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Background: Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS) is characterized by cyclic vomiting and compulsive need to take hot showers in the context of chronic cannabis use. Physicians' lack of knowledge of CHS often results in a diagnostic delay of several years. The purpose of this article is to describe CHS in order to enable physicians, and more particularly psychiatrists, to diagnose it as quickly as possible and thus avoid unnecessary additional invasive examinations. Subjects and methods: Bibliographic search for scientific articles published between 2004 and 2019 in the Cochrane, Medline, PubMed, and Psycinfo databases. Key words used were "hyperemesis", "cannabis", "cannabinoid". Results: CHS is associated with chronic cannabis use and typically manifests as incoercible cyclical vomiting, diffuse abdominal pain, and relief of symptoms by taking hot showers. Patients suffering from CHS generally visit emergency departments very regularly and undergo numerous additional examinations, both invasive and unnecessary. Since no organic cause can explain these symptoms, these patients are referred to the psychiatry department. The only curative treatment is the complete cessation of cannabis use. Conclusion: CHS is an under-diagnosed pathology because it is little known to physicians. This syndrome has unique clinical characteristics. Early recognition of CHS avoids repeated visits to the emergency room and unnecessary follow-up examinations.

Background: Cariprazine is a new atypical antipsychotic drug approved for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorders. Methods: we searched the published randomized controlled-trials (RCT) to review cariprazine efficacy and tolerability using the databases (PubMed, EUDRACT, ClinicalTrials.gov and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) for cariprazine role in managing the following psychiatric conditions (schizophrenia, bipolar mania, bipolar depression and major depressive disorder). A meta-analysis was conducted using the identified 13 clinical trials to assess efficacy using with the outcomes: positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS), clinical global impressions - severity of Illness (CGI-S), young mania rating scales (YMRS), Montgomery Asberg depression rating scale (MADRS) and Hamilton rating scale for depression (HAM-D). The risk of discontinuation due to adverse effects and common side effects were examined. Results: The mean difference in change from baseline for PANSS was -6.23 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) -7.18, -5.28) favoring cariprazine treatment (p

In previous studies we showed the interaction between depression and immunity. We observed that psychological stress seems to be important in this association. In this review we try to understand if psychological stress and immunity have similar or specific impact on the other psychiatric disorders. More generally we review literature to understand if specific immune alterations exist between the main psychiatric diagnoses.We studied the literature in search of variabilities between the different psychiatric disorders in terms of immunity especially inflammation. We search on Pubmed, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES and Sciencedirect articles with the keywords immunity or inflammation and depression, anxious disorders and schizophrenia.Prevalence of inflammation in psychiatric disorders seems to be between 21 to 42%. Psychiatric disorders are correlated with elevated levels of CRP, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β and TNFα) and anti-inflammatory factors (TGF β, IL-10, sIL-2, IL-1RA). IL-6 in childhood were associated with subsequent risk of depression or psychotic disorders in early adulthood and in a dose dependent manner.We found similar immune processes through the different disorders. Variations in cytokines levels seem paralleling various stages of the illness and treatment. Inflammatory markers are linked with severity and resistance to treatment and with subsequent risk of disorders.Some inflammatory parameters could be considered as risk factor, severity, resistance, trait or state markers of a psychiatric disorder. Other studies are necessary to a better understanding of clinical implications of this heterogeneity.

Since 2010, the Belgian mental healthcare system has been involved in a structural reform: the main objective of this reorganisation is to foster the reintegration in the community of patients suffering from a mental health disorder. In parallel, the role of mental health professionals has evolved these last years: from a strictly clinical role, to the preoccupation with the rehabilitation of social competencies such as enhancing patients' abilities to return to work. The aim of this paper is to explore, specifically for patients hospitalized for a common mental health disorder, the predictive variables of returning to work within 6 months after hospitalization (RTW6).Our sample was extracted from routinely collected data during the patients' hospital stay (10 days) at the Psychosomatic Rehabilitation Day Centre of CHU Godinne. A sample of 134 patients participated in our study. Those patients were contacted 6 months after their hospitalization to assess resumption of work.We found that a patient's sociodemographicand socioeconomic variables, and depressive symptoms at the beginning of hospitalization were not predictive of return to work within 6 months (RTW6). On the other hand, duration of absence from work before hospitalization and the diagnosis of a major depression in particular were negatively associated with RTW6, whereas improvement of depressive symptoms during hospitalization stay was positively associated to RTW6.Our study identified the diagnosis of major depression and the duration of absence from work before hospitalization as two important risk factors impeding a fast return to work for patients hospitalised for a common mental health disorder. As the preoccupation with patients' abilities to return to work is now on the agenda of mental health professionals, special support and supervision should be dedicated to the more vulnerable patients.

The effects of depression on the immune system are well known. Recently, depression as a consequence of an immune disorder has received increased research attention. Here, we test the hypothesis that the depression-immunity association is a buffer zone between external stimuli, defence mechanisms, and intrinsic determinants.Five hundred and forty-nine patients presenting with a major depressive episode completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Lazarus and Folkman's coping inventory, and the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale (FACES III). Lymphocyte subtypes were quantified using flow cytometry.Links between immunity and depression were confirmed: levels of CD3, CD4 and CD8 cells accounted for 12.7% of the variance in the BDI (p0.001, linear regression; LR). The depression-immunity pairing interacted with family dynamics, coping mechanisms, and gender. Dynamics in the family of origin explained 11.4% of the BDI score (LR) and 1% of CD3 and CD4 levels (p0.001, Pearson's r). Coping mechanisms were associated with 12% of the BDI score (p0.001, LR), and the capacity of distancing oneself from one's problems was associated with 10.3% of CD3, CD8, and CD16/56 levels (p0.01, LR). BDI scores in women were 2.9 points higher than in men (p0.01, t=2.379) and associated with a greater risk of immune depression (p0.001, odds ratio=0.5).External determinants (family), coping mechanisms, and internal determinants (such as gender) simultaneously influence a depression-immunity pairing. Sometimes these factors act more on the mood component, sometimes more on the immune component. The two components also interact closely with each other.

It is important to perform psychiatric assessments of adult patients who are candidates for cochlear implants both to screen them for psychiatric disorders and to assess their understanding and compliance with the procedure. Deafness is a factor of difficulty for conducting in-depth psychiatric interviews, but concomitant blindness may make it impossible.After a description of Norrie disease, a rare disease in which blindness and deafness may occur together, we propose a case report of a patient suffering from the disease and who consulted in view of a cochlear implant.Early information on cochlear implants appears to be necessary before total deafness occurs in patients suffering from Norrie disease. An inventory of digital communication tools that can be used by the patient is also highly valuable.Research should be supported for a more systematic use of psychiatric assessments prior to cochlear implants. In the special case of Norrie disease, we recommend early screening for mental retardation and related psychotic disorders and, depending on the patient's level of understanding, preventive information on the benefits and limits of cochlear implants before total deafness occurs.

