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We conducted a two-year (2019–2020) longitudinal study in Jiangsu Province, China to analyze risk factors of pinworm infection and evaluate the effect of behavior change communication–based (BCC-based) interventions in preschool children. The positive rate of pinworm infection was higher in private preschool (2%) than in public preschool (0.24%). Poor sanitation behaviors were risk factors among private preschool children. BCC-based intervention could improve knowledge and practice and reduce pinworm infection. This study may help fill in gaps in pinworm control. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(12):1716–1720. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.307067 )

International audience; To guarantee the blue skies for the 2022 Winter Olympics held in Beijing and Zhangjiakou from February 4 to 20, Beijing and its surrounding areas adopted a series of emission control measures. This provides an opportunity to determine the impacts of large-scale temporary control measures on the air quality in Beijing during this special period. Here, we applied the WRF-CMAQ model to quantify the contributions of emission reduction measures and meteorological conditions. Results show that meteorological conditions in 2022 decreased PM2.5 in Beijing by 6.9 and 11.8 μg/m3 relative to 2021 under the scenarios with and without emission reductions, respectively. Strict emission reduction measures implemented in Beijing and seven neighboring provinces resulted in an average decrease of 13.0 μg/m3 (-41.2%) in PM2.5 in Beijing. Over the entire period, local emission reductions contributed more to good air quality in Beijing than nonlocal emission reductions. Under the emission reduction scenario, local, controlled regions, other regions, and boundary conditions contributed 47.7%, 42.0%, 5.3%, and 5.0% to the PM2.5 concentrations in Beijing, respectively. The results indicate that during the cleaning period with the air masses from the northwest, the abatements of PM2.5 were mainly caused by local emission reductions. However, during the potential pollution period with the air masses from the east-northeast and west-southwest, the abatements of PM2.5 were caused by both local and nonlocal emission reductions almost equally. This implies that regional coordinated prevention and control strategies need to be arranged scientifically and rationally when heavy pollution events are forecasted.

Ordovician chitinozoans are as yet inadequately documented from the western Yangtze Platform, South China. Here we present a systematic study on chitinozoans from a Middle–Upper Ordovician succession at Songliang of Qiaojia, northestern Yunnan, southwestern China. Altogether 34 species of 12 genera are identified from the upper Hungshihyen and the Huadan formations. The top of the Hungshihyen Formation yields typical Early and Middle Ordovician forms, for instance, Lagenochitina obeligis and Belonechitina chenjiawuensis, with the latter only known from the lower Darriwilian in South China, thus suggesting an early Darriwilian age for this interval. The chitinozoans recovered from the Huadan Formation include Lagenochitina prussica and Spinachitina fossensis, both are mainly confined in Katian and sometimes ranging into younger strata. This indicates an age younger than the middle to late Darriwilian previously determined for the Huadan Formation. However, conflicts exist in age assignment of the Huadan Formation based on chitinozoan and other evidence, and further work is required.

Previous studies have recommended preserving semi-natural habitats as a strategy to promote natural enemies and reduce the abundance of agricultural pests. Such non-crop habitats, however, may increase pest abundance, causing spillover from non-crop to crop fields. A potentially more economical and attractive solution for farmers might arise if crop fields were themselves designed to aid in pest control. As part of such a strategy, we examined whether increasing crop compositional heterogeneity (i.e. the number of crop types and their evenness) and crop configurational heterogeneity (i.e. field margin length) could reduce the abundance of Pieris canidia, a major agricultural pest butterfly in several Asian countries. Adult females of P. canidia lay their eggs on cruciferous vegetables (Brassicaceae), and the emerging larvae consume the leaf tissue, causing crop damage. We surveyed adult P. canidia across 52 farmlands in south China when their abundance was at a peak in spring (April to May). Our results showed that the percentage of cruciferous crops (cabbage, oilseed rape, and pak choi) at the 100 m radius local scale was strongly positively associated with P. canidia abundance. However, crop compositional heterogeneity, also at the local scale, significantly reduced the abundance of P. canidia. Field margin type, categorized by the spatial coexistence of the most dominant cover types (sugarcane, corn, vegetables, including crucifers, and weedy vegetation), was also an important explanatory variable, with weedy patches, usually consisting of fallow cropfields adjacent to the field margins, having the highest pest abundance. These results suggest that to control pest attack by P. canidia on cruciferous vegetables, increasing crop compositional heterogeneity could be a more effective strategy than increasing configurational heterogeneity or the amount of non-crop habitat. However, research measuring crop damage by larval butterflies is necessary to confirm this hypothesis. Nanyang Technological University Published version TSP was supported by a research scholarship awarded by the Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, and a Chinese Government Scholarship. EG and the project was funded by a Special Talents Recruitment grant from Guangxi University.

Cooperative networks are essential features of human society. Evolutionary theory hypothesizes that networks are used differently by men and women, yet the bulk of evidence supporting this hypothesis is based on studies conducted in a limited range of contexts and on few domains of cooperation. In this paper, we compare individual-level cooperative networks from two communities in Southwest China that differ systematically in kinship norms and institutions—one matrilineal and one patrilineal—while sharing an ethnic identity. Specifically, we investigate whether network structures differ based on prevailing kinship norms and type of gendered cooperative activity, one woman-centred (preparation of community meals) and one man-centred (farm equipment lending). Our descriptive results show a mixture of ‘feminine’ and ‘masculine’ features in all four networks. The matrilineal meals network stands out in terms of high degree skew. Exponential random graph models reveal a stronger role for geographical proximity in patriliny and a limited role of affinal relatedness across all networks. Our results point to the need to consider domains of cooperative activity alongside gender and cultural context to fully understand variation in how women and men leverage social relationships toward different ends.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Cooperation among women: evolutionary and cross-cultural perspectives’.

