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Patients with refractory or relapsed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have poor survival, necessitating the exploration of optimized therapeutic strategy. Here, we aimed to investigate clinical outcomes and health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) after total therapy, which included allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), and prophylactic donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) in the early phase after transplantation, followed by multiple measurable residual disease (MRD) and graft-versus-host disease (GvHD)-guided DLIs.Consecutive patients who had refractory or relapsed AML and had received non-T-cell-depleted allo-HSCT at Peking University Institute of Hematology were included in the study. If the patients achieved complete remission at 30 days after transplantation and had no evidence of relapse, severe infection, organ failure, and active GvHD at the time of planned DLI, prophylactic DLI was administered at 30 days after transplantation for human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched related HSCT or at 45-60 days after transplantation for haploidentical or unrelated HSCT. Subsequently, multiple DLIs were administered based on MRD results and whether they developed GvHD after transplantation.A total of 105 patients were eligible. Eighty-seven patients received prophylactic DLI (group B), while 18 did not receive prophylactic DLI (group A). Among 105 patients, the cumulative incidence of grade 2-4 acute GvHD and chronic GvHD was 40.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 30.6%-50.6%) and 73.3% (95% CI = 67.4%-79.2%), respectively. The cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR), transplant-related mortality (TRM), and leukemia-free survival (LFS) at 5 years after transplantation were 31.5% (95% CI = 21.9%-41.1%), 22.1% (95% CI = 11.3%-32.9%), and 46.4% (95% CI = 36.8%-56.0%), respectively. In group B, the CIR, TRM, and LFS at 5 years after transplantation were 27.6% (95% CI = 17.6%-37.6%), 21.6% (95% CI = 11.2%-32.0%), and 50.8% (95% CI = 40.0%-61.6%), respectively. At the end of follow-up, 48 patients survived, and more than 90% of survivors had satisfactory recoveries of HR-QoL.Our study indicated that total therapy is not only associated with decreased CIR, comparable TRM, and better long-term LFS, but also with satisfactory HR-QoL for refractory or relapsed AML, compared with those of standard of care therapy reported previously. Therefore, total therapy may be an optimized therapeutic strategy for refractory or relapsed AML.

Li et al delineate a novel technique for assessing measurable residual disease (MRD) by the assessment of isolated leukemia stem cells (LSCs). They report that assessment of MRD in LSCs provides a better prediction of outcome than standard multiparameter flow cytometry.

Figure S1-S3. Table S1-S3

Purpose:Although myeloablative HLA haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT) following pretransplant anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) stimulated grafts (ATG+G-CSF) has been confirmed as an alternative to HSCT from HLA-matched sibling donors (MSD), the effect of haplo-HSCT on postremission treatment of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with intermediate risk (int-risk AML) who achieved first complete remission (CR1) has not been defined.Patients and Methods:In this prospective trial, among 443 consecutive patients ages 16–60 years with newly diagnosed de novo AML with int-risk cytogenetics, 147 patients with molecular int-risk AML who achieved CR1 within two courses of induction and remained in CR1 at 4 months postremission either received chemotherapy (n = 69) or underwent haplo-HSCT (n = 78).Results:The 3-year leukemia-free survival (LFS) and overall survival (OS) were significantly higher in the haplo-HSCT group than in the chemotherapy group (74.3% vs. 47.3%; P = 0.0004 and 80.8% vs. 53.5%; P = 0.0001, respectively). In the multivariate analysis with propensity score adjustment, postremission treatment (haplo-HSCT vs. chemotherapy) was an independent risk factor affecting the LFS [HR 0.360; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.163–0.793; P = 0.011], OS (HR 0.361; 95% CI, 0.156–0.832; P = 0.017), and cumulative incidence of relapse (HR 0.161; 95% CI, 0.057–0.459; P = 0.001) either in entire cohort or stratified by minimal residual disease after the second consolidation.Conclusions:Myeloablative haplo-HSCT with ATG+G-CSF is superior to chemotherapy as a postremission treatment in patients with int-risk AML during CR1. Haplo-HSCT might be a first-line postremission therapy for int-risk AML in the absence of HLA-MSDs. Haplo-HSCT might be superior to chemotherapy as a first-line postremission treatment of intermediate-risk AML in CR1.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the adverse effects of mixed chimaerism (MC) on survival outcomes and to assess the ability of different factors to predict MC in severe aplastic anaemia (SAA) patients after HLA-matched donor transplantation. A retrospective study was conducted in 103 consecutive SAA patients who received matched related (MRD) or unrelated donor (MUD) transplantation. The cumulative incidences of mixed chimaerism were 17.8 ± 0.2% and 25.0 ± 0.8% in the MRD and MUD cohorts, respectively (P = 0.432). Patients with mixed chimaerism had significantly poorer 10-year failure-free survival (FFS) than those with donor chimaerism (35.0% vs. 87.0%, P P P = 0.018), at the final follow-up. Therefore, patients with mixed chimaerism suffered poorer long-term FFS, and patients with high-risk scores will be more likely to develop mixed chimaerism. Thus, more intensive conditioning might be recommended for these high-risk patients.

Haploidentical allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT) is a significant alternative treatment for severe aplastic anaemia (SAA). To improve this process by modifying the risk stratification system, we conducted a retrospective study using our database. 432 SAA patients who received haplo-HSCT between 2006 and 2020 were enrolled. These patients were divided into a training (n = 288) and a validation (n = 144) subset randomly. In the training cohort, longer time from diagnosis to transplantation, poorer Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) status and higher haematopoietic cell transplantation-specific comorbidity index (HCT-CI) score were independent risk factors for worse treatment-related mortality (TRM) in the final multivariable model. The haplo-HSCT scoring system was developed by these three parameters. Three-year TRM after haplo-HSCT were 6% [95% confidence interval (CI), 1-21%], 21% (95% CI, 7-40%), and 47% (95% CI, 20-70%) for the low-, intermediate-, and high-risk group, respectively (P < 0·0001). In the validation cohort, the haplo-HSCT scoring system also separated patients into three risk groups with increasing risk of TRM: intermediate-risk [hazard ratio (HR) 2·45, 95% CI, 0·92-6·53] and high-risk (HR 11·74, 95% CI, 3·07-44·89) compared with the low-risk group (P = 0·001). In conclusion, the haplo-HSCT scoring system could effectively predict TRM after transplantation.

Relapse is the main problem after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). The outcome of a second allo-HSCT (HSCT2) for relapse post-HSCT has shown promising results in some previous studies. However, little is known about the efficacy of HSCT2 in patients with relapsed/refractory acute leukemia (AL) post-chemotherapy plus modified donor lymphocyte infusion (post-Chemo + m-DLI) after the first allo-HSCT (HSCT1). Therefore, we retrospectively analyzed the efficacy of HSCT2 in 28 patients with relapsed/refractory AL post-Chemo + m-DLI in our center. With a median follow-up of 918 (457-1732) days, 26 patients (92.9%) achieved complete remission, and 2 patients exhibited persistent disease. The probabilities of overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) 1 year after HSCT2 were 25.0% and 21.4%, respectively. The cumulative incidences of nonrelapse mortality on day 100 and at 1 year post-HSCT2 were 7.1% ± 4.9% and 25.0% ± 8.4%. The cumulative incidences of relapse were 50.0% ± 9.8% and 53.5% ± 9.9% at 1 and 2 years post-HSCT2, respectively. Risk stratification prior to HSCT1 and percentage of blasts before HSCT2 were independent risk factors for OS post-HSCT2, and relapse within 6 months post-HSCT1 was an independent risk factor for DFS and relapse post-HSCT2. Our findings suggest that HSCT2 could be a salvage option for patients with relapsed AL post-Chemo + m-DLI.

