13 results on '"Graham, Luke"'
Search Results
2. Detailed expression profile of the six Glypicans and their modifying enzyme, Notum during chick limb and feather development
- Author
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Ketan Patel, Anthony Otto, Graham Luke, Susanne Theis, and Kawakeb Saad
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,animal structures ,Glypican ,Limb Buds ,Morphogen activity ,Chick Embryo ,Fibroblast growth factor ,Bone morphogenetic protein ,Feedback ,Mesoderm ,03 medical and health sciences ,Glypicans ,Internal medicine ,biology.animal ,Genetics ,medicine ,Animals ,Sonic hedgehog ,biology ,Mesenchymal stem cell ,Esterases ,Vertebrate ,Extremities ,General Medicine ,Feathers ,Notum ,Cell biology ,Fibroblast Growth Factors ,030104 developmental biology ,Endocrinology ,embryonic structures ,Bone Morphogenetic Proteins ,biology.protein ,Female ,Chickens ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
The development of vertebrate appendages, especially the limb and feather buds are orchestrated by numerous secreted signalling molecules including Sonic Hedgehog, Bone Morphogenetic Proteins, Fibroblast Growth Factors and Wnts. These proteins coordinate the growth and patterning of ectodermal and mesenchymal cells. The influence of signalling molecules is affected over large distances by their concentration (morphogen activity) but also at local levels by the presence of proteins that either attenuate or promote their activity. Glypicans are cell surface molecules that regulate the activity of the major secreted signalling molecules expressed in the limb and feather bud. Here we investigated the expression of all Glypicans during chick limb and feather development. In addition we profiled the expression of Notum, an enzyme that regulates Glypican activity. We show that five of the six Glypicans and Notum are expressed in a dynamic manner during the development of limbs and feathers. We also investigated the expression of key Glypicans and show that they are controlled by signalling molecules highlighting the presence of feedback loops. Lastly we show that Glypicans and Notum are expressed in a tissue specific manner in adult chicken tissues. Our results strongly suggest that the Glypicans and Notum have many as yet undiscovered roles to play during the development of vertebrate appendages.
- Published
- 2016
3. Efficient myogenic reprogramming of adult white fat stem cells and bone marrow stem cells by freshly isolated skeletal muscle fibers
- Author
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Steve Ray, Ketan Patel, Mark Cranfield, William R. Otto, Henry Collins-Hooper, and Graham Luke
- Subjects
Adipose Tissue, White ,Green Fluorescent Proteins ,Muscle Fibers, Skeletal ,Clinical uses of mesenchymal stem cells ,Bone Marrow Cells ,Cell Communication ,Intra-Abdominal Fat ,Biology ,Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation ,Muscle Development ,Physiology (medical) ,Animals ,Rats, Wistar ,Cells, Cultured ,Stem cell transplantation for articular cartilage repair ,Induced stem cells ,Biochemistry (medical) ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Bone Marrow Stem Cell ,Cell Differentiation ,Mesenchymal Stem Cells ,Amniotic stem cells ,General Medicine ,Molecular biology ,Rats ,Cell biology ,Endothelial stem cell ,Adult Stem Cells ,Muscular Atrophy ,Female ,Rats, Transgenic ,Stem cell ,Adult stem cell - Abstract
Stem cells that can be directed to differentiate into specific cell types offer the prospect of a renewable source of replacement cells to treat diseases. This study evaluates the reprogramming of 2 readily available stem cell populations into skeletal muscle. We show for the first time that freshly isolated muscle fibers reprogram bone marrow or white fat stem cells far more efficiently than muscle cell lines. In addition, we show that the ability of muscle fibers to reprogram stem cells can be almost doubled through the use of chromatin remodeling reagents such as trichostatin A. This novel approach permits the generation of myogenic cells that could be used to treat a range of muscle-wasting diseases.