Antidepressant medication efficacy remains a major research challenge. Here, we explored four questions: whether noradrenergic antidepressants are more effective than serotonergic antidepressants; whether the addition of 100 mg acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) changes antidepressant efficacy; whether the long-term efficacy differs depending on the antidepressant and the addition of ASA; and whether serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are clinically informative.In a two-year study, forty people with major depressive disorder were randomly assigned to groups that received an SSRI (escitalopram) or an SNRI (duloxetine), each group received concomitant ASA (100 mg) or a placebo. Sociodemographic data were recorded and patients under went regular assessments with the Hamilton depression scale (HDS) and clinical global impression (CGI) scale. Serum levels of BDNF were measured four times per year.There was no significant difference in efficacy between the two antidepressants or between antidepressant treatment with and without ASA. However, subgroup comparisons revealed that the duloxetine + ASA (DASA) subgroup showed a more rapid improvement in HDS score as early as 2 months (t=-3.114, p=0.01), in CGI score at 5 months (t=-2.119, p=0.05), and a better remission rate (χThis suggest two hypotheses: either a noradrenergic agent combined with ASA is more effective in treating depression than a serotonergic agent alone, or the level of serum BDNF before treatment is a precursor marker of the response to antidepressants. Further research is needed to test these hypotheses.

Previous study shows that cellular immunity and family relationships are each correlated with the severity of depression and suggests that the psycho-immunological theory should look at the relation between immunity and family life. The aim of the present study based on the same sample is to investigate if similar correlations exist with humoral immunity.498 inpatients with major depressive disorder were enrolled in an open-label trial. In addition to a socio- demographic questionnaire, they completed Olsen's FACES III and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). We performed a classic blood test, a plasma cortisol assay at 8 a.m., 4 p.m. and 8 p.m. and a dexamethasone suppression test (Carroll test). Electrophoresis is used for separation and quantification of serum proteins.There is no correlation between humoral immunity and the severity of depression. We found a correlation between cohesion of the family of the origin and beta-globulins (r=-0.147; p=0.016), and C4 (r=0.124; p=0.039). Between adaptability of the family of the origin and cortisol levels at 8 a.m. (r=0.122; p=0.008). We showed a correlation between both C4 (r=-0.263; p=0.000) and beta-globulins (r=-0.148; p=0.013) with CD8. There is a correlation between cortisol at 8 a.m. and CD4 (r=-0.095; p=0.033).Humoral immunity has no correlation with depression but has multiple interactions with cellular immunity which is correlate with the severity of the depression. The psycho-immunological theory is reinforced. It is quite original to find correlation between the family functioning and C4 or beta-globulins while the link with cortisol strengthens some studies about psychological stress, cortisol and immunity. Future studies should examine which kind of family or relation are implicated and how the family functioning and immunity could be connected.

In the context of health care in Belgium, the psychological or psychiatric opinion of a multidisciplinary team is required in the assessment of bariatric surgery candidates. In clinical practice, a wide variety of liaison psychiatry assessment methods exist.On the basis of a post-operative psychiatric comorbidity case report and a literature review on "liaison psychiatry and bariatric surgery" we aim to identify opportunities for the systematization of bariatric pre-surgery psychiatric evaluation.The bariatric pre-surgery evaluation must be rigorous and founded on evidence-based medicine. On this basis, specific psychiatric criteria may be defined and researched in assessments. The issue remains for psychiatric comorbidities that develop after surgery and for which a preventive framework should be sustained in the liaison psychiatry approach.The aim of the research is to support an improved systematization of the psychological assessments of pre-operative bariatric surgery candidates. We believe that systematic evaluation tools should be defined for the identification of possible absolute or relative contra-indications and that a preventive approach to post-operative psychiatric disorders should be included in this assessment.

Exposure to stress modifies the humoral and cellular immunity by the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. On one hand, this psycho-immunological theory allows the analyse of links between immunity and depression. On the other hand, the correlation between the immune response, the clinical expression in major depressive disorder (MDD) and the gender was proven. Our analysis evaluates the influence of the gender and the level of depression severity on the cellular immune response associated with it.549 patients with MDD were enrolled in an open-ended survey. In addition to a socio-demographic questionnaire, they completed the Beck Depression Scale (BDS). Flow cytometry was used to assess lymphocyte subsets.On average, the intensity of the depression (ID) among women is higher by 2.9 points (t=2.379*). In terms of immunity, there are correlations between this ID and absolute values of CD3 (r=-0.127***), CD4 (r=-0.189***), CD8 (r=0.089*) and CD16 and 56 (r=0.129*). In terms of gender, there are significant differences for the percentage of total lymphocytes (m=37.84, w=35.59; t=2.646***), CD3 (m=2.08, w=1.9; t=2.676*), CD4 (m=1.44, w=1.3; t =2.522*), CD8 (m=0.62, w=0.57; t=2.182*). A linear regression model including both variables supports the existence of these differences in the percentage of total lymphocytes (Adjusted R2=0.025***) and CD8 (Adjusted R2=0.012*).If the link between depression and the cellular immune response is a known fact, our study proves that women have a stronger immune response than men in terms of percentage of total lymphocytes mobilized and cytotoxic lymphocytes. The volume of natural killer lymphocytes is independent of the gender but connected to the ID. Based on those results, psycho-immunological theories could potentially be rethought in the light of immunity being at least partially dependent of the gender.

In a previous study, we investigated the risk of admission to emergency (ER) of depressed patients prior to their hospitalization in psychiatry in comparison with hospitalized patients transferred from the consultations department (Cdpt). In the present study, we compare among the same patients variables affecting the intensity of depression in each group.All patients with Major depressive disorder admitted in our department through emergencies (N=146) or consultations (N=2172) between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2012 were included in an open study. They completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), analogical visual scales about stress levels (in professional, social, family, married life, over the past year and the past month), the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control and the Olson Family Adaptation and Cohesion Scale and the Ways of coping.The depression (t=1.438; p=0.90) is similar in both samples. Although some variables such as gender, internality, coping mechanisms and stress factors influence the intensity of depression in both groups of patients (linear regression p0.000, r=0.593), other factors play a role only in either one or the other group. The factors of patients' age, number of children, elements of family dynamics, couple life, and the belief in luck do influence the intensity of depression only in patients hospitalized through Cdpt (linear regression p0.000, r=0.366). The intensity of depression of patients admitted through ER, is specifically dependent on the number of collateral factors (p=0.045, r=0.304), the number of living relatives (p=0.036, r=0.276) and the belief in the power of others (p=0.022, r=-0.16).Although Both samples are comparable in terms of intensity of depression, patients admitted through the Cdpt are more dependent on the quality of family relationships whereas those coming from emergencies are most influenced by their concrete social and family situation. Alongside these specific variables it remains that stress and coping mechanisms account for the largest percentage of variance of the intensity of depression.

