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One of the main problems in rice cultivation is the difficulty of controlling bondol bird (Lonchura punctulata) pest attacks. Bird pest is one of the main enemies of farmers that can reduce crop production. Increasing bird populations cause crop yields to decline. So that one way that can be used in repelling bird pests is by giving pesticides from garlic extract. Allicin is a compound that gives garlic its distinctive smell which repels bird pests. This study aims to determine the effect of the provision of plant-based pesticides from garlic extract in repelling rice-eating bird pests. This research was conducted in Tonasa Village, Takalar District, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Research implementation methods include the manufacture and testing of pesticides liquid extracts of garlic and application in the field by spraying, this spraying is carried out in the morning, afternoon, and evening before making the observations. Observation parameters use the method of comparing initial observations and final observations observed in the morning, afternoon and evening (comparison method) by conducting initial data collection (without using pesticides) and final data collection (after spraying pesticides), the average number of groups of birds that attack 1 Ha of rice fields. The results obtained on average indicate quite a lot of attacks in a day, especially in the morning. After the use of the automatic repellent method the attacks of bondol bird groups tend to decrease where in the morning ratio of 20 to 33 decreases to 5 to 13 attacks, while the ratio of daytime 8 to 15 decreases to 3 to 7 attacks and the ratio of the evening 19 to 33 decreases to 6 to 12 bird group attacks. So that the administration of garlic extract pesticides is effective in reducing bird pest attacks.

The potato is a crop of global importance for the food industry. This is why effective protection against pathogens is so important. Fungi as potato pathogens are responsible for plant diseases and a significant reduction in yields, as well as for the formation of mycotoxins. This study focuses on the effect of three natural biocides, yeast Metschnikowia pulcherrima, lactic acid bacteria Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, and aqueous garlic extract, on the improvement of the physiology of planted potato tubers and the reduction in mycotoxin formation. The secondary metabolites produced by the fungal pathogens of genera Fusarium, Alternaria, Colletotrichum, Rhizoctonia, and Phoma in the presence of these biocontrol agents were compared to profiles obtained from contaminated potatoes. Analysis of liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry data showed the presence of 68 secondary metabolites, including the mycotoxins: alternariol, alternariol methyl ether, altertoxin-I, aurofusarin, beauvericin, diacetoxyscirpenol, enniatin B, and sterigmatocystin. The studies showed that the applied biocontrol agents had a positive effect on the physiological parameters of potatoes (including root growth, stem growth, gas exchange, and chlorophyll content index) and on the reduction in the production of mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites by Fusarium, Alternaria, and Phoma.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was synthesized from fresh garlic extract coupled with isoniazid hydrazide (INH), a commonly used antibiotic to treat tuberculosis. A molecular docking study conducted with the selected compounds compared with anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase (trpD) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The aqueous extract of garlic was prepared and mixed with silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution for the superfast synthesis of stable AgNPs. INH was then conjugated with AgNPs at different ratios (v/v) to obtain stable INH-AgNPs conjugates (AgNCs). The resulting AgNCs characterized by FTIR spectra revealed the ultrafast formation of AgNPs (

In order to increase growth performance and carcass composition, including meat quality, as demanded by modern customers, alternative feed additives are sought after as a result of the withdrawal of antibiotics employed as growth promoters in poultry feeding. Therefore, we conducted a study to see how effective three feed additives added to the diets and water of turkey hens were. The experiment consisted of 200 Big 6 turkey hens divided into two equinumerous groups (C and E), with five subgroups in each. The 14-week-long growth performance study comprised five feeding periods. Both groups of birds were fed complete feed rations with mineral and vitamin supplements. The factor differentiating the groups were effective microorganisms and Humokarbowit added to the birds’ diets and garlic extract added to the drinking water in the experimental group (E) only. It was demonstrated that the included feed additives in the diets and water of turkey hens significantly increased (by 10%) the FBW and decreased (by 14%) the FCR throughout the rearing period. Birds from the E group scored significantly higher (by 3.6%) on the dressing percentage, and their muscularity and fattening grade were improved. Turkey fed rations containing the evaluated feed additives had a smaller share of the gastrointestinal tract in the body weight and a shorter duodenum and caecum (p ≤ 0.05). The muscles of turkey hens from group E featured a lower pH24 and were of lighter colour (p ≤ 0.05). To sum up, the use of effective microorganisms and Humokarbowit in the diets and garlic extract in the drinking water of turkey hens should be recommended in view of improved growth performance and carcass composition.

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the efficiency of Allium sativum hydro-alcoholic extract (ASE) againstFigure growth, biofilm development, and soluble factor production of more than 200 biodeteriogenic microbial strains isolated from cultural heritage objects and buildings. The plant extract composition and antioxidant activities were determined spectrophotometrically and by HPLC–MS. The bioevaluation consisted of the qualitative (adapted diffusion method) and the quantitative evaluation of the inhibitory effect on planktonic growth (microdilution method), biofilm formation (violet crystal microtiter method), and production of microbial enzymes and organic acids. The garlic extract efficiency was correlated with microbial strain taxonomy and isolation source (the fungal strains isolated from paintings and paper and bacteria from wood, paper, and textiles were the most susceptible). The garlic extract contained thiosulfinate (307.66 ± 0.043 µM/g), flavonoids (64.33 ± 7.69 µg QE/g), and polyphenols (0.95 ± 0.011 mg GAE/g) as major compounds and demonstrated the highest efficiency against the Aspergillus versicolor (MIC 3.12–6.25 mg/mL), A. ochraceus (MIC: 3.12 mg/mL), Penicillium expansum (MIC 6.25–12.5 mg/mL), and A. niger (MIC 3.12–50 mg/mL) strains. The extract inhibited the adherence capacity (IIBG% 95.08–44.62%) and the production of cellulase, organic acids, and esterase. This eco-friendly solution shows promising potential for the conservation and safeguarding of tangible cultural heritage, successfully combating the biodeteriogenic microorganisms without undesirable side effects for the natural ecosystems.