Objective To investigate the effect of perioperative blood pressure variability on cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome after carotid artery stenting. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted of data collected from 418 patients who underwent carotid artery stenting in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Hospital in China. The blood pressure data were collected during operation (after balloon dilation, before stent release, after stent release) and within 3 days after the operation. The blood pressure variability was evaluated by measuring the mean, maximum, minimum, max–min, standard deviation (SD) of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). The correlation between blood pressure variability and cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome was analysed. Results Blood pressure data from 418 patients were analysed. Twenty patients (4.8%) developed cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome. The parameters of blood pressure variability were divided into four groups according to quartile. After adjusting for age, symptomatic carotid stenosis, unilateral carotid stenosis, bilateral carotid stenosis, collateral circulation, diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease, multivariate analysis showed that SBPMax, SBPMin, SBPMax−Min, SBPCV, DBPSD, DBPMax, DBPMin, DBPMax−Min and DBPCV were associated with the occurrence of cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome ( P Conclusion This study suggests that blood pressure variability during the perioperative period may increase the risk of cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome.

open access article This work is based on the PhD project of Ling Tian. Decentralization and a lack of integration in the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC)industry are some of the main challenges for project management in green building construction.To address this problem, many construction companies have attempted to use buildinginformation modelling (BIM) to coordinate and optimize the management of green buildingprojects. However, the research on successfully adopting and using BIM in interdisciplinaryteams working on green building projects is limited; moreover, comprehensive comparisonsacross different countries and regions are lacking. Therefore, this study conducts a novelinvestigation of the key factors affecting the use of BIM in project management for greenbuilding construction through case studies in the UK and China. This study uses semi-structuredinterviews, Python-based term frequency analysis and thematic analysis to identifyfive keythemes, namely, communication, data environment, motivation, project members and policy,which influence the adoption and implementation of BIM. In addition, based on gained insights,the impacts of different green building certification levels on BIM project management duringthe construction phase must be fully considered. Thesefindings provide practicalrecommendations for BIM management in green building construction projects and contributeto thefield of construction management.

The article deals with the tradition of classical Chinese text «The Book of Changes». The relevance of the work lies in the fact that the value of "Zhou Yi" has been thoroughly studied by Chinese scientists, but for readers who do not speak Chinese, many aspects of the unique classic book are little known. It is shown that the text of «Zhou Yi» is much more meaningful than combinations of hectograms. The authors of the article point out that "Zhou Yi" was used to discuss many cultural and legal issues. The "Book of Changes" contains entries about the problems of ordering property issues. Such discussion contributed not only to the settlement of property management issues, but also consolidated the ancient tradition of following the morality and virtue. The article presents that the sphere of marriage and the family relations, based on the engagement ceremony, formed the basis of the entire future marriage system of China for many generations. The authors show that a separate chapter "Zhou Yi" is devoted to the rules of inheritance. In this section of the "Book of Changes" inheritance in the male line becomes the fundamental principle in China. This article emphasizes that much attention in the "Book of Changes" is paid to the forms, types and methods of execution and punishment, as well as the system of evidence. The article provides an analysis of the social, cultural and legal ideas of «Zhou Yi», which determined the specifics of the Chinese legal system., Статья посвящена обзору самой знаменитой и оригинальной китайской классической книги «Чжоу И» («Книги Перемен»). Актуальность работы заключается в том, что содержательная ценность «Чжоу И» давно и всестороннее изучена китайскими учёными, однако для читателей, не владеющих китайским языком, многие аспекты уникальной классической книги остаются малоизвестными. Показано, что текст «Чжоу И» гораздо более содержательный, чем комбинации гексаграмм для гаданий. Авторы статьи указывают, что «Чжоу И» использовали для обсуждения многих культурно-правовых вопросов. В «Книге Перемен» содержатся записи о проблемах упорядочивания вопросов собственности и других имущественных отношений. Такое обсуждение способствовало не только урегулированию вопросов управления имуществом, но и закрепляло древнюю традицию следования путём морали и добродетели. В статье представлено, что сфера брачно-семейных отношений, основанная на обряде помолвки и нашедшая отражение в «Книге Перемен», легла в основу всей будущей брачной системы Китая на многие поколения вперёд. Авторы показывают, что отдельная глава «Чжоу И» посвящена правилам наследования дел. Именно в данном разделе «Книги Перемен» говорится о том, что в Китае основополагающим принципом становится наследование по мужской линии. В данной статье подчёркивается, что большое внимание в «Книге Перемен» уделяется формам, видам и способам исполнения наказания, а также системе приведения доказательств. В статье подчёркнуто значение социальных и культурно-правовых ценностей «Чжоу И», во многом обусловивших специфику правовой системы Китая.

This article argues for the need to go beyond appreciating hierarchy and network as separate coordination processes. Rather it conceptualizes a mandated platform approach to facilitate inter-municipal collaboration with little collaboration experi-ence and diverse interests. Based on a mandated regional platform in China, this article examines what an appropriate mandate is, and how network coordination evolves on this mandated platform. Practically, this study provides a potentially new coordination approach that integrates hierarchy and network. It also has important theoretical implications to enhance our understanding of hybrid coordination and collaborative governance in the public management field.

The concentration and sources of organic nitrogen (ON) in lake sediment significantly affect the lake nitrogen cycle. However, the influencing factors and contributors to the ON accumulation rate (ONAR) are unclear. In this study, tree sediment cores from northern, eastern, and southern Dianchi Lake (DC-N, DC-E, and DC-S, respectively), sampled in July 2014, were used to study the effects of autochthonous and allochthonous sources on ON. The results showed that ON and the ONAR increased 2.4–5.1 and 2.6–4.8 times, respectively, from1900 to2000, especially since the 1980s, at which point algal blooms occurred more frequently. The ON contents decreased in the order: DC-S > DC-N > DC-E, whereas the ONAR values followed the order: DC-N > DC-S > DC-E, suggesting that the ONAR was influenced by ON content as well as depositional environmental conditions. The total concentrations of n-alkanes (n-C12 to n-C34) ranged from 4719.4 ng g− 1 to 61,959.6 ng g− 1 in the three sediment cores, each of which exhibited different n-alkanes characteristic variation with vertical depth. The sources of ON were mainly allochthonous (soil erosion and terrestrial plants) and autochthonous (algal and aquatic plants) in DC-S and DC-N, respectively, whereas they were primarily mixed planktonic and terrestrial sources in DC-E. Using the stochastic impacts by regression on population, affluence, and technology model to further examine the ONAR values revealed that 1% increase in temperature and nitrogen fertilizer can increase the ONAR by 73.8–86.2% and 73.2–151.3% in all sediments, especially in DC-S and DC-E. However, a 1% increase in construction area could reduce the ONAR by 2.4–14.2%, especially in DC-N. Overall, climate change and human activities determine the spatial and temporal ONAR variation in Dianchi Lake.