- Published
- 2011
4. Cellular and molecular investigations into the development of the pectoral girdle
- Author
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April DeLaurier, Yaniv Hinits, Helen Sang, Petr Valasek, Darrell J. R. Evans, Gavin Brooks, Bodo Christ, Susanne Theis, James E.N. Minchin, Ruijin Huang, Graham Luke, Anthony Otto, Liwen He, Malcolm Logan, and Ketan Patel
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Sternum ,Pectoral girdle ,Chick Embryo ,01 natural sciences ,T-Box Domain Proteins/genetics ,Mice ,Scapula ,Forelimb ,Zebrafish ,0303 health sciences ,Cleithrum ,Anatomy ,Muscle, Skeletal/embryology ,Tbx5 ,Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism ,Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Somites ,T-Box Domain Proteins/metabolism ,Muscle ,Forelimb/embryology ,animal structures ,Diaphragm ,Muscle, Skeletal/anatomy & histology ,Somites/cytology ,Biology ,010603 evolutionary biology ,Zebrafish/genetics ,Forelimb/cytology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Limb bud ,medicine ,Animals ,Limb development ,Muscle, Skeletal ,Molecular Biology ,Body Patterning ,030304 developmental biology ,Shoulder girdle ,Cell Biology ,Embryo, Mammalian ,body regions ,Muscle, Skeletal/cytology ,Clavicle ,Zebrafish/embryology ,T-Box Domain Proteins ,Developmental Biology - Abstract
The forelimbs of higher vertebrates are composed of two portions: the appendicular region (stylopod, zeugopod and autopod) and the less prominent proximal girdle elements (scapula and clavicle) that brace the limb to the main trunk axis. We show that the formation of the muscles of the proximal limb occurs through two distinct mechanisms. The more superficial girdle muscles (pectoral and latissimus dorsi) develop by the "In-Out" mechanism whereby migration of myogenic cells from the somites into the limb bud is followed by their extension from the proximal limb bud out onto the thorax. In contrast, the deeper girdle muscles (e.g. rhomboideus profundus and serratus anterior) are induced by the forelimb field which promotes myotomal extension directly from the somites. Tbx5 inactivation demonstrated its requirement for the development of all forelimb elements which include the skeletal elements, proximal and distal muscles as well as the sternum in mammals and the cleithrum of fish. Intriguingly, the formation of the diaphragm musculature is also dependent on the Tbx5 programme. These observations challenge our classical views of the boundary between limb and trunk tissues. We suggest that significant structures located in the body should be considered as components of the forelimb. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
- Published
- 2011
5. Clustered Fox genes in lophotrochozoans and the evolution of the bilaterian Fox gene cluster
- Author
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Michael J. Boyle, Thibaut Brunet, Elaine C. Seaver, Sebastian M. Shimeld, and Graham Luke
- Subjects
Embryo, Nonmammalian ,Evolution ,Annelida ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Lophotrochozoa ,Development ,Genome ,Synteny ,Chromosomes ,Capitella teleta ,Evolution, Molecular ,Phylogenetics ,Gene cluster ,Animals ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Gene ,Molecular Biology ,Phylogeny ,Genetics ,Fox gene ,biology ,Annelid ,Models, Genetic ,Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ,Gigantea ,Forkhead Transcription Factors ,Cell Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,Physical Chromosome Mapping ,Embryo ,Mollusca ,Multigene Family ,Mollusc ,Developmental Biology - Abstract
FoxC, FoxF, FoxL1 and FoxQ1 genes have been shown to be clustered in some animal genomes, with mesendodermal expression hypothesised as a selective force maintaining cluster integrity. Hypotheses are, however, constrained by a lack of data from the Lophotrochozoa. Here we characterise members of the FoxC, FoxF, FoxL1 and FoxQ1 families from the annelid Capitella teleta and the molluscs Lottia gigantea and Patella vulgata. We cloned FoxC, FoxF, FoxL1 and FoxQ1 genes from C. teleta, and FoxC, FoxF and FoxL1 genes from P. vulgata, and established their expression during development. We also examined their genomic organisation in C. teleta and L. gigantea, and investigated local syntenic relationships. Our results show mesodermal and anterior gut expression is a common feature of these genes in lophotrochozoans. In L. gigantea FoxC, FoxF and FoxL1 are closely linked, while in C. teleta Ct-foxC and Ct-foxL1 are closely linked, with Ct-foxF and Ct-foxQ1 on different scaffolds. Adjacent to these genes there is limited evidence of local synteny. This demonstrates conservation of genomic organisation and expression of these genes can be traced in all three bilaterian Superphyla. These data are evaluated against competing theories for the long-term maintenance of gene clusters.
