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International audience; Sensory perception begins before birth and enables us to interpret the biological relevance of stimuli in our near environment. In early life, the senses play a crucial role in informing acceptance and rejection of foods and beverages. Food preferences develop with experience based on associations formed between a foods flavour and the consequence of its consumption. In adulthood the role of the chemical senses is often simplified into simple 'likes' and 'dislikes', but recent evidence highlights a more functional role in guiding eating behaviours and nutrition. A food’s perceptual properties are important for the detection of its nutrient content and through this, guide not only food choice but also habitual energy selection and consumption behaviour. As we age and the prevalence of chronic disease increases, sensory acuity often declines for taste, smell and texture perception, and this can have an impact on food perception, preference and food intake. This creates an opportunity to apply an understanding of sensory influences on choice and intake to stimulate appetite during periods where nutrient intakes may become compromised. This paper summarises current knowledge of the changing role of the senses during infancy and early childhood, through to adulthood, older age and illness. The aim is to highlight opportunities to improve health and wellness through a better understanding of how sensory factors can influence eating behaviours and nutrition at key time points across the lifespan.

Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) is part of the regulated quality schemes in the European Union (EU). Producers of PDO food products and wines have to present EU authorities a technical specification of their product, which includes its sensory description. European regulation 1151/12 establishes that sensory characteristics included in PDO certification must be guaranteed. Nevertheless, there is no standardized approach for the development of sensory control methods for PDO food products, so each entity in charge of controlling the characteristics of the PDO products decides the best way to follow this legal requirement. This paper presents the current situation in Spain, Italy and France in relation to the official sensory control of PDO food products and wines and the accreditation of the laboratories for this control (these three countries represent 68.9% of the total PDO products registered in the EU). This manuscript also shows the main methodologies applied in the official sensory control of PDO food products and wines. The wide diversity of methods used for the sensory control and associated panel management among PDOs manifests the need to harmonize technical criteria and references at European level. This is also urgent, because broad differences in the approaches and requirements for sensory control could bring about unfair competition among PDOs. In this sense, European Sensory Science Society (E3S) has become an EA recognized stakeholder collaborating in a framework in order to prepare a document for the harmonization of methodological approaches and technical criteria for the sensory control of PDO food products and wines.

International audience; Grain-legume plants fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil and thus do not need nitrogen fertilizers. Therefore, grain- legumes can potentially decrease global warming, as nitrogen fertilization is responsible for half of all agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, grain-legumes have many functional and nutritional properties both as feed and food. Despite the fact that the European Union has granted considerable subsidies to promote grain-legume cultivation, their production continues to fall and there has been no satisfactory explanation as to why. This study provides an answer by showing that a situation of technological lock-in has resulted from the co-evolution of crop systems, based on an agrochemical paradigm, public policies, and market dynamics that promote cereals. This process began with the historical choice by European and French public institutions to relegate grain-legumes to feed in direct competition with imported soybeans. Moreover, interrelated factors, such as breeding selection, public subsidies, and food systems, have favored increasing returns to adoption for cereals to the detriment of grain-legumes. Finally, the evolutionary economics approach used here identified several actions that must be implemented together, such as agricultural cost-accounting methods, nitrogen management, institutional innovations, and market out lets to promote grain-legumes and move towards more sustainable agriculture.

Publication Inra prise en compte dans l'analyse bibliométrique des publications scientifiques mondiales sur les Fruits, les Légumes et la Pomme de terre. Période 2000-2012. http://prodinra.inra.fr/record/256699; International audience; Field emergence is crucial in determining the yield and quality of French beans for the canning industry. The aim of this study was to analyze the variation in bean emergence results, particularly to determine the relative influence of seed characteristics and sowing conditions. During 2004 and 2005, at two sites in France (North: 50. 1 degrees N, 3 degrees E; West: 47.3 degrees N, 0.3 degrees W), field experiments were carried out in order to obtain information on bean emergence under a range of sowing conditions. Four seed lots of the cultivar Booster with differing germination and seedling growth parameters determined under laboratory conditions were sown. These field results were also used to compare observed results in the field with the simulations of a crop emergence model. Subsequently, the effects on crop emergence of a greater diversity of seed lots in the three main French cropping areas were simulated using the model. In the field experiment, germination rates were always high (80-100%). In contrast, final emergence rates varied from 56 to 90%, emergence lasting from 9 to 28 days. These differences were large between sowing situations but small between seed lots. Emergence was mainly delayed by low temperatures (

Les quotas laitiers, instaurés en 1984, seront supprimés à horizon de 2015. A partir d’un modèle de type bioéconomique, cet article discute des principales implications productives et économiques de cette évolution importante de la Politique Agricole Commune (PAC). L’hypothèse est faite que, concomitamment à l’abandon des quotas laitiers, un système de contractualisation de type «double volume avec des prix différenciés» sera mis en oeuvre entre les producteurs et les industriels. Le modèle utilisé a pour objectif de maximiser le revenu de l’exploitation tout en tenant compte d'un ensemble de contraintes, qu’elles soient zootechniques, agronomiques, environnementales, structurelles et réglementaires. Ce modèle, qui permet d’intégrer le risque lié à la volatilité des prix, est appliqué à quatre types d'exploitations reflétant une partie de la diversité des systèmes de production localisés dans l’ouest de la France. D’après les résultats issus de cette modélisation, il apparaît que de nombreuses exploitations laitières de l’ouest disposent, moyennant une modification de leurs stratégies productives (intensification, spécialisation), d’un potentiel assez important d’augmentation de la production laitière, à structures constantes. La quantité de lait supplémentaire susceptible d’être produite dans cette région dépendra de l’évolution de la demande de produits laitiers, de la compétitivité des industries laitières et des normes environnementales. Pour une exploitation donnée, ces quantités supplémentaires sont également conditionnées au prix de vente du lait produit dans les deux volumes contractualisés et aux prix relatifs entre les produits agricoles (lait, viande bovine et céréales)., Milk quotas, introduced in France in 1984, will be ended by 2015. Based on a «bio-economic» model, this paper discusses the main productive and economic implications of this important change of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). We assumed that, with the abolishment of milk quotas, a contracting system of «double volume with different prices» will be implemented between producers and dairy processors. The model maximizes the farm income while taking into account a set of constraints: zootechnical, agronomical, environmental, structural and regulatory. This model, which integrates the risk of price volatility, is applied to four types of farms reflecting a part of the farms’ diversity located in West of France. According to the results of this modelling approach, it appears that many dairy farms located in this region have, thanks to changes in their production strategies (intensification, specialization), a large potential to increase milk production, with the same structure. The amount of extra milk which may be produced will depend on the evolution of demand for dairy products and the competitiveness of the dairy industries. For a given farm, these additional quantities depend on the price of milk produced in volume Aand B, the relative prices between agricultural products (milk, beef and cereals) and a possible strengthening of environmental constraints.

National audience

Impact de la dépendance liée à l’âge sur l’alimentation des personnes âgées. 32. journées annuelles de la Société française de gériatrie et gérontologie (SFGG)

Revue; Le plaisir à manger en EHPAD : point de vue du senior consommateur