A typical anthropogenically disturbed urban river polluted by a combination of conventional pollutants (nitrogen and phosphorus pollution) and heavy metals was investigated along a 238 km stretch. Changes in the bacterial community were evaluated using high-throughput sequencing, and the relationships between bacteria, heavy metals, and conventional pollutants were investigated. There was large spatial heterogeneity in the bacterial community along the river, and bacterial diversity in the upstream and midstream sections was much higher than in the downstream section. Heavy metals and conventional pollutants both exhibited close correlations with bacterial diversity and composition. For instance, potential fecal indicator bacteria, sewage indicator bacteria and pathogenic bacteria, such as Ruminococcus and Pseudomonas, were closely associated with Cu, Zn, and NH

The patent-intensive industries play a leading and exemplary role in innovation driven, it is crucial to research evaluation methods to draw their levels and difference of innovation efficiency. This article proposes a new definition method for the patent-intensive industry with the ratio of inventions in force and research and development (RD constructing evaluation index system by comprehensive analysis of previous researches and objective judgment; extracting evaluation data. It evaluates the innovation efficiency of patent-intensive industries, demonstrates the corresponding characteristics: 1) the overall level of innovation efficiency is not high; 2) the RD and 3) the industry with better overall innovation efficiency has better transformation capability. It also provides the targeted industrial policy suggestions by dividing the patent-intensive industries into four categories. The research result shows that the proposed method is suitable for the innovation efficiency evaluation for the patent-intensive industries, and its research framework could be applied to the evaluation of other industries.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are important precursors of secondary organic compounds and ozone, which raise major environmental concerns. To investigate the VOC emission characteristics, measurements of VOCs based on proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry during 2017 were conducted in a coastal industrial area in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China. Based on seasonal variation in species concentration, the positive matrix factorization (PMF) receptor model was applied to apportion the sources of VOCs in each season. The PMF results revealed that unknown acetonitrile source, paint solvent, electronics industry, biomass burning, secondary formation and biogenic emission were mainly attributed to VOC pollution. Biomass burning and secondary formation were the major sources of VOCs and contributed more than 70% of VOC emissions in spring and autumn. Industry-related sources contributed 8.65%-31.2% of the VOCs throughout the year. The unknown acetonitrile source occurred in winter and spring, and contributed 7.6%-43.73% of the VOC emissions in the two seasons. Conditional probability function (CPF) analysis illustrated that the industry sources came from local emission, while biomass burning and biogenic emission mainly came from the northwest direction. The potential source contribution function (PSCF) model showed that secondary formation-related source was mainly from Jiangsu Province, northeastern China and the surrounding ocean. The potential source areas of unknown acetonitrile source were northern Zhejiang Province, southern Jiangsu Province and the northeastern coastal marine environments.

In 2016, logging-while-drilling (LWD) was conducted at 11 sites in the Shenhu area of the South China Sea to characterise the gas hydrate reservoir. The authors used LWD resistivity image from these sites to analyse the hydrate occurrence mode, near-well structure, sedimentary structure, fracture and in situ stress orientation of the gas hydrate reservoir. The analysis revealed the following. (a) Three categories of gas hydrate occurrence mode were identified: thick-bedded, dispersed and thin-bedded. (b) The dip angle of the regional stratigraphic structure is concentrated between 2 and 4°, and the dip direction is mainly south-west. (c) The typical sedimentary structure is deformed bedding and primarily developed in the gas hydrate intervals. It is inferred that the deformed bedding is affected by gas hydrate formation and the drilling process. (d) Based on the borehole breakout, the minimum horizontal principal stress direction was determined to be north-east–south-west, which provides valuable information for the design of the gas hydrate production. (e) Two categories of fracture were identified: conductive fracture and resistive fracture. Conductive fracture developed in the gas hydrate zone and contributed to higher gas hydrate saturation. High-resolution resistivity images provide extensive visual geological information and are particularly important in future exploration plans.

BACKGROUND: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are a serious global public health issue. However, a comprehensive analysis of risk factors for HAIs has yet been undertaken at a large scale among general hospitals in China. The aim of this review is to assess risk factors associated with HAIs in Chinese general hospitals.METHODS: Medline, EMBASE and Chinese Journals Online databases were searched to find studies published from January 1 st 2001 to May 31 st 2022. The random-effects model was used to estimate odds ratio (OR). Heterogeneity was assessed based on the τˆ 2 and I 2 statistics. RESULTS: 5,037 published papers were identified from the initial search and 58 studies were included in the quantitative meta-analysis. 1,211,117 hospitalised patients were incorporated covering 41 regions in 23 provinces of China and 29,737 were identified as having HAIs. Our review showed that HAIs were significantly associated with sociodemographic characteristics including age older than 60 years (OR: 1.74[1.38-2.19]) and male sex (1.33[1.20-1.47]); invasive procedures (3.54[1.50-8.34]); health conditions such as chronic diseases (1.49[1.22-1.82]), coma (OR: 5.12[1.70-15.38]) and immunosuppression (2.45[1.55-3.87]). Other risk factors included long-term bed (5.84[5.12-6.66]), and healthcare-related risk factors as chemotherapy (1.96[1.28-3.01]), haemodialysis (3.12[1.80-5.39]), hormone therapy (2.96[1.96-4.45]), immunosuppression (2.45[1.55-3.87]) and use of antibiotics (6.64 [3.16-13.96]), and longer than 15 hospitalisation days (13.36[6.80-26.26]).CONCLUSIONS: Being male and aged over 60 years, invasive procedure, health conditions, healthcare-related risk factors, and longer than 15 hospitalisation days were the main risk factors associated with HAIs in Chinese general hospitals. This supports the evidence base to inform the relevant cost effective prevention and control strategies.