The objective of this study was to compare clinical outcomes between noninherited maternal antigen (NIMA)-mismatched and noninherited paternal antigen (NIPA)-mismatched haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT) among patients with hematological malignancies and perform a subgroup analysis. We retrospectively analyzed 378 patients with hematological malignancies who received haplo-HSCT from NIMA-mismatched (n = 201) and NIPA-mismatched (n = 177) donors between January 2012 and December 2017. The cumulative incidence of 100-d grades II-IV acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) (19.2% vs. 32.8%, P = 0.003) was significantly lower in NIMA mismatch. Multivariate analysis showed that NIMA mismatch was associated with lower incidence of grades II-IV aGVHD and better overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). According to the subgroup analysis, the clinical outcomes of older and/or female NIMA mismatches were comparable to those of younger and/or male NIPA mismatches with respect to grades II-IV aGVHD, chronic GVHD (cGVHD), nonrelapse mortality (NRM), relapse, DFS, and OS. In conclusion, this study confirmed the NIMA effect on aGVHD and demonstrated that NIMA mismatch was associated with better survival. In the NIMA mismatch context, donor age and sex did not seem to influence haplo-HSCT, which provides a basis for the selection of sibling donors.

SummaryWe performed a retrospective analysis to investigate dynamic peri-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) minimal/measurable residual disease (MRD) on outcomes in patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). A total of 271 patients were enrolled and classified into three groups: unchanged negative MRD pre- and post-HSCT group (group A), post-MRD non-increase group (group B), and post-MRD increase group (group C). The patients in group B and group C experienced a higher cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) (42% vs. 71% vs. 16%, Pvs. 21% vs. 70%, Pvs. 28% vs. 72%, Pvs. 12% vs. 8%, P=0.752). Multivariate analysis showed that dynamic peri-HSCT MRD was associated with CIR (HR=2.392, 95% CI, 1.816–3.151, PPPversus-host disease (GVHD). This risk scoring system could better distinguish CIR (c=0.730) than that for pre-HSCT MRD (c=0.562), post-HSCT MRD (c=0.616) and pre- and post-MRD dynamics (c=0.648). Our results confirm the outcome predictive value of dynamic peri-HSCT MRD either alone or in combination with other variables for patients with T-ALL.

We aimed to identify the characteristics of immune reconstitution (IR) in patients who recovered from steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease (SR-aGVHD) after basiliximab treatment. A total of 179, 124, 80, and 92 patients were included in the analysis for IR at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, respectively, after haploidentical donor hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HID HSCT). We observed that IR was fastest for monocytes and CD8+ T cells, followed by lymphocytes, CD3+ T cells, and CD19+ B cells and slowest for CD4+ T cells. Almost all immune cell subsets recovered comparably between patients receiving

As a serious complication after allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), venous thromboembolism (VTE) is significantly related to increased nonrelapse mortality. Therefore distinguishing patients at high risk of death who should receive specific therapeutic management is key to improving survival. This study aimed to establish a machine learning-based prognostic model for the identification of post-transplantation VTE patients who have a high risk of death. We retrospectively evaluated 256 consecutive VTE patients who underwent allo-HSCT at our center between 2008 and 2019. These patients were further randomly divided into (1) a derivation (80%) cohort of 205 patients and (2) a test (20%) cohort of 51 patients. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) approach was used to choose the potential predictors from the primary dataset. Eight machine learning classifiers were used to produce 8 candidate models. A 10-fold cross-validation procedure was used to internally evaluate the models and to select the best-performing model for external assessment using the test cohort. In total, 256 of 7238 patients were diagnosed with VTE after transplantation. Among them, 118 patients (46.1%) had catheter-related venous thrombosis, 107 (41.8%) had isolated deep-vein thrombosis (DVT), 20 (7.8%) had isolated pulmonary embolism (PE), and 11 (4.3%) had concomitant DVT and PE. The 2-year overall survival (OS) rate of patients with VTE was 68.8%. Using LASSO regression, 8 potential features were selected from the 54 candidate variables. The best-performing algorithm based on the 10-fold cross-validation runs was a logistic regression classifier. Therefore a prognostic model named BRIDGE was then established to predict the 2-year OS rate. The areas under the curves of the BRIDGE model were 0.883, 0.871, and 0.858 for the training, validation, and test cohorts, respectively. The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test showed a high agreement between the predicted and observed outcomes. Decision curve analysis indicated that VTE patients could benefit from the clinical application of the prognostic model. A BRIDGE risk score calculator for predicting the study result is available online (47.94.162.105:8080/bridge/). We established the BRIDGE model to precisely predict the risk for all-cause death in VTE patients after allo-HSCT. Identifying VTE patients who have a high risk of death can help physicians treat these patients in advance, which will improve patient survival.

The prognosis of 11q23/KMT2A-rearranged (KMT2A-r) acute leukemia (AL) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is poor. Minimal residual disease (MRD) is an important prognostic factor for relapse. Thus, we aimed to identify the evolution of KMT2A before and after allo-HSCT and the efficacy of preemptive immunotherapies for KMT2A-r AL patients receiving allo-HSCT. KMT2A expression was determined through TaqMan-based RQ-PCR technology. Preemptive immunotherapies included interferon-α and donor lymphocyte infusion. We collected 1751 bone marrow samples from 177 consecutive KMT2A-r AL patients. Pre-HSCT KMT2A positivity was correlated with post-HSCT KMT2A positivity (correlation coefficient=0.371, P 0

BGL3, a novel long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) that plays a crucial role in several human malignancies. However, the clinical significance and biological function of BGL3 in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) have not been explored. Herein, we aimed to investigate the role of BGL3 in human PTC. A total of 85 pairs of PTC and normal tissues were collected for clinicopathological analysis. Expression of BGL3 was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The effects of BGL3 on PTC cells ware determined by CCK-8, colony formation, EdU and wound healing assays. The molecular mechanism underlying BGL3 was tested by ChIP, Co-IP, RNA pull-down and luciferase reporter assays. In vivo experiments were conducted using xenografts in nude mice. BGL3 was significantly decreased in PTC tissues compared to adjacent normal thyroid tissues, and it was transcriptionally repressed by oncogene Myc. Low BGL3 is positively related to larger tumor size, lymph node metastasis, later TNM stage and poor prognosis. Overexpression of BGL3 inhibited PTC cell proliferation and migration in vitro, and reduced tumor size and lung metastasis nodules in vivo. BGL3 was mainly located in the cytoplasm, in which interacted with PTEN and recruited OTUD3, enhancing the de-ubiquitination effect of OTUD3 on PTEN, resulting in increasing PTEN protein stability and inactivating carcinogenic PI3K/AKT signaling. Our data underscore the critical tumor-inhibiting role of BGL3 in PTC via post-translational regulation of PTEN protein stability, which may serve as a novel therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker in human PTC.

