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Bolotov, Ivan N., Vikhrev, Ilya V., Lopes-Lima, Manuel, Gofarov, Mikhail Y., Konopleva, Ekaterina S., Lyubas, Artem A., Lunn, Zau, Chan, Nyein, Bogan, Arthur E. (2019): Unio sella and U. sula: A review of enigmatic taxonomic names linked to Gibbosula laosensis (Lea, 1863) (Bivalvia: Margaritiferidae: Gibbosulinae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 440-447, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0035

Unio sula Simpson, 1900 Unio sula Simpson, 1900: 678; Haas, 1912: 122; Simpson, 1914: 521; Brandt, 1974: 260. Taxonomic status. Nomen nudum, probably an incorrect spelling of the name Unio sella Prashad, 1922 (see Fig. 4D and Discussion)., Published as part of Bolotov, Ivan N., Vikhrev, Ilya V., Lopes-Lima, Manuel, Gofarov, Mikhail Y., Konopleva, Ekaterina S., Lyubas, Artem A., Lunn, Zau, Chan, Nyein & Bogan, Arthur E., 2019, Unio sella and U. sula: A review of enigmatic taxonomic names linked to Gibbosula laosensis (Lea, 1863) (Bivalvia: Margaritiferidae: Gibbosulinae), pp. 440-447 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67 on page 446, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0035, http://zenodo.org/record/4577110, {"references":["Simpson CT (1900) Synopsis of the naiades, or pearly fresh-water mussels. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 22: 501 - 1044.","Haas F (1912) Die Unioniden. In: Kuster HC (ed.) Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz (Bd. 9, Abt. 2, H. 46). Pp. 113 - 136, pls. 30 - 35.","Simpson CT (1914) A descriptive catalogue of the naiades, or pearly fresh-water mussels. Parts I-III. Bryant Walker, Detroit, 1540 pp.","Brandt RAM (1974) The non-marine aquatic Mollusca of Thailand. Archiv fur Molluskenkunde, 105: 1 - 423.","Prashad B (1922) A revision of the Burmese Unionidae. Records of the Indian Museum, 24: 91 - 111."]}

Bogan, Arthur E., Do, Van Tu (2018): An overlooked new species of freshwater bivalve from northern Vietnam (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 78-86, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4504624, {"references":["Bavay A & Dautzenberg P (1901) Description de deux Unio et d'un Corbicula nouveaux, provenant de l'Indo-Chine. Journal de conchyliologie, 49: 5-9, pl. 1, figs. 1-7.","Bogan AE (2008) Global diversity of freshwater mussels (Mollusca, Bivalvia) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia, 595: 139-147.","Bogan AE & Do VT (2016) Fieldtrip to northern Vietnam, 2016. Ellipsaria, 18: 27-29.","Brandt RAM (1974) The non-marine aquatic Mollusca of Thailand. Archiv fur Molluskenkunde, 105: 1-423.","Dang NT, Thai TB & Pham VM (1980) Identification of freshwater invertebrates of North Vietnam [In Vietnamese: Dinh loai dong vat khong xuOng song nuoc ngot Bac Viet Nam]. Sciences and Technology Publishing Co., Hanoi, Vietnam, 573 pp. Bivalvia chapter pp. 491-573. [In Vietnamese]","Dang NT & Ho TH (in press) Freshwater bivalve and snail of Vietnam (Mollusca: Gastropoda, Bivalvia). Publishing House for Science and Technology, Hanoi. [In Vietnamese]","Dautzenberg P & Fischer H (1905) Liste des mollusques recoltes par M. le Capitaine de Fregate Blaise au Tonkin, et description d'especes nouvelles. Journal de conchyliologie, 53: 85-234.","Do VT, Le QT & Bogan AE (in press) Freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionoida) of Vietnam: diversity, distribution and conservation status. Freshwater Mollusk Biology and Conservation, (in press).","Graf DL & Cummings KS (2007) Review of the systematics and global diversity of freshwater mussel species (Bivalvia: Unionoida). Journal of Molluscan Studies, 73: 291-314.","Graf DL & Cummings KS (2017) Musselp. The Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida) of the World (and other less consequential bivalves). http://mussel-project.uwsp.edu/. [Accessed 15 August 2017].","Haas F (1910-1920) Die Unioniden. In: Kuster HC (ed.) Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz. Volume 9 (pt. 2, h. 42). Pp. 17-40, pls. 7-12.","Haas F (1969a) Superfamilia Unionacea. Das Tierreich (Berlin), Lieferung 88. Walter de Gruyter & Co., 663 pp.","Haas F (1969b) Superfamily Unionacea. In: Moore RC (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Geological Society of America and the University of Kansas, Part N, Volume 1 [of 3]. Mollusca 6. Bivalvia. Pp. N411-N470.","He J & Zhuang Z (2013) The Freshwater Bivalves of China. ConchBooks, Bahnhofstr, 117, D-55296, Harxheim, Germany, 198 pp.","Heude RP (1877) Conchyliologie Fluviatile de la Province de Nanking et Nanking et de la Chine Centrale. Paris, Librairie F. Savy, 24 Rue Hautefeuille. (Fascicule 2): pls. 9-16.","Johnson RI (1973) Heude's molluscan types or Asian land and fresh water mollusks, mostly from the People's Republic of China, described by P.M. Heude. Special Occasional Publication No. 1. Dept. of Mollusks, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 111 pp.","Liu YY, Zhang WZ, Wang YX & Duan Y (1994) Eight new species of freshwater molluscs in southwest China (Gastropoda: Bivalvia). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 19(4): 25-36.","Lopes-Lima M, Froufe E, Do VT, Ghamizi M, Mock KE, Kebapci U, Klishko O, Kovitvadhi S, Kovitvadhi U, Paul OS, Pfeiffer JM III, Raley M, Riccardi N, Sereflisan H, Sousa R, Teixeira A, Varandas S, Wu XP, Zanatta DT, Zieritz A & Bogan AE (2017) Phylogeny of most species rich freshwater bivalve family (Bivalvia: Unionida: Unionidae): defining modern subfamilies and tribes. Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution, 106: 174-191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.08.021","Lydeard C, Cowie RH, Ponder WH, Bogan AE, Bouchet P, Clark SA, Cummings KS, Frest TJ, Gargominy O, Herbert DG, Hershler R, Perez KE, Roth B, Seddon M, Strong EE, & Thompson FG (2004) The global decline of nonmarine mollusks. BioScience, 54(4): 321-330.","Meyfroidt P & Lambin EF (2008) Forest transition in Vietnam and its environmental impacts. Global Change Biology, 14: 1319-1336.","Simpson CT (1900) Synopsis of the naiades, or pearly freshwater mussels. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 22(1205): 501-1044.","Simpson CT (1914) A Descriptive Catalogsue of the Naiades, or Pearly Fresh-water Mussels. Parts I-III. Bryant Walker, Detroit, Michigan, 1540 pp.","Strayer D & Dudgeon D (2010) Freshwater biodiversity conservation: recent progress and future challenges. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 29: 344-358.","Tedesco PA, Bigorne R, Bogan AE, Giam X, Jezequel C, & Hugueny B (2014) Estimating how many undescribed species have gone extinct. Conservation Biology, 28: 1360-1370.","Vaughn CC & Taylor CM (2001) Impoundments and the decline of freshwater mussels: a case study of an extinction gradient. Conservation Biology, 13: 912-920.","Wood W (1815) General Conchology; or, a description of shells arranged according to the Linnean system, and illustrated with plates, drawn and coloured from Nature. Printed for John Booth, Duke Street, Portland Place, London, 246 pp.","Zieritz A, Bogan AE, Froufe E, Klishko O, Kondo T, Kovitvadhi U, Kovitvadhi S, Lee JH, Lopes-Lima M, Pfeiffer JM III, Sousa R, Do VT, Vikhrev I & Zanatta DT (2017) Diversity, biogeography and conservation of freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionida) in East and Southeast Asia. Hydrobiologia, 2017: 1-16. DOI 10.1007/s10750-017-3104-8."]}