Carex sect. Mitratae s.l. was established by Kükenthal in 1909 and can be distinguished from the closely related sections in having nutlets frequently discoid-annulate at the apex and a persistent style base. Based on field surveys and specimen examination, three new species of sect. Mitratae are described and illustrated here. Carex fatsuaniana was collected from Yunnan and differs from C. truncatigluma in having the utricles nearly glabrous, the nutlets with a ca. 0.5 mm long beak at the apex, the staminate spikes cylindrical, 5–7.5 cm long, 4–5 mm wide, and the pistillate glumes acuminate at the apex. Carex damingshanica was collected from Guangxi and differs from C. breviscapa and C. rhynchachaenium in having 3 or 4 spikes, the lateral spikes cylindrical, the pistillate glumes, utricles and nutlets all shorter than in the other two species. Carex radicalispicula was collected from Sichuan and differs from C. truncatirostris in having the staminate spikes clavate, 1.5–2 mm wide, the pistillate glumes pale yellow-white, 3–3.2 mm long, acuminate or short-awned at the apex, and the nutlets with 3 angles shallowly constricted at the middle.

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on China in terms of both health and economic crises and to provide an in-depth analysis of the government’s economic policies in response to the crisis. To achieve this, the study analyzes data on the spread and progression of the COVID-19 pandemic in China and the data on the Chinese economy and government initiatives to stimulate economic growth. The study draws on relevant literature to contextualize the effects of past crises on the global economy. The study found that the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on the Chinese economy, resulting in the first annual decline in growth since 1976. The government’s response to the crisis focused on job security rather than economic growth. The study also revealed that the government implemented various measures to stimulate the economy, such as tax relief, loans to small and medium-sized enterprises, and investments in infrastructure projects. The study provides insight into the effectiveness of the government’s economic policies in response to the crisis and offers important scientific findings on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on China’s economy and public health. The study highlights the challenges faced by China in responding to the crisis and provides valuable lessons for other countries. The study’s contribution lies in its thorough analysis of the Chinese case and its potential to serve as a model for other economies in the post-pandemic era.

A foundational question in political behavior is whether the public possesses structured political preferences, something we can call ideology. The nature of ideology under authoritarian rule is particularly mysterious. In this paper, we examine the structure of ideology in Chinese public opinion using a nationally representative urban survey. We show that ideology in China is organized around a left-right economic dimension and an authoritarian-democratic political dimension, and that the most politically sophisticated individuals are the least likely to constrain their ideological preferences to one dimension. By analyzing the correlates of ideology, we see that younger and better-educated individuals are the most likely to favor free markets, and that while members of the Communist Party no longer possess any sort of distinct economic preferences, they are markedly more authoritarian. We argue that individuals can acquire a weakly structured understanding of politics in the absence of open partisan conflict.

Extreme surges and rainfall represent major driving factors for compound flooding in estuary regions along the Chinese coast. The combined effect of extreme surges and rainfall (that is, compound floods) might lead to greater impacts than if the drivers occurred in isolation. Hence, understanding the frequency and severity of compound flooding is important for improving flood hazard assessment and compound flood resilience in coastal cities. In this study, we examined the dependence between extreme surges and corresponding rainfall events in 26 catchments along the Chinese coastline during typhoon and non-typhoon seasons using copula functions, to identify where the two drivers more often occur together and the implication for flood management in these locations. We found that the interaction between flood drivers is statistically significant in 10 catchments located around Hainan Island (south) and Shanghai, where surge peaks occur mainly during the typhoon season and around the Bohai Sea (north), where surge peaks occur mainly during the non-typhoon season. We further applied the copula-based framework to model the dependence between surge peaks and associated rainfall and estimate their joint and conditional probability in two specific locations—Hainan Island and the Bohai Sea, where the correlation between flood drivers is statistically significant. We observed that in Hainan Island where most of the surge peaks occur during the typhoon season, extreme rainfall events during the typhoon season are generally more intense compared to annual maxima rainfall. In contrast, around the Bohai Sea where surge peaks occur mainly outside the typhoon season, rainfall is less intense than annual maxima rainfall. These results show that the interaction between extreme surges and rainfall can provide valuable insight when designing coastal and urban infrastructure, especially in highly populated urban areas prone to both coastal and pluvial flooding, such as many Chinese coastal cities.

China has become a workshop for the world, and manufacturing in the country is increasingly moving beyond labor-intensive, low value-added products. As a result, companies in different industries around the world are facing increasing competition. Taiwan's bicycle industry is a good example. Taiwan's A-Team aims to establish standardization to achieve the functions of an industrial platform in the bicycle industry. Taiwan's A-Team forms an innovation ecosystem through the participation of domestic and foreign complementary companies and suppliers. The companies of Taiwan's A-Team focus on high value-added products in the global bicycle industry by competing and cooperating with each other in the innovation ecosystem. A study of Taiwan's A-Team provides a number of insights into how this goal is achieved.

This paper studies the causal impact of political connections on innovation. Using a unique hand-collected data set of sudden deaths of politically connected independent directors (i.e., retired government officials) in Chinese firms, we find that an unexpected loss of political connections increases a firm’s patent applications by 34% (14 patents). The innovation response is more pronounced in firms with stronger connections: when the connected directors held higher-level bureaucratic positions or when firms operate within their geographical jurisdictions. Upon losing political connections firms face higher competitive pressure and divert resources from rent-seeking into innovation investment. Our findings highlight the role of competition in the substitution between political connections and innovation, particularly in settings where formal institutions are weak.