Aim: Until the 1980s, due largely to prejudice, post-menopausal women were believed to experience significantly less sexual desire and thus to have sexual intercourse less often than before menopause. Since the 1990s, this type of prejudices seems to have decreased. The aim of our study is to examine the sexuality of post-menopausal women by comparing it to same aged men’s sexual behaviour and the importance of sexuality in their life. Methods: A sample of 1,526 women and 1,151 men aged 55 and over. Results: Female subjects reported having sexual intercourse as often as women in the general population (once a week for 64% of them). The same proportion of women as men consider that a successful sexual life: is essential for a successful couple life (90%), needs continuous creativity (80%), has a deep positive impact on their well-being (87%). For most of them (82%), a satisfying sex life is possible only if there is a deep love relationship. 55% say they have never met sexual problems. The main complaints cited are vaginal dryness (45%) and a lack of desire (42%). Only 20% of those who had sexual problems report that age and time passing by are responsible for their troubles. In second place, they mention stress (19%), followed by relationship problems, and nervous breakdown (13%). Conclusion: Our study suggests that nowadays, there is no marked difference between post-menopausal women and men’s sexuality either in terms of frequency, or in terms of its importance in their life. Whenever physical problems linked to sexuality arise, they are more often attributed to stress added to relationship problems rather than to ageing. This study shows once again how sexuality is influenced by prejudices.

Objective: To show how the interaction of the medical preventive discourse with the changes of children's position relatively to the adult environment and the discourse on equal opportunities puts young people in a situation of lack of differentiation. This lack of differentiation causes violence. Means: From epidemiologic data on the health of young people, a certain number of behaviors in disfavor of health were put forward. Through techniques either of risk prevention or of health promotion, the medical profession models young people behaviors in terms of "safe" and standard. Unfortunately, this modeling proves relatively ineffective and generates at risk behaviors, for example, in sport. On the other hand, the loss of legitimacy of adults in regard to the rights of children leads the latter to meet difficulties in building their own identity. In these contexts, speaking of equal opportunity of access to goods sets up a series of objects of consumption as signs of the identity (PC, laptops MP3, Ipod, cell phone...). Not to have them is not to exist and this becomes a source of violence. Results: The increase of behaviors at risk and delinquent behaviors is the result of a whole mechanisms which does not any more allow young people to build differences between them. It is these interindividual differences that is at the base of the psychic identity. Conclusion: Promoting health through educating to pleasures, increasing between adults' coherence and establishing groups of young citizens seem to us as the elements that would make possible the re-establishment of a truly human dimension. © 2008 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

[Revisiting the «Tanguy» phenomenon: about retarded self-sufficiency in our post-adolescent population.] Financial, affective and health retarded autonomisation is now increasing in our post-adolescent population. Parents as well as parents-in-law are often disappointed with such a stagnation-process. The aim of the present paper is to propose - from an etymological standpoint - a provocative (pro-vocare) high lightening of such a phenomenon, which is clearly family-determined, even if sociologic and economic aspects are also co-existing. © Medecine et Hygiene. Tous droits reserves pour tous pays.

Social inequality as a social and economic phenomenon has become an issue of common interest in Europe and other societies worldwide, mainly after the recent global financial and economic crisis that occurred in 2008. The increasing gap observed between socioeconomically advantaged and disadvantaged people has caused intensive debates in politics, social sciences and in the field of public health. Today, poverty is considered as a major variable adversely influencing health. In this paper we will discuss the link between poverty and mental health.We conducted a literature search focusing on three main objectives: (I) to investigate the definition of "poverty"; (II) to determine the association between poverty and major mental health problems; and (III) to discuss the extent to which poverty could be both a cause and a consequence of mental health.We identified a total of 142 relevant papers, published between 1995 and 2014, only 32 were retained. Main findings are summarised in this paper.Poverty can be considered as a risk factor for mental illness. Yet the relation between poverty and mental health is complex, without direct causation, and bidirectional. As poverty has severe consequences not only on health but also on the whole society, combating poverty should be placed high on the political agenda.

Teen suicide is an alarming public health issue. The purpose of this paper is to better understand the reasons behind attempting/committing suicide. Our research focuses on adolescent psychopathology and on pathologies that are considered as adolescent suicide risk factors.We conducted literature-based research. The first part of this research was based on adolescent psychopathological traits, whilst the second concentrated on the most frequently made diagnoses in the case of adolescents who had attempted suicide.Adolescence is a period of life characterized by great instability, where everything is called into question. We can observe a high propensity towards taking action, which allows the adolescent to bypass certain questions that they cannot answer. This takes place against a background where the body, which is undergoing change, becomes the scene, the means and the purpose to answer these questions, once and for all, through suicide. Notwithstanding, the studies also show that, setting aside these psychopathological considerations that characterize every adolescent, certain diagnoses are commonly related to adolescent suicide and, as such, constitute risk factors. These pathologies are as follows: depression, adjustment disorder and personality disorder. We can, however, include some precisions as regards the frequency of these diagnoses, given that adolescence is inherently a period of life characterized by depression and that the future adult is obliged to adjust.Teen suicide is, therefore, conditioned by pathological behaviour, which is part of a necessary and normal transition, but one which is occasionally stimulated by certain pathological instabilities.

Exposure to stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis through the release of catecholamines, which modify humoral and cellular immunity. On the one hand, this psycho-immunological theory makes it possible to forge links between immunity and depression. On the other hand, we know that family determinants are an important variable in the model of vulnerability to depression. Our study weighs the influence of cellular immunity and family relations on the severity of depression.498 inpatients with major depressive disorder were enrolled in an open-label trial. In addition to a socio-demographic questionnaire, they completed Olsen's FACES III and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Flow cytometry was used to assess lymphocyte subsets.In terms of immunity, there are correlations between the BDI and percentages of CD3 (p=0.015; r=-0.112), CD4 (p0.000; r=-0.175), CD4/CD8 (p=0.045; r=-0.093) and CD16 and 56 (p=0.014; r=0.113). In terms of family relationships, there is a correlation between the BDI and family of origin, both for cohesion (p=0.007; r=-0.169) and adaptability (p=0.035; r=-0.133) measures. With respect to the relationship between family dynamics and immunity, there are correlations between adaptability in the family of origin and CD3 (p=0.04; r=0.094) and CD4 (p=0.044; r=0.093). A logistic regression model for family variables explained 11.4% of the BDI, compared to 12.7% for immune variables, while a model including the two explained 16%.While both the family and immunity can explain the BDI, it is surprising they have a greater effect in combination than individually. This suggests that the psycho-immunological theory should look at the relation between immunity and family life, notably in relation to the family of origin.