We aimed to develop a disease risk comorbidity index (DRCI) based on disease risk index (DRI) and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation-Specific Comorbidity Index (HCT-CI) in patients receiving haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT). We identified the prognostic factors of disease-free survival (DFS) in a training subset (n = 593), then assigned a weighted score using these factors to the remaining patients (validation subset; n = 296). The multivariable model identified two independent predictors of DFS: DRI and HCT-CI before transplantation. In this scoring system, we assigned a weighted score of 2 to very high-risk DRI, and assigned a weighted score of 1 to high-risk DRI and intermediate- and high-risk HCT-CI (i.e., haplo-DRCI). In the validation cohort, the three-year DFS rate was 65.2% (95% confidence interval (CI), 58.2%–72.2%), 55.8% (95% CI, 44.9%–66.7%), and 32.0% (95% CI, 5.8%–58.2%) for the low-, intermediate-, and high-risk group, respectively (P = 0.005). Haplo-DRCI can also predict DFS in disease-specific subgroups, particularly in acute leukemia patients. Increasing score was also significantly predictive of increased relapse, increased non-relapse mortality (NRM), decreased DFS, and decreased overall survival (OS) in an independent historical cohort (n = 526). These data confirmed that haplo-DRCI could effectively risk stratify haplo-HSCT recipients and provide a tool to better predict who will best benefit from haplo-HSCT.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) has been regarded as a potential strategy for myeloid sarcoma (MS). The previous reports focused mainly on matched sibling donor (MSD) or matched unrelated donor (MUD) transplantation. There are no reports on haploidentical HSCT (haplo-HSCT) in MS. We retrospectively reviewed 14 MS patients who underwent haplo-HSCT. All patients achieved complete donor engraftment. The median time for neutrophil engraftment and platelet engraftment were 10 (12–21) days and 18 (8–31) days. The 100-day cumulative incidence of grade II–IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and 3-year cumulative incidence of chronic GVHD were 37.7% (95%CI, 23.2–52.1%) and 35.7% (95%CI, 22.2–49.2%). Cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation was documented in 86% patients, and only one patient developed CMV pneumonia. Treatment-related mortality occurred in one (7%) patient. The 1- and 3-year cumulative incidence of relapse was 21.4% (95%CI, 11.8–31.1%) and 35.7% (95%CI, 22.4–49.0%). The probability of overall survival at 1 and 3 years was 71.4% (95%CI, 51.3–99.5%) and 64.3% (95%CI, 43.5–95.0%), respectively. The probability of disease-free survival at 1 and 3 years was 71.4% (95%CI, 51.3–99.5%) and 57.1% (95%CI, 36.3–89.9%), respectively. In conclusion, haplo-HSCT is a feasible method for patients with MS who have no MSD or MUD.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is an effective and curative treatment for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We explored the outcome of haploidentical donor (HID) transplantation for intermediate-risk AML and compared to that of matched sibling donor (MSD) transplants. One hundred twenty-seven consecutive patients with intermediate-risk AML in the first complete remission (CR1) who underwent allo-HSCT between January 1, 2015, and August 1, 2016, were enrolled. Thirty-seven patients received MSD grafts, and 90 received HID grafts. The 2-year leukemia-free survival (LFS) of the HID group was comparable to that of the MSD group: 82.0% ± 4.1% versus 82.7% ± 6.4%, P = 0.457. The 2-year cumulative incidences of relapse and transplantation-related mortality (TRM) were comparable between the HID and MSD groups (relapse, 4.5% ± 0.1%, versus 11.5% ± 0.3%, P = 0.550; TRM, 13.4% ± 0.1% vs. 5.8% ± 0.2%, P = 0.154). The HID recipients had a trend of a lower 2-year cumulative incidence of positive posttransplant flow cytometry (FCM+) and relapse than the MSD recipients (5.6% ± 0.1% vs. 19.9% ± 0.5%, P = 0.092). These results suggest that the outcomes of allo-HSCT with HIDs are comparable to those with MSDs in terms of LFS, TRM, and relapse for intermediate-risk AML in CR1. HIDs could be an alternative to MSDs for intermediate-risk AML.

Haploidentical stem cell transplantation (haplo-SCT) achieves superior or at least comparable clinical outcomes to HLA-matched sibling donor transplantation (MSDT) in treating hematological malignancies. To define the underlying regulatory dynamics, we analyzed time courses of leukemia burden and immune abundance of haplo-SCT or MSDT from multiple dimension. First, we employed two nonirradiated leukemia mouse models which carried human AML-ETO or MLL-AF9 fusion gene to establish haplo-identical and major histocompatibility (MHC)-matched transplantation models and investigated the immune cell dynamic response during leukemia development in vivo. We found that haplo-matching the MHCs of leukemia cells with recipient mouse T cells prolonged leukemic mice survival and reduced leukemia burden. The stronger graft-versus-leukemia activity in haplo-SCT group mainly induced by decreased apoptosis and increased cytotoxic cytokine secretion including tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, pore-forming proteins and CD107a secreted by T cells or natural killer cells. Furthermore, we conducted a prospective clinical trial which enrolled 135 patients with t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia that displayed minimal residual disease before transplantation and underwent either haplo-SCT or MSDT. The results showed that the haplo-SCT slowed the kinetics of the leukemia burden in vivo and reduced the cumulative incidence of relapse compared with MSDT. Ex vivo experiments showed that, 1 year after transplantation, cytotoxic T lymphocytes from the haplo-SCT group had higher cytotoxicity than those from the MSDT group during the same period. Our results unraveled the role of immune cells in superior antileukemia effects of haplo-SCT compared with MSDT.

We performed a nested case-control study to investigate the incidence, treatment, and prognosis of central nervous system (CNS) relapse after allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and compared the outcomes of patients with CNS relapse following haploidentical donor (HID) HSCT versus identical sibling donor (ISD) HSCT. A total of 37 patients (HID-HSCT, 24; ISD-HSCT, 13) developed CNS relapse after transplantation between January 2009 and January 2019, with an incidence of 1.81%. The median time from transplantation to CNS relapse was 239 days. Pre-HSCT CNS involvement (HR 6.940, 95% CI 3.146–15.306, p

Background aims The efficacy of CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR T) cells for treatment of relapsed B-cell malignancies after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) and the long-term outcomes of these patients remain inconclusive. Methods The authors focused on the survival of 35 patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia who relapsed after allo-HSCT and received CAR T cells. Results Of the 34 eligible patients, 30 achieved minimal residual disease-negative complete remission (CR), with a total CR rate of 85.7% (79.8–91.6%). There were 14 patients who received various forms of additional therapy after achieving CR. After a median follow-up of 20.7 months, it was noted that 17 patients had relapsed at a median of 4.5 months (2–34 months). The cumulative recurrence rate (RR) at 18 months was 68.3% (57.6–79.0%). Additional treatment did not reduce the RR but seemed to delay the time to relapse (mean: 5.9 months vs 13.1 months; P = 0.046). Patients with a lower tumor burden (≤10%) had a lower RR (25.0% vs 78.6% at 12 months; P = 0.006). The overall survival (OS) rate for the CR patients was 30.0% (20.3–29.7%) at 18 months, with a median OS of 12.7 months. Conclusions The authors’ study indicated that for patients who relapsed after HSCT, although a high CR rate was achieved after CAR T therapy, the long-term efficacy was unsatisfactory. It is necessary to optimize additional treatment, including a second HSCT, to further improve long-term efficacy after CAR T infusion.