Despite millions of seafarers and passengers staying on ships each year, few studies have been conducted on the indoor air quality inside ship hulls. In this study, we investigated the levels and size distribution of indoor particulate matter during two cruises of the research vessel "Xuelong" from Shanghai to Antarctica. The results showed that the particle size less than 2.5 µm (PM

Traditional technology diffusion literature focuses on the diffusion of technologies within the extant manufacturing paradigm. By contrast, few studies have explored the determinants and mechanisms of technology diffusion when moving across manufacturing paradigms. In this article, therefore, we aim to explore the intrinsic and institutional factors, as well as the impact mechanism on technology diffusion in the context of manufacturing paradigm shift. Specifically, this article investigates the role of the government in this scenario. A firm-level survey is conducted to investigate the National Programme “Made in China 2025” and its first demonstration city Quanzhou. The data comes from multiple sources, including questionnaires, official statistics data, and patent databases. Logistical regression is used to analyze 236 valid observations. Results reveal that besides the intrinsic factors including the characteristics of general purpose technology (GPT) and economic expectation, GPT-oriented service platforms also have significant impacts on technology diffusion in a manufacturing paradigm shift. In addition, government interventions, especially indirect ones, have significant moderating effects on this influential mechanism. This study provides insight into how government can promote technology diffusion in a manufacturing paradigm shift. These results will be of interest to policy makers, industrialists, and academics.

本論文では，理論および実証研究の結果を踏まえ，山東省における日系情報通信企業の関連会社と子会社のそれぞれ1社ずつに対してインタビュー調査を行った。関連会社の生産性も子会社のそれも本社に左右されることが明らかになったが，関連会社の経営は厳しいものの労働集約的な業務から知的集約的なものに移行し生産性を高める努力をしている一方，子会社は親会社の経営が順調である限り労働集約的な業務でも生産性を上昇させることができるが，人的資本がかなり成長している中国においては，労働集約的な業務での労働者の採用が難しくなっていることが明らかになった。これまでの研究では親会社の視点で書かれた先行研究が多く，ほとんど明らかにされていなかった関連会社と子会社に分けて調査する必要性を示すことができた。, Based on the results of theoretical and empirical studies, interviews were conducted with one affiliate and one subsidiary of Japanese ICT firms in Shandong Province. Although the productivity of affiliate and that of subsidiary were dependent on the headquarter, the affiliate made efforts to increase productivity by shifting from labor-intensive to more knowledge-intensive work, while the subsidiary was able to increase productivity even in labor-intensive activity as long as the parent company's management was doing well. Yet, in China, where human capital is growing considerably, the subsidiary was facing increasingly difficulty in recruiting workers for labor-intensive work. This indicates the need to investigate affiliated companies and subsidiaries separately, which has rarely been clarified in previous studies, many of which have been written from the parent company's perspective.

The lack of diagnostic taxonomic characteristics in some species complexes leave the species delimitation of Oxytropis DC. unresolved. Seed morphological features have proved to be useful diagnostic and taxonomic characteristics in Fabaceae. However, there are few systematic studies on the seed characteristics of Oxytropis. Here, we used scanning electron and stereoscopic microscopy to investigate the seed characteristics of 35 samples obtained from 21 Oxytropis species from northwest China. Our examination showed two main types of hilum positions, terminal and central, and five different types of seed shapes: prolonged semielliptic, reniform, prolonged reniform, quadratic, and cardiform. Seven different sculpturing patterns were identified: scaled, regulated, lophate with stellated testa cells, simple reticulate, rough, compound reticulate, and lophate with rounded testa cells. The seeds ranged from 1.27 to 2.57 mm in length and from 1.18 to 2.02 mm in width, and the length-to-width ratio ranged from 0.89 to 1.55 mm. The seed shape was constant within species and was useful for species delimitation within the genus Oxytropis when combined with other macroscopic traits. In contrast, the sculpturing patterns were highly variable at the species level and could not be used for species identification. Results of the cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the seed traits of Oxytropis species are useful for taxa identification at the species level, but have low taxonomic value at the section level.

З метою поглибленого розуміння тягаря сільського населення в Китаї та Україні, коригування структури сільських людських ресурсів та кращого сприяння ефективному впровадженню управління сільськими людськими ресурсами в обох країнах. У цьому дослідженні було проаналізовано Статистичний щорічник Китаю та Демографічний щорічник України для вимірювання тягаря сільського населення в Китаї та Україні за трьома показниками: чисельність сільського населення, природний приріст населення та рівень міграції населення, використовуючи період 2011–2020 років як часовий проміжок. Результати дослідження показують, що і Китай, і Україна стикаються з відносно серйозним демографічним навантаженням, але прояви демографічного навантаження дуже різні. Навантаження на сільське населення Китаю характеризується перенаселеністю, про що свідчить велика кількість сільського населення, високий рівень народжуваності та значний надлишок сільської робочої сили; навантаження на сільське населення України характеризується недонаселеністю, про що свідчать низький природний приріст населення та низький рівень природної міграції, збільшення кількості сільських жителів, які виїжджають за межі сільської місцевості, та продовження від'ємного приросту сільського населення. Виходячи з цього були надані дві рекомендації. З одного боку, Китай має зосередити зусилля на підвищенні пропускної спроможності сільської місцевості для населення, зміцненні первинної промисловості, розвитку третинної індустрії, покращенні можливостей сільських жителів щодо започаткування власного бізнесу та мінімізації надлишку робочої сили у сільській місцевості. З іншого боку, Україна має скоригувати свою демографічну політику, вжити численних заходів для заохочення дітонародження та прагнути до підвищення народжуваності. Водночас це має сприяти підвищенню рівня доходів та зайнятості сільського населення, посиленню соціального захисту, підвищенню привабливості сільських територій, збалансуванню соціального тиску, спричиненого дефіцитом сільської робочої сили. Це дослідження має важливе значення для зменшення демографічного навантаження на сільські території обох країн, оптимізації структури сільських трудових ресурсів та вдосконалення управління сільськими людськими ресурсами. In order to deeply understand the burden of rural population in China and Ukraine, adjust the structure of rural human resources and better promote the effective implementation of rural human resources management in both countries. This study reviewed the China Statistical Yearbook and the Ukraine Demographic Yearbook to measure the rural population burden in China and Ukraine in terms of three indicators: rural population size, natural population growth rate, and population migration rate, using 2011–2020 as the time period. The results show that both China and Ukraine are facing serious population burden, but the manifestations of population burden are completely different. China's rural population burden is characterized by overpopulation, which is manifested as a large number of rural population, a high birth rate and a large surplus rural labor force. The rural population burden of Ukraine is characterized by insufficient population, which is manifested by low natural growth rate of population and natural growth rate of immigration, more and more rural population moving out of the countryside, and continuous negative growth of rural population.On the basis of this, two suggestions are put forward. On the one hand, China should pay attention to improving the carrying capacity of rural population, strengthen the primary industry, develop the tertiary industry, improve the ability of rural residents to start their own businesses, and reduce the surplus rural labor force as far as possible. On the other hand, Ukraine should adjust its population policy, take various measures to encourage birth and strive to increase the birth rate. At the same time, the income level and employment rate of the rural population should be increased, social welfare security should be strengthened, and the attractiveness of rural areas should be enhanced to balance the social pressure brought by the shortage of rural labor force. This study is of great significance for relieving the pressure of rural population, optimizing the structure of rural human resources and improving the management level of rural human resources in both countries.

