy (AUC 0.86). Conclusions IBS is characterized by a multi-omics microbial signature indicating increased capacity to utilize fermentable carbohydrates—consistent with the clinical benefit of diets restricting this energy source—that also includes multiple previously unrecognized metabolites and metabolic pathways. These findings support the need for integrative assessment of microbial function to investigate the microbiome in IBS and identify novel microbiome-related therapeutic targets.

The smoking habit of school-age children is a phenomenon that is easily found in various regions in Indonesia. Smoking habit in school-age children is not only uncomfortable to look at but also has the potential to trigger an increasing health problems caused by smoking habit. Some of the factors that influence smoking habit in school-age children are the environment and smoking behavior of family members. This study was using analytic research design with a cross sectional approach. The sample in this study were school-age children (grade V and grade VI) in Mangelo Village, Mojokerto Regency who met the research criteria as many as 51 respondents who were taken using a purposive sampling technique. The independent variables in this study were the environment and smoking habits of family members. The dependent variable in this study is the smoking habits of school-age children. The research instrument used in this study was a modified questionnaire using a Google form to implement health protocols during the Covid-19 pandemic. In order to determine the correlation between the environment and the smoking behavior of family members with the smoking habits of school-age children in Mangelo Village, Mojokerto Regency, the chi square test was used with a significance of α : 0.05. There was an environmental correlation to the smoking habits of school-age children in Mangelo Village, Mojokerto Regency with a sig (2-tailed) value of 0.003

This study aims to determine the implementation of guidance and counseling services conducted by the counselor at SMA N 1 Pajangan in overcoming student cheating problems. Research conducted in this study uses qualitative methods with a descriptive approach. There are two data used in this study, namely primary data and secondary data. Data collection techniques are used observation and interviews. The data analysis used was data reduction, data creation, and conclusions. The result of this study is counselors provide guidance and counseling services to overcome cheating behavior by collaborating with subject teachers. The services cover student experiences with motivation. The conclusion is the role of guidance and counseling teachers on students’ cheating habits is very good. There is a cooperation between counselors and subject teachers to be able to overcome this problem.

Preregistration of project HABIRUPT study 1 research questions and analysis plan. This research is being conducted at the Department of Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland. This project is funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF, 10001C_200895).

This article explores the relationship between learning motivation, learning habit, and the learning outcomes of grade 11th class vocational school students in the practice of lathe machining in the new normal era. This study uses a quantitative approach with research subjects in vocational schools in the field of mechanical engineering expertise. Data collection using questionnaires, tests, and documentation. Pearson Product Moment correlation analysis technique, t-test, and F test, using SPSS software. The results of this study are divided into two, namely: single regression and multiple regression will be explained as follows. 1) Single regression includes: a) learning motivation variable with learning outcomes (R) value of 0.465, value (r2) of 0.217 meaning that there is a relationship with the medium category of learning motivation with learning outcomes, (b) learning habit with learning outcomes (R) value of 0.484, the value (r2) is 0.235, meaning that there is a relationship with the medium category between learning motivation and learning outcomes. 2) Multiple regression between the variables of learning motivation and learning habit simultaneously provides a positive and significant relationship with learning outcomes. This is indicated by the value (R) of 0.550, and the value (r2) is 0.302 which means that there is a relationship with a moderate category between learning motivation and learning habit on the learning outcomes of vocational school students in the practice of lathe machining grade 11th class in the new normal era. The limitations and implications of the research will be discussed in more detail in the discussion. Keywords: Learning Motivation, Learning Habit, Learning Outcomes

The purpose of this concept-based paper was to showcase the importance of Merleau-Ponty’s (1945/2014) phenomenological body schema as motor habit in skill acquisition and perception of the world and contrast it with the standard information processing models that are solely based on cognition. Examples of disability cases are used, including Schneider’s brain damage and instances of apraxia, to exhibit that difficulty in executing certain motor skills is based on lack of body schema/motor habit and not on some gnostic disorder that inhibits representation as proposed in information processing. Habitual body movement is essential in understanding body schema as motor habit, which is a pre-reflective consciousness, an inter-sensorial unity. Motor skills are learned only via body movement because the body “grasps” and “conceives” movement by throwing itself into meaningful significations without calculating the distance between body parts and external objects. Motor skill execution is done tacitly via body schema that may involve essential external apparatus like a blind man’s cane or aerial silks in aerial practice. Constant engagement with concrete, functional movements and different ways to perform abstract movements (e.g., use of preparatory actions and vision), can improve body schema/motor habit, and thus mobility, skill performance, and understanding of the world. Keywords: body schema, motor habit, skill acquisition and learning, Merleau-Ponty, phenomenology