Pseudobaphia biesiana (Heude, 1877) (Fig. 2) Type locality. "Le torrent de Ning-kouo-hien." Johnson (1973) and Graf & Cummings (2017) placed this locality in Anhui Province in the Yangtze and Huai River basins in eastern People's Republic of China. Type materials. Syntypes: MNHN 3425, MNHN 3427; SMF 3597 (Graf & Cummings, 2017); USNM 126480 [2 specimens] (Smithsonian Institution Database, 14 August 2017) [listed as paratypes by Johnson, 1973]. Other materials. NZMC FM 01681 (He & Zhuang, 2013: 89). Discussion. There are no known preserved specimens available for anatomy or molecular analyses for P. biesiana. It is only known from five dry shell specimens. The specimen NZMC FM 01681 from Sichuan province, People's Republic of China figured by He & Zhuang (2013) is identified as P. biesiana, but differs from the illustrated syntypes (Fig. 2) in having two short lateral teeth in the left valve. This specimen has greater lateral tooth development than exhibited by the syntype specimens and is from much farther west in China. It appears to be morphologically between P. biesiana and P. banggiangensis new species, which has well developed, long lateral teeth. This specimen may represent another new species in Pseudobaphia, but more specimens are required to answer this question. Historically, Haas (1969a, b) placed Pseudobaphia in the Quadrulinae, but modern molecular analyses restrict this subfamily to North America and it does not include any Asian taxa (Lopes-Lima et al., 2017). The phylogenetic position of Pseudobaphia is assumed to be in Unionidae, but assignment to subfamily or tribe is not now possible and is currently listed as Unionidae (incertae sedis) (Graf & Cummings, 2007; Lopes-Lima et al., 2017; Zieritz et al., 2017). Live specimens of this species are required to answer the question of Pseudobaphia 's phylogenetic position. Description. "Shell large, rather solid, inflated, subrhomboid, somewhat equilateral; beaks very full and high, corrugated; ligament large, brown; posterior ridge more or less double, ending in a biangulation at and below the median line, the region above it obliquely truncate; epidermis fuscousolivaceous, slightly rayed when young; surface smooth and shining medially; pseudocardinals strong, stump, slightly roughened, showing behind them numerous nodules; lateral feeble, in old shells almost wanting; anterior scars deep in the hinder portion; posterior scars large; beak cavities deep, compressed; nacre dirty white or flesh-colored. Length 106, height 76, diam. 52 mm." Simpson (1914: 1139)., Published as part of Bogan, Arthur E. & Do, Van Tu, 2018, An overlooked new species of freshwater bivalve from northern Vietnam (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionidae), pp. 78-86 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66 on page 80, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4504624, {"references":["Heude RP (1877) Conchyliologie Fluviatile de la Province de Nanking et Nanking et de la Chine Centrale. Paris, Librairie F. Savy, 24 Rue Hautefeuille. (Fascicule 2): pls. 9 - 16.","Johnson RI (1973) Heude's molluscan types or Asian land and fresh water mollusks, mostly from the People's Republic of China, described by P. M. Heude. Special Occasional Publication No. 1. Dept. of Mollusks, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 111 pp.","Graf DL & Cummings KS (2017) Musselp. The Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida) of the World (and other less consequential bivalves). http: // mussel-project. uwsp. edu /. [Accessed 15 August 2017].","He J & Zhuang Z (2013) The Freshwater Bivalves of China. ConchBooks, Bahnhofstr, 117, D- 55296, Harxheim, Germany, 198 pp.","Haas F (1969 a) Superfamilia Unionacea. Das Tierreich (Berlin), Lieferung 88. Walter de Gruyter & Co., 663 pp.","Lopes-Lima M, Froufe E, Do VT, Ghamizi M, Mock KE, Kebapci U, Klishko O, Kovitvadhi S, Kovitvadhi U, Paul OS, Pfeiffer JM III, Raley M, Riccardi N, Sereflisan H, Sousa R, Teixeira A, Varandas S, Wu XP, Zanatta DT, Zieritz A & Bogan AE (2017) Phylogeny of most species rich freshwater bivalve family (Bivalvia: Unionida: Unionidae): defining modern subfamilies and tribes. Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution, 106: 174 - 191. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2016.08.021","Graf DL & Cummings KS (2007) Review of the systematics and global diversity of freshwater mussel species (Bivalvia: Unionoida). Journal of Molluscan Studies, 73: 291 - 314.","Zieritz A, Bogan AE, Froufe E, Klishko O, Kondo T, Kovitvadhi U, Kovitvadhi S, Lee JH, Lopes-Lima M, Pfeiffer JM III, Sousa R, Do VT, Vikhrev I & Zanatta DT (2017) Diversity, biogeography and conservation of freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionida) in East and Southeast Asia. Hydrobiologia, 2017: 1 - 16. DOI 10.1007 / s 10750 - 017 - 3104 - 8.","Simpson CT (1914) A Descriptive Catalogsue of the Naiades, or Pearly Fresh-water Mussels. Parts I-III. Bryant Walker, Detroit, Michigan, 1540 pp."]}

Conservation efforts have been hindered by data deficient conservation status assessments, especially due to taxonomic problems. This is especially true for many eastern Russian species of freshwater mussels, where distinct classification systems have complicated their delimitation and identification. Nodularia is a widespread eastern Asian freshwater mussel genus, present from Vietnam in the south to the Magadan region in eastern Russia in the north. The number of recognized species in the genus Nodularia in eastern Russia has been inflated over the last several decades due to the use of a typological species concept, the so-called 'Comparatory Method'. This method uses a single diagnostic character for species delimitation, i.e., the arc of maximal convexity of the shell's outline. Using this classification system, 10 species were recognized for far eastern Russia under the genus Nodularia Conrad, 1853, divided into three subgenera: Nodularia s. str., Amurunio and Magadaninaia. Since it is not supported by any other classification methods, the current comparatory classification is rejected by many Russian and international scientists, who only recognize a single species for that region, i.e., Nodularia douglasiae. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to clarify the taxonomy and systematics of the Nodularia genus in far eastern Russia and adjacent territories, using a multiple dataset approach that combines distribution with detailed conchological and anatomical analyses with morphometry and COI barcoding molecular techniques. All analyses performed in this study support the existence of a single Nodularia species in eastern Russia, i.e., N. douglasiae.