Розвиток суспільства сильно залежить від енергії. Однак екстенсивне використання енергії викликає глобальні проблеми, такі як виснаження ресурсів і потепління клімату. Китай та Індія є типовими швидкозростаючими країнами, що розвива-ються, економічний прогрес в яких залежить від традиційного споживання енергії. Для реалізації бачення сталого розвитку цих держав необхідно вивчити економічну ефективність використання енергії цими націями. На основі аналізу тенденцій енергоспоживання та валового внутрішнього продукту в Китаї та Індії з 1990 по 2019 роки в цій статті обговорюються зміни індексу енергоспоживання на одиницю валового внутрішнього продукту. Автори дійшли висновку, що споживання енер-гії в Китаї та Індії здебільшого здіснюється промисловістю, житловим сектором і транспортом. Якщо аналізувати за типами ресурсів, Китай споживає переважно вугілля, нафтопродукти та електроенергію, тоді як Індія живиться здебіль-шого вугіллям, нафтопродуктами, біопаливом та відходами. Оскільки обидві країни переважно використовують вугілля та нафтопродукти, які належать до викопного палива, вони викидають велику кількість вуглекислого газу, що загрожує якості навколишнього середовища. Зважаючи на це, Китай та Індія повинні зосередитися на розвитку зеленої енергетики. Загальне споживання енергії в Китаї набагато більше, ніж в Індії, а валовий внутрішній продукт Китаю перевищує індійський. Однак енергоспоживання Китаю на одиницю валового внутрішнього продукту менше, ніж в Індії. Чим вище споживання енергії на одиницю валового внутрішнього продукту, тим більша залежність економічного розвитку країни від енергії. Тож пропозиції авторів полягають у стимулюванні розвитку невикопних джерел енергії та коригуванні енергетичного балансу досліджува-них країн, переробки твердих відходів та заохоченні торгівлі викидами, кліматичних інвестицій та фінансування в державах для досягнення цілей сталого розвитку. The development of society is highly dependent on energy. However, the extensive use of power causes global problems such as resource exhaustion and climate warming. China and India are typical fast-growing developing countries whose economic advancement relies on traditional energy consumption. To realize the vision of sustainable development for these states, it is necessary to study the nations' economic efficiency of power use. Based on the analysis of energy consumption and gross domestic product trends in China and India from 1990 to 2019, this paper discusses the changes in the energy consumption index per unit of gross domestic product. The authors concluded that the power consumption in China and India is mainly concentrated in the industry, residential, and transport sectors. Divided by resource types, the energy consumed by China comes primarily from coal, oil products, and electricity, while the power consumed by India is mainly from coal, oil products, biofuels and waste. Since both countries mostly use coal and oil products which belong to fossil fuels, they emit large amounts of carbon dioxide, endangering the environment quality. Given this, China and India should focus on green power development. China's total energy consumption is much larger than India's, and China's gross domestic product is much larger than India's. However, China's energy consumption per unit of gross domestic product is less than India's. The higher the energy consumption per unit of gross domestic product is, the higher the dependence of economic development on energy is. The authors' suggestions are to develop non-fossil energy sources and adjust the energy mix, recycle solid wastes, and encourage carbon trading, climate investment and financing in the states to reach sustainable development targets.

Fast reactors with heavy liquid metal coolant (lead or eutectic bismuth-lead alloy) are one of the most advanced technologies capable to address the accumulated world nuclear energy issues. This innovative power technology is being developed in Russia, the USA, China and the European Union. Russia is the leader since it has focused on this topic for a number of decades. First concrete started to be poured in June 2021 to form the foundation of the Russian BREST-OD-300 lead cooled reactor scheduled to be started up in 2026. Attention is also given to the development status of the Chinese CLEAR reactor series. A large scope of R&D has been undertaken, and large-scale nonnuclear experimental facilities are under construction. International Euro-US consortiums for the development of the ALFRED, PLFR and MYRRHA reactors do not expect any unsolvable technical issues either and are currently formulating requirements to the test facilities and candidate materials and technologies required for further activities.

Understanding the aerosol vertical characterization is of great importance to both climate and atmospheric environment. This study investigated the variations of aerosol profiles over eight regions of interest in China after clean air policy (2013-2019) and discussed the drivers of the vertical aerosol structure, using observations from active satellite measurements (CALIPSO). From the annual variation, the amplitude of extinction coefficient profiles showed a decreasing trend with fluctuations, and the maximum was 0.21 km

The short-term impacts of urban air pollution on the platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) remain obscure. In this study, we included 3487 urban adults from the Wuhan-Zhuhai cohort. Individual inhalation exposure to air pollutants was estimated by combining participants' daily breath volume and ambient concentrations of six air pollutants (including fine particulate matter (PM

This is a comparative study of official diplomatic speeches regarding COVID-19, released by spokespersons for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and documents from the United States Department of State China Archive. It explores how these speeches and documents reflect the US–China relations and the conduct of policies surrounding digital media in the two countries. We focus on the period from the start of the Wuhan lockdown, 20 January 2020, to the city’s reopening on 8 April, and use several forms of content analysis to analyse the documents: Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic modelling, sentiment network analysis and word clouds. We argue that the diplomatic relationship and political ideologies adopted by different political and media systems can have a major impact upon media policy implementation and guidance.

