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Additional file 2. Table 1 List of significantly altered proteins in old mice muscle compared to young mice control. Table 2 List of significantly altered proteins in LNX-fed old mice muscle compared to old mice control. Table 3 List of GO-analyzed proteins identified commonly in old versus LNX (100 mpk)-fed old mice muscle. Top-ten ranked GO groups in number were listed according to (A) biological process, (B) molecular function, and (C) cellular function.

Additional file 1. Figure 1 Isolation and enrichment of ethanol-extracted LNX. (A) UV chromatogram of ethanol-extracted LNX and yields of main lignan compounds from LNX. Mean±St Dev. Standard deviation was calculated by triplicate experiments. (B) Chemical structures of main lignan compounds from LNX. Analysis condition: equipment, Agilent 1200 series HPLC system; mobile phase, acetonitrile: 0.1% formic acid (4:6); stationary phase, Waters C18 column (5 μm pore size, 25 cm in length); detection wavelength, 234 nm; flow rate, 1.5 ml/min. Figure 2 Dissection and microscopic images of skeletal muscles of LNX-fed mice. (A) Images of skeletal muscles. Left and right panel on each picture indicates fore and hind limb, respectively. Scale bar is 1 cm. (B) H&E staining of cross sections from gastrocnemius muscle and tibialis anterior. Abbreviations: mfb, microfibrils; mf, microfiber; pm, perimysium. Arrows indicate nuclei staining. Scale bar = 20 μm. Figure 3 Anatomical changes of livers in (A) young, (B) LNX (100 mpk) and (C) creatine (120 mpk)-fed old mice. Scale bar = 1 cm. Figure 4 Box plots of all proteome quantitates from four groups: young, old, LNX-fed old mice. Doses of LNX applied to old mice were 10, 30, and 100 mpk. Proteomic sample source was soleus muscle from each group. Figure 5 Heat map analysis of mouse soleus muscle proteomes. Significantly altered 16 proteins in LNX-fed old vs. old mice soleus muscles. Red and blue color intensity means the degree of up- and down-regulation, respectively.

Additional file 1: Fig S1. Microscope images of GOx/FCA/PEG-modified SWCNT electrode. Fig S2. SEM images of SWCNT patterns on PET plastic substrate treated by O2 plasma etching. Table S1. Comparison of analytical performances with other reported methods.

It is a generally accepted result that the inclusion of rubber particles causes the concrete to degrade physical properties of the concrete. In this study the crumb rubber was partially oxidized and used as additives of mortars. Dramatically, the compressive strength of the rubberized mortars (with 6 wt.%) was greater than that of mortars without the crumb rubber. To understand these phenomena, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to explore the functional groups on surfaces of the crumb rubber, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to observe microstructures of mortars. With the partial oxidation treatment, rubber surfaces produced hydrophilic functional groups as indicated by IR spectra and the hydration of the cement near the crumb rubber was enhanced as shown by SEM, leading to stronger mortars.

A series of models using cellular automata (CA) are created to examine the influences on the phenomenon of solute aggregation. The models used the variations in hydropathic states of the solutes to produce changes in the clustering patterns. It was found that an increase in the hydrophobic character of the solute molecules led to greater aggregation. The effect of concentration of solutes was also modeled. These preliminary models of solute aggregation serve as the basis for subsequent models relative to both biological receptor interactions, and the fate and transport of environmental contaminants of interest.

A cellular automata (CA) model of liquid water has been used to study self-diffusion and the diffusion of a solute. The influences of temperature and solute hydropathic state are modeled as variables in this process. The self-diffusion model correlates very well with earlier experimental data. The diffusion of a solute experiences variation with temperature and its hydropathic states. These influences are found to relate to models of free hydroxy groups and the average cavity cluster size in bulk water. These preliminary models serve as the basis for modeling solute diffusion for specific contaminants of interest (such as heavy metals like uranium) in a water system, and addressing its migration patterns with water relative to temperature.

A series of cellular-automata (CA) models have been created, simulating relationships between water (or aqueous solutions) and solid surfaces of differing hydropathic (i.e., hydrophilic or hydrophobic) nature. Both equilibrium- and dynamic-flow models were examined, employing simple breaking and joining rules to simulate the hydropathic interactions. The CA simulations show that water accumulates near hydrophilic surfaces and avoids hydrophobic surfaces, forming concave-up and concave-down meniscuses, resp., under equilibrium conditions. In the dynamic-flow simulations, the flow rate of water was found to increase past a wall surface as the surface became less hydrophilic, reaching a maximum rate when the solid surface was of intermediate hydropathic state, and then declining with further increase in the hydrophobicity of the surface. Solution simulations show that non-polar solutes tend to achieve higher concentrations near hydrophobic-wall surfaces, whereas other hydrophobic/hydrophilic combinations of solutes and surfaces do not show such accumulations. Physical interpretations of the results are presented, as are some possible biological consequences.