The specific description, risk factors, and outcomes of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) in pediatric patients with hematologic malignancies after T cell-replete (TCR) myeloablative haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT) with antithymocyte globulin (ATG)/granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) have not been previously well described. We retrospectively analyzed the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of cGVHD documented according to the 2014 National Institutes of Health consensus criteria (NIH-CC) in 292 consecutive pediatric patients with hematologic malignancies after TCR myeloablative haplo-HSCT with ATG/G-CSF between January 2015 and December 2017. A total of 170 patients experienced cGVHD. The 3-year cumulative incidence of total cGVHD and mild, moderate, and severe cGVHD was 57.9%, 27.5%, 18.8%, and 11.9%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that acute GVHD (aGVHD) grade II-IV (hazard ratio, 1.578; P = .002) was an independent risk factor for cGVHD. Compared to patients without cGVHD, patients with cGVHD demonstrated a lower 3-year relapse (17.6% versus 27.2%; P = .009), a similar 3-year nonrelapse mortality (NRM) (5.9% versus 5.4%; P = .79), and better 3-year disease-free survival (DFS) (77.8% versus 66.9%; P = .007) and overall survival (OS) (81.3% versus 68.6%; P = .001), particularly those with mild or moderate cGVHD; however, no significant impact of severe cGVHD on relapse, NRM, DFS, or OS was seen. In conclusion, the incidence of severe cGVHD in pediatric patients with hematologic malignancies after TCR myeloablative haplo-HSCT with ATG/G-CSF was acceptable. Previous aGVHD grade II-IV was a risk factor for the occurrence of cGVHD. Only mild or moderate cGVHD was associated with a lower risk of relapse, translating into improved DFS and OS in pediatric patients with hematologic malignancies after TCR myeloablative haplo-HSCT with ATG/G-CSF.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) can cause end-organ diseases including pneumonia, gastroenteritis, retinitis, and encephalitis in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients. Potential differences among different CMV diseases remain uncertain. This study aimed to compare the clinical characteristics, risk factors, and mortality among different CMV diseases. A retrospective nested case-control study was performed based on a cohort of 3862 patients who underwent haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation at a single-center. CMV diseases occurred in 113 (2.92%) of 3862 haplo-HSCT recipients, including probable CMV pneumonia (CMVP, n = 34), proven CMV gastroenteritis (CMVG, n = 34), CMV retinitis (CMVR, n = 31), probable CMV encephalitis (CMVE, n = 7), and disseminated CMV disease (Di-CMVD, n = 7). Most (91.2%) cases of CMVG developed within 100 days, while most (90.3%) cases of CMVR were late onset. Refractory CMV infection and CMV viral load at different levels were associated with an increased risk of CMVP, CMVG, and CMVR. Compared with patients without CMV diseases, significantly higher non-relapse mortality at 1 year after transplantation was observed in patients with CMVP and CMVR, rather than CMVG. Patients with CMVP, Di-CMVD, and CMVE had higher overall mortality after diagnosis than that of patients with CMVG and CMVR (61.7%, 57.1%, 40.0% vs 27.7%, 18.6%, P = 0.001). In conclusion, the onset time, viral dynamics, and mortality differ among different CMV diseases. The mortality of CMV diseases remains high, especially for CMVP, Di-CMVD, and CMVE.

We aimed to investigate the frequency, risk factors, and outcome of active tuberculosis (TB) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). This retrospective, nested, case-control study reviewed data from 6236 patients who received allo-HSCT from January 2008 to December 2018 at a single center; thirty-three patients (0.5%) with active TB and 99 controls without active TB after allo-HSCT were identified. We performed propensity score matching by randomly selecting 3 controls for each identified active TB patient according to the time of transplantation and follow-up period. History of pretransplant active TB previously treated and inactive at time of transplantation (P.001) was an independent risk factor. No significant differences in overall survival (P= .342), nonrelapse mortality (P= .497), or incidence of relapse (P= .807) were found. Thirty (90.9%) patients were treated with 4-drug (isoniazid, rifampicin/three rifapentine, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol) or 3-drug combination first-line therapy, with a response rate of 76.7%. Twenty-six (78.8%) patients were treated with first-line and second-line combined therapy, and the response rate was 76.9%. Five (15.2%) patients developed hepatotoxicity. In conclusion, history of pretransplant active TB previously treated and inactive at time of transplantation was an independent risk factor of active TB after allo-HSCT. No significant differences in prognosis between the TB and control groups were found. More studies are needed to help develop standardized therapeutic strategies for patients with post-transplant TB.

Acute pancreatitis (AP) has been recognized as an uncommon yet potentially lethal complication after hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). This retrospective, nested, case-control study reviewed data from 5284 consecutive patients who underwent allogeneic (allo)-HSCT between 2009 and 2018 at a single center, identifying 40 patients (0.76%) with AP after allo-HSCT. The diagnosis and severity of AP were established and classified according to existing criteria. Younger age (P = .008), grades II to IV acute graft-versus-host disease (P = .010), a history of donor lymphocyte infusion (P = .033), and pre-existing gallstones (P = .003) were independent risk factors of AP after allo-HSCT. Post-transplant AP had a trend to negatively influence overall survival (OS) and nonrelapse mortality (NRM) (P = .063) for allo-HSCT recipients, but no significant difference was found. Patients with moderately severe and severe AP had significantly lower OS (P = .002) and higher NRM (P = .000) than other patients. Based on these findings, a risk score model was also established to predict the occurrence of AP. Our risk score model performed well in terms of discrimination when applied to derivation samples. Patients were classified into a low-risk group (0 to 1 point), a medium-risk group (2 to 3 points), and a high-risk group (4 points or more). Significant difference was observed in AP incidence among the 3 groups. The predictive tool explored by our study might contribute to target high-risk patients and guide personalized AP prevention in allo-HSCT recipients.

To define the efficacy of a single dose of 375 mg/m2 rituximab for DSA-positive patients with 2000 ≤ MFI

Acute graft-vs-host disease (aGVHD) is one of the most important causes of early mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), particularly for those with steroid-refractory (SR)-aGVHD. We aimed to identify the prognostic factors and long-term clinical outcomes of basiliximab treatment for SR-aGVHD. Basiliximab was administered on days 1, 3, and 8, and repeated weekly until aGVHD was less than grade II, or patients showed no response after four doses. Out of 1498 patients receiving allo-HSCT, 230 patients with SR-aGVHD were enrolled. Grade III to IV aGVHD before basiliximab treatment significantly and independently predicted a poorer response to basiliximab in multivariate analysis. And, the cumulative incidence of overall response at 14 days, 28 days, and 56 days after treatment was 41.4% vs 23.1% (P = .023), 70.2% vs 43.6% (P = .002), and 80.1% vs 66.7% (P = .013), respectively. This was for those with grade II and grade III to IV aGVHD. Patients receiving more than four doses of basiliximab had higher rates of infections. The 4-year cumulative incidence of total and severe chronic GVHD after basiliximab treatment was 44.8% (95% CI 38.3%-51.3%) and 2.2% (95% CI 0.3%-4.1%), respectively. The 4-year cumulative incidence of relapse, non-relapse mortality, disease-free survival, and overall survival after basiliximab treatment was 11.3% (95% CI 7.2%-15.4%), 30.0% (95% CI 24.1%-35.9%), 58.7% (95% CI 52.3%-65.1%), and 61.7% (95% CI 55.4%-68.0%), respectively. Comorbidities before allo-HSCT and refined Minnesota aGVHD risk score at diagnosis had significant influences on long-term survival. Thus, basiliximab was a safe and effective treatment for patients with SR-aGVHD.