Edible packaging is a relatively new technology for food preservation, many research on edible coat-ing had been conducted and it proved to prolong storage life and to improve the quality of food products. The main objective of this research was to investigate the shelf-life of pempek coated with edible bionanocomposite made from cassava starch, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) and garlic extract. Bionanocomposite edible coating Z3B20 (containing ZnO-NPs 3% and garlic extract 20%) and Z3B30 (ZnO-NPs 3% and garlic extract 20%) were applied on pempek products. The parameters observed were total microbes, total Staphylococcus aureus, texture, total volatile nitrogen (TVN), moisture content, pH during storage at room temperature for 0, 6, 24 and 48 hours. The results showed that the total microbe numbers increased during the storage. Pempek coated with Z3B20 has a total microbes of 6.00 log CFU/g which was lower than that of control (6.99 log CFU/g). Meanwhile pempek coated with Z3B30 has Staphylococcus aureus counts of 2.93 log CFU/g which was lower than the control (4.05 log CFU/g) and pempek coated with Z3B30 stored for 48 hours (3.64 log CFU/g). The TVN values increased during storage from 17.33 mg/100 g to 18.94 mg/100 g while those in Z2B30 and Z3B30 decreased to 14.80 mg/100 g in Z3B30, respectively. The hardness increased during storage from 9.93 N in control, to 10.01 N in Z2B30 and 13.15 N in Z3B30, respectively. All coated pempeks after storage up to 48 hours had higher moisture contents. On the other hand, the pHs decreased for all samples during storage. Based on the total microbe numbers and TVN values, it can be concluded that the coated pempek stored for 24-hour or less were acceptable for consumption.

The aim of the present work was the development of antimicrobial films containing garlic extract to be applied as active packaging for preservative-free sliced pan loaf, with the goal of extending its shelf-life. First, the antimicrobial capacity of garlic extract, a compound used as active agent, was tested against Penicillium expansum by the disc diffusion method. The extract showed high antimicrobial activity, 0.1 μL per Petri dish being the minimum inhibitory amount, and 0.25 μL the minimum fungicidal amount. Bread aroma was also used to mask the pungent odour of garlic and it was confirmed to have no antimicrobial activity. Subsequently, polyethylene (PE) aqueous emulsion and ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and zein hydroalcoholic solutions containing 0.25 and 0.5% (w/w per dry polymer) of garlic extract and bread aroma were used to coat PE films, producing PE/PE, PE/EVOH and PE/zein active films. The antimicrobial capacity of the films was studied in vitro against Penicillium expansum, and in vivo with natural sliced bread. The results showed that all the films presented some antimicrobial activity, PE film coated with zein containing 0.5% of garlic extract and bread aroma being the film presenting the best results, maintaining bread free of mould infection for 30 days. Sensory tests showed that the addition of 1% of bread aroma improved the sensory experience of consumers and also revealed good purchase intention., The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Innovation, project AGL2015-64595-R, and Juan y Juan S.L., and R. H.-M.'s fellowship

Leucorrhoea is a condition frequently experienced by women. If it is not appropriately treated, it can become a more severe problem. Leucorrhoea is caused by “Candida albicans” fungus infection. Garlic (Allium sativum Linn) has antibacterial and antifungal activity, where garlic can inhibit the growth of the Candida albicans. This study aims to determine the optimal formulation of feminine liquid soap from garlic extract (Allium sativum Linn) with good physical quality; thus, garlic in treating Leucorrhoea can be practically easier. Optimization of liquid soap formulation used carbopol and sodium lauryl sulfate with various concentration variations. The method included organoleptic observation, pH, and specific gravity for one-month storage to obtain a good physical quality of liquid soap. The result showed that the formula with 10% sodium lauryl sulfate met the physical quality test requirements of feminine liquid soap; thus, the formulation of feminine liquid soap with 10% sodium lauryl sulfate was optimal.

