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Thymbra spicatavar.spicata(zahter) veOriganum onites(kekik) Türkiye’de baharat ve halk ilacı olarak sıklıkla kullanılan Lamiaceaefamilyasına ait bitkilerdir. Bu çalışmada, klasik çözücü ekstraksiyonu (KÇE) ve ultrason destekli ekstraksiyon (UDE) yöntemiyle bitkilerin toprak üstü kısımları ekstrakte edildi. % 70 etanol ile hazırlanan ekstrelerin toplam fenolik madde miktarı (TFM) ve antioksidan aktiviteleri belirlendi. TFM ve antioksidan aktivite açısından yapılan kıyaslamada UDE yöntemiyle elde edilen sonuçların KÇE’ye göre ve kekik türünün zahtere göre daha yüksek değerlerde olduğu belirlenmiştir. 1 g kuru bitki için hesaplanan UDE sonuçları; zahter: TFM = 48,60 ± 2,80 mg gallik asit eşdeğer (GAE), FRAP değeri = 91,65 ± 4,77 mg troloks eşdeğer (TE), DPPH değeri = 90,02 ± 5,63 mg TE, kekik: TFM = 60,60 ± 4,16 mg GAE, FRAP değeri = 160,35 ± 2,92 mg TE, DPPH değeri = 166,74 ± 2,38 mg TE. KÇE sonuçları;zahter: TFM = 31,02 ± 3,75 mg GAE, FRAP değeri = 62,13 ± 4,04 mg TE, DPPH değeri = 68,08 ± 4,27 mg TE; kekik:TFM = 49,20 ± 5,92 mg GAE, FRAP değeri = 109,67 ± 3,26 mg TE, DPPH değeri = 133,14 ± 2,75 mg TE.

Tragopogon dubius and Tussilago farfara are consumed as vegetables and used in folk medicine to manage common diseases. Herein, the chemical compositions and biological activities of different leaf extracts (ethyl acetate, methanol, and water) of T. dubius and T. farfara were evaluated. The antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant abilities of the extracts were tested using different assays including free radical scavenging, reducing power, phosphomolybdenum, and metal chelating assays. Enzyme inhibitory potentials were evaluated against cholinesterases, tyrosinase, α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Complexes of bioactive compounds (chlorogenic and rosmarinic acid) were docked into the enzymatic cavity of α-glucosidase and subjected to molecular dynamic calculation, enzyme conformational stability, and flexibility analysis. T. dubius and T. farfara extracts showed remarkable antioxidant potentials. Ethyl acetate extracts of T. dubius and T. farfara were the most potent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. T. dubius ethyl acetate extract and T. farfara methanolic extract showed noteworthy activity against α-glucosidase. High performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed the abundance of some phenolic compounds including chlorogenic and rosmarinic acids. Ethyl acetate extract of T. dubius showed notable antifungal activity against all strains. Docking studies showed best pose for chlorogenic acid was stabilized by a network of hydrogen bonds with residues Asp1157, Asp1279, whereas rosmarinic acid showed several hydrogen bonds with Asp1157, Asp1420, Asp1526, Lys1460 and Trp1369. This study further validates the use of T. dubius and T. farfara in traditional medicine, as well as act as a stimulus for further studies for future biomedicine development. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Tragopogon dubius and Tussilago farfara are consumed as vegetables and used in folk medicine to manage common diseases. Herein, the chemical compositions and biological activities of different leaf extracts (ethyl acetate, methanol, and water) of T. dubius and T. farfara were evaluated. The antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant abilities of the extracts were tested using different assays including free radical scavenging, reducing power, phosphomolybdenum, and metal chelating assays. Enzyme inhibitory potentials were evaluated against cholinesterases, tyrosinase, alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase. Complexes of bioactive compounds (chlorogenic and rosmarinic acid) were docked into the enzymatic cavity of alpha-glucosidase and subjected to molecular dynamic calculation, enzyme conformational stability, and flexibility analysis. T. dubius and T. farfara extracts showed remarkable antioxidant potentials. Ethyl acetate extracts of T. dubius and T. farfara were the most potent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. T. dubius ethyl acetate extract and T. farfara methanolic extract showed noteworthy activity against alpha-glucosidase. High performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed the abundance of some phenolic compounds including chlorogenic and rosmarinic acids. Ethyl acetate extract of T. dubius showed notable antifungal activity against all strains. Docking studies showed best pose for chlorogenic acid was stabilized by a network of hydrogen bonds with residues Asp1157, Asp1279, whereas rosmarinic acid showed several hydrogen bonds with Asp1157, Asp1420, Asp1526, Lys1460 and Trp1369. This study further validates the use of T. dubius and T. farfara in traditional medicine, as well as act as a stimulus for further studies for future biomedicine development. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

This study was made to reveal the plants used as traditional folkmedicine in Yüksekova (Hakkari) situated in Southeastern of Turkey. Thespecimens of the plants used as folk remedies were collected and the informationabout the local names, the part(s) used, the ailments treated, the therapeutic effect,the preparation, the methods of administration, and the duration of treatment havebeen recorded. The plant specimens are kept in the Herbarium of the Facultyof Pharmacy, Marmara University. As a result of identification of the plantspecimens, 25 species, used as a traditional folk medicine in Yüksekova, weredetermined. Among them, 18 species were wild and 7 species were cultivatedplants. According to the majority of the plants which have similar usages, theplants were mostly used for urinary system diseases, wound, diabetes andstomach diseases.

The purpose of this study was to comparatively reveal for the first time the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory effects of Phlomis pungens and Coridothymus capitatus methanol extracts obtained by using maceration extraction method. According to the results of anti-inflammatory activity, P. pungens methanolic extract demonstrated a more prominent and intensive antiinflammatory effect with 24.7% of inhibitive capacity in the altered edema size after the first hour of carrageenan injection compared to C. capitatus methanolic extract. P. pungens methanolic extract inhibitory effect increased during three hours and reached maximum by 41.9%. According to the results obtained from antioxidant activity experiments, methanol extract of C. capitatus exhibited stronger free radical scavenging (DPPH), cupric reducing (CUPRAC), ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) and ABTS radical cation scavenging activity than P. pungens extract. In additon, C. capitatus extract had higher ABTS radical cation scavenging and ferric reducing/antioxidant power activity than ascorbic acid, BHT and BHA, respectively. Therefore, this extract can be used in both medicine and food industry as a natural antioxidant source.

This study was made to reveal the plants used as traditional folk medicine in Usak in 2013. The specimens of the plants used as folk remedies have been collected and the information about the local names, the part(s) used, the ailments treated, the therapeutic effect, the preparation, the methods of administration, and the duration of treatment were recorded. The plant specimens are kept in the Herbarium of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University. As a result of identification of the plant specimens, 38 species, used as a traditional folk medicine in Usak, have been determined. According to the majority of the plants which have similar usages, the plants were mostly used for gastrointestinal system diseases, respiratory system diseases and urinary system diseases.