Stroke is an important complication following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Nevertheless, few studies have been published to analyzed the occurrence and prognosis of stroke after allo-HSCT. From January 2007 to December 2018 in Peking University People's Hospital, 6449 patients received HSCT and there were 2.3% of patients diagnosed with stroke after allo-HSCT (hemorrhagic: 1.0%, ischemic: 1.3%). The median time to hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke after HSCT was 161 days and 137 days, respectively. In total, 8.4% of patients experienced neurological sequelae. The outcome was much worse in patients with stroke than in control subjects. The comparison of prognosis showed no statistical differences between patients with hemorrhagic stroke and those with ischemic stroke. Significant risk factors for hemorrhagic stroke were pretransplant central nervous system leukemia (CNSL), and delayed platelet engraftment. Risk factors associated with the occurrence of ischemic stroke included high-risk disease, prior venous thromboembolism (VTE), grade III-IV acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD), and thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). Haplo-identical transplantation was not a risk factor for stroke and had no impact on the prognosis compared with HLA-matched HSCT. Altogether, these results show that stroke is a severe complication after allo-HSCT. The prognosis of posttransplant stroke did not differ between hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke.

Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) patients with biallelic mutations of CEBPA (bi CEBPA) have a 30-50% relapse rate. This study established the value of mutations based on next-generation sequencing (NGS) and multiparameter flow cytometric measurable residual disease (MFC-MRD) detection and compared the outcomes. From 2014 to 2018, 124 newly diagnosed bi CEBPA AML patients were treated. The median age was 37·5 (16-69) years. The 3-year cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR), relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were 33·0%, 64·7% and 84·3%, respectively. Patients without additional mutations and with GATA2 mutations were defined as 'NGS low risk', which was the only favourable independent factor for CIR and RFS of pretreatment parameters. Patients with sustained positive MRD after two consolidation cycles and MRD negative losses at any time were defined as 'MRD high risk', which was the only poor independent factor for CIR, RFS and OS, including pretreatment and post-treatment parameters. In CR2 and non-remission patients who underwent allo-HSCT, superior OS was achieved. We conclude that NGS low risk was a favourable factor in the analysis of pretreatment parameters. MRD risk stratification was an independent prognostic factor in pretreatment and post-treatment parameters. Relapsed patients still have a favourable outcome followed by allo-HSCT.

Prophylactic/preemptive donor lymphocyte infusion (p/pDLI) and intensified conditioning have shown promising results in experimental studies of refractory/relapsed acute leukemia (RRAL), but real-world data remain scarce. We conducted a multicenter, population-based analysis of 932 consecutive patients. The three-year leukemia-free survival (LFS) rates were 56% for patients receiving both p/pDLI and intensified myeloablative conditioning (MAC) (intenseMAC) and 30% for those who received neither therapy per landmark analysis. Multivariable analyses were run separately for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and p/pDLI treatment was linked to significantly higher LFS than non-DLI for both AML and ALL patients without increasing the nonrelapse mortality. IntenseMAC was associated with significantly lower relapse and higher LFS than nonintensified MAC despite higher nonrelapse mortality rates in ALL, while there was no impact of intenseMAC observed in AML. p/pDLI achieved superior outcomes in both matched-sibling donor (MSD) and haploidentical donor transplantation, while intenseMAC only influenced MSD outcomes. Data suggest that RRAL patients receiving "total therapy" by way of p/pDLI and intensified conditioning treatment have an improved chance for LFS, with p/pDLI being safer with a more extensive impact relative to intenseMAC. Patients with RRAL can tolerate both interventions and achieve a reasonable outcome.

This study investigated the epidemiological characteristics of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR) after haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We studied a cohort of 1466 consecutive patients who had undergone haploidentical HSCT between 2013 and 2017. We documented 34 episodes of CMVR in 31 patients, with a median onset of 167 days after the transplant. The cumulative incidence of CMVR was 2.3% 1 year after the transplant. Multivariate analysis suggested that platelet engraft failure at 100 days, EBV DNAemia, refractory or recurrent CMV DNAemia, and acute graft-versus-host disease were related to the development of CMVR in patients with CMV DNAemia. Patients with ≥3 risk factors (high risk) had a higher 1-year incidence of CMVR than patients with ≤2 risk factors (low risk) (26.2% vs. 0.6%, P

The impact of ABO incompatibility on transplantation outcomes in severe aplastic anemia (SAA) patients receiving haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) remains controversial without published data. A total of 199 SAA patients receiving haploidentical HSCT from ABO-matched (n = 114), minor ABO-incompatible (n = 47), or major ABO-incompatible donors (n = 38) were included in this study. The median time and cumulative incidences of both myeloid and platelet engraftment in the ABO-compatible and ABO-incompatible groups were similar, and pure red cell aplasia was absent. Minor ABO incompatibility increased the rate of grade III-IV acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) (ABO compatible: 6.14 ± 0.05%, minor incompatible: 19.15 ± 0.34%, and major incompatible: 10.53 ± 0.25%; P = 0.051), but did not influence the rates of grade II-IV aGVHD or chronic GVHD (cGVHD). Minor ABO-incompatibility was identified as an independent risk factor for grade III-IV aGVHD by multivariate analysis (hazard ration (HR) = 4.00 (1.48-10.80), P = 0.006). Chronic GVHD, mortality, and treatment failure were not increased in the minor ABO-incompatible group. For SAA patients receiving haploidentical HSCT, ABO compatible donors are better than ABO minor incompatible donors if several haploidentical donors are available.

Aphelopus nivealis Mita & Olmi, 2014 Fig. 15 Aphelopus nivealis Mita & Olmi, 2014: 93. Aphelopus nivealis – Olmi & Xu 2015: 25. Material examined CHINA • 1 &female;; Guangdong, Guangzhou University Town, secondary forest; 23°3′9″ N, 113°23′23″ E; 20 Jan.–17 Feb. 2019; Hua-Yan Chen leg.; MT; SCAU 3040508 (SYSBM) • 1 &female;; Guangdong, Shenzhen, Mt Tanglangshan; 22.570411639° N, 113.99317344° E; LSX498, 7–30 May 2020; Long-Long Chen leg.; MT-GD7; SCAU 3049357 (SYSBM). Distribution Japan (Honshu), China (Guangdong) (new record). Remarks Aphelopus nivealis Mita & Olmi, 2014 was originally described from the Eastern Palaearctic region (Honshu, Japan) (see Olmi & Xu 2015). In this species there are no notauli. One of the two specimens above (from Guangdong, 22.570411639° N, 113.99317344° E) matches completely with the description of A. nivealis, including the body colour and the absence of notauli (Fig. 15A–B). On the contrary, the other specimen (from Guangdong, 23°3′9″ N, 113°23′23″ E) is whiter and seems to have shallow traces of notauli reaching about 0.5 × length of mesoscutum (Fig. 15C–D). The genetic distance between the two specimens is only 0.6%, suggesting that the variations are just intraspecific. These records indicate that A. nivealis is present both in the Eastern Palaearctic and the Oriental regions.