Shelley, Rowland M., Edwards, G. B., Bogan, Arthur E. (2012): First recorded introduction of the milliped order Stemmiulida (Eugnatha: Nematophora): Potential establishment in Florida, USA, and new records from Mexico; northward range extension into southern Tamaulipas. Insecta Mundi 2012 (245): 1-5, {"references":["Bond. 2004. Diplopoda. p. 569-599. In: B. J.","Chamberlin, R. V., and R. L. Hoffman. 1958.","Demange, J.-M. 1946. Callipus foetidissimus gallicus denticulatus nov. var. des catacombes du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris","adjusted northward in eastern Mexico to account for 394-396. occurrence in southern Tamaulipas. The depicted boundary Enghoff, H. 1982. Millipedes (Diplopoda) from appears to run along the Tropic of Cancer in the Gulf of the Cape Verde Islands. Courier Mexico, but it crosses into Mexico just south of this Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 52: 137-138. meridian.","Enghoff, H. 1993. Cape Verdean millipedes","Golovatch, S. I., J.-J. Geoffroy, J.-P. Mauries, and D. VandenSpiegel. 2007. Review of the millipede genus Glyphiulus Gervais, 1847, with descriptions of new species from Southeast Asia (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Cambalopsidae). Part 2: the javanicus -group. Zoosystema 29(3): 417-455. Golovatch, S. I., J.-J. Geoffroy, J.-P. Mauries, and D. VandenSpiegel. 2011. New species of the millipede genus Glyphiulus Gervais, 1847 from the granulatus -group (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Cambalopsidae). Arthropoda Selecta 20(2): 65-114.","Hoffman, R. L. 1977. A stemmiulid milliped from Central Africa. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 84(4): 831- 835.","Hoffman, R. L. 1980 (1979). Classification of the Diplopoda. Museum d'Histoire Naturelle; Geneve, Switzerland. 237 p.","Hoffman, R. L. 1982. Diplopoda. p. 689-724. In: S. B. Parker (ed.). Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms 2: 1-1119.","Hoffman, R. L. 1999. Checklist of the millipeds of North and Middle America. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publication Number 8: 1-584.","Korsos, Z. 1992. Millipedes from anthropogenic habitats in Hungary. Berichte des Naturwissenschaftlich- Medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck, Supplementum 10: 237-241","Korsos, Z., 1994. Checklist, preliminary distribution maps, and bibliography of millipedes in Hungary (Diplopoda). Miscellanea Zoologica Hungarica 9: 29-82.","Korsos, Z., E. Hornung, K. Szlavecz, and J. Kontschan. 2002. Isopoda and Diplopoda of urban habitats: new data to the fauna of Budapest. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 94: 193-208.","Loomis, H. F. 1968. A checklist of the millipeds of Mexico and Central America. United States National Museum Bulletin 266: 1-137.","Mauries, J.-P. 1983. Cambalides nouveaux et peu connus d'Asia, d'Amerique et d'Oceanie, I. Cambalidae et Cambalopsidae (Myriapoda, Diplopoda). Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 4e serie, section A 5: 247-276.","Mauries, J.-P. 1985. Contributions to the knowledge of the mountain fauna of Malawi (Mission R. Jocque). 5. Diplopoda Stemmiulida. Revue de Zoologie Africaine 99: 41-146.","Mauries, J.-P. 1989. Revision des stemmiulides: especes nouvelles et peu connues d'Afrique (Myriapoda, Diplopoda). Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 4e serie, section A, Zoologie 11(3): 605-637.","Mauries, J.-P., and S. I. Golovatch. 2006. Stemmiulus deharvengi sp. n., the first Stemmiulida to be reported from Indonesia (Diplopoda: Stemmiulida). Arthropoda Selecta 15(2): 91-98.","Mauries, J.-P., S. I. Golovatch, and J.-J. Geoffroy. 2010. A new genus and species of the order Stemmiulida from Vietnam (Diplopoda). Arthropoda Selecta 19(2): 73-80.","Shear, W. A. 2011. Class Diplopoda de Blainville in Gervais, 1844. p. 159-164, In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148: 1-237.","Shear, W. A., and R. M. Shelley. 2004. Introduction of the milliped Cleidogona nantahala Shear, 1972, in New England (Chordeumatida: Cleidogonidae). Entomological News, 115(2): 88-94.","Shelley, R. M. 1990. Discovery of the millipede Craspedosoma rawlinsii Leach in the New World (Chordeumatida: Craspedosomatidae). Entomologists Monthly Magazine 126: 117-118.","Shelley, R. M. 1998. Occurrence of the milliped Glyphiulus granulatus (Gervais) in the Hawaiian Islands (Spirostreptida: Cambalidea: Cambalopsidae). Bishop Museum Occasional Papers, 56: 36-37.","Shelley, R. M. 2001 (2000). Annotated checklist of the millipeds of Florida (Arthropoda). Insecta Mundi 14(4): 241-251.","Shelley, R. M. 2002. The millipeds of central Canada (Arthropoda: Diplopoda), with reviews of the Canadian fauna and diplopod faunistic studies. Canadian Journal of Zoology 80: 1863-1875.","Shelley, R. M. 2003 (2002). A revised, annotated, family-level classification of the Diplopoda. Arthropoda Selecta 11(3): 187-207.","Shelley, R. M., and S. I. Golovatch. 2011. Atlas of myriapod biogeography. I. Indigenous ordinal and supra-ordinal distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on taxon origins and ages, and a hypothesis on the origin and early evolution of the class. Insecta Mundi 0158: 1-134.","Stoev, P., and H. Enghoff. 2006. A review of the millipede genus Dorypetalum Verhoeff, 1900 (Diplopoda: Callipodida: Dorypetalidae). Zootaxa 1254: 29-43.","Stoev, P., P. Sierwald, and A. Billey. 2008. An annotated world catalogue of the millipede order Callipodida (Arthropoda: Diplopoda). Zootaxa 1706: 1-50."]}

Mexiconium absidatum Shelley, 1996 Mexiconium absidatum Shelley, 1996: 135, figs. 4, 31��� 38. Hoffman, 1999: 29. Bueno-Villegas et al., 2004: 586. Distribution. Known only from the type locality on the north side of Cofre de Perote, 13.3 mi (21.8 km) S La Vigas, Veracruz, Mexico (Fig. 9)., Published as part of Shelley, Rowland M., Richart, Casey H. & Bogan, Arthur E., 2010, Octoglena claraqua, n. sp. (Polyzoniida: Hirudisomatidae), a new milliped from Idaho, USA; first record of the order from the western interior of North America, pp. 55-64 in Zootaxa 2446 on page 62, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.195063, {"references":["Shelley, R. M. (1996 [1995]) The milliped family Hirudisomatidae in the New World (Polyzoniida). Brimleyana, 23, 103 - 143.","Hoffman, R. L. (1999) Checklist of the millipeds of North and Middle America. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publication, 8, 1 - 584.","Bueno-Villegas, J., Sierwald, P., Bond, J. E. (2004) Diplopoda, pp. 569 - 599, In: Llorente, B. J., Morrone, J. J., Yanez, O., Vargas, I., eds., Biodiversidad, Taxonomia y Biogeografia de Artropodos de Mexico: Hacia una siutesis de su conocimiento. IV. UNAM. Mexico."]}

Octoglena claraqua, new species Figs. 1���8 Type specimen. 3 holotype (NCSM) collected by C.H. Richart, 20 July 2008, 0.4 mi (0.6 km) NW US Forest Service Rd. 720 and 0.7 mi (1.1 km) WNW USFS Rd. 250 & Cedars Recreation site, beside unnamed tributary of North Fork Clearwater River, Clearwater National Forest (N 46 �� 52 ' 39.34 ", W 115 �� 05' 20.05 "), ca. 67 mi (107 km) NE Pierce, Clearwater County, Idaho, USA. Diagnosis. Prozona transversely banded. Gonopods in situ recumbent, directed anteriad. Anterior gonopod with coxal lobe directed laterad; 5 th podomere with sinuate lobe arising mediad from caudal surface and directed distad; ultimate podomere in form of terminal calyx. Preserved coloration. Head cream-colored; ocelli black, situated in angular gray to blackish band extending just below basalmost ocelli (Fig. 4). Prozona of segments 2-26 with distinct, pinkish-brown, speckled bands (Fig. 1), collum and metaterga 2-5 with additional, scattered, light speckling (Figs. 1-4), remaining metaterga light cream-colored; telson colorless and transparent, revealing underlying paraprocts (Fig. 5); venter uniformly light cream-colored. Holotype. Length ca. 4.0 mm, maximum width ca. 1.2 mm, W/L ratio 30 %; 28 segments including telson, last two legless. Antennae directed sublaterad (Fig. 4), reaching back only to caudal margin of 2 nd metatergite, relative lengths of antennomeres 6> 3> 5> 2> 4> 1> 7. Caudal metatergal margins strongly upturned and transparent (Figs. 1���2), revealing pigmented band on underlying prozona; collum semilunar, overhanging epicranium and uppermost ocelli, anterior margin gently convex and flared (Figs. 3���4); anteriolateral tergal corners blunt, caudolateral corners rounded, produced very slightly caudad on segments 13���23, more strongly prolonged on segments 26���27 (Fig. 5); ozopores opening laterad but positioned submarginally on minute elevations visible only in profile, arising on segment 5 and extending to around segment 25. Telson transparent and broadly semilunar, extending caudad well beyond margins of paraprocts, over twice as broad as long but overhanging and extending well beyond margins of paraprocts, expanding laterad for entire breadth of body (Figs. 1 ���2, 5); paraprocts small and indistinct, visible through telson; hypoproct minute. Sterna concave. Legs extending through segment 26, pairs 1���4 becoming progressively longer and less crassate, reaching maximum length and consistent thickness on leg pair 5. Gonopods in situ recumbent (Figs. 2���3), apices directed anteriad, anterior surface facing dorsad, and caudal surface facing ventrad; appearing disproportionately large in relation to overall body-size and rhomboid, completely filling sternal region of body between medial pleural margins, expanding body longitudinally around segments 7���8. Anterior gonopods (Figs. 6���7) upright in relation to sternum, distal podomeres positioned parallel to sternal lobes rather than overhanging them; sternal lobes moderately long, relatively widely separated; coxal lobe apically rounded and expanded, directed laterad, arising behind (caudal to) sternum, origin obscured in anterior view; 5 th podomere with long, broad, lightly sinuate process arising around midlength on medial side of caudal surface, directed distomediad and lying subparallel to ultimate podomere; latter in form of calyx with open side facing anteriad, also with hirsute, basal lobe anteriolaterad. 3 rd podomere of posterior gonopod with broad, rounded, sublaminate lobe mediad (Fig. 8); ultimate podomere extending distad on anterior side of projection on 5 th anterior gonopod podomere, terminating beside ultimate podomere of anterior gonopod, tapering smoothly and subcontinuously to blunt, angled, barbed tip. Etymology. The species name is a latinization of "clearwater," the name of the Idaho county and drainage in which the holotype was discovered. Ecology. The holotype was discovered in streamside woody debris in a predominantly Englemann Spruce (Picea englemannii Parry ex Engelm.) forest at 3,740 ft (1,140 m) elevation. Distribution. Known only from the type locality, which is in the northeastern corner of Clearwater Co. and uncommonly remote. It is actually closer to (ca. 36 mi [58 km] SW) Superior, Mineral Co., Montana, from which it is reachable via Diamond and Trout Creek rds., and then USFS 250 after crossing into Idaho over Hoodoo Pass. Cedars USFS Campsite and Recreation Area is at the juncture of USFS Rds. 250 & 720. While it may be restricted to the western part of the Bitterroot Mountains, O. claraqua conceivably occurs east of the crest of the Range in Mineral Co., Montana, ~ 14 mi (22 km) to the east. Remarks. The smallest representative of the genus, O. claraqua constitutes the first record of order & family from Idaho, the western interior of North America, and the Rocky Mountains in the broad sense. In situ, the gonopods appear disproportionately large in relation to overall body size (Figs. 2���3); viewed from a directly ventral perspective, they appear rhomboid and distort the body slightly in this region. However, this dramatically large size is primarily an illusion and a function of their recumbent, rather than upright, orientation. It results from the lengthwise orientation of their long, rather than narrow, dimension, the latter occurring in other Western Hemisphere hirudisomatids., Published as part of Shelley, Rowland M., Richart, Casey H. & Bogan, Arthur E., 2010, Octoglena claraqua, n. sp. (Polyzoniida: Hirudisomatidae), a new milliped from Idaho, USA; first record of the order from the western interior of North America, pp. 55-64 in Zootaxa 2446 on pages 57-60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.195063