- Published
- 2010
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6. Canonical Wnt signalling induces satellite-cell proliferation during adult skeletal muscle regeneration
- Author
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Ketan Patel, Anthony Otto, Francesco Muntoni, Diana J. Lawrence-Watt, Petr Valasek, Corina Schmidt, Graham Luke, and Steve Allen
- Subjects
Adult ,Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle ,Muscle Fibers, Skeletal ,Cell Separation ,Biology ,WNT6 ,Mice ,Cell Line, Tumor ,WNT4 ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Regeneration ,Muscle, Skeletal ,beta Catenin ,Cell Proliferation ,Cell Nucleus ,Cell growth ,Infant, Newborn ,Wnt signaling pathway ,LRP6 ,Skeletal muscle ,LRP5 ,Cell Biology ,Rats ,Cell biology ,Mice, Inbred C57BL ,Wnt Proteins ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Cell culture ,Child, Preschool ,NIH 3T3 Cells ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
Satellite cells represent the stem cell population of adult skeletal muscle. The molecular mechanisms that control the proliferation of satellite cells are not well understood. In this study, we show that in response to injury, myofibres activate Wnt ligand transcription and activate a reporter cell line that is sensitive to the canonical Wnt-signalling pathway. Activated satellite cells on isolated cultured myofibres show robust expression of activated-β-catenin (Act-β-Cat), a key downstream transcriptional coactivator of canonical Wnt signalling. We provide evidence that the Wnt family of secreted glycoproteins act on satellite cells in a ligand-specific manner. Overexpression of Wnt1, Wnt3a or Wnt5a protein causes a dramatic increase in satellite-cell proliferation. By contrast, exposure of satellite cells to Wnt4 or Wnt6 diminishes this process. Moreover, we show that the prolonged satellite-cell quiescence induced by inhibitory Wnt is reversible and exposing inhibited satellite cells to stimulatory Wnt signalling restores their proliferation rate. Stimulatory Wnt proteins induce premature satellite cell BrdU incorporation as well as nuclear translocation of Act-β-Cat. Finally, we provide evidence that the Act-β-Cat translocation observed in single fibres during in vitro culture also occurs in cases of acute and chronic skeletal muscle regeneration in rodents and humans. We propose that Wnt proteins may be key factors that regulate the rate of satellite-cell proliferation on adult muscle fibres during the wound-healing response.
- Published
- 2008
7. Amphioxus type I keratin cDNA and the evolution of intermediate filament genes
- Author
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Peter W. H. Holland and Graham Luke
- Subjects
Genetics ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Cephalochordate ,integumentary system ,Type I keratin ,macromolecular substances ,General Medicine ,Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,chemistry ,Phylogenetics ,Complementary DNA ,Gene duplication ,Keratin ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Intermediate filament ,Gene - Abstract
We report the cloning of an intermediate filament (IF) cDNA from the cephalochordate amphioxus that encodes a protein assignable to the type I keratin group. This is the first type I keratin reported from an invertebrate. Molecular phylogenetic analyses reveal that amphioxus also possesses a type II keratin, and that the genes encoding short-rod IF proteins underwent different patterns of duplication in vertebrates and their closest relatives, the cephalochordates. Extensive IF gene duplication and divergence may have facilitated the origin of new specialised cell types in vertebrates.