In this article we propose a model for caring for a group focusing on psychoeducation for stress management and learning relaxation designed for patients experiencing somatization and who were recruited during organic medicine consultations. We are developing an interest for this kind of group from a clinical and practical point of view and have sought to demonstrate the impact that this kind of care can have on health representations among these patients through using the MHLC (Multidimensional Health Locus of Control) questionnaire.Participants in the stress management and relaxation groups completed the questionnaire at the beginning of the first session and at the end of the second and last session. We collected 94 usable questionnaires between January 2008 and December 2014 and processed the data using Student's t-test on paired samples.The results tend to demonstrate that psychoeducation for stress management and relaxation reduces internality scores in patients with high scores and the opposite for patients whose internality scores are low.Our research protocol does not enable us to distinguish between the respective influences of the psychoeducation group and the relaxation group.The psychoeducation groups for stress management and relaxation have an impact on health representations in patients experiencing somatization who would not have spontaneously sought out psychiatric consultations.

Teen suicide is a major public health problem. In the United States, it is the third cause of death among the 10-24 year olds. Adolescence involves numerous changes, whether physical, social, emotional or hormonal. At a neurobiological level, a teenager's nervous system is also affected and undergoes significant modifications.We conducted a systematic review of electronic literature published between January 1990 and August 2014 via MEDLINE, PubMED and PsychINFO to list articles concerning the risk of teen depression and suicide risks in adolescents as well as those relating to the adolescent's neuro-anatomical brain and the effect that puberty has on it.When analyzing the various studies, it is clear that all support the idea that adolescence is a special period, both at neuroanatomical and biological levels. The risk of impulsiveness and depression is explained, anatomically, by a faster maturation of the limbic system, and biologically, by a higher sensitivity of the serotoninergic system and to glucocorticoids, which themselves are influenced by the specific hormonal environment during this period. Moreover and above all, adolescence is a vulnerable time for many reasons: physical, hormonal, social, cognitive, and emotional changes, self-development, etc. We should not restrict it to structural neurological changes without taking into account the other factors or compartmentalize young people into a reductive model based on determinism.Adolescence is a time of change, transformation, and adaptation. The hormonal events that occur during this period have significant effects on brain development, neuro-cerebral chemistry, adolescent behavior and risks of depression. It is important to try to prevent suicide and depression in adolescents considering its entirety and complexity but also by paying attention to neuro-biological factors even if, at present, many research projects are currently underway to develop an appropriate drug therapy strategy.

ObjectiveTo point out the proportion of intellectually disabled women (IDW) who are sterilised, and the medical and social factors associated with an increased probability to be sterilised.Study designA population-based study among 97% of IDW aged 18–46, attending government-accredited institutions in the region of Brussels-Capital and the province of Walloon Brabant (Belgium).ResultsAmong the IDW included in this study, 22.2% are sterilised, which is superior to the 7% in the general Belgian population. Factors associated with an increased probability to be sterilised are: living in an institution, having a higher intellectual quotient (IQ), being enrolled in an institution where sexual intercourse is authorised and attending an institution where contraception is required. The last three factors are significant only among women living in institutions and the last two, only in women with severe disability. Among IDW using contraception, no factor was associated with a greater probability to be sterilised.ConclusionThe prevalence of sterilisation among IDW is three times higher than that in the Belgian population and it is mainly correlated with factors related to the institution where these women live, especially the severely disabled.

The contraception of women with intellectual disability (ID) is a major concern for caregivers. However, the prevalence of contraception and the frequency of use of different methods (e.g. sterilization) remain generally unknown. Moreover, indications specific to women with ID are controversial. The present authors conducted a population-based study among 97% of the women with ID aged between 18 and 46 years attending government-funded facilities in Brussels and the nearby province of Walloon Brabant in Belgium. Out of 397 subjects, 40.8% did not use any contraceptive method, 22.2% were sterilized, 18.4% used an oral contraceptive agent, 17.6% used depotmedroxyprogesterone acetate and 1% used an intrauterine device. These figures differ widely from those of the general Belgian population. Binary logistic regression for 'contraceptive utilization' showed the strong influence of institutional factors such as sleeping environment (i.e. institutional or parental), sexual relationship policy and contraception policy. Having or having had a boyfriend is also correlated with a stronger probability of contraceptive use. Other factors have a smaller influence (e.g. a milder level of ID). Very few factors, none of which are medical, are correlated with an increased use of a specific method. The present results are discussed in the light of the general medical application of contraception and the commonly assumed specific indications for women with ID.

The epidemiology of anxiety disorders in adolescence is different from that of adults. Furthermore, some clinical disorders seem to be linked to the specific adolescence period. This article intends to make a literature review.Besides the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual DSM-5 (DSM IV-TR) and the French reference books, we chose to conduct our research on PubMed, Medline, PsycINFO and PsycARTICLES.It seems obvious in the literature that the prevalence and the epidemiology of different anxiety disorders in adolescence is different from that in adulthood. Anxiety disorders most frequently encountered in adolescence are social phobia and generalized anxiety disorder, as compared to adulthood where most viewed clinical disorders concern specific phobias. Moreover, a large proportion of patients with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) are teenagers and there is a high comorbidity of BDD with anxiety disorders, particularly with social phobia and obsessive-compulsive disorder, and with depressive disorders. However, literature still does not show clear epidemiological or prognostic data about anxiety disorders in the specific period of adolescence. Finally, there seems to exist in the identified categories, clinical sub-entities that require specific nosology to this age group.If a specific classification of teenage anxiety disorders is well and truly necessary, its organizational principle would have to reflect the fundamental question of this age: the prognosis of these different clinical presentations. More extensive research on the impact of different identifiable characteristics of these disorders, biological and environmental factors, associated comorbidities and possible significant functional impairment, would be very useful for the improvement of diagnostic sensitivity and prognostic predictions in psychiatric clinical practice of the anxiety disorders in adolescent patients.