Background Garlic extract is a highly nutritive value extract; it contains large number of important enzymes and more than 200 biochemical compounds such as antioxidants and vitamins. Ascorbic acid and nicotinamide are considered as antioxidants and also known as growth-regulating compounds that influence different physiological and biochemical processes in plants. Methodology A field experiment was conducted in sandy soil during two successive seasons of 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 at Research and Production Station, National Research Centre, El-Nubaria Province, El-Behera Governorate, Egypt. The objective of this investigation was to study the effect of foliar application of garlic extract (5%), ascorbic acid (200 ppm) and nicotinamide (50 ppm) compared with tap water on growth, some biochemical aspects, yield, yield components and some chemical components of three faba bean cultivars (Vicia faba L, cv., Nubaria-1, Nubaria-2 and Giza-843). Results The obtained results showed that Nubaria-1 was superior to Nubaria-2 and Giza-843 in all growth and yield criteria in the growing seasons except plant height was superior in Nubaria-2. Foliar treatment of garlic extract had the superiority effect in all characters of growth and yield and its components, and consequently increased significantly all yield criteria of Nubaria-1 cultivar. Data clearly showed that the effect of different treatments caused marked increases in photosynthetic pigments, indole acetic acid, phenolics, carbohydrate constituents, free amino acids and proline contents of Nubaria 1 cultivar which was sprayed by garlic extract at 5% followed by nicotinamide and ascorbic acid, respectively. Conclusions In general, the current research suggested that garlic extract at 5% as a foliar application increased the quantity of faba bean cultivars grown under sandy soil conditions. Therefore, garlic extract at the rate of 5% and Nubaria1 encourage the farmers to use of garlic extract to give promising seed yield under reclaimed sandy soil.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was synthesized from fresh garlic extract coupled with isoniazid hydrazide (INH), a commonly used antibiotic to treat tuberculosis. A molecular docking study conducted with the selected compounds compared with anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase (trpD) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The aqueous extract of garlic was prepared and mixed with silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution for the superfast synthesis of stable AgNPs. INH was then conjugated with AgNPs at different ratios (v/v) to obtain stable INH-AgNPs conjugates (AgNCs). The resulting AgNCs characterized by FTIR spectra revealed the ultrafast formation of AgNPs (

RESUMO A vitivinicultura é uma atividade relevante, e de grande potencial, no oeste do Paraná, mas há carência de adequações do manejo cultural das videiras finas, nessa região. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar as intensidades e as épocas de poda, associadas ao uso de produtos para quebra de dormência, em videiras finas cvs. ‘Cabernet Franc’ e ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’. Foram realizados dois experimentos, nos quais se utilizou o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados: o primeiro em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 (três intensidades de poda, sendo poda curta, longa e mista x dois produtos comerciais para quebra de dormência (Dormex® e Natualho®), contendo cinco blocos e uma planta por bloco, totalizando 30 plantas do cv. ‘Cabernet Franc’, enxertadas sobre o porta-enxerto ‘RR 101-14’. A poda e a aplicação dos produtos, por pulverização, até completo molhamento dos sarmentos, foram realizadas em 17 de agosto de 2013. O segundo experimento constou de esquema fatorial 4 x 2 (quatro épocas de poda x dois produtos comerciais para quebra de dormência), contendo quatro blocos e uma planta por bloco, totalizando 32 plantas do cv. ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, enxertadas sobre o porta-enxerto ‘RR 101-14’. As plantas do segundo experimento foram submetidas apenas a poda curta. Após a poda, nos dois experimentos, avaliaram-se as características vegetativas, como número de gemas por planta, número de brotações por planta, estádio fenológico de “gema algodão”, utilizado como padrão de brotação, percentagem de gemas brotadas e tempo transcorrido da poda até a estabilização da brotação (dias). O extrato de alho não apresentou eficiência na quebra de dormência das plantas. O cv. ‘Cabernet Franc’ apresentou melhor desenvolvimento vegetativo, quando submetido à poda curta. A última época de poda propiciou melhor desenvolvimento vegetativo do cv. ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’. ABSTRACT The wine industry is a very important activity on the national scenery, having important role in diversification and incorporation of income for small farms. The aim of the present study was to evaluate intensities and pruning times associated with the use of products for bud breaking dormancy in Cabernet Franc and Cabernet Sauvignon grapevine varieties in Marechal Cândido Rondon, Paraná State, Brazil. Two experiments were carried out, in which the experimental design was a randomized block design. The first experiment was done in a 3 × 2 factorial scheme (three pruning intensities, (short, long, and mixed pruning) × two commercial products for bud breaking dormancy (Dormex® and Natualho®), containing five blocks and one plant/block, totaling 30 plants of Cabernet Franc grapevine variety grafted onto ‘RR 101-14’ rootstocks. Pruning and application of the products through spraying until complete wetting of the plants were carried out on August 17, 2013. The second experiment consisted of a 4 × 2 factorial scheme (four pruning times × two commercial products for bud breaking dormancy), containing four blocks and one plant/block, totaling 32 plants of Cabernet Sauvignon grapevine variety, grafted on the ‘RR 101-14’ rootstocks. After pruning in the two experiments, the following vegetative characteristics were evaluated: number of buds/plant; number of shoots/plant; phenological stage of “cotton bud”, used as sprouting pattern; percentage of sprouted buds; and length of time from pruning to stabilization of sprouting. Garlic extract did not show efficiency in the plant bud breaking dormancy. Variety Cabernet Franc showed better results in vegetative parameters when subjected to heavy pruning. The last pruning time showed better results for the vegetative characteristics of variety Cabernet Sauvignon.