Aphelopus zaifui Olmi, Chen & Liu sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 730357C7-2449-42BE-99A6-6DBFFE97DC67 Figs 7, 8D Diagnosis Male with head black, except mandible testaceous; notauli complete (Fig. 7B) or almost complete (Fig. 7F), posteriorly separated; distivolsella in the form of a long straight rod (Fig. 8D); basivolsella long and narrow, with distal apex very widened (Fig. 8D). Etymology The species is named after the late Prof. Zaifu Xu (SCAU), a famous specialist of Chinese Dryinidae. Material examined Holotype CHINA ��� &male;; Yunnan, Dali, Yunlong County, Tianchi; 25.854158�� N, 99.239927�� E; 2933 m a.s.l., 14���28 Jun. 2020; You-Jing Gong leg.; MT; SCAU 3042343 (SYSBM). Paratypes CHINA ��� 1 &male;; Yunnan, Dali, Mt Cangshan; 25��41���16��� N, 100��8���33��� E; 25 May 2009; Jie Zeng leg.; SCAU 3040717 (SYSBM) ��� 1 &male;; Dali Dist., Mt Cangshan, 25.66723�� N, 100.14762�� E; 2300 m a.s.l.; 31 May 2020; MT; SCAU 3042339 (SYSBM). Description Male Fully winged (Fig. 7A); length 2.0 mm. Head black, except mandible testaceous; antenna brown-black; mesosoma and metasoma black; fore and mid leg yellow, except club of femur brown; hind leg yellow, except part of coxa, club of femur and tibia brown. Antenna filiform, with setae about as long as breadth of antennomeres; antennomeres in following proportions: 5:5:5:6:6:7:7:7:7:10; length/breadth ratio of ninth antennomere: 7:2. Head (Fig. 7C���D) dull, granulate; frontal line incomplete, present only in anterior half of frons; POL = 5; OL = 3; OOL = 3; OPL = 2; TL = 3; greatest breadth of lateral ocelli about as long as OPL; occipital carina complete. Mesoscutum (Figs 7B, F) dull, granulate. Notauli complete (Fig. 7B) or nearly complete (Fig. 7F), posteriorly separated; minimum distance between notauli slightly shorter than POL (4:5). Mesoscutellum shiny, very slightly granulate. Mesopleuron and metapleuron shiny, unsculptured. Metanotum shiny, unsculptured. Metapectal-propodeal disc reticulate rugose; propodeal declivity with two longitudinal keels and median area shiny, unsculptured. Fore wing hyaline, without dark transverse bands. Distivolsella in form of long straight rod (Fig. 8D); basivolsella long and narrow, with two medial bristles and distal apex very widened (Fig. 8D); distal apex of aedeagus not tridentate (Fig. 8D). Tibial spurs 1/1/2. Female Unknown. Remarks The distivolsella in the form of a long straight rod indicates that the new species is different from all known Aphelopus species, except A. serratus Richards, 1939, from the Palaearctic region. However, in A. zaifui Olmi, Chen & Liu sp. nov. the basivolsella has a widened apex (Fig. 8D), whereas in A. serratus it has a slender apex (Fig. 8F). Following the description of A. zaifui Olmi, Chen & Liu sp. nov., the key to males of Oriental Aphelopus published by Xu et al. (2013) should be modified by replacing couplet 1 as follows: 1. Distivolsella in the form of a long straight rod (Fig. 8D); basivolsella long and narrow, with distal apex very widened (Fig. 8D)..................................................... A. zaifui Olmi, Chen & Liu sp. nov. ��� Distivolsella and basivolsella with different shape (Fig. 8A���B)..................................................... 1��� 1���. Mesosoma and metasoma totally testaceous, except petiole black........... A. borneanus Olmi, 1984 ��� Mesosoma and metasoma partly or totally black or brown.............................................................. 2, Published as part of Olmi, Massimo, Chen, Hua-Yan, Guglielmino, Adalgisa, ��degaard, Frode, Vollaro, Massimo, Capradossi, Leonardo & Liu, Jing-Xian, 2022, DNA barcoding of Aphelopus Dalman (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae) from China, with descriptions of four new species, pp. 40-71 in European Journal of Taxonomy 794 (1) on pages 53-56, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.794.1653, http://zenodo.org/record/6078154, {"references":["Richards O. W. 1939. The British Bethylidae (s. l.) (Hymenoptera). The Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 89: 185 - 344. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1939. tb 00740. x","Xu Z., Olmi M. & He J. 2013. Dryinidae of the Oriental region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). Zootaxa 3614 (1): 1 - 460. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3614.1.1","Olmi M. 1984. A revision of the Dryinidae (Hymenoptera). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 37: i - xii + 1 - 1913."]}

Aphelopus sabahnus Olmi, 1991 Fig. 18 Aphelopus sabahnus Olmi, 1991: 113. Aphelopus sabahnus – Xu et al. 2013: 35. Material examined CHINA • 1 &female;; Guangdong, Guangzhou, University Town; 23°2′55″ N, 113°23′12″ E; 11–24 Nov. 2018; Hua-Yan Chen leg.; forest, MT; SCAU 3011690 (SYSBM). Distribution China, Malaysia (Xu et al. 2013)., Published as part of Olmi, Massimo, Chen, Hua-Yan, Guglielmino, Adalgisa, Ødegaard, Frode, Vollaro, Massimo, Capradossi, Leonardo & Liu, Jing-Xian, 2022, DNA barcoding of Aphelopus Dalman (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae) from China, with descriptions of four new species, pp. 40-71 in European Journal of Taxonomy 794 (1) on pages 63-65, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.794.1653, http://zenodo.org/record/6078154, {"references":["Olmi M. 1991. Supplement to the revision of the world Dryinidae (Hymenoptera Chrysidoidea). Frustula entomologica (N. S.) 12: 109 - 395.","Xu Z., Olmi M. & He J. 2013. Dryinidae of the Oriental region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). Zootaxa 3614 (1): 1 - 460. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3614.1.1","Olmi M. 1984. A revision of the Dryinidae (Hymenoptera). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 37: i - xii + 1 - 1913.","Mita T. & Olmi M. 2014. A taxonomic study of Aphelopus Dalman from Japan, with descriptions of two new species (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae: Aphelopinae). Esakia 54: 91 - 101."]}