Due to demographic changes, Western societies are increasingly multicultural and diverse. These changes lead to the issue of the equity of care for all groups of society, particularly for ethnic minorities. Within the context of medicine, it has been proven that doctors are sensitive to patient ethnicity, and that this in turn affects doctors' decision-making and the quality of their relationship with the patient. This leads to reduced access and quality of care for ethnic minority patients, which in turn magnifies ethnic inequalities in health care. Little is known about the extent of this issue within the specific field of mental health care.We conducted a literature search within three online databases, focusing on two main questions: (I) What are the main types of disparity observed in the provision of mental health care for ethnic minority patients? and (II) How do mental health care providers contribute to disparities in the mental health status of ethnic minority patients?We identified a total of 164 articles relevant to our research questions, published between 1989 and 2013. Of these, only 29 were retained. The main findings are summarised in this paper.Mental health care providers should be constantly aware of potential bias due to patient ethnicity and of the potential impact of this bias on the process of care if they want to act in the best interests of patients and avoid contributing to mental health disparities. The contribution of mental health care providers to these disparities is only one aspect of this complex social issue.

This article aims at determining the place of benzodiazepines in the current treatment of anxiety disorders in opposition to antidepressants, neuroleptics and anticonvulsants. Belgium and France are the only two European countries which prescribe the most benzodiazepines despite the dissuasion of the international guidelines (NICE) issued in the nineties concerning the high risk of dependance of these molecules. What about the respect of these guidelines and the use of benzodiazepines in general practice in 2014?Review of the literature with the following key words "anxiety disorder, benzodiazepines, anxiolytic, treatment" in the international database of PubMed, Medline, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES and consulting of various reference books.No class of molecules could measure up to benzodiazepines until now, neither from the point of view of efficiency, nor from the point of view of cost-efficiency. This is why the guidelines (NICE) discourage the few available alternatives in the general practice. International figures from Belgium and France show a continuous increase in the use of benzodiazepines in the treatment of anxiety disorders, even after the nineties. Given the fact that benzodiazepines differ from one another at the level of their action profile (graphical representation in "stars") and are therefore able to relieve several symptoms simultaneously, these molecules still respond nowadays to many expectations of the clinical practitioners.The divergence between the guidelines and the practice confirm the irreplaceability of benzodiazepines at the present time. Nevertheless, the expectation of new molecules with fewer side effects should be investigated in further research.

Background and purpose: Many people fear that the disclosure of the diagnosis of Alzheimer disease (AD) to patients will prompt depressive symptoms or catastrophic reactions. We aimed to prospectively evaluate the modification of anxiety and depressive symptoms 3 months after the disclosure of the diagnosis of AD. Methods: A total of 100 consecutive newly diagnosed patients with AD (mild or moderate stage) and their caregivers were included. The evolution of symptoms of depression and anxiety was assessed with the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (Zung SDS) and the depression item of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI-d) and the anxiety item of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI-a). After 3 months, the caregivers were asked their opinions on the global effect of the disclosure using a Likert-type scale. Results: At 3 months, there was no significant change in the mean NPI-d ( P = .87) and Zung SDS ( P = .18) and a significant reduction in the NPI-a ( P = .05). The NPI-d worsened in 22% of patients, improved in 22%, and remained unchanged in 56%. The NPI-a worsened in 12% of patients, improved in 33%, and remained unchanged in 54%. The caregivers rated the global effect of the disclosure as negative in 8%, neutral in 71%, and positive in 21% of patients. None of the patients or their proxies reported suicide attempts or catastrophic reactions. Conclusions: The disclosure of AD is safe in most cases and may improve anxiety. Symptoms of depression and anxiety worsen only in a minority of patients. The fear of depression or catastrophic reaction should not prevent clinicians to disclose the diagnosis of AD.

Lithoprobe high-resolution seismic surveys have provided the first systematic images of the deep stratigraphy in four major Canadian mining camps (Noranda, Matagami, Sudbury, and Selbaie). Systematic compressional wave velocity and density measurements in deep boreholes have established that lithological contacts were the main impedance contrast imaged, although reflections from faults and deformation zones have also been observed. The strongest reflections are attributed to mafic intrusions and some sulphides and oxides. Integrating seismic, physical rock property measurements, and geological data has resulted in the revision of several geological models with direct impact on local strategies for deep mineral exploration. Mining companies have shown an interest in seismic reflection methods and this has led to several follow-up studies. The application of seismic methods to the direct detection of massive sulphides, based on physical rock property measurements, has been studied through two-dimensional and three-dimensional (3D) seismic imaging and vertical seismic profiling technologies. The challenge will now be to optimize 3D seismic imaging for mineral exploration and to improve seismic data processing by enhancing the seismic response from deep, lenticular orebodies.

With the publication of DSM III, the nosology of children and adolescents' disorders has evolved differently in Francophone and Anglo-Saxon countries. We want to 1 / familiarize readers with the nosographic concepts of mood disorders and bipolar disorders in the Francophone world of Adolescent Psychiatry; 2/ highlight the major current issues of concern to both Francophone and Anglo-Saxon adolescents' psychiatrists.A review of the literature in PubMed, PsycINFO and PsycARTICLES, but also of Francophone journals or textbooks not included in these databases nor distributed outside Francophone countries.Although Francophone adolescents' psychiatrists still rely on the DSM II, particularly in reference to the transitory dimension of problems during adolescence, the DSM III led to a tightening of criteria for bipolar disorder in the Anglo-Saxon countries. These disorders have become rare in the 2000s while still common in Francophone countries. Nowadays the evolution of current criteria in Anglo-Saxon countries tends to bring the diagnostic criteria closer to the Francophone's one even though important differences still persist.Despite differences between these two approaches in Psychiatry, there is agreement regarding the poor prognosis of type I bipolar disorder, particularly when psychotic traits are observed. Early diagnosis and treatment are therefore a challenge for both, but their limitations are inherent to their respective approaches. In Anglo-Saxon countries, if the criteria are met for bipolar disorder, treatment is decided at the risk of over-diagnosis and stigmatization of false positives. In Francophone countries, even if the criteria for bipolar disorder are met, it is still necessary that the psychopathological analysis of the disorder in the developmental framework of adolescence confirms that the disorder is stable, at the risk of later treatment and of increase of insufficiently treated false negatives. A reconciliation of these fields may limit the above side effects.