Background and Objective: Enterococci are relatively nonvirulent bacteria that rarely cause disease. Antimicrobial treatment of Enterococci is often challenging due to their antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of garlic against Enterococcal isolates. Methods: In this descriptive study, 120 Enterococcus isolates including 70 multidrug-resistant isolates were collected from hospitals of Babol, Iran. Isolates’ susceptibility to different antibiotics and the antibacterial activity of garlic extract were assessed using methods of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) measurement. The experiments were performed according to the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines, using Tryptic soy broth medium and disc diffusion method. Results: Among the 120 Enterococcal isolates, 95 (79.2%) and 25 isolates (20.8%) were E. faecalis and E. faecium, respectively. Of the all Enterococcal isolates, the highest resistance was to erythromycin (95.8%), tetracycline (88.3%) and ampicillin (65.8%). While, the minimal level of resistance was to chloramphenicol (6.8%), vancomycin (20%) and ciprofloxacin (25%). Also, 53.3% of Enterococcal isolates showed simultaneous resistance to at least three antibiotics (tetracycline, erythromycin and ampicillin). Such resistance in E. faecium isolates was higher compared to E.faecalis (68% vs. 55.7%). The range of antibacterial activity of garlic extract against isolated Enterococci was determined by growth inhibition zone of 16.8 ± 1.8 mm and MIC of between 4 to 32 mg/ml. Conclusion: This study indicates the clear anti-enterococcal effect of aqueous extract of garlic and confirms the use of garlic in treatments by medicinal plants.

Background Garlic can be considered as a useful natural herb in inhibition of inflammation. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of garlic extract in lowering inflammatory markers in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Methods In this parallel-designed double blind randomized clinical trial, 42 PD patients at the Shafa dialysis center, Tehran in 2017 were included. The primary outcome in this study was systemic inflammation which was evaluated by measuring the concentrations of IL-6 and CRP and ESR in serum. Results Baseline versus after-intervention median (IQR) of IL-6 (pg/ml), CRP (mg/L) and mean ± SD of ESR (mm) in garlic and placebo groups was 2.2 (0.8, 6.4) versus 0.7 (0.6, 1.2) (p

В настоящей работе исследуются изменения физико-химических параметров, таких как размер частиц и дзетапотенциалы, а также спектральные характеристики коллоидных смесей овощных соков: моркови столовой (DaucussativusL.), свеклы столовой (Beta vulgaris) и капусты белокочанной (Brassica oleacea L.) при смешении с экстрактами луковиц и листьев чеснока посевного озимого (Allium sativum L.) сорта «Гладиатор». Результаты исследований показали, что смешение соков овощных культур с экстрактами чеснока приводит к уменьшению размеров компонентов сока овощей и их гомогенизации, что соответствует целям осветления и стабилизации растворов. Полученные данные могут быть использованы в процессах создания продуктов функционального питания и просто в соковой промышленности. Также показана более высокая бактериостатическая активность в отношении Micrococcus luteus экстрактов луковиц чеснока по сравнению с экстрактом листьев. Более того, активность экстрактов чеснока, иммобилизированного на ватерите СаС03 с оболочками декстран сульфата, сопоставима с таковой для фермента лизоцима, использованного в качестве препарата сравнения. При помощи конфокальной и сканирующей электронной микроскопии исследована морфология получаемых микрочастиц с иммобилизированным экстрактом чеснока. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о возможности включения ферментов и биологически активных компонентов чеснока в состав капсул и микрочастиц с длительным сохранением биохимической активности для возможности пролонгированного высвобождения в организме человека. Предложенная техника соответствует идеологии создания экологически чистых пищевых продуктов, нормализующих функции и состояния организма человека, а также может быть использована в разработке биологически активных добавок., In present work, we investigate changes in physicochemical parameters, such as particle size and zeta-potentials as well as spectral characteristics of colloid mixes of vegetable juices: carrot (Daucus carota L.), red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and white head cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) at mixture with extracts of bulbs and leaves of winter garlic (Allium sativum L.) cultivar Gladiator were investigated. The results showed that mixing of vegetable crops juices with garlic extracts led to decrease in size of vegetables juice components and their homogenization meeting the aim of clarification and stabilization of solutions. The obtained data could be used in creation of products for functional nutrition and in juice industry. Higher bacteriostatic activity of bulb garlic extracts concerning Micrococcus luteus in comparison with leaf extracts was also shown. Moreover, the activity of garlic extracts immobilized on CaC03 (vaterite) particles covered by dextran sulfate shell was comparable with that of enzyme lysozyme used for comparison. Morphology of microparticles with immobilized garlic extract was investigated by confocal and scanning electron microscopy. The obtained data confirm the possibility of inclusion of enzymes and biologically active components of garlic into capsules and microparticles preserving biochemical activity and possibility for prolonged release in the human body. The offered technique corresponds to ideology of creation of organic foodstuff normalizing functions of human body state and also in development of dietary supplements.

Diabetes mellitus is a severe health problem in Mexico, and its prevalence is increasing exponentially every year. Recently, DPP-4 (dipeptidyl peptidase-4) inhibitors have become attractive oral anti-hyperglycemic agents to reduce the pathology of diabetes. Gliptin&rsquo, s family, such as sitagliptin, vildagliptin, and alogliptin, are in clinical use to treat diabetes mellitus but possess side effects. Therefore, there is a specific need to look for new therapeutic scaffolds (biomolecules). Garlic bulb is widely used as a traditional remedy for the treatment of diabetes. The garlic extracts are scientifically proven to control glucose levels in patients with diabetes, despite the unknown mechanism of action. The aim of the study is to investigate the antidiabetic effects of ultrasonication assisted garlic bulb extract. To achieve this, in-vitro assays such as DPP-4 inhibitory and antioxidant activities were investigated. Further, functional group analysis using FTIR and identification of phytochemicals using mass spectrometry analysis was performed. The results showed that 70.9 &micro, g/mL of garlic bulb extract inhibited 50% DPP-4 activity. On top of that, the garlic extract exhibited a 20% scavenging activity, equivalent to 10 &micro, g/mL of ascorbic acid. Molecular docking simulations on identified phytochemicals using mass spectrometry revealed their potential binding at the DPP-4 druggable region, and therefore the possible DPP-4 inhibition mechanism. These results suggest that prepared garlic extract contains phytochemicals that inhibit DPP-4 and have antioxidant activity. Also, the prepared extract induces skeletal muscle cell proliferation that demonstrates the antidiabetic effect and its possible mechanism of action.