This article compares the phenomena of tic and slip of the tongue [lapsus] as they have been described by Maine de Biran and Victor Egger, including a possible reception of Biran’s thought by Egger. In the 20th century these phenomena will be analysed by psychoanalysis, but their first description appears in nineteenth-century French philosophy. Starting from the analysis of Biran’s tics and Egger’s slips, the extent to which the concept of habit is linked, since the nineteenth century, to a reflection on the unconscious emerges. Tic and slip of the tongue constitute, each in its own way, the place where habit exhibits its most peculiar characteristic, that of being always suspended in the dual dialectic of the voluntary and the involuntary, of the conscious and the unconscious. Maine de Biran’s habit tics underline the tendency set by habit for which voluntary and conscious actions become involuntary and unconscious, whereas Egger defines slip of the tongue as an involuntary and unconscious event that allows the birth of new habits.

Watching English movie is to enrich students’ knowledge especially vocabulary. The objectives were to find out whether or not there was a significant correlation between habit in watching English movie and vocabulary mastery of the tenth grade students. It was also found out how much habit in watching English movie contributes toward vocabulary mastery of the tenth grade students at MAN 2 Palembang. This study involved 77 students as the sample chosen by using purposive sampling. The data were collected by using habit in watching English movie questionnaire and vocabulary mastery test. It was found that there was a significant correlation between habit in watching English movie and vocabulary mastery of the tenth grade students at MAN 2 Palembang since the p-value (0.024) was lower than 0.05. It can be stated that the null hypothesis (Ho) was rejected and the alternative hypothesis (Ha) was accepted. Then, the r value was 0.836 that showed high correlation between students’ habit in watching English movie and vocabulary mastery. It is assumed that watching English movie gave contribution to vocabulary mastery as much as 41.9 %. In conclusion, there is a positive correlation between students’ habit in watching English movie and vocabulary mastery.

The habit-forming program is designed by schools/madrasas to accustom learners to habituation. Indonesian language learning materials can participate in habit-forming programs. The purpose of this study is to describe the participation of Indonesian language learning in the habit-forming program in terms of Indonesian language learning materials. Researchers used descriptive naturalistic qualitative methods to describe what materials in Indonesian language learning can participate in the habit-forming program at MAN 2 Samarinda. The data sources and samples in this study were students in grade XI. Researchers used triangulation techniques to collect data while testing the credibility of different data from the same source. The data analysis technique of this research uses the model developed by Creswell, namely: (1) organizing and preparing data; (2) reading all data; (3) coding; (4) describing coding; (5) constructing data. The results of this study show that Indonesian language learning materials in class XI can participate in the habit-forming program. The stimulus-response of Indonesian language learning in the habit-forming program, among others: Indonesian language learning materials as a form of habituated stimulus; and the participation of Indonesian language learning materials in the habit-forming program as a form of habituated response.

Both late and irregular caloric intakes are becoming common, especially among young adults. This study aimed to investigate features of pupils in Japan following different dinner habits.Dinner habits were categorized into 3 types: non-late regular, regular but late, and irregular. Questionnaires of 2722 pupils in grades 5 to 12 were included, and a multiple comparison test was conducted to investigate the differences of lifestyle factors among the 3 dinnerpattern categories.Only half of grade 5 and 6 pupils had non-late regular dinners. The rate of pupils who had regular but late dinners increased from elementary school (11.8%) to senior high school (41.1%) via junior high school (15.1%). More than 30% of pupils took dinner irregularly. The pupils taking non-late regular dinner showed the earliest bedtime and the longest sleep duration among the 3 dinner-time habit categories and also revealed the best academic performance and sleepiness scores. The pupils taking regular but late dinner showed the highest grade, the latest bedtime, the shortest sleep duration, the longest school-day screen time scores, and the worst sleepiness and self-reported academic performance scores. Irregular dinner-takers showed the longest after-school activities.Further attention should be given to both late and irregular dinner habits of pupils in terms of supporting their health. Further studies are needed to recommend suitable dinner timings for pupils by assessing optimal levels of variable lifestyle factors, including after-school activity.