Key to Hirudisomatidae in the Western Hemisphere (adapted from that in Shelley (1996)) 1. Telson distinctly narrower than caudalmost segments................................................................................................. 2 - Telson subequal in breath to caudalmost segments. ................................................. Octoglena Wood, 1864, in part... 3 2. Dorsum with broad, variegated, middorsal stripe; body vaulted in profile, sides not extending laterad; caudal metatergal margins elevated but not upturned; sternal lobes of anterior gonopods not apically hirsute, coxal lobes glabrous; Veracruz, Mexico................................................ Mexiconium Shelley, 1996.... M. absidatum Shelley, 1996 - Dorsum subuniformly pale yellow to white; body flattened "bell-shaped" in profile, sides extending strongly laterad; caudal metatergal margins both elevated and upturned; sternal lobes of anterior gonopods apically hirsute, coxal lobes absent; Alabama and Tennessee to North and South Carolina.............................................................................. ..................................................................................... Octoglena Wood, 1864, in part... O. gracilipes (Loomis, 1971) 3. Dorsum subuniformly pale colored, occasionally darker and somewhat orange, without horizontal bands or longitudinal stripes; Pacific Coast of North America from southwestern "mainland" of BC to southwestern Oregon; Sierra Nevada foothills of central California.......................................................................................................................... 4 - Dorsum pigmented with horizontal bands or longitudinal stripes; Pacific Coast from southwestern Oregon to Santa Cruz Co., California; Rocky Mountains of Idaho Panhandle....................................................................................... 6 4. Ventral lobe of anterior gonopod ultimate podomere indistinct, not overhanging dorsal counterpart, latter narrow and slightly sinuate, directed sublaterad; Placer Co., California.................................................... O. sierra Shelley, 1996 - Ventral lobe of anterior gonopod ultimate podomere distinct, clearly overhanging dorsal counterpart, latter broad, not sinuate, directed mediad; southwestern "mainland" BC to southwestern Oregon................................................. 5 5. Coxal lobe of anterior gonopod relatively short and apically sublinear, not overlying distal podomeres; southwestern "mainland" BC to Douglas Co., Oregon................................................................................... O. anura (Cook, 1904) - Coxal lobe of anterior gonopod relatively long, leaning laterad, substantially overlapping distal podomeres; southwestern Oregon (Douglas, Jackson, and Josephine cos.)........................................................ O. prolata Shelley, 1996 6. Prozona with distinct, transverse bands, metazona pale yellowish to white; gonopods in situ recumbent, directed anteriad; ultimate podomere of anterior gonopod in form of flattened, terminal calyx; Idaho....... O. claraqua, n. sp. - Pro- and metazona with three dark, parallel, longitudinal stripes; gonopods in situ directed ventrad; ultimate podomere of anterior gonopod divided into hirsute ventral and glabrous dorsal lobes; Pacific Coast from southwestern Oregon to Santa Cruz Co., California.............................................................................. O. bivirgata Wood, 1864, Published as part of Shelley, Rowland M., Richart, Casey H. & Bogan, Arthur E., 2010, Octoglena claraqua, n. sp. (Polyzoniida: Hirudisomatidae), a new milliped from Idaho, USA; first record of the order from the western interior of North America, pp. 55-64 in Zootaxa 2446 on page 57, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.195063, {"references":["Shelley, R. M. (1996 [1995]) The milliped family Hirudisomatidae in the New World (Polyzoniida). Brimleyana, 23, 103 - 143.","Wood, H. C. (1864) Description of new genera and species of North American MYRIAPODA. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 16, 186 - 187.","Loomis, H. F. (1971) The diplopod genus Polyzonium in North America. Florida Entomologist, 54, 151 - 163.","Cook, O. F. (1904) Myriapoda of northwestern North America. In: Harriman Alaska Expedition, 8 (Insects, pt. 1), 47 - 82."]}

Octoglena gracilipes (Loomis, 1971) Polyzonium gracilipes Loomis, 1971: 157 ���159, figs. 18���23. Octoglena gracilipes: Shelley, 1996: 129 ���134, figs. 22���27; 2000: 180. Hoffman, 1999: 30. Distribution. Parts of the Piedmont Plateau, Blue Ridge, Ridge and Valley, and Cumberland Plateau Physiographic Provinces of Tennessee, North and South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama (Shelley 1996). Known range extremes include Cumberland Co., Tennessee, on the north; Chester Co., South Carolina, on the east; and Clay and Franklin cos., Alabama, on the south and west, respectively. No unpublished samples are known (Fig. 9)., Published as part of Shelley, Rowland M., Richart, Casey H. & Bogan, Arthur E., 2010, Octoglena claraqua, n. sp. (Polyzoniida: Hirudisomatidae), a new milliped from Idaho, USA; first record of the order from the western interior of North America, pp. 55-64 in Zootaxa 2446 on page 61, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.195063, {"references":["Loomis, H. F. (1971) The diplopod genus Polyzonium in North America. Florida Entomologist, 54, 151 - 163.","Shelley, R. M. (1996 [1995]) The milliped family Hirudisomatidae in the New World (Polyzoniida). Brimleyana, 23, 103 - 143.","Hoffman, R. L. (1999) Checklist of the millipeds of North and Middle America. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publication, 8, 1 - 584."]}