The aim of this work was the industrial development of an antifungal film containing garlic extract and bread aroma to be applied as active packaging for preservative-free sliced pan loaf. The material consisted of LDPE coated with ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer. First the coating formulation was optimized to be suitable for flexographic equipment. A 1 μm coating of EVOH containing the agents was applied onto the LDPE film. Garlic extract release provides the antimicrobial capacity while bread aroma masks the inappropriate garlic aroma. The optimized formulation contained 8% of garlic extract and 8% of bread aroma. Bags were prepared and used to pack sliced pan loaves. Mould development was delayed from 6 to 12 days by use of the active bag. Sensory and textural characterization of the food also revealed that the bread maintained its characteristics, and sensory panellists considered the product acceptable and with good purchase intention., The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Innovation, project AGL2015-64595-R and R. H.-M.’s fellowship, and Juan y Juan S.L.

Novel bovine serum albumin (BSA)-gold nanoclusters with garlic extract modifications (mw_G-BSA-AuNCs) were prepared through microwave-assisted rapid synthesis. The modified nanoclusters were characterized and used for the simple and sensitive detection of Pb2+ ions. Both turn-on and turn-off methods were used and compared for Pb2+ ion detection. For Pb2+ ions, the preparation time for the modified nanoclusters was 10 min, and the detection time for the nanoclusters was 6 min. The modified nanoclusters were stable, and their fluorescence intensities changed by less than 10% in 60 days. The detection limit and linear range for the &ldquo, off-on&rdquo, method of mw_G-BSA-AuNCs for Pb2+ ion detection were 0.28 and 1&ndash, 20 nM, respectively. The recoveries of the mw_G-BSA-AuNCs probe used for the detection of the Pb(II) ion in tap water ranged from 93.8% to 102.2%, with an average of 97.1%. The &ldquo, method of mw_G-BSA-AuNCs can provide a lower detection limit, higher selectivity, and better recovery than the commonly used &ldquo, turn-off&rdquo, methods of mw_BSA-AuNCs for Pb2+ ion detection. The proposed method is superior to other methods proposed from 2018 to 2019 because it can provide a shorter preparation time and a lower detection limit with good selectivity. The microwave-assisted novel compound, mw_G-BSA-AuNCs, can be rapidly synthesized in a green manner and can provide a low detection limit, good selectivity, and a simple and fast reaction for Pb2+ ion detection.

Natural antimicrobials, such as grape seed extract (GSE) and garlic extract (GE), are often used as (a part of) novel food preservation technologies, especially due to their antilisterial effect. However, little is known on the extent of sublethal injury (SI) these extracts cause to Listeria monocytogenes, possibly leading to overestimated efficacies for such novel technologies. The influence of both extracts on the sublethal injury of L. monocytogenes strain LMG23775 was investigated, also using propidium iodide staining to investigate the nature of the injury. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were 500 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/L and 7.5 &mu, g allicin/mL for GSE and GE, respectively. These concentrations slowed down the growth of L. monocytogenes, while only causing a significant amount of SI for GSE. Pure extracts caused inactivation of the cells, with GSE being the most effective. Sublethal injury from pure GSE was mainly caused by membrane damage. In pure GE, a significant amount of SI, not caused by membrane damage, was also present, albeit less pronounced than in pure GSE. In conclusion, both extracts cause a significant amount of sublethal injury to L. monocytogenes, which is not taken into account in relevant studies investigating novel food preservation applications involving natural plant extracts.

This study was carried out to investigate the supplemental effects of dietary garlic extract (GE) on growth performance of juvenile sterlet sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus). The first experiment was designed to determine the optimum levels of garlic extract as growth promoter during 10 weeks. Three groups (two replicates/group) of 240 fish with mean body weight of 85 g were fed with diets containing 0 (control), 0.5 and 1.0% of GE. The highest weight gain (%) and feed efficiency (%) were found in fish groups fed with diet containing 0.5% GE. Subsequently, the supplemental effects of dietary GE was studied on growth of juvenile sterlet sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus) with an average body weight of 59.6 g. Fish cultured in freshwater were randomly allotted to each of 10 tanks (two groups of five replicates, 20 fish/tank) and fed diets with 0.5% GE or without GE (control), respectively, at the level of 2.0% of fish body weight per day for 5 weeks. Weight gain (51.1%), feed efficiency (79.1%), specific growth rate (1.18%) and protein efficiency ratio (1.50) of fish fed 0.5% GE were significantly (p

The effect of thiosulphinates contained in garlic extract (GE) on endogenous growth, growth in the presence of either indoleacetic acid (IAA) or fusicoccin (FC), and proton extrusion in maize coleoptile segments were studied. In addition, membrane potential changes at some GE dilutions and the protective effect of dithiothreitol (DTT) against GE toxicity were also determined. It was found that GE at almost all dilutions studied, when added to the incubation medium inhibited endogenous growth as well as growth in the presence of either IAA or FC. Simultaneous measurements of growth and external pH indicated that the administration of GE resulted in a complex change in the pH of the external medium; after an initial transient acidification, pH increased and reached the maximal value followed by a gradual decrease of medium pH. When IAA or FC was added after preincubation of the segments in the presence of GE the changes in medium pH were not significantly different from these obtained with GE only. If the coleoptile segments were first preincubated with GE and subsequently GE was removed, the addition of IAA induced strong growth and medium acidification. Dithiothreitol added together with GE neutralized the toxic effect of GE on growth of coleoptile segments incubated in the presence of IAA. The addition of GE to the control medium caused a depolarization of the membrane potential, the value of witch depended on GE dilution. These results indicate that the toxic effect of GE on growth of plant cells might be caused by disruption of the catalytic function of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase on formation of the disulfide bonds.