- Published
- 1999
8. The amphioxus FoxQ1 gene is expressed in the developing endostyle
- Author
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Sebastian M. Shimeld, Graham Luke, and Francoise Mazet
- Subjects
animal structures ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Chordata, Nonvertebrate ,Branchiostoma floridae ,biology.animal ,Genetics ,medicine ,Animals ,Gene family ,Ciona intestinalis ,Molecular Biology ,Gene ,In Situ Hybridization ,Phylogeny ,Gene Library ,biology ,Phylogenetic tree ,Endoderm ,Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ,Vertebrate ,Anatomy ,biology.organism_classification ,DNA-Binding Proteins ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Evolutionary biology ,Larva ,Trans-Activators ,Developmental Biology ,Endostyle - Abstract
The FoxQ1 genes form a distinct group within the Fox (also known as forkhead) gene family. We have isolated a gene from the amphioxus Branchiostoma floridae that encodes a forkhead domain with high identity to FoxQ1 genes in other chordates. Molecular phylogenetic analysis places AmphiFoxQ1 in a robust grouping with vertebrate FoxQ1 genes and with Ciona intestinalis Ci-FoxQ1. This group is separate from that containing AmphiFoxQ2, which instead groups with other invertebrate Fox genes. The expression of AmphiFoxQ1 was analysed by whole mount in situ hybridisation. The results show that AmphiFoxQ1 expression is confined to the developing endoderm, and specifically marks the endostyle and associated peripharyngeal bands of amphioxus larvae. Ci-FoxQ1 is also expressed in the endostyle, highlighting this as a conserved site of FoxQ1 gene expression in basal chordates.
- Published
- 2005
9. Female chromosomes in cockerel ejaculates
- Author
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Graham Luke, Kenneth Simkiss, and J. Behnam
- Subjects
Male ,Sex Determination Analysis ,Gonad ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Biology ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Germline ,law.invention ,Birds ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,law ,medicine ,Animals ,Polymerase chain reaction ,General Environmental Science ,Repeat unit ,Sex Chromosomes ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,General Medicine ,Molecular biology ,Sperm ,W chromosome ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,chemistry ,Female ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Nested polymerase chain reaction ,DNA - Abstract
We describe a polymerase chain reaction which amplifies part of the Eco RI repeat unit of the fowl W chromosome. The resulting 447 bp fragment enables DNA from female birds to be identified. The composition of this DNA is confirmed by a nested polymerase chain reaction which specifically amplifies a known internal 263 bp region in this fragment. Using this technique it is possible to follow the fate of female cells in male germline chimaeras. The polymerase chain reaction fragment can be traced in cells of the embryonic and hatchling gonad and in adult sperm implying that cells containing the W chromosome are capable of being processed through the avian testis.
- Published
- 1996
10. Expression and regulation of Nkd-1, an intracellular component of Wnt signalling pathway in the chick embryo
- Author
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Anthony Otto, Ketan Patel, Petr Valasek, William R. Otto, Corina Schmidt, and Graham Luke
- Subjects
Embryology ,Embryo, Nonmammalian ,Cellular differentiation ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Notochord ,Chick Embryo ,Biology ,Cell polarity ,medicine ,Paraxial mesoderm ,Animals ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Phylogeny ,Base Sequence ,Wnt signaling pathway ,LRP6 ,Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ,LRP5 ,Cell Biology ,Cell biology ,Naked cuticle ,Wnt Proteins ,Somite ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Somites ,Anatomy ,Carrier Proteins ,Chickens ,Developmental Biology ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
The Wnt family of secreted signalling molecules control a wide range of developmental processes in all metazoans. The intracellular response to Wnt signalling depends on the choice of signalling cascade activated in the responding cell. Cells can activate either the canonical pathway that modulates gene expression to control cellular differentiation and proliferation, or the non-canonical pathway that controls cell polarity and movement. Recent work has identified the protein Naked Cuticle to act as an intracellular switch to promote the non-canonical pathway at the expense of the canonical pathway. We have cloned chick Naked Cuticle-1 (cNkd-1) and show that it is expressed in a dynamic manner during early embryogenesis. We show that it is expressed in the somites and in particular regions where cells are undergoing movement. Lastly, we show that the expression of cNkd-1 is regulated by Wnt expression originating from the neural tube. This study provides evidence that non-canonical Wnt signalling plays a part in somite development.