Octoglena anura (Cook, 1904) Hypozonium anurum Cook, 1904: 63, pl. V, figs. 1 a���d. Chamberlin, 1911: 262. Cook and Loomis, 1928: 17. Chamberlin and Hoffman, 1958: 187. Kevan, 1983: 2962. Scudder, 1994: 22. Octoglena anura: Shelley, 1996: 119 ���125, figs. 12���15. Hoffman, 1999: 29. Habitat: Notations with newly reported samples include "riparian edges of headwater stream, litter and woody debris of Alnus rubra, Picea sitchensis, and Tsuga plicata "; "litter and woody debris among Alnus rubra, Picea sitchensis, Tsuga heterophylla, and Lystichitum americanum "; "litter and woody debris among Acer macrophyllum, Polystichum munitum, and Pseudotsuga menziesii "; "litter and woody debris of Corylus cornuta and Umbellularia californica "; "riparian forest litter of Oplopanax horridum and Rubus spectabilus "; and " Tsuga heterophylla tree farm, Alnus rubra riparian, streamside woody debris." Distribution: The southwest corner of "mainland" BC southward to northern Douglas Co., Oregon, and inland to the western slope of the Cascade Mountains (Shelley 1996). The following unpublished samples are available; CHR denotes samples collected by the second author. When sexes were not determined, the total number of specimens is provided after the institutional acronym. USA: WASHINGTON: Clallam Co., Olympic Nat. Pk., above W shore of Willoughby L. (N 48 �� 14 ' 04.47", W 124 �� 41 ' 08.77"), 21 April 2007, A. Fusek, CHR (WAS- 1). Cowlitz Co., Germany Cr. Rd., 5 mi (8 km) N WA hwy. 4 (N 46 �� 15 ' 15.75 ", W 123 �� 08' 02.71"), 18 September 2008, C.H. and D. Richart (WAS- 1). Grays Harbor Co., along Moclips Rd. ca. 25 mi (40 km) N US hwy. 101, juv., 6 November 2002, W.P. Leonard (NCSM). Lewis Co., Rainbow Falls St. Pk. (N 46 �� 37 ' 48.59 ", W 123 �� 13 ' 54.53 "), 2 April 2008, CHR, W.P. Leonard, S. Derkarabetian (WAS- 9); and off logging rd. E of Kjesbu Rd., 0.4 mi (0.6 km) N Flynn Rd. (N 46 �� 33 ' 44.98 ", W 122 �� 28 ' 59.36 "), 28 July 2009, CHR, D. Leavitt (WAS- 1). Mason Co., along Kennedy Cr. ca. 200 ft (60 m) W Old Olympic hwy., 3, ♀, W.P. Leonard (NCSM). Pacific Co., near Nemah Fish Hatchery (N 46 �� 30 ' 14.46 ", W 123 �� 50 ' 30.84 "), 9 May 2007, CHR (WAS- 1); along Trap Cr. Rd., 1.1 mi (1.8 km) S WA hwy. 6 (N 46 �� 32 ' 35.07 ", W 123 �� 36 ' 53.59 "), 2 April 2008, CHR, W.P. Leonard, S. Derkarabetian (WAS- 1); and Ellsworth Creek Pres. (N 46 �� 24 ' 49.95 ", W 123 �� 53 ' 31.92 "), 2 April 2008, CHR, W.P. Leonard, S. Derkarabetian (WAS- 2). Skamania Co., Headwater Basin in Rock Cr. watershed (N 45 �� 42 ' 51.48 ", W 121 �� 55 ' 39.36 "), 16 August 2005, CHR (WAS- 1). Wahkiakum Co., along Elochoman Valley Rd., 7.8 mi (12.5 km) N WA hwy. 4 (N 46 �� 16 ' 40.31 ", W 123 �� 16 ' 32.83 "), 19 September 2008, C.H. and D. Richart (WAS- 1). OREGON: Benton Co., Mary's Peak, 23, 19 January 1985, K.W. Radtke (AMNH). Columbia Co., along Swedetown Rd., 2.9 mi (4.7 km) S US hwy. 30 (N 46 �� 04' 46.07 ", W 123 �� 09' 06.84"), 2 April 2008, CHR, S. Derkarabetian (WAS- 1). Coos Co., Gold and Silver Falls St. Pk. (N 43 �� 29 ' 00.58", W 123 �� 08' 02.81"), 4 April 2008, CHR, S. Derkarabetian (WAS- 1). Lane Co., Clark Cr. Organization Camp (N 43 �� 58 ' 20.94 ", W 122 �� 34 ' 45.43 "), Willamette National Forest, 1 April 2008, CHR, S. Derkarabetian (WAS- 3). Linn Co., Monument Peak, ♀, 29 September 1969, R.L. Westcott, E.M. Fisher (UCD). Multnomah Co., Portland, 3, ♀♀, juvs., 2 January 1970, J.S. Buckett (UCD)., Published as part of Shelley, Rowland M., Richart, Casey H. & Bogan, Arthur E., 2010, Octoglena claraqua, n. sp. (Polyzoniida: Hirudisomatidae), a new milliped from Idaho, USA; first record of the order from the western interior of North America, pp. 55-64 in Zootaxa 2446 on pages 60-61, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.195063, {"references":["Cook, O. F. (1904) Myriapoda of northwestern North America. In: Harriman Alaska Expedition, 8 (Insects, pt. 1), 47 - 82.","Chamberlin, R. V. (1911) Notes on myriopods from Alaska and Washington. Canadian Entomologist, 43, 260 - 264.","Cook, O. F., and Loomis, H. F. (1928) Millipeds of the order Colobognatha, with descriptions of six new genera and type species, from Arizona and California. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 72, 1 - 26.","Chamberlin, R. V., and Hoffman, R. L. (1958) Checklist of the millipeds of North America. United States National Museum Bulletin, 212, 1 - 236.","Kevan, D. K. McE. (1983) A preliminary survey of known and potentially Canadian millipedes (Diplopoda). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 61, 2956 - 2975.","Scudder, G. G. E. (1994) An annotated systematic list of the potentially rare and endangered freshwater and terrestrial invertebrates in British Columbia. Entomological Society of British Columbia, Occasional Paper, 2, 1 - 92.","Shelley, R. M. (1996 [1995]) The milliped family Hirudisomatidae in the New World (Polyzoniida). Brimleyana, 23, 103 - 143.","Hoffman, R. L. (1999) Checklist of the millipeds of North and Middle America. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publication, 8, 1 - 584."]}

Octoglena bivirgata Wood, 1864 Octoglena bivirgata Wood, 1864: 186; 1865: 229���230, figs. 58���59. Bollman, 1893: 117, 187. Shelley, 1996: 112 ���119, figs. 3, 6��� 11; 2002 b: 92. Hoffman, 1999: 29. Euzonium crucis Chamberlin, 1950: 1 ���2. Chamberlin and Hoffman, 1958: 187. Buckett, 1964: 29. Hypozonium arnaudi Chamberlin, 1954: 233. Buckett, 1964: 29. Habitat. Octoglena bivirgata was common in "madrone and bay duff" in Marin Co. Distribution. The southwestern corner of Oregon (coastal Curry Co.) southward to central Santa Cruz Co., California, extending inland to the eastern slope of the Coast Range in western Colusa Co. The following new records are available; the initials, "BG," signify samples collected by J.S. Buckett and M.R. Gardner, who initiated research on California and western North American millipeds in the 1960 s: CALIFORNIA: Marin Co., Sam P. Taylor St. Pk., ♀, 27 March 1971, M.R. Gardner (UCD); 8 mi (12.8 km) E Marshall, 3, ♀, 12 November 1962, J.S. Buckett (UCD); 1 and 2 mi (1.6 and 3.2 km) SE Inverness, 33, 3♀, juv., 12 November 1961 and 5 May 1971, P.D. Ashlock, R. Hislop (UCB); Lagunitas, 3, ♀♀, juvs., 9 January 1965, BG (UCD); and Liberty Gulch nr. Alpine Lake., 3, ♀, 17 and 19 April 1971, E.I. Schlinger (UCB). Mendocino Co., 1 and 5 mi (1.6 and 8 km) NE Mendocino, 3, ♀♀, 1 July and 22 December 1964, BG (UCD); Mendocino, 23, 4♀, 31 January 1965, J.S. Buckett (UCD); 17 mi (27.2 km) E Ft. Bragg, 3 ♀, 23 December 1964, BG (UCD); and Russian Gulch St. Pk., 3, 21 December 1964, BG, J.R. Helfer (UCD). Santa Cruz Co., Ben Lomond, 63, 5♀, 2 juvs., 22 January 1955, D. Burdick, M. Wasbauer (UCB); 7.5 mi (12 km) S Los Gatos, 3, ♀, 23 February 1963, Irwins, Vesterby, R.L. Westcott (UCD); and 5 mi (8 km) NW Loma Prieta, 3, 2♀, 6 juvs., 29 December 1966, M.R. and R.C. Gardner (UCD). Shasta Co., N of Hazel Cr., 33, 10♀, 3 juvs., 26 June 1954, R. O. Schuster, B.J. Adelson (UCB); 8 mi (12.8 km) S Dunsmuir, 53, 2♀, 3 juvs., 23 November 1954, R. O. Schuster, E.E. Gilbert (UCB); and 18 and 21 mi (28.8 and 33.6 km) W Redding, 53, 13♀, juv., 21 December 1966, BG (UCD). Sonoma Co., 6 mi (9.6 km) SSE Santa Rosa, along Bennett Valley Rd., 3, 26 November 1964, J.S. Buckett (UCD); 6 mi (9.6 km) NW Cloverdale, 23, 3 juvs., 24 December 1964, J.S. Buckett (UCD); 10 mi (16 km) NE Santa Rosa, 3, ♀, juv., 22 November 1965, J.S. Buckett (UCD); Salt Point St. Pk., ♀, 29 March 1980, D. Ubick (CAS); and 1.5 mi (2.3 km) N Healdsburg, 31 January 1991, D. Ubick, W. Savory, K. Dabney (CAS). Trinity Co., 11 mi (17.6 km) E Douglas City, 23, 2♀, 2 juvs., 11 July 1954, R. O. Schuster, E.E. Gilbert (UCB); and 2.5 mi (4 km) NW Weaverville, 3, ♀, 21 December 1964, BG (UCD)., Published as part of Shelley, Rowland M., Richart, Casey H. & Bogan, Arthur E., 2010, Octoglena claraqua, n. sp. (Polyzoniida: Hirudisomatidae), a new milliped from Idaho, USA; first record of the order from the western interior of North America, pp. 55-64 in Zootaxa 2446 on page 61, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.195063, {"references":["Wood, H. C. (1864) Description of new genera and species of North American MYRIAPODA. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 16, 186 - 187.","Bollman, C. H. (1893) The Myriapoda of North America. United States National Museum Bulletin, 46, 1 - 210.","Shelley, R. M. (1996 [1995]) The milliped family Hirudisomatidae in the New World (Polyzoniida). Brimleyana, 23, 103 - 143.","Hoffman, R. L. (1999) Checklist of the millipeds of North and Middle America. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publication, 8, 1 - 584.","Chamberlin, R. V. (1950) Three new genera and eight new species of western millipeds. Chicago Academy of Sciences Natural History Miscellanea, 68, 1 - 6.","Chamberlin, R. V., and Hoffman, R. L. (1958) Checklist of the millipeds of North America. United States National Museum Bulletin, 212, 1 - 236.","Buckett, J. S. (1964) Annotated list of the Diplopoda of California. Simmons Publishing Co., Davis, California. 34 pp.","Chamberlin, R. V. (1954) Six new California millipeds. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 67, 231 - 234."]}