Introduction: Chlorhexidine (CHX) interacts with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and herbal irrigants such as neem and tulsi to form precipitate which contains para-chloroaniline (PCA). No studies till date have reported about metal elements present in this combination as well as in irrigants. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the precipitate formed on combination of different irrigants, weigh the amount of precipitate formed, and to analyze 35 different metal elements in each irrigant, precipitate formed as well as in PCA. Materials and Methods: Seven irrigants, namely 2% CHX gluconate, 3% NaOCl, 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 5% neem, 5% tulsi, 5% Aloe vera, and 5% garlic were taken in different test tubes. Group (1–6): 1 ml of CHX is mixed with 1 ml of 3% NaOCl/17% EDTA/5% neem/5% tulsi/5% A. vera/5% garlic. Group (7–11): 1 ml of 3% NaOCl is mixed with 1 ml of 17% EDTA/5% neem/5% tulsi/5% A. vera/5% garlic. Group (12–15): 1 ml of 17% EDTA is mixed with 1 ml of 5% neem/5% tulsi/5% A. vera/5% garlic. Group (16–18): 1 ml of 5% neem is mixed with 1 ml of 5% tulsi/5% A. vera/5% garlic. Group (19 and 20): 1 ml of 5% tulsi is mixed with 5% A. vera/5% garlic. Group 21 includes 1 ml of 5% A. vera and 5% garlic. Each group is observed for any precipitate formation, and precipitate formed was weighed. Samples such as 2% CHX gluconate, 3% NaOCl, 17% EDTA, 5% neem, 5% tulsi, 5% A. vera, PCA, and precipitate formed in each group were analyzed for 35 different metal elements using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Statistical Analysis: One-way ANOVA and Post hoc Tukey's test for the precipitate formed. Results: Precipitate formation was seen in CHX + NaOCl (reddish-brown), CHX + EDTA (white), CHX + neem (light green), CHX + A. vera (green), CHX + tulsi (dark green), CHX + garlic (beige). ICP-MS analysis showed the presence of International Agency for Research on Cancer Group 1 carcinogens in NaOCl, CHX, EDTA, and PCA. Conclusion: Carcinogenic metals are undetected in herbal irrigants which is found to be risk free alternatives in near future.

O alho é um alimento funcional que contém inulina, um polissacarídeo de reserva, que auxilia no controle das bactérias patogênicas e putrefativas existentes no intestino. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar uma metodologia simples de extração de carboidratos do alho, qualificar e quantificar a composição desse extrato empregando a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência e a espectroscopia na região do infravermelho utilizando para isso um padrão de inulina. Os bulbos de alho foram submetidos à extração aquosa a quente por 4 horas; posteriormente o líquido resultante foi separado e a ele foram adicionados 300 mL de acetona. O extrato isolado foi avaliado quanto aos seus produtos de hidrólise alcalina e os resultados indicaram a presença de um oligossacarídeo como o observado para a inulina padrão. As principais bandas características dos carboidratos foram visualizadas entre 3600 a 3000 e 1200 a 900 cm-1. A técnica utilizada neste trabalho pode ser utilizada para extração da inulina, pois agrega valor a produtos naturais, gerando alternativas do ponto de vista econômico. Garlic is a functional food that contains inulin, a reserve polysaccharide, which helps in the control of pathogenic and putrefactive bacterial present in the intestine. The aim of this work was to evaluate a simple method for the extraction of garlic carbohydrates and to qualify and quantify the composition of the extract using high performance liquid chromatography and infrared spectroscopy using the standard inulin. The bulbs of garlic were submitted to a four-hour water extraction and the remaining liquid was separated by centrifugation and added to 300 mL of acetone. The isolated extract was evaluated in relation to its products of alkaline hydrolysis and the results indicate the presence of an oligosaccharide as observed for the standard inulin. The main characteristic bands of carbohydrate were identified in the range of 3600 - 3000 cm-1 and 1200 - 900cm-1. The technique used in this work can be applied for the inulin extraction since it aggregates value to the natural products generating alternatives from the economical point of view.

The reactivity of the thiol groups in urease with thiosulphinate contained in garlic extract was spectroscopically characterised. The enzyme was incubated with the garlic extract and the reaction progress curves were recorded in the presence of thiol-selective reagent 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). Simultaneously the enzyme residual activity was also determined. The process was studied in 50 mM phosphate buffer, at pH 7.8 and ambient temperature. It was found that thiosulphinates act as time- and concentration-dependent inactivators of urease. The observed decrease of the enzyme activity corresponds to the number of the urease thiols modified by thiosulphinates. The modification of half of all the urease thiols (18 of 36) causes a slight (only 8–10%) decrease of the catalytic activity. The modification of the remaining 18 thiols results in significant disturbance of urease action until complete loss of the catalytic function occurs. This provides the evidence that Cys 592 , the critical residue for urease activity, belongs to the enzyme thiols, which are less reactive and more resistant to chemical modification than the other thiols.