Genus Aphelopus Dalman, 1823 See Xu et al. (2013) and Olmi & Xu (2015) for taxonomic details on the genus., Published as part of Olmi, Massimo, Chen, Hua-Yan, Guglielmino, Adalgisa, ��degaard, Frode, Vollaro, Massimo, Capradossi, Leonardo & Liu, Jing-Xian, 2022, DNA barcoding of Aphelopus Dalman (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae) from China, with descriptions of four new species, pp. 40-71 in European Journal of Taxonomy 794 (1) on page 45, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.794.1653, http://zenodo.org/record/6078154, {"references":["Dalman J. W. 1823. Analecta Entomologica. Typis Lindhianis, Stockholm [Holmiae], Sweden. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 66069","Xu Z., Olmi M. & He J. 2013. Dryinidae of the Oriental region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). Zootaxa 3614 (1): 1 - 460. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3614.1.1","Olmi M. & Xu Z. 2015. Dryinidae of the Eastern Palaearctic region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). Zootaxa 3996 (1): 1 - 253. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3996.1.1"]}

Aphelopus wushensis Olmi, 2010 Fig. 20 Aphelopus wushensis Olmi, 2010: 12. Aphelopus wushensis – Xu et al. 2013: 40. Material examined CHINA • 1 &female;; Guangdong, Guangzhou, SYSU, bamboo Garden; 23°3′9″ N, 113°23′23″ E; 23 Dec. 2018 – 20 Jan. 2019; Hua-Yan Chen leg.; MT; SCAU 3040509 (SYSBM) • 1 &female;; Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Menghai, Bulangshan Village, Area D, near road; 21°44.745′ N, 100°26.07′ E; 1621 m a.s.l., 28 Jun–19 Jul. 2019; Li Ma leg.; MT; SCAU 3044042 (SYSBM). Distribution China, Philippines (Xu et al. 2013)., Published as part of Olmi, Massimo, Chen, Hua-Yan, Guglielmino, Adalgisa, Ødegaard, Frode, Vollaro, Massimo, Capradossi, Leonardo & Liu, Jing-Xian, 2022, DNA barcoding of Aphelopus Dalman (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae) from China, with descriptions of four new species, pp. 40-71 in European Journal of Taxonomy 794 (1) on page 66, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.794.1653, http://zenodo.org/record/6078154, {"references":["Olmi M. 2010. A contribution to the knowledge of Dryinidae from the Oriental, Nearctic, Neotropical and Australian regions (Hymenoptera Chrysidoidea). Frustula entomologica (N. S.) 31: 11 - 34.","Xu Z., Olmi M. & He J. 2013. Dryinidae of the Oriental region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). Zootaxa 3614 (1): 1 - 460. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3614.1.1"]}

Aphelopus spadiceus Xu & He, 1997 Figs 8E, 19 Aphelopus spadiceus Xu & He in Xu et al., 1997: 8. Aphelopus spadiceus – Xu et al. 2013: 36. Material examined CHINA • 1 &male;; Yunnan, Lanping Dist., Mt Lasha; 26.324010° N, 99.275624° E; 2500 m a.s.l., 20–30 Jul. 2018; Jin-Ku Li leg.; farm land, MT; SCAU 3040510 (SYSBM). Distribution Brunei, China, Thailand (Olmi & Xu 2015), South Korea (Kim & Lee 2016)., Published as part of Olmi, Massimo, Chen, Hua-Yan, Guglielmino, Adalgisa, Ødegaard, Frode, Vollaro, Massimo, Capradossi, Leonardo & Liu, Jing-Xian, 2022, DNA barcoding of Aphelopus Dalman (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae) from China, with descriptions of four new species, pp. 40-71 in European Journal of Taxonomy 794 (1) on page 65, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.794.1653, http://zenodo.org/record/6078154, {"references":["Xu Z., He J. & Yao S. 1997. Descriptions of three new species of the genus Aphelopus Dalman from Mt. Fangjingshan, China. Zoological Research 18 (1): 7 - 11.","Xu Z., Olmi M. & He J. 2013. Dryinidae of the Oriental region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). Zootaxa 3614 (1): 1 - 460. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3614.1.1","Olmi M. & Xu Z. 2015. Dryinidae of the Eastern Palaearctic region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). Zootaxa 3996 (1): 1 - 253. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3996.1.1","Kim C. J. & Lee J. W. 2016. A taxonomical review of the genus Aphelopus (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae: Aphelopinae) from South Korea. Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity 32 (3): 159 - 168. https: // doi. org / 10.5635 / ASED. 2016.32.3.002"]}

Aphelopus penanganus Olmi, 1984 Fig. 16 Aphelopus penanganus Olmi, 1984: 68. Aphelopus penanganus – Xu et al. 2013: 33. — Barthélémy & Olmi 2019: 533. Material examined CHINA • 1 &female;; Heilongjiang, Nenjiang County, Jianshan Farm; 48°46′55″ N, 125°19′53″ E; 15 Jun. 2015; MT; SCAU 3011639 (SYSBM). Distribution China (Fujian, Hainan, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hong Kong, Ningxia, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), India (Tamil Nadu), Indonesia (Sulawesi), Malaysia (Malaya, Sabah), Thailand (Chaiyaphum, Chiang Mai, Trang) (Xu et al. 2013; Barthélémy & Olmi 2019). Remarks The presence of A. penanganus in China, Heilongjiang Province, indicates that this species is present both in the Eastern Palaearctic and Oriental regions., Published as part of Olmi, Massimo, Chen, Hua-Yan, Guglielmino, Adalgisa, Ødegaard, Frode, Vollaro, Massimo, Capradossi, Leonardo & Liu, Jing-Xian, 2022, DNA barcoding of Aphelopus Dalman (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae) from China, with descriptions of four new species, pp. 40-71 in European Journal of Taxonomy 794 (1) on pages 61-63, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.794.1653, http://zenodo.org/record/6078154, {"references":["Olmi M. 1984. A revision of the Dryinidae (Hymenoptera). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 37: i - xii + 1 - 1913.","Xu Z., Olmi M. & He J. 2013. Dryinidae of the Oriental region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). Zootaxa 3614 (1): 1 - 460. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3614.1.1","Barthelemy C. & Olmi M. 2019. Checklist of Dryinidae and Sclerogibbidae (Hymenoptera, Chrysidoidea) from Hong Kong. Zootaxa 4615 (3): 529 - 548. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4615.3.7","Mita T. & Olmi M. 2014. A taxonomic study of Aphelopus Dalman from Japan, with descriptions of two new species (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae: Aphelopinae). Esakia 54: 91 - 101."]}

Aphelopus niger Xu & He, 1999 Fig. 14 Aphelopus niger Xu & He, 1999: 2. Aphelopus niger – Xu et al. 2013: 30. Material examined CHINA • 1 &female;; Guangdong, Guangzhou SYSU, bamboo garden; 23°3′9″ N, 113°23′23″ E; 23 Dec. 2018 – 20 Jan. 2019; Hua-Yan Chen leg.; MT; SCAU 3040438 (SYSBM). Distribution China (Xu et al. 2013)., Published as part of Olmi, Massimo, Chen, Hua-Yan, Guglielmino, Adalgisa, Ødegaard, Frode, Vollaro, Massimo, Capradossi, Leonardo & Liu, Jing-Xian, 2022, DNA barcoding of Aphelopus Dalman (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae) from China, with descriptions of four new species, pp. 40-71 in European Journal of Taxonomy 794 (1) on page 61, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.794.1653, http://zenodo.org/record/6078154, {"references":["Xu Z., Olmi M. & He J. 2013. Dryinidae of the Oriental region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). Zootaxa 3614 (1): 1 - 460. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3614.1.1"]}

Aphelopus mangshanensis Xu, Olmi, Guglielmino & Chen, 2011 Fig. 13 Aphelopus mangshanensis Xu, Olmi, Guglielmino & Chen, 2011: 243. Aphelopus mangshanensis – Xu et al. 2013: 27. Material examined CHINA • 1&male;; Yunnan, Xianggelila, Gaoshan Botanical Garden; 27°53′47″ N, 99°38′22″ E; 30 May–5 Aug. 2018; Jie Zeng leg.; MT; SCAU 3011672 (SYSBM). Distribution China (Xu et al. 2013).