This paper critically investigates the ethical perspectives and practices of individuals and organizations who make persuasive technologies (“persuasive technologists”). An organization that claims to be at the forefront of ethical persuasion is behavioral software company Boundless Mind. Yet Boundless Mind sells ostensibly oxymoronic software products: an Application Programming Interface for third-party applications that optimizes the capture of end user attention, and an application for end users on how to make third-party applications less persuasive. Drawing upon Foucault’s interpretation of ethics as an “aesthetics of existence” and the related concept of “therapeutic authority,” I argue Boundless Mind justify the “poaching” and “protecting” of user attention based on a view of the human subject as fixable and their capability to instrumentalize user subjectivity to socially desirable ends. I walkthrough Boundless Mind’s technology-habit-breaking application Space and highlight a behavioral technique administered by Space called stimulus devaluation, which enables the user to develop a transformative relationship with their technology habits and persuasive applications. I conclude the paper by arguing that a persuasive technology ethics based on fixing the user obfuscates the power of persuasive technologists by limiting the scope of ethical inquiry to the activities of the user.

Reading habit is a fundamental skill that is necessary for every student's life. However, Malaysia is far from a culture of reading. Therefore, to step forward to a world that enjoys reading, everyone needs to spread good reading habits as soon as possible. Thus, this conceptual paper provides a literature review that is relevant to students' reading habits by using multimodal text. Additionally, it explores reading habits, the importance of reading, multimodal text as instructional material, and the advantages of using multimodal text to improve students' reading habits. By identifying some advantages of using multimodal text in improving students' reading habits, such as making the learning environment more interesting and productive, encouraging more on reading habits and motivate students to read texts with passion. Thus, teachers should be encouraged to develop their own multimodal text to be used in the ESL classroom.

Glossogobius sparsipapillus is a potential candidate for aquaculture in the Mekong Delta, but information on its food and feeding habit is still fragmented and deficient. This study, therefore, aims to contribute diet and feeding ecology to this fish based on 661 specimens (331 males and 330 females) caught in estuarine areas from December 2019 to November 2020. Data analysis showed that fish diet composition comprised five categories such as Acetes spp., small fish, Polychaeta, Uca spp., and others (e.g., fish scales and detritus). This goby is a generalist feeder, feeding preliminarily on Acetes spp. but rarely on Polychaeta. Feeding intensity is high and does not change with sexes but varies according to fish sizes, seasons, and sites. Moreover, a similar meal size was observed in different sexes, fish sizes, seasons, and sites. The findings supply the fundamental knowledge on the food and feeding of this species, being used for artificially cultivating study.

A crucial feature of habits is their automaticity, meaning habitual actions are executed irrespective of their immediate consequences, whether costs or benefits (Wood & Ruenger, 2016, Yin & Knowlton, 2006). A common paradigm in the study of habits in previous human and animal research is the outcome devaluation paradigm. This entails a learning phase consisting of instrumental response-outcome training, followed by a devaluation phase where the previously valued outcome becomes devalued, and then a test (outcome devaluation test or Slips Of Action Task (SOAT)) phase to measure the persistence of behaviours after the associated outcome is devalued. According to these findings (deWit et al., 2007, 2012, Watson & deWit, 2018), when an action continues to be sensitive to its outcome, it is considered goal-directed. If, however, it is repeated even after its consequence becomes devalued, it is considered habitual (also refer to Wood & Neal, 2007). These paradigms measure the relative balance between the two systems (goal-directed and habitual) based on the Devaluation Sensitivity Index: ((N valued responses/N total responses) - (N devalued responses/N total responses)). As a result, there is no direct, independent measure for the study of habits, rather a relative one. Additionally, even though we have some hints about the role of repetition/extensive training (Adams, 1982), or recency (Giesen et al., 2020) in habit formation, the precise factors (mechanisms, timing, duration, etc.) for the formation of habits is presently still exploratory. The aims of our study, then, are thus: 1. We wish to replicate the findings from previous studies by deWit et al. in an experimental set-up by employing the outcome devaluation paradigm in a Slips of Actions Task (SOAT: "Go No-go" task procedure), to elicit habitual responses in an experimental set-up. 2. Importantly, with the aim of identifying the contributing factors in the formation of habits, we wish to systematically measure the role of context stability in the strength of habit formation. 3. Next, we wish to test whether habits express themselves more automatically in situations of stress (compared to baseline, non-stressful situations) as has been previously demonstrated (Schwabe & Wolf, 2010, Soares et al., 2012). 4. Lastly, we would like to ascertain whether habit strength influences habit expression differentially in high compared to low stress situations. Thus, we wish to validate the efficacy of the outcome devaluation paradigm in a modified experimental set-up with the aim of determining the role of context and stress in habit formation and habit expression.