In this study, it was investigated that the inhibition effect of some lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus NCC68, Lactobacillus casei Shirota, Lactobacillus rhamnosus (Ezal, commercial starter cultures)) which possessed with probiotic characteristics, against Bacillus cereus, Salmonella Enteritidis, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli 0157:H7 ATCC 35150 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Besides, the inhibitory effect of probiotic cultures which used with meat and meat product additives that garlic extract over the antagonistic effects of sensitive pathogens were investigated in vitro. Consequently, the whole of lactic acid bacteria and garlic extract which were used in this study, showed inhibition effects against all selected pathogenic bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 was determined as the most sensitive pathogenic bacteria while Bacillus cereus was the most resistant bacteria against lactic acid bacteria and garlic extract. There was a distinctive increase in inhibition effects were observed by used of a combination with lactic acid bacteria and garlic extract. In this study, it was investigated that the inhibition effect of some lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus NCC68, Lactobacillus casei Shirota, Lactobacillus rhamnosus (Ezal, commercial starter cultures)) which possessed with probiotic characteristics, against Bacillus cereus, Salmonella Enteritidis, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli 0157:H7 ATCC 35150 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Besides, the inhibitory effect of probiotic cultures which used with meat and meat product additives that garlic extract over the antagonistic effects of sensitive pathogens were investigated in vitro. Consequently, the whole of lactic acid bacteria and garlic extract which were used in this study, showed inhibition effects against all selected pathogenic bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 was determined as the most sensitive pathogenic bacteria while Bacillus cereus was the most resistant bacteria against lactic acid bacteria and garlic extract. There was a distinctive increase in inhibition effects were observed by used of a combination with lactic acid bacteria and garlic extract.

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) has been seriously investigated in purpose to find an alternative measure for control of various diseases in humans and animals. Use in cardiovascular therapeutics has an even longer history over 3000 years to ancient time. The active chemical in garlic is allicin, which is produced when raw garlic is crushed, allowing the enzyme alliinase to act on the stable precursor alliin. Antidiabetic, antibiotic and perhaps anticancer effects of garlic are well-accepted over the world because there is a range of scientific literature to support this. Garlic also has hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and anthelmintic effect. The other pharmacological effect includes the anticoagulant, anti inflammatory, immunomodulatory and wound healing action of garlic.

Background: Allium sativum, commonly known as garlic, exhibits antibacterial effects against a wide range of bacteria. Aim: The objective of this in vitro study was to assess the antibacterial effect of different concentrations of garlic extract against human dental plaque microbiota. Materials and Methods: Antibacterial activities of four different concentrations of garlic extract (5%, 10%, 20%, and 100%) were evaluated against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus salivarius, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and lactobacillus spp. using the disk diffusion method. Papers soaked in 0.2% concentration chlorhexidine gluconate and saline were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. The data were subjected to one-way ANOVA and the Tukey multiple comparisons test at a 5% significance level. Results: All bacterial strains were inhibited by all test materials. The inhibition zones of the different concentrations of garlic extract were not significantly different for S. mutans, S. sanguis, and S. salivarius. For P. aeruginosa and lactobacillus spp. the inhibition zones of 5%, 10% and 20% concentrations were not significantly different from one another, but they were significantly more than that of the 100% extract. Conclusion: The 5%, 10%, 20%, and 100% concentrations of garlic extract had similar effects, so further studies seem to be indicated on the usefulness of the 5% extract.

Objective(s) Garlic (Allium sativum) is known as a potent spice and a medicine with broad therapeutic properties ranging from antibacterial to anticancer, and anticoagulant. One of the major purified garlic protein components is the 47 kDa protein. In this study, the effect of 47 kDa protein extracted from aged garlic (AGE) was evalua Materials and Methods Forty seven kDa protein was purified from AGE by ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel filtration. SDS-PAGE was used to determine the molecular weight and purity of the isolated protein. DCs were purified from spleen of BALB/c mice by Nycodenz centrifugation and their adhesiveness to the plastic dish. The 47 kDa protein isolated from AGE was added to DCs medium during the overnight culture and the expression of DC surface markers was assessed via flowcytometry. Results The 47 kDa protein-treated DCs lowered the expression of DC maturation markers including: CD40, CD86 and MHC-II in comparison with non-treated DCs; (median of 41% versus 47%, 84% versus 91% and 83% versus 90%, respectively) but we observed no statistical difference between the two groups. Conclusion Upon treatment with DCs with 47 kDa protein, DCs down regulated the expression of costimulatory and MHC-II surface molecules, which is similar to tolerogenic DC phenotype. According to the results of the present study, we found that 47 kDa protein purified from AGE can be considered as a potential candidate to generate tolerogenic DCs in vitro.

The garlic has been extensively studied throughout the last years because its potential to influence the cardiovascular system. It causes reduction of serum lipids, blood pressure and plasma viscosity. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of garlic on serum concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol in 12 sexually mature ducks which were fattened with a crop containing 30 mL lard and then were given garlic extract for 21 days. Reduced levels of cholesterol (9%), triglycerides (19.5%), LDL-cholesterol (27%), VLDLcholesterol (10.6%) were observed, but levels of HDL-cholesterol remained high.