Genus Mexiconium Shelley, 1996 Mexiconium Shelley, 1996: 134. Hoffman, 1999: 28. Shelley et al. 2000: 14. Distribution. Veracruz, Mexico (Fig. 9)., Published as part of Shelley, Rowland M., Richart, Casey H. & Bogan, Arthur E., 2010, Octoglena claraqua, n. sp. (Polyzoniida: Hirudisomatidae), a new milliped from Idaho, USA; first record of the order from the western interior of North America, pp. 55-64 in Zootaxa 2446 on page 62, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.195063, {"references":["Shelley, R. M. (1996 [1995]) The milliped family Hirudisomatidae in the New World (Polyzoniida). Brimleyana, 23, 103 - 143.","Hoffman, R. L. (1999) Checklist of the millipeds of North and Middle America. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publication, 8, 1 - 584."]}

Key to Hirudisomatidae in the Western Hemisphere (adapted from that in Shelley (1996)) 1. Telson distinctly narrower than caudalmost segments................................................................................................. 2 - Telson subequal in breath to caudalmost segments. ................................................. Octoglena Wood, 1864, in part... 3 2. Dorsum with broad, variegated, middorsal stripe; body vaulted in profile, sides not extending laterad; caudal metatergal margins elevated but not upturned; sternal lobes of anterior gonopods not apically hirsute, coxal lobes glabrous; Veracruz, Mexico................................................ Mexiconium Shelley, 1996.... M. absidatum Shelley, 1996 - Dorsum subuniformly pale yellow to white; body flattened "bell-shaped" in profile, sides extending strongly laterad; caudal metatergal margins both elevated and upturned; sternal lobes of anterior gonopods apically hirsute, coxal lobes absent; Alabama and Tennessee to North and South Carolina.............................................................................. ..................................................................................... Octoglena Wood, 1864, in part... O. gracilipes (Loomis, 1971) 3. Dorsum subuniformly pale colored, occasionally darker and somewhat orange, without horizontal bands or longitudinal stripes; Pacific Coast of North America from southwestern "mainland" of BC to southwestern Oregon; Sierra Nevada foothills of central California.......................................................................................................................... 4 - Dorsum pigmented with horizontal bands or longitudinal stripes; Pacific Coast from southwestern Oregon to Santa Cruz Co., California; Rocky Mountains of Idaho Panhandle....................................................................................... 6 4. Ventral lobe of anterior gonopod ultimate podomere indistinct, not overhanging dorsal counterpart, latter narrow and slightly sinuate, directed sublaterad; Placer Co., California.................................................... O. sierra Shelley, 1996 - Ventral lobe of anterior gonopod ultimate podomere distinct, clearly overhanging dorsal counterpart, latter broad, not sinuate, directed mediad; southwestern "mainland" BC to southwestern Oregon................................................. 5 5. Coxal lobe of anterior gonopod relatively short and apically sublinear, not overlying distal podomeres; southwestern "mainland" BC to Douglas Co., Oregon................................................................................... O. anura (Cook, 1904) - Coxal lobe of anterior gonopod relatively long, leaning laterad, substantially overlapping distal podomeres; southwestern Oregon (Douglas, Jackson, and Josephine cos.)........................................................ O. prolata Shelley, 1996 6. Prozona with distinct, transverse bands, metazona pale yellowish to white; gonopods in situ recumbent, directed anteriad; ultimate podomere of anterior gonopod in form of flattened, terminal calyx; Idaho....... O. claraqua, n. sp. - Pro- and metazona with three dark, parallel, longitudinal stripes; gonopods in situ directed ventrad; ultimate podomere of anterior gonopod divided into hirsute ventral and glabrous dorsal lobes; Pacific Coast from southwestern Oregon to Santa Cruz Co., California.............................................................................. O. bivirgata Wood, 1864

