Search

Key message Mechanical models of inosculations benefit from moderate geometric detail and characterisation of the structurally optimised area of interwoven tension-resistant fibres between the branches. Abstract Living architecture is formed by shaping and merging trees, often in combination with non-living technical elements. These structures often employ the mechanical and physiological adaptations of living trees to support structural loads. Designed and vernacular buildings utilise inosculations to redistribute forces, redirect growth, and provide redundancy. Mechanical models of inosculations in living architecture must be built according to the adaptations available to the tree. Here, mass allocation and fibre orientation are examined. Under typical gravity loads, a zone at the top of the inosculation is subject to tension. This is of particular interest because a trade-off in fibre orientation between mechanical and physiological optimisation is necessary. In tree forks, this results in specifically adapted interwoven fibres. In this study, Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is used to develop different mechanical models to fit bending experiments of four Salix alba inosculations, comparing the models’ accuracy in replicating rotations in the joint. Nine models were developed. Three levels of detail of mass allocation are considered for global isotropic (3 models) and orthotropic (3 models) mechanical properties as well as a model including the interwoven tension zone, a model of local branch and trunk orthotropy, and a model combining these two localised features. Results show significant accuracy gains come from moderate geometric accuracy and consideration of the tension-zone optimisation. The construction of the tension zone in FEA is simple and applicable to natural and artificially induced inosculations.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada amaç, farklı solarizasyon malç malzemeleri ve biochar uygulamasının marul bitkisinin mineral beslenmesine etkisi belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır.Yöntem ve Bulgular: Sera koşullarında 2 yıl yürütülen çalışma, 2 farklı solarizasyon örtüsü ve biochar uygulamaları ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Solarizasyon uygulamasından sonra her bir parselde marul yetiştirilmiştir. Hasat dönemi sonunda, hasat edilen bitkilerde kuru ağırlık değerleriyle kimi besin elementi konsantrasyonları belirlenmiş, ayrıca bitkilerce topraktan kaldırılan besin elementi miktarları hesaplanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; genel bir değerlendirme yapıldığında her iki yıl için de bitki kuru ağırlığı üzerine en etkili uygulamaların solarizasyon ve biochar uygulamalarının birlikte yapıldığı uygulamalar olduğu bunun yanında en etkisiz uygulamaların ise kontrol konularını içeren uygulamalar ile klasik solarizasyon yapılan konuların olduğu belirlenmiştir.Genel Yorum: Topraktan kaldırılan besin elementleri üzerinde en etkili uygulamaların balonlu solarizasyon+ biochar ve solarizasyon + biochar uygulamaları olduğu, en etkisiz uygulamaların ise kontrol ve solarizasyon uygulamaları olduğu belirlenmiştir.Çalışmanın Önemi ve Etkisi: Klasik solarizasyon örtü malzemesinden elde edilen sonuçlara kıyasla, balonlu solarizasyon örtü malzemesi ve biochar ekli solarizasyon uygulamaları marul mineral beslenmesi açısından daha etkili olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu çalışmadan elde edilen sonuca göre, solarizasyon uygulamalarında biochar katkısı yardımıyla daha etkin bir yetiştiricilik yapılabilecektir.

The main aim of this work is to investigate some spectral properties of Schrödinger operators on semi axis. By the help of the analytical properties of Jost solutions and resolvent operator of the above mentioned operator, we provide sufficient conditions guarenteeing finiteness of eigenvalues and spectral singularities with finite multiplicities.

In this study it was aimed to investigate the effect of biogas digested (BD) on the growth and some potential toxic element (B, Cd, Cr, Ni, Co and Pb) concentrations of wheat grown under greenhouse conditions. For this reason, 0, 15 and 30 tha

Araştırmada dört yıl inkübasyona bırakılmış biyokömürlerin buğdayın bazı verim ve verim öğelerine etkisini incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla 2017 yılında, dört saat boyunca 300, 500 ve 700 0C derecelerde piroliz edilmiş biyokömürlerden parseller dekara 3 ton olacak şekilde uygulama yapılmıştır. 2020-2021 yetiştirme döneminde ise bitki yetiştirme denemesi kurulmuştur. Deneme sonuçlarına bakıldığında, biyokömür uygulamalarının buğdayın vejetatif gelişmesini artırdığı, buna karşılık tane verimini azalttığı belirlenmiştir. Dahası, biyokömür uygulamaları hasat indeksi, başak boyu, bitki tane sayısı, kardeşlenme ve tane protein içeriklerini olumsuz etkilemiştir. Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgular göstermiştir ki, alkali bir toprağa uygulanarak uzun süre inkübasyona bırakılmış biyokömür buğdayın vejetatif gelişimini artırırken, tane verimini olumsuz etkilemiştir.

Araştırmada farklı NPK dozlarıyla birlikte uygulanan kompost ve vermikompostun buğdayın gelişimi ve mineral beslenmesine etkisini incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Sera denemesi şeklinde yürütülen araştırmada, bitki gelişimi üzerine kompost ve vermikompost benzer etkilere sahip iken, tek başına uygulanmalarının incelenene parametreler üzerinde anlamlı etkilerinin olmadığı görülmüştür. Buna karşılık, her iki kompost materyalinin de NPK ile birlikte uygulanması bitkinin mineral beslenmesini olumlu etkilemiştir. Buğdayın gelişimi ve mineral beslenmesi üzerine en etkili uygulamaların NPK uygulamaları olduğu görülürken, kimyasal gübre uygulaması olmadan organik gübre uygulamalarının, buğdayın gelişimi ve mineral beslenmesi üzerine olumlu bir katkısının olmadığı belirlenmiştir.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the amount of nutrients removed from the soil and the fertilizer use efficiencies of cauliflower, lettuce, leek, onion and radish plants grown in greenhouse conditions. For this reason, the breeding practices and fertilization program of the farmers were taken as the basis. The research was continued until the harvest period of each plant. According to the results of the analysis, significant differences (P

Tarih boyunca birçok Türk boyunun geçiş güzergâhı olduğu gibi