It has been suggested that alcohol problems have a major impact in the workplace. It has long been recognized that misuse can have serious consequences for the productivity of workers. The extent of the problem is still an uncalculated cost. Few studies provide clear evidence of a cause, effect or relationship between substance abuse and workplace costs and valuable guidance to employers in evaluating the cost of substance abuse in their workplaces is missing.To estimate the awareness, policies and cost to employers of drinking in the workplace in Belgium and to illustrate the potential gains from drinking cessation provision. Costs vary with type of industry and policy in place; therefore, to estimate these costs, results from a survey were combined with evidence drawn from a review of literature.An Internet survey of 216 workplaces in Belgium, based on a stratified random sample of workplaces with 50 or more employees, was conducted in 2005. Further information was collected from 150 occupational physicians. Additional evidence was compiled from a review of the literature of drinking-related costs.216 General Directors or HR Directors completed a questionnaire related to awareness, policy and costs. 150 occupational physicians completed a questionnaire related to awareness and policy. Companies are unaware or underestimate alcohol misuse among their employees. At least 84% of companies have no education or information policy about substance abuse. Absenteeism, accidents and turnover account for 0.87% of the wage bill. Reduced productivity/ (presenteeism accounts for 2.8%. The construction industry, postal services, hospitality industry (hotel/restaurants and catering) and sanitation industry (collection, street cleaning) are the most problematic sectors.Awareness: many companies are totally unaware of the impact of substance abuse and those that are aware underestimate the problem. Sectors are heterogeneous; some are more problematic than others. Policy: although there is a link between policy and consumption, few companies have a clear substance abuse policy. Cost: reduced productivity is perceived as the most important cost.

Patients who are suffering from tinnitus are rarely directly referred to an audiophonology centre. Often, they have tried several medications and met with several doctors. Sometimes, they are also referred too quickly to a psychiatrist without a complete ENT assessment. Nevertheless, they frequently develop psychiatric comorbidities in regard to the tinnitus.On the basis of structured interviews with the "Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview" and on a review of records, we assessed the associated psychiatric diagnoses in patients who consulted for tinnitus as their main complaint at the audiophonology centre from the University Hospital Centre of Mont-Godinne-Dinant between 2009 and 2012.Of the 80 patients who consulted for tinnitus, 28% suffered from a major depressive disorder, 27.5% from a somatoform disorder, 23.7% from sleep disorder, 22.5% from an anxiety disorder and 16% from alcoholic dependence.On the basis of these results, we developed clinical considerations concerning the treatment approach and options for patients suffering from tinnitus with psychiatric comorbidities.The interdisciplinary approach (ENT and liaison psychiatry) in an audiophonology centre seems to be a factor for better treatment adherence for patients with severe and chronic tinnitus.

The Abitibi–Grenville Lithoprobe project completed a regional (line 21) and a high-resolution (line 21-1) seismic survey in the Noranda Central Volcanic Complex of the Blake River Group, Abitibi, Quebec. Line 21 provides a regional framework in which the Archean crust is divided into three layers, two of which are discussed here: the uppermost layer, which corresponds to the Blake River Group, is the least reflective, and lies above 4 s (12 km), and the mid-crustal layer, which is composed of a complex pattern of generally east-northeast-dipping reflectors and lies between 4 and 8 s. Within the regional data, the Mine Series of the Central Volcanic Complex is imaged as a semitransparent series of reflectors overlying a highly reflective east-facing structure interpreted as the subvolcanic Flavrian pluton. The high-resolution data (line 21-1) were collected in the vicinity of the Ansil mine. The seismic images in this region can be controlled by surface geology and extensive drill-hole data, and the project was designed to test the applicability of seismic reflection profiling in providing structural and stratigraphic information for use in mineral exploration: shallow-dipping reflectors correlate well with lithological variations or contacts in the volcanic sequence; strong subhorizontal reflectors correspond to diorite and gabbro dykes and sills; several abrupt lateral changes in the reflectivity coincide with known intrusive contacts such as the Lac Dufault pluton.

Comparative study at two years between adults and adolescents aimed at identifying the social, family, personality traits and health locus of control factors influencing physical and mental health, consumption of medications, and frequency of medical consultations.Twenty participants (10 adults and 10 adolescents) were included in a two years long longitudinal study. At baseline, participants' age, gender, family composition, net income, chronic treatments, family dynamics (Family Adaptation and Cohesion Scale), Multidimensional Health Locus of Control, and personality (NEO Personality Inventory) were recorded. Every six months their state of mental and physical health (12 Survey Factors and Hamilton Depression Scale), consumption of medications and number of medical consultations were reassessed.Age has a deleterious effect not only on physical health (r=-0.628*) but also on the frequency of depressive symptoms (r=0.576*). Adults are protected against the above effect by the number of people living in the same household (r=-0.588*). The ideal family or couple is more important than the actual family or couple. The higher these ideals, the healthier the adults (r=0.738*), and the less teenagers go to the doctors (r=-0.648*). Among adults, independence from others is correlated with good mental health (r=-0.829**) and among teens, ability to manage their wishes is positively correlated with good mental health (r=0.718**).Although different mechanisms determine adolescents and adults' levels of health, other common mechanisms involved include age and the need for love. The older we grow, the more our health tends to deteriorate; the more we dream of love, the more it improves. The differences depend on the place that is left to others. Among teenagers, the first factor pertains to how well they manage their own desires; among adults, what matters most is independence from others.

The diagnostic process of syncopes remains an important and complex issue. In spite of everything, it is estimated that 20 to 30% of syncopes remain unexplained. The diagnosis of psychogenic syncope is estimated at 5.5% to 14% of syncopes. A systematic psychiatric evaluation of unexplained syncopes would be strongly recommended. We present here the original care by the "Centre Interdisciplinaire des Malaises Inexpliqués et des Syncopes (Interdisciplinary Centre of Unexplained Faintness and Syncopes.)" set up by the neurology and cardiology departments associated with the ENT department. We describe the place liaison psychiatry has been able to define and its field of action.After a year of operation, and on the basis of structured interviews with the "Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview" and on a review of records, we assessed the recruitment in terms of psychiatric monitoring as well as the associated psychiatric diagnoses in patients who consulted for an unexplained syncope.Of the 91 patients who have consulted the Interdisciplinary Centre of Unexplained Faintness and Syncopes in 2009, 24% have been directed towards a psychiatric evaluation. Among these, 68% suffered from an anxiety disorder, 27% from a major depressive disorder and 22% from a substance-related disorder.We assess the interesting conditions that the Interdisciplinary Centre of Unexplained Faintness and Syncopes proposes for a liaison psychiatry activity. We note the interest in easier access to psychiatric care for a group that would not have spontaneously approached the Centre.Other measures of quality of care indices are still to be developed.