Genus Octoglena Wood, 1864 Octoglena Wood, 1864: 186; 1865: 229. Bollman, 1893: 117, 137, 187. Jeekel, 1971: 41. Hoffman, 1980: 73; 1999: 29. Shelley, 1996: 108 ���112; 2002 b: 92. Hypozonium Cook, 1904: 62. Cook and Loomis, 1928: 17. Chamberlin and Hoffman, 1958: 187. Buckett, 1964: 29. Jeekel, 1971: 39. Hoffman, 1980: 73. Kevan, 1983: 2962. Euzonium Chamberlin, 1950: 1. Chamberlin and Hoffman, 1958: 187. Buckett, 1964: 29. Jeekel, 1971: 38. Hoffman, 1980: 73. Type species. Of Octoglena, O. bivirgata Wood, 1864, by monotypy; of Hypozonium, H. anurum Cook, 1904, by monotypy; of Euzonium, E. crucis Chamberlin, 1950, by original designation. Description (adapted from the diagnosis in Shelley (1996)). Dorsum variably colored, either subuniformly pale yellow to white, with three dark longitudinal stripes on both pro- and metazona, or with transverse bands on prozona (Fig. 1). Dorsum convex and glabrous, smooth or lightly granular. Prozona relatively long, elevated above and extending entire widths of metaterga, strictures distinct, ridged; paranota absent; caudal metatergal margins detached from succeeding tergites, elevated and upturned to varying degrees; body broad (W/L ratio varying from 27���38 %), flattened "bell-shaped" in profile, sides extending strongly laterad. Head strongly pyriform (Fig. 4) with fine, light setation; three ocelli on each side arranged linearly in pigmented, diverging rows arising at level of antennal sockets and extending onto epicranium; antennae and antennomeres relatively short, becoming progressively more hirsute distad. Collum broad, overhanging epicranium and at least one pair of ocelli (Fig. 4); telson either broad and comprising nearly entire caudal width, or relatively narrow and comprising around half of breadth. Sterna moderately broad, opposing coxae separated in midline. Legs lightly hirsute, extending to lateral margins of body, podomeres small, claws indistinct. Gonopods in situ either upright and directed subventrad or recumbent and directed anteriad (Figs. 2���3). Anterior gonopods either curving submediad and overhanging sternal lobes or upright and lying parallel to latter; sterna with strong, rounded, apically hirsute lobes segregated to varying degrees; ultimate podomeres either in form of calyx (Fig. 6) or divided, with broad, hirsute, ventral lobes of varying sizes usually overhanging glabrous, dorsal counterparts, latter either short, broad, and apically blunt, curved slightly ventrad, and directed anteriomediad, or long, narrow, and acuminate, slightly sinuate and directed sublaterad; corners of 4 th and 5 th podomeres either extended on caudal sides or latter with variably broad, curvilinear or sinuate projection (Fig. 7); coxae with or without hirsute lobes, lengths variable. Posterior gonopods with ultimate podomeres simple and acicular, apically acuminate, fimbriate, angled, or lightly hirsute, projecting anteriad between dorsal and ventral lobes of anterior gonopod ultimate podomeres. Species. Six. Distribution. The Pacific Coast of North America from the vicinity of Vancouver (city), BC, to Santa Cruz Co., California, extending inland to the western slope of the Cascade Mountains from BC to central Oregon and the eastern slope of the Coast Range in southern Oregon and California, with localized, allopatric species some 74 and 320 mi (120 and 512 km) to the east in California and the Idaho Panhandle, and a widespread species in the southeastern US extending from westcentral South Carolina to southcentral Tennessee and northwestern Alabama (Fig. 9). Occurring along the Pacific Coast and in the southeastern states, the distribution of Hirudisomatidae is congruent with that of Andrognathidae (Platydesmida) (Shelley et al. 2005), which also occurs in northern Idaho (Gardner 1975, Hoffman 1999). Discovery of Hirudisomatidae in the latter is thus not surprising because congruence in the first two areas is matched in the third., Published as part of Shelley, Rowland M., Richart, Casey H. & Bogan, Arthur E., 2010, Octoglena claraqua, n. sp. (Polyzoniida: Hirudisomatidae), a new milliped from Idaho, USA; first record of the order from the western interior of North America, pp. 55-64 in Zootaxa 2446 on pages 56-57, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.195063, {"references":["Wood, H. C. (1864) Description of new genera and species of North American MYRIAPODA. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 16, 186 - 187.","Bollman, C. H. (1893) The Myriapoda of North America. United States National Museum Bulletin, 46, 1 - 210.","Jeekel, C. A. W. (1971) Nomenclator generum et familiarum Diplopodorum: A list of the genus and family-group names in the class Diplopoda from the 10 th edition of Linnaeus, 1758, to the end of 1957. Monografieen van de Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging, 5, 1 - 412 + i - xii.","Hoffman, R. L. (1980 [1979]) Classification of the Diplopoda. Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneve, Suisse, 237 pp.","Shelley, R. M. (1996 [1995]) The milliped family Hirudisomatidae in the New World (Polyzoniida). Brimleyana, 23, 103 - 143.","Cook, O. F. (1904) Myriapoda of northwestern North America. In: Harriman Alaska Expedition, 8 (Insects, pt. 1), 47 - 82.","Cook, O. F., and Loomis, H. F. (1928) Millipeds of the order Colobognatha, with descriptions of six new genera and type species, from Arizona and California. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 72, 1 - 26.","Chamberlin, R. V., and Hoffman, R. L. (1958) Checklist of the millipeds of North America. United States National Museum Bulletin, 212, 1 - 236.","Buckett, J. S. (1964) Annotated list of the Diplopoda of California. Simmons Publishing Co., Davis, California. 34 pp.","Kevan, D. K. McE. (1983) A preliminary survey of known and potentially Canadian millipedes (Diplopoda). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 61, 2956 - 2975.","Chamberlin, R. V. (1950) Three new genera and eight new species of western millipeds. Chicago Academy of Sciences Natural History Miscellanea, 68, 1 - 6.","Shelley, R. M., McAllister, C. T., and Tanabe, T. (2005) A synopsis of the milliped genus Brachycybe Wood, 1864 (Platydesmida: Andrognathidae). Fragmenta Faunistica, 48 (2), 137 - 166.","Gardner, M. R. (1975 [1974]) Revision of the millipede family Andrognathidae in the Nearctic region. Memoirs of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society, 5, 1 - 61.","Hoffman, R. L. (1999) Checklist of the millipeds of North and Middle America. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publication, 8, 1 - 584."]}

Octoglena prolata Shelley, 1996 Octoglena prolata Shelley, 1996: 125 ���127, figs. 16���18. Hoffman, 1999: 30. Distribution. Known from Douglas, Josephine, and Jackson cos., Oregon (Shelley 1996); no unpublished samples are known., Published as part of Shelley, Rowland M., Richart, Casey H. & Bogan, Arthur E., 2010, Octoglena claraqua, n. sp. (Polyzoniida: Hirudisomatidae), a new milliped from Idaho, USA; first record of the order from the western interior of North America, pp. 55-64 in Zootaxa 2446 on page 62, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.195063, {"references":["Shelley, R. M. (1996 [1995]) The milliped family Hirudisomatidae in the New World (Polyzoniida). Brimleyana, 23, 103 - 143.","Hoffman, R. L. (1999) Checklist of the millipeds of North and Middle America. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publication, 8, 1 - 584."]}

Octoglena sierra Shelley, 1996 Ocroglena sierra Shelley, 1996: 127 ���129, figs. 19���21; 2002 b: 92. Distribution. Known only from the type and paratype localities, around Newcastle, Placer Co., California, in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada (Fig. 9)., Published as part of Shelley, Rowland M., Richart, Casey H. & Bogan, Arthur E., 2010, Octoglena claraqua, n. sp. (Polyzoniida: Hirudisomatidae), a new milliped from Idaho, USA; first record of the order from the western interior of North America, pp. 55-64 in Zootaxa 2446 on page 62, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.195063, {"references":["Shelley, R. M. (1996 [1995]) The milliped family Hirudisomatidae in the New World (Polyzoniida). Brimleyana, 23, 103 - 143."]}