- Published
- 2006
11. Manipulations of germ-cell populations in the gonad of the fowl
- Author
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M. Bresler, J. Behnam, Kenneth Simkiss, and Graham Luke
- Subjects
endocrine system ,animal structures ,Gonad ,Fowl ,Chick Embryo ,Transfection ,Germline ,Andrology ,medicine ,Animals ,Busulfan ,Germ plasm ,Genetics ,Reporter gene ,biology ,urogenital system ,Sterilization, Reproductive ,Embryo ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,beta-Galactosidase ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Germ Cells ,Genes, Bacterial ,embryonic structures ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Germ line development ,Germ cell ,Food Science - Abstract
1. Embryos of the domestic fowl have been partially sterilised by injecting the drug busulphan into 24-h incubated eggs. 2. Some of these embryos were injected with primordial germ cells (PGCs) after 55 h of incubation to attempt to repopulate the gonads. 3. Primordial germ cells transfected with a defective retrovirus containing the reporter gene lac Z were shown to settle in these sterilised gonads. 4. Quantitative histology of 6-d embryos showed that busulphan produced 75% sterilisation but that PGCs could repopulate these gonads. 5. The technique of producing such germ line chimaeras is of value in studying cell kinetics, gonad differentiation and the production of transgenics.
- Published
- 1994
12. Germ-line chimaeras can produce both strains of fowl with high efficiency after partial sterilization
- Author
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Graham Luke, Kenneth Simkiss, and L. Vick
- Subjects
Embryology ,animal structures ,food.ingredient ,Offspring ,Fowl ,Gestational Age ,Chick Embryo ,Germline ,Andrology ,Animals, Genetically Modified ,Endocrinology ,food ,hemic and lymphatic diseases ,Yolk ,Cytotoxic T cell ,Sexual maturity ,Animals ,Fetal Viability ,Busulfan ,biology ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,Obstetrics and Gynecology ,Embryo ,Cell Biology ,Sterilization (microbiology) ,biology.organism_classification ,Germ Cells ,Phenotype ,Reproductive Medicine ,embryonic structures ,Immunology - Abstract
The drug busulphan is known to be cytotoxic to migrating primordial germ cells (PGCs). A technique is described in which doses of 0, 25, 50 and 250 micrograms busulphan in 40 microliters sesame oil were injected into the yolk of White Leghorn eggs incubated for 0, 24, 48 and 72 h. The percentage survival values of these embryos showed that the older the embryo at the time of injection, the greater the survival. Increasing the dose of busulphan decreased the survival. The percentage of embryos showing abnormalities increased with higher doses of busulphan. The number of germ cells in histological sections from gonads of 16-day embryos was estimated and in embryos treated with 50 micrograms and 250 micrograms busulphan the number of germ cells was significantly less than in the controls. Eggs were injected with 50 micrograms busulphan at 24-30 h, and at 50-55 h the embryos received an intravascular injection of a germinal crescent cell suspension containing PGCs from Rhode Island Red embryos. Twenty hatchlings from these experiments were raised to sexual maturity. All these birds were fertile and half of the breeding groups producing offspring from the transferred germ cells at a rate of about 35% of the total. The technique would improve the efficiency of producing transgenic gametes.
- Published
- 1993
13. Transfection of chick cells by non-retroviral DNA
- Author
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Kenneth Simkiss, Demetris Savva, Graham Luke, and Nicole Page
- Subjects
Genetics ,Ovalbumin ,Genetic Vectors ,Chick Embryo ,DNA ,Transfection ,Fibroblasts ,Biology ,Deoxyribonuclease EcoRI ,Biochemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Plasmid ,Dna genetics ,chemistry ,DNA Transposable Elements ,Animals ,Biological sciences ,Cells, Cultured ,Plasmids - Published
- 1991
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