Aphelopus atratus (Dalman, 1823) Dryinus (Aphelopus) atratus Dalman, 1823: 15. Aphelopus atratus (Dalman) ��� Olmi & Xu 2015: 14. Material examined NORWAY ��� 1 &female;; Vestfold, Stokke, Melsomvik; 59��218��� N, 10��346��� E; A. Staverl��kk leg.; NTNU. Distribution Widely spread across all of the Palaearctic region, from Europe to Russian Far East, South Korea and Japan (Olmi & Xu 2015; Kim & Lee 2016). Probably present in northeastern China, but not found so far., Published as part of Olmi, Massimo, Chen, Hua-Yan, Guglielmino, Adalgisa, ��degaard, Frode, Vollaro, Massimo, Capradossi, Leonardo & Liu, Jing-Xian, 2022, DNA barcoding of Aphelopus Dalman (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae) from China, with descriptions of four new species, pp. 40-71 in European Journal of Taxonomy 794 (1) on page 67, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.794.1653, http://zenodo.org/record/6078154, {"references":["Dalman J. W. 1823. Analecta Entomologica. Typis Lindhianis, Stockholm [Holmiae], Sweden. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 66069","Olmi M. & Xu Z. 2015. Dryinidae of the Eastern Palaearctic region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). Zootaxa 3996 (1): 1 - 253. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3996.1.1","Kim C. J. & Lee J. W. 2016. A taxonomical review of the genus Aphelopus (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae: Aphelopinae) from South Korea. Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity 32 (3): 159 - 168. https: // doi. org / 10.5635 / ASED. 2016.32.3.002"]}

Aphelopus mangshanensis Xu, Olmi, Guglielmino & Chen, 2011 Fig. 13 Aphelopus mangshanensis Xu, Olmi, Guglielmino & Chen, 2011: 243. Aphelopus mangshanensis – Xu et al. 2013: 27. Material examined CHINA • 1&male;; Yunnan, Xianggelila, Gaoshan Botanical Garden; 27°53′47″ N, 99°38′22″ E; 30 May–5 Aug. 2018; Jie Zeng leg.; MT; SCAU 3011672 (SYSBM). Distribution China (Xu et al. 2013)., Published as part of Olmi, Massimo, Chen, Hua-Yan, Guglielmino, Adalgisa, Ødegaard, Frode, Vollaro, Massimo, Capradossi, Leonardo & Liu, Jing-Xian, 2022, DNA barcoding of Aphelopus Dalman (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae) from China, with descriptions of four new species, pp. 40-71 in European Journal of Taxonomy 794 (1) on page 59, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.794.1653, http://zenodo.org/record/6078154, {"references":["Xu Z., Olmi M., Guglielmino A. & Chen H. 2011. Description of Aphelopus mangshanensis, a new species of Dryinidae from China. Bulletin of Insectology 64 (2): 243 - 246.","Xu Z., Olmi M. & He J. 2013. Dryinidae of the Oriental region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). Zootaxa 3614 (1): 1 - 460. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3614.1.1"]}

Aphelopus taianensis Olmi, Ødegaard & Chen sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 407CE45D-7B8C-426C-9145-A2A45E9BE81C Figs 6, 8C Diagnosis Male with head black, except mandible testaceous; mesosoma black; notauli incomplete, reaching approximately 0.5× length of mesoscutum; aedeagus distally not tridentate (Fig. 8C); basivolsella very narrow (Fig. 8C), without distal outer process, with two subdistal bristles and one lateral outer pointed apophysis; distivolsella not in the form of a long straight rod. Etymology The new species is named after Taian City, where it has been collected. Material examined Holotype CHINA • &male;; Shandong, Taian; 36°12′ N, 117°5′ E; 20 Jul. 2015; Qing-Tao Gong leg.; apple orchard; MT; SCAU 3011647 (SYSBM). Description Male (Figs 6, 8C) Fully winged; length 1.8 mm. Head black, except mandible testaceous; antenna brown, except scape and pedicel testaceous; mesosoma black; metasoma brown; legs yellow. Antenna filiform; antennomeres in following proportions: 3:4:3:4:5:5.5:5:6:6:10. Head dull, granulated; frontal line incomplete, absent shortly in front of anterior ocellus; occipital carina complete; POL = 6; OL = 3; OOL = 3; OPL = 1.5; TL = 2; greatest breadth of lateral ocellus about as long as TL. Mesoscutum and mesoscutellum dull, granulated. Notauli incomplete, reaching approximately 0.5 × length of mesoscutum (Fig. 6C). Metanotum shiny, unsculptured. Metapectal-propodeal complex dull, reticulate rugose, with two complete longitudinal keels on posterior surface; posterior surface with median area unsculptured and lateral areas rugose. Fore wing hyaline, without dark transverse bands. Basivolsella (Fig. 8C) very narrow, without distal outer process, with one lateral outer pointed apophysis and two subdistal bristles situated on top of each other. Tibial spurs 1/1/2. Female Unknown. Remarks From the above diagnosis, A. taianensis Olmi, Ødegaard & Chen sp. nov. is close to A. nepalensis Olmi, 1984. However, in the new species, the basivolsella (Fig. 8C) is very narrow and with one lateral pointed apophysis (very wide and without lateral pointed apophysis in A. nepalensis (Olmi & Xu 2015: pl. 4k). Following the description of A. taianensis Olmi, Ødegaard & Chen sp. nov., the key to males of Oriental Aphelopus published by Olmi & Xu (2015) should be modified by replacing couplet 15 as follows: 15. Notauli reaching approximately 0.65 × length of mesoscutum............... A. nigriceps Kieffer, 1905 – Notauli reaching approximately 0.5 × length of mesoscutum (Fig. 6C)...................................... 15’ 15’. Basivolsella very wide, without lateral pointed apophysis, with two subdistal bristles situated on either side of each other (Olmi & Xu 2015: pl. 4k).................................. A. nepalensis Olmi, 1984 – Basivolsella very narrow, with one lateral pointed apophysis and two subdistal bristles situated on top of each other (Fig. 8C)....................................... A. taianensis Olmi, Ødegaard & Chen sp. nov.

Aphelopus niger Xu & He, 1999 Fig. 14 Aphelopus niger Xu & He, 1999: 2. Aphelopus niger – Xu et al. 2013: 30. Material examined CHINA • 1 &female;; Guangdong, Guangzhou SYSU, bamboo garden; 23°3′9″ N, 113°23′23″ E; 23 Dec. 2018 – 20 Jan. 2019; Hua-Yan Chen leg.; MT; SCAU 3040438 (SYSBM). Distribution China (Xu et al. 2013).