Elimia christyi (Lea, 1862) Christy���s Elimia Goniobasis christyi Lea, 1862 Lea 1862, 269; Lea 1863, 328, pl. 38, fig. 185 Goniobasis instabilis Lea, 1862 Lea 1862, 269; Lea 1863, 329, pl. 38, fig. 186 Goniobasis interrupta (Haldeman, 1840) Goodrich 1940, 18; Adams et al. 1990, 24; Dillon 1992, 1 Elimia interrupta (Haldeman, 1840) Burch and Tottenham 1980, 148, fig. 428; Burch 1982, 40; Burch 1989, 148; Bogan et al., 1997, 1; Turgeon et al. 1998, 66 Lithasia christyi (Lea, 1862) Bogan et al. 1997, 18 Type Designation and Locality: Lectotype USNM 118451, Valley River, Cherokee County, North Carolina (Graf 2001). Graf (2001) invalidated Baker���s (1964) selection of ANSP 122447 on the basis of it not being the figured specimen, not being from the type locality, and of dubious origin from collectors. Etymology: Named for Professor David Christy who collected the specimens Lea used in describing the species (Lea 1863). Known Distribution: Dillon (1992) reported E. christyi from the following localities: Hiwassee River, 0.1 km upstream of Murphy, Cherokee County, NC; Shuler Creek, 2 km north of Apalachia Dam, Cherokee County, NC; Valley River, Murphy, Cherokee County, NC; Coker Creek, 12 km north of Pine Ridge, Polk County, TN; Hiwassee River, 4 km north of Pine Ridge, Polk County, TN; Hiwassee River, 11 km north of Benton, Polk County, TN; and Hiwassee River, Reliance, Polk County, TN. Recent collections (NCSM 6595) have been made in the Hiwassee River upstream of the Apalachia Dam powerhouse. Diagnosis: Ovately conic shell with numerous lirae on all whorls, with brown bands internally and an oval aperture. Diagnosable from other Elimia in the Tennessee River system by its sculpture, and from Lithasia species by its lack of a posterior callus on the columella. Distribution limited to the Hiwassee River drainage. Description: Shell thin and ovately conic, height to 20 mm; whorls five to six. Adult body whorl frequently ornamented with six to eight lirae, other whorls with fewer. All whorls are axially plicate, giving the lirae a nodulose appearance as they cross the folds. Aperture one��half shell length or slightly more, oval, with a poorly defined columella. Color greenish��brown to brown, often covered with black oxides, frequently with brown bands internally corresponding to the external lirae. Fine transverse growth lines faintly visible; sutures impressed. Taenoglossan (2: 1: 1: 1: 2) radula with rachidian central tooth wider than high, with nine pointed cusps; central cusp longer the rest. Lateral teeth with seven to nine cusps; central cusp rectangular, three to four times wider than the others; leading edge even. Inner marginal teeth with 16 to 18 rounded cusps, outer marginals with eight to nine rounded cusps (Fig. 1 F & G)., Published as part of Minton, Russell L., Bogan, Arthur E., Brooks, Jeff A. & Hayes, David M., 2004, Taxonomic revision of Elimia christyi and E. interrupta (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Pleuroceridae), pp. 1-9 in Zootaxa 735 on pages 3-5, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.158683, {"references":["Lea, I. (1862) Description of a new genus (Goniobasis) of the family Melanidae and eighty-two new species. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 14, 262 - 272.","Lea, I. (1863) New Melanidae of the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 5, 217 - 356.","Haldeman, S. S. (1840) A monograph of the Limnaides and other freshwater univalve shells of North America. Supplement to No. 1, J. Dobson, Philadelphia, three unnumbered pages.","Goodrich, C. (1940) The Pleuroceridae of the Ohio River drainage system. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 417, 1 - 21.","Adams, W. F., Alderman, J. M., Biggins, R. G., Gerberich, A. G., Keferl, E. P. & Porter, H. J. (1990) A report on the conservation status of North Carolina's freshwater and terrestrial molluscan fauna, unpublished, Wilmington, N. C., 246 pp.","Dillon, R. T. (1992) Status survey of the knotty Elimia, Goniobasis interrupta (Haldeman), unpublished report submitted to the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, 10 June 1992, 19 pp.","Burch, J. B. & Tottenham, J. L. (1980) North American Freshwater Snails. Species list, ranges and illustrations. Walkerana, 1, 81 - 215.","Burch, J. B. (1982) Freshwater snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of North America, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, Research and Development, EPA- 600 / 3 - 82 - 026 [April], 294 pp, 775 figs.","Burch, J. B. (1989) North American Freshwater Snails, Malacological Publications, Hamburg, MI, viii + 365 pp.","Bogan, A. E., Holznagel, W. E. & Lydeard, C. (1997) The phylogenetic position of the knotty Elimia, Elimia interrupta (Haldeman, 1840), based on mitochondrial 16 S rRNA sequence data, unpublished report submitted to Tennessee Wild Resources Agency and U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.","Turgeon, D. D., Quinn, J. F., Bogan, A. E., Coan, E. V., Hochberg, F. G., Lyons, W. G., Mikkelsen, P. M., Neves, R. J., Roper, C. F. E., Rosenberg, G., Roth, B., Schletema, A., Thompson, F. G., Vecchione, M. & Williams, G. D. (1998) Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Mollusks (second edition), American Fisheries Society Special Publication 26, Bethesda, Maryland, 526 pp.","Graf, D. L. (2001) The cleansing of the Augean stables, or a lexicon of the nominal species of the Pleuroceridae (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) of Recent North America, north of Mexico. Walkerana, 12, 1 - 124."]}

Genus Elimia Adams & Adams, 1854 (type species M. acutocarinata Lea, 1841 = M. clavaeformis Lea, 1841 by original desgination)

Minton, Russell L., Bogan, Arthur E., Brooks, Jeff A., Hayes, David M. (2004): Taxonomic revision of Elimia christyi and E. interrupta (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Pleuroceridae). Zootaxa 735: 1-9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.158683

Genus Elimia Adams & Adams, 1854 (type species M. acutocarinata Lea, 1841 = M. clavaeformis Lea, 1841 by original desgination), Published as part of Minton, Russell L., Bogan, Arthur E., Brooks, Jeff A. & Hayes, David M., 2004, Taxonomic revision of Elimia christyi and E. interrupta (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Pleuroceridae), pp. 1-9 in Zootaxa 735 on page 3, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.158683, {"references":["Lea, I. (1841) Continuation of Mr. Lea's paper on new fresh water and land shells. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 2, 11 - 15."]}

Zieritz, Alexandra, Froufe, Elsa, Bolotov, Ivan, Gonçalves, Duarte V., Aldridge, David C., Bogan, Arthur E., Gan, Han Ming, Gomes-Dos-Santos, André, Sousa, Ronaldo, Teixeira, Amilcar, Varandas, Simone, Zanatta, David, Lopes-Lima, Manuel (2020): Mitogenomic phylogeny and fossil-calibrated mutation rates for all F- and M-type mtDNA genes of the largest freshwater mussel family, the Unionidae (Bivalvia). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 1088-1107, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5635695

The Viviparidae, commonly known as River Snails, is a dominant group of freshwater snails with a nearly worldwide distribution that reaches its highest taxonomic and morphological diversity in Southeast Asia. The rich fossil record is indicative of a probable Middle Jurassic origin on the Laurasian supercontinent where the group started to diversify during the Cretaceous. However, it remains uncertain when and how the biodiversity hotspot in Southeast Asia was formed. Here, we used a comprehensive genetic data set containing both mitochondrial and nuclear markers and comprising species representing 24 out of 28 genera from throughout the range of the family. To reconstruct the spatiotemporal evolution of viviparids on a global scale, we reconstructed a fossil-calibrated phylogeny. We further assessed the roles of cladogenetic and anagenetic events in range evolution. Finally, we reconstructed the evolution of shell features by estimating ancestral character states to assess whether the appearance of sculptured shell morphologies was driven by major habitat shifts. The molecular phylogeny supports the monophyly of the three subfamilies, the Bellamyinae, Lioplacinae, and Viviparinae, but challenges the currently accepted genus-level classification in several cases. The almost global distribution of River Snails has been influenced both by comparatively ancient vicariance and more recent founder events. In Southeast Asia, Miocene dispersal was a main factor in shaping the modern species distributions. A recurrent theme across different viviparid taxa is that many species living in lentic waters exhibit sculptured shells, whereas only one strongly sculptured species is known from lotic environments. We show that such shell sculpture is habitat-dependent and indeed evolved several times independently in lentic River Snails. Considerably high transition rates between shell types in lentic habitats probably caused the co-occurrence of morphologically distinct shell types in several lakes. In contrast, directional evolution toward smooth shells in lotic habitats, as identified in the present analyses, explains why sculptured shells are rarely found in these habitats. However, the specific factors that promoted changes in shell morphology require further work. [biogeographical analyses; fossil-calibrated phylogeny; fossil-constrained analyses; Southeast Asia; stochastic character mapping.].

Two Unionida (freshwater mussel) families are present in the Northern Hemisphere; the Margaritiferidae, representing the most threatened of unionid families, and the Unionidae, which include several genera of unresolved taxonomic placement. The recent reassignment of the poorly studied Lamprotula rochechouartii from the Unionidae to the Margaritiferidae motivated a new search for other potential species of margaritiferids from members of Gibbosula and Lamprotula. Based on molecular and morphological analyses conducted on newly collected specimens from Vietnam, we here assign Gibbosula crassa to the Margaritiferidae. Additionally, we reanalyzed all diagnostic characteristics of the Margaritiferidae and examined museum specimens of Lamprotula and Gibbosula. As a result, two additional species are also moved to the Margaritiferidae, i.e. Gibbosula confragosa and Gibbosula polysticta. We performed a robust five marker phylogeny with all available margaritiferid species and discuss the taxonomy within the family. The present phylogeny reveals the division of Margaritiferidae into four ancient clades with distinct morphological, biogeographical and ecological characteristics that justify the division of the Margaritiferidae into two subfamilies (Gibbosulinae and Margaritiferinae) and four genera (Gibbosula, Cumberlandia, Margaritifera, and Pseudunio). The systematics of the Margaritiferidae family is re-defined as well as their distribution, potential origin and main biogeographic patterns.

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