Atypical antipsychotics commonly cause isolated asymptomatic increase in the aminotransferase levels. Furthermore, the strategy in the choice of antipsychotic agent must take into account hepatic tolerance because of the non-negligible incidence of liver disorders among the psychiatric population. The aim of this article is to better understand the strategy to adopt during an increase of liver enzymes in a psychotic patient under atypical neuroleptic treatment.A clinical case is presented of a female patient treated for psychotic decompensation with increase of liver enzymes (Olanzapine). Her treatment was changed several times over a period of 7 years and laboratory investigations were conducted simultaneously.It seems that the increase of liver enzymes is slightly more frequent with Clozapine and Olanzapine than Risperidone, Perazine and Haloperiol.The different mechanisms of hepatotoxicity are unknown at present but it seems that the hypersensibility mechanism is likely to be dose dependent. During an increase of enzymes, it is important to combine a control of hepatic enzymes with a reduction of neuroleptic dosage. Discontinuation should be considered if a continued increase of enzymes above certain values is shown or if a clinical symptom appears. We note also that some risk factors were found, including geriatric or pedopsychiatric age, obesity, and association with active ingredients or addictive substances responsible for hepatic disorders.

The onset of psychosis is mostly preceded by a prodromal phase in which occur a series of various attenuated positive symptoms, negative symptoms and functional impairment. Recently, several longitudinal studies have evaluated the validity and prediction power of the "prodromal risk syndrome for psychosis", which could lead to a better focused management of the patients at real risk of developing schizophrenia. At the same time, several authors have studied the pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for people at ultrahigh risk.The objective of this review is to establish the status of our current knowledge about what is the most sensitive and specific tool to predict high risk of psychosis in the young population and which treatments have currently proved to be the most effective in the risk versus benefits balance. We will try to answer to these questions by reviewing the international literature from 2005 until today.Recent studies show significant improvement in the identification of individuals at high risk of developing psychosis, using validated detection scales such as SIPS and CAARMS, multivariate neuroanatomical pattern classification and specific genetic factors. Cognitive Behavioral therapy, approach improving social functioning, and Long-Chain Ω-3 Fatty Acids appears to be promising alternatives to antipsychotics, for which the balance between benefice and adverse side effects seems questionable.Detection of young people at ultrahigh risk of psychosis has significantly improved during the last 6 years. The challenge for the next decade will be to define a nosologic entity specific and sensitive enough to become a diagnostic category by itself, which could lead to specific guidelines for the preventive management of psychosis.

The aim of this article is to better understand the role of the liaison psychiatrist regarding the pulmonary pre-transplantation assessment for a patient treated by methadone.At the beginning, we collected data concerning the different habits of patients requiring pulmonary transplantation. Through a literature review, we studied the possible guidelines related to this subject, the effects of methadone, the side-effects explaining the psychiatrist's concerns. Finally, this problem is involved in the bio-psycho-social model to underline the influence of methadone on post-operative prognosis.In our database, only 4.3% of patients were treated by methadone. However, this addiction is one of the most important stressors for psychiatrists and involves a great deal of multidisciplinary staff time. There are absolutely no guidelines on this topic. Due to the action of methadone, the pulmonary, cardiac, urologic, drug and immune side effects are more understandable. Thanks to clinical labels, we are able to handle this dual problem. Different parameters are considered such as patient's history, drug addiction, deterioration of physical condition, possible surgery and its consequences, choice of treatment to better estimate the post-operative prognosis.Until now, there is nor indication or contra-indication regarding the duration of treatment by methadone for patients requiring pulmonary transplantation. The main advantage is the patient's stabilization by minimizing possible relapses. This advantage is to compare the following major inconvenience: increased confusional risk, delicate management of the post-operative pain, negative impact on the immunity. The support, a double psychoeducation and the patient's decision making are to be encouraged.

There is now some evidence that depressed mood is associated with activation of the immune system. First, we evaluated, within a cross-sectional design, NKCA (in vitro) in 49 subjects meeting inclusion criteria either for a major depressive episode, for dysthymia, or for "double depression". We found that recent and long depressive episodes (dysthymia) are associated with a lower immunodepression. Second, we compared two subset of subjects: 14 patients meeting criteria of major depression to 14 healthy controls. The data show a significant improvement in major depression when compared to controls througout a treatment combining supportive psychotherapy and 8 mg Reboxetine™.

affective disorders are commonly considered as specific psychiatric disorders treated with antidepressants and psychotherapy without links with sexotherapy.a non exhaustive literature review was conducted in the field of sexual medicine and sex therapy as well as in the field of affective disorders.there is a strong link between depression and sexual dysfunctions; moreover sexual dysfunction is an important underestimated adverse effect of certain antidepressant drugs.there is an urgent need to make psychiatrists and psychologists aware of the importance of the sexual life of their patients. They should learn to investigate and treat the sexual dysfunctions while assessing and treating the depression symptoms. Moreover they must be aware about the sexual adverse effects of many commonly used antidepressants drugs, especially SSRIs.the multi factorial origin of both depression and sexual dysfunctions suggests that the right approach and treatment of the depressed patient includes not only the prescription of an antidepressant but also a global approach based on several axis that are concomitants namely: physiological, cognitive, emotional, behavioural and relational factors.

The Chapais region has been extensively studied during the last 40 years. Recent work in this area has provided information that can be used to assess the various models proposed for similar volcano-sedimentary belts. By using the known surface geology and measured rock densities, gravity interpretation can define the structure of the geological formations. Aeromagnetic data have been used to improve surface mapping in areas of few or no outcrop. We conclude that the Chibougamau syncline has a depth extension of about 4 km. The depth extension of the granitic intrusives cannot be accurately determined because of our lack of knowledge of their density variation with depth. Any geological model must satisfy potential field data constraints, especially those given by gravity data. In the present case, we have shown that only those models indicating a limited thickness of volcano-sedimentary rocks are acceptable.

Objective : A two year follow-up study of a cohort of adolescents on 9 health parameters. Method : 325 adolescents were enrolled in April 1999. In addition to answering a general social-demographic questionnaire, they answered Wallston's Multidimensional Locus of Control scale (MHLC) and Olson's questionnaire on family dynamics (FACES III). 10 health indicators were recorded : two analogical visual assessments (VAS) (general coping and feelings of well-being), their concern for their health on a five level Likert scale., Zung's Subjective Depression Scale, and having had to repeat a school year as an indirect indicator of self esteem. Two years later, the sample (n = 86) were re-evaluated through the same questionnaires, and answered a supplementary questionnaire addressing (1) additional medication taken since their initial evaluation, (2) the number of medical consultations they have been through since the baseline, and/or (3) hospitalisations they underwent. They also answered a VAS about their level of concern over their body. Results : Numerous variables belonging to Wallston's MHLC scale as well as to Olson's FACES III questionnaire were found to correlate with health indicators two years later. It proved to also be the case for both several << subjective >> values such as general coping and feelings of well-being, and being concerned with one's health, and with more << objective >> parameters such as subjects' scores on the "Subjective Depression Feelings" form, or their intake of additional medications. Conclusion : It appears that it is may possible to predict two years in advance at-risk adolescents for whom preventive medicine is particularly necessary.