Wuhan Tianhe International Airport (WUH) was suspended to contain the spread of COVID-19, while Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport (SHA) saw a tremendous flight reduction. Closure of a major international airport is extremely rare and thus represents a unique opportunity to straightforwardly observe the impact of airport emissions on local air quality. In this study, a series of statistical tools were applied to analyze the variations in air pollutant levels in the vicinity of WUH and SHA. The results of bivariate polar plots show that airport SHA and WUH are a major source of nitrogen oxides. NO

Although point and nonpoint sources contribute roughly equal nutrient loads to lakes, their relative role in supporting algae growth has not been clarified. In this research, we have established a quantitative relationship between algae-available phosphorus (P) and P chemical fractions in sediments; the latter indicates the relative contribution of point versus nonpoint sources. Surface sediments from three large shallow lakes in eastern China, namely, the Chaohu, Taihu and Hongzehu Lakes, were sampled to assess their algae-available P and chemically extracted P fractions. The algae-available P primarily comes from iron/aluminium (hydr)oxide-bound P (Fe/Al-bound P), 45% of which is algae-available P. The ratio of Fe/Al-bound P to calcium compound-bound P (Ca-bound P) indicated the relative contribution of point to nonpoint sources, with the point sources contributing the majority of increased Fe/Al-bound P in sediments. Therefore, the reduction of point sources from urbanized areas, rather than nonpoint sources from agricultural areas that primarily contribute to the Ca-bound P fraction, should be prioritized to alleviate cyanobacterial algal blooms (CyanoHABs) in shallow lakes with sediment P as a potential source to support algae growth. With these important results, we proposed a conceptual model for "P-pumping suction" from sediments to algae to aid in the development of the criteria for sediment P concentrations in shallow lakes.

The study of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in northeastern Tibetan Plateau with fragile ecological environment and complex atmospheric circulation system is blank. To understand the characteristics and sources of persistent organic pollutants in the atmosphere of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, we monitored levels in the central Qilian Mountain. From 2016 to 2017, we collected 45-pair (particle + gas) samples using active air samplers to investigate the sources, transport paths, and their influencing factors. Sources of PAHs were analysed with a source diagnostic model, and atmospheric transport paths were calculated. The concentration range for ∑

The tremendous growth in search and rescue volunteerism in China of the past decade marks a shift from state monopoly to growing social participation in emergency governance related to disasters and various other forms of emergency. In some respects, the Chinese case can be contextualised in the global rise of ‘vernacular humanitarianism’. This article joins recent anthropologists’ and historians’ attempts to de-centre and pluralise humanitarianism, which has so far been dominated by the paradigms of Northern-led and highly institutionalised international regimes. Drawing on ethnographic research in southeast China, it suggests that the lens of vernacular imaginaries and desire is particularly fruitful for articulating how people act across various social and cultural spheres that go beyond the dichotomous scholarly paradigms of state-centric interpellation and individual compassions/resistance in the Chinese context. It also allows us to rescue the plural political potentials of humanitarianism from cynicisms regarding the major paradigms of humanitarianism. Depuis dix ans, le bénévolat des secouristes en Chine a beaucoup augmenté et cette activité constitue un changement du monopole d’état vers une participation sociale croissante dans la gouvernance en rapport avec des sinistres et autres formes d'urgences, y compris les efforts de trouver des personnes disparues. En quelque sorte, le cas chinois correspond à l'expansion globale de ‘l'humanitarisme volontaire’. En utilisant le terme analytique de ‘l'humanitarisme volontaire’, cet article poursuit les efforts d'historiens et d'anthropologues pour décentraliser et diversifier les notions de l'aide humanitaire. Ces notions ont été influencées trop longtemps par des paradigmes du Nord et par des régimes internationaux hyper-institutionalisés. L'article est fondé sur la recherche ethnographique dans le sud-est de la Chine. Elle propose que la volonté des bénévoles d'aider est en lien avec leur conceptualisation d'urgences, et la vision d'un personnage militaire qui produit la sociabilité et la matérialité soutenant l'expansion d'assistance et de ses opérations régulières. Les concepts de l'imaginaire vernaculaire et du désir sont fructueux pour décrire les actions de gens dans de nombreux domaines sociales et culturels qui dépassent la dichotomie universitaire de l'interpellation étatique et les compassions/résistances des individus dans le contexte chinois. Nous pourrions ainsi sauver la pluralité des possibilités politiques dans l'humanitarisme et échapper aux cynismes concernant ses paradigmes majeurs.

Lymphoepithelial carcinoma (LEC) of the larynx is an extremely rare tumour which, unlike its nasopharyngeal counterpart, has shown a propensity to affect elderly Caucasian men and is not commonly associated with Epstein-Barr virus. We present a 70-year-old Chinese man who complained of hoarseness and dysphagia. Nasoendoscopy revealed a left supraglottic tumour. Preoperative MRI (in particular Diffusion Weighted Imaging) showed the possibility of two distinct components within a tumour. The patient underwent total pharyngolaryngectomy and bilateral selective neck dissection. The final histology report confirmed the presence of a tumour with two distinct components: predominant LEC with a smaller conventional (keratinising) squamous cell carcinoma component. The patient recovered well after surgery and subsequently underwent adjuvant radiotherapy. Final staging was pT3 N2c M0 (AJCC stage IVA). Follow-up over 2 years revealed no tumour recurrence.

The purpose of this paper is to interpret the decision to choose a country to entrust its service providers with the software development activity. Based on transaction cost theory, the cost measurement waxes derived from this theory are used to compare two competing countries in the Offshore market: India and China. Salary, ICT, language, trust and economic and institutional stability are the points of differentiation on which this study is based. By using an exploratory and a comparative study based on secondary data from different statistical sources, the study confirms that according to the TCT, India remains a more appropriate choice than China for client firms seeking to outsource software development activity. This paper is completely original and proposes a new research component that links TCT predictions with the country chosen as a part of Offshore’s strategy.