In this study, we further examined the effects of diallyl disulfide (DADS), one of the major components of oil-soluble garlic extracts (GE) and of raw water GE on SH-SY5Y and NSC34 neuronal cell lines. Both treatments with DADS and GE were able to induce growth arrest and apoptosis, and we observed an increased flux of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as early signs of cytotoxicity. We demonstrated that the content of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) increased as early as 1 h of treatment demonstrating to be a very early sensor of DADS and GE cytotoxicity. Treatments with L-nitropropyl-arginine, an inhibitor of nNOS, increased the rate of apoptosis whereas the overexpression of nNOS significantly reduced cell death by inhibiting DNA damage, protein oxidation, and the activation of the JNK/c-Jun apoptotic signaling cascade. Overall these results demonstrate that garlic derivatives may modulate nNOS and suggest an important contribution of nitric oxide in counteracting their reactive oxygen species-mediated cytotoxicity.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of lead acetate on the fallopian tube of adult mice and the possible effect of garlic extract in a Laboratory Based Randomized Control Trial. In this study, 30 female BALBc mice were selected and randomly divided into three groups. Ten animals were placed in each group. Group A being the control received only the laboratory diet. Group B was given lead acetate at a dose of 30 mg/kg/day. Group C was given lead acetate at 30 mg/kg/day and garlic extract at 500 mg/kg/day. All treatments were given through oral gavage tube for 60 days. The mice were sacrificed and dissected at the end of 60 days. The fallopian tubes were carefully dissected out and fixed in 10% formalin for routine histological examination. The histological findings in experimental group B showed increase in epithelial height, whereas no such findings were observed in group A and there was slight increase in height in group C. The lead acetate affected the epithelial height in lead acetate treated group which improved when cotreated with garlic extract.

Objectives: To assess and compare the antimicrobial effect of garlic extract and chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash solution against oral salivary microorganisms. Materials and Methods: Thirty six salivary samples were obtained in dry plastic vials. Collected saliva samples were centrifuged. Each vial was mixed completely on a shaker after which 1 ml of saliva was added to 9 ml of ethanol by a sterile pipette and mixed. A volume of 1 ml of garlic hydro-alcoholic extract and 1 ml of mouthwash was added to 1 ml each case specimen and was transferred to culture medium of Trypticase Soy Agar. Agar plates were incubated at 37°C for 48 h to allow for microbial growth. Microbial colonies were counted by independent interpreter to evaluate the result. Statistical Analysis: Data obtained were analyzed using one-way ANOVA test. P < 0.001 was considered statistically significant. Result: Result of the study shows that mean colony count of salivary microbial population was (1984 ± 400) 1127 in saline group (negative control), (50 ± 4) 27 in (0.12%) CHX group (positive control), (700 ± 200) 469 in garlic extract (5%) group (case control). Conclusion: Mouthwash containing garlic extract can be used as an alternative to CHX mouthwash.

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of different levels of garlic extract supplemented in milk on growth rate, haematology and cell–mediated immune response of Markhoz newborn goat kids. Twenty four newborn goat kids (aged 7+/-3days) were randomly assigned to four groups. The groups consisted of control (received milk without garlic extract), T1, T2 and T3 which received milk supplemented with 62.5, 125 and 250 mg aqueous garlic extract per kg live weight per day for 42 days, respectively. Body weights were measured weekly throughout the experimental period. At day 42, about 10 ml blood samples were collected from each kid via the jugular vein for haematological study. Cell–mediated immune response was evaluated through double skin thickness after intradermal injection of phyto-hematogglutinin (PHA) at day 21 and 42. Total gain was significantly higher for kids in T3 (P

Dear Editor-in-Chief, Diabetes causes significant changes in urine and serum constituents such as albumin, creatinine, urea nitrogen, and glycated hemoglobin. Garlic extract, however, has been shown to restore all of these biochemicals, and cause histopathological changes. Administration of garlic extract or metformin, or their combinations has also been demonstrated to have both curative and protective effects against gentamicin nephrotoxicity. These findings can potentiate the clinical use of combinations of metformin and garlic extract in the prevention of diabetic nephropathy.

Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-27T11:20:24Z No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2014-05-27T14:29:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 2-s2.0-0036087777.pdf: 2499295 bytes, checksum: faf488f4d693300cae30f796a56a9b02 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-27T11:20:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-01-01 Plants have been used in the cure of diseases from the origins of the humanity. At present, in Brazil, the use is common because of the difficulty of access of part of the population to medical assistance. It is commonly believed that the medicinal plants of traditional use were already tested and ratified by the long-lasting use by the human species, being considered effective medicines, presenting no collateral effects, not needful, therefore, of evaluation. The miraculous self-medication with medicinal plants goes to the point of substituting therapies in serious diseases such as those of hypoglycemic or anti-diabetic effect. For the test of medicinal plants, it is necessary to consider the material quality to be tested, the plant component used, extraction method, dosage, and the experimental species used. Several plants have already had hypoglycemic effects proven experimentally. The objective of this paper was to accomplish a revision of Brazilian medicinal plants, used popularly, as hypoglycemics that had effects proven in animals and in humans. Depto. de Ginecologia e Obstetricia UNESP Campus de Botucatu, Distrito de Rubião Jr., CEP 18618-000, Botucatu/SP Depto. de Ginecologia e Obstetricia UNESP Campus de Botucatu, Distrito de Rubião Jr., CEP 18618-000, Botucatu/SP