IntroductionFor the last dozen years, there has been a reduction of candidates for specialization in Psychiatry. Furthermore, we receive complaints from the units where they work as young psychiatrists after training. Although, five years ago the examination-selection to this specialisation became a federal contest which prioritises grades obtained during their medical studies, this does not alone account for this development.MethodThe authors teach in the Faculty of Medicine, but are also involved in the selection process, and in the process of accompanying candidates as they master Psychiatry. Based on their experiences and meetings with colleagues in other universities, they formulate hypotheses to explain this phenomenon.ResultsIn addition to the reduction of numbers of candidates for specialisation, the complaints regard their competences in three domains: Pharmacotherapies, Psychoterapies, and their leadership style which is qualified as authoritarian.We believe DSM II and subsequent versions had important effects on how psychiatry is taught. While trying to free the DSM from the influence of Psychoanalysis and not wanting to reduce training to merely learning statistical diagnostics and pharmacotherapeutic guidelines, training in Psychiatry has become «a little of everything and nothing precise». The result of this lack of content is young psychiatrists, lacking in self confidence and not sure enough of their references to establish a leadership style other than authoritarian.ConclusionDuring medical studies, we need to reinforce the courses of physio-pharmaco-therapy, Psychotherapy, and comparative psychopathologie and add training in team management.

A map showing the sensitivity of the Mahakam delta has been enabled by a GIS. This system will make it possible for oil companies to take environmental constraints into account when planning their exploration and production activities., Un SIG a permis de réaliser une carte de sensibilité du delta de la Mahakam. Ce système permet aux opérateurs pétroliers de planifier leur activité d’exploration et de production en tenant compte des contraintes environnementales., Un SIG ha permitido realizar un mapa de sensibilidad del delta del Mahakam. Este sistema permite a las companías petroleras planificar sus actividades de exploración y producción incluyendo los problemas de protección del medio ambiente., Denis Jacques, Dutrieux Eric. Vers un système de gestion de l’environnement à l’intention des opérateurs pétroliers. In: Mappemonde, 1993/4. Facettes de SIG. pp. 4-5.

The resistance obtained from static cone penetration tests is compared to the in situ vane shear strength, for the soft to firm clays in the St. Lawrence Lowlands.The average factor Nk, obtained on five sites, varies between values of 2.5–18.4. As a result of this study it is not possible to propose a unique value of Nk to be assigned to Champlain Sea clays. As pointed out by Schmertmann and confirmed in the present analysis, the correlation between field vane and static cone penetration tests must be defined for each site.The soft deposits of the St. Lawrence Lowlands are well suited for studies by means of static cone penetration tests, which are very effective for determining the stratigraphy on the basis of the variations of the point resistance and the friction ratio. [Journal translation]

L’Ifremer opère de façon coordonnée à l’échelle de l’ensemble du littoral métropolitain plusieurs réseaux de surveillance : le réseau de contrôle microbiologique (REMI), le réseau de surveillance du phytoplancton et des phycotoxines (REPHY), le réseau d’observation de la contamination chimique (ROCCH, ex-RNO) et le réseau de surveillance benthique (REBENT). Ils sont mis en oeuvre pour répondre aux objectifs environnementaux de la Directive Cadre sur l’Eau (DCE), aux obligations des Conventions régionales marines (OSPAR et Barcelone) et aux objectifs sanitaires réglementaires concernant le suivi de la salubrité des coquillages des zones de pêche et de production conchylicoles. La surveillance de la survie et de la croissance des mollusques est assurée par le Réseau Mollusques des Ressources Aquacoles (REMORA) qui est mis en place sur les 3 façades maritimes. Les réseaux de surveillance sont mis en oeuvre par les Laboratoires Environnement Ressources (LER) de l’Ifremer. Ils mettent également en oeuvre des réseaux de surveillance régionaux sur la côte d’Opale (SRN), le littoral normand (RHLN), le bassin d’Arcachon (ARCHYD) et les lagunes méditerranéennes (RSL-RLC), pour approfondir le diagnostic local. Ainsi, le dispositif de surveillance s’enrichit sur certains secteurs littoraux de résultats sur l’hydrologie soutenant l’évaluation de la qualité du milieu.

OBJECTIVES: Recently, SOHO and CATIE's studies in the field of schizophrenic disorders asserted that molecules apparently showing the most side-effects are not only the most effective but also lead to the least changes in treatments. Can we generalise this assertion to other domains of pharmacological treatments, such as in mood and anxiety disorders? And, more generally, do we possess information about comparison between different types of molecules in these different fields. METHODS: Review of the literature (medline-psycinfo-psycarticles) addressing these three psychiatric disorders, and comparing efficacy of treatments, or cost-effectiveness studies. RESULTS: Although there is a plethora of publications about the efficacy of given molecules vs. placebo, studies comparing molecules are scarce, and studies on cost-effectiveness in natural environments are even more scarce. Independently of the type of disorders under study, the last few years' efforts to completely limit side effects seem to have resulted in a loss of efficacy. Moreover, the previously held hypothesis suggesting that the fewer the side effects, the lesser the need to change treatment has not been confirmed. The duration of a treatment is more dependent upon its efficacy than on other variables. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians cannot determine the absence of noxiousness of a molecule as their primary criterion of choice. In contrast, they should carefully balance side effects and efficacy. In Psychiatry, there is a lack of studies about cost-effectiveness in natural environments.

The Mediterranean benthic network proposes an integrated approach in term of scientific research and monitoring networks dealing with benthic biocenosis in the Mediterranean Sea (French part) ; it gives a state of the art as well as future needs, regarding regulatory aspects and data storage., L’avant projet sommaire du REBENT Méditerranée propose une approche intégrée des recherches et surveillances portant sur les biocénoses benthiques en Méditerranée ; il dresse un état de l’art des connaissances en la matière ainsi que des besoins futurs, en ciblant sur l’écoute de la demande sociétale et des cadres de gestion, ainsi que la bancarisation des données

Denis Jacques. Sur la faune française des Aptérygotes. IXeme note. In: Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, volume 31 (19),1926. pp. 206-207.