W artykule przedstawiono działania administracji Trumpa wobec Unii Europejskiej. Analizując problem, starano się dociec przyczyn napięć na linii Waszyngton–Bruksela oraz zarysować główną oś sporu. Były nią napięte relacje handlowe, które weszły nawet w fazę niewypowiedzianej wojny handlowej między USA a UE. Wykazano, że istotą problemu było to, że Trump używał wyższych ceł na towary sprowadzane z Europy jako instrumentu wywierania nacisku oraz realizowania polityki wymierzonej w UE. Wspólnota zaś reagowała cłami odwetowymi. W efekcie osłabiano spoistość sojuszu transatlantyckiego. The article presents the actions of the Trump administration towards the European Union. By analyzing the problem, they tried to find out the causes of tensions between Washington and Brussels and to outline the main axis of the dispute. It was the strained trade relations, which even entered the phase of an undeclared trade war between the US and the EU. It has been shown that the essence of the problem was that Trump used higher tariffs on goods imported from Europe as an instrument of exerting pressure and implementing policies aimed at the EU. As a result, the cohesion of the transatlantic alliance was weakened.

Sathon Mason, 1981 is reported for the first time from China through providing a diagnosis, description, and images of Sathon falcatus (Nees, 1834). The mitochondrial genome of S. falcatus was sequenced, annotated and analysed.

Our work focuses on the impact of trade credit financing on firm efficiency exploiting a sample of Chinese manufacturing listed firms for the period 2004 to 2018. We find that trade credit significantly improves firm efficiency. This positive association is stronger in firms located in regions with higher levels of social trust, during periods with higher economic policy uncertainty and in times of economic downturn. We reveal three economic mechanisms underlying our baseline findings: alleviating financial constraints, mitigating agency conflicts, and reducing transaction costs. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 71703127, No. 71872022 and No. 72272018), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 2022CDSKXYJG007) and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 2022M710511).

The effect of early exposure to famine on progression of depressive symptoms has not been studied and the Chinese Famine offers a unique opportunity to explore this association with its long duration and widespread influence.To investigate the longitudinal association of early famine exposure with subsequent depressive symptoms and whether there existed a critical exposure period.Data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) were analysed. Famine exposure was evaluated retrospectively in 2014 and severe famine exposure was defined as starvation to death of family members. Depressive symptoms were assessed prospectively from wave 1 (2011-2012) to wave 4 (2018) using the 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Linear mixed model and Cox proportional hazards model were applied to evaluate associations of famine exposure with progression or occurrence of depressive symptoms.A total of 7053 participants were included. Compared with no famine exposure, severe famine exposure was associated with a faster growth in CES-D score (0.169 point/year, 95 % CI 0.035 to 0.304, P = 0.013) and an elevated risk of occurrence of depressive symptoms (HR 1.360, 95 % CI 1.069 to 1.729, P = 0.012). Further analysis revealed that famine exposure during middle childhood was associated with a faster growth in CES-D score (0.404 point/year, 95 % CI 0.164 to 0.644, P = 0.001).This is an observational study therefore causal relationship cannot be concluded.Early exposure to severe famine was associated with aggravation of depressive symptoms. Middle childhood might be a critical time window for depression prevention.

The seasonal changes in dissolved organic matter (DOM), and its correlation with the release of internal nutrients during the annual cycle of cyanobacteria in the eutrophic Lake Chaohu, China, were investigated from four sampling periods between November 2020 and July 2021. The DOM fluorescence components were identified as protein-like C1, microbial humic-like C2, and terrestrial humic-like C3. The highest total fluorescence intensity (F

Decades of violent upheaval during the Late Ming and Early Qing in Sichuan caused the human population to decrease dramatically. Subsequent processes of rewilding reveal the tight connection between humans and their environment as well as the human interpretation of such dramatic changes. First, the irrigation facilities and former agricultural landscape of Sichuan deteriorated along with the decline of the human population. Due to lack of labour, the neglect and ultimate collapse of the Dujiangyan irrigation system in western Sichuan province resulted in rice-paddy agriculture becoming untenable. This led to the farmlands going through a process of rewilding. Then, when tigers proliferated and tiger-attacks became a common occurrence in Sichuan, the status of predator/prey and the activity spaces between humans and tigers were reversed. The tiger attacks were terrifying and interpreted as an example of social failure, representing the tension between human and environment that contributed to the temporary retreat of the human from the Sichuan Basin.

Air pollution is a major obstacle to future sustainability, and traffic pollution has become a large drag on the sustainable developments of future metropolises. Here, combined with the large volume of real-time monitoring data, we propose a deep learning model, iDeepAir, to predict surface-level PM

Phosphorus (P) in sediments plays an important role in shallow lake ecosystems and has a major effect on the lake environment. The mobility and bioavailability of P primarily depend on the contents of different P forms, which in turn depend on the sedimentary environment. Here, sediment samples from Baiyangdian (BYD) lake were collected and measured by the Standards, Measurements, and Testing procedure and Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P NMR) to characterize different P forms and their relationships with sediment physicochemical properties. The P content in the sediments varied in different areas and had characteristics indicative of exogenous river input. Inorganic P (334-916 mg/kg) was the dominant form of P. The 31P NMR results demonstrated that orthophosphate monoesters (16-110 mg/kg), which may be a source of P when redox conditions change, was the dominant form of organic P (20-305 mg/kg). The distribution of P forms in each region varied greatly because of the effects of anthropogenic activities, and the regions affected by exogenous river input had a higher content of P and a higher risk of P release. Principal component analysis indicated that P bound to Fe, Al, and Mn oxides and hydroxides (NaOH-P) and organic P were mainly derived from industrial and agricultural pollution, respectively. Redundancy analysis indicated that increases in pH lead to the release of NaOH-P. Organic matter plays an important role in the organic P biogeochemical cycle, as it acts as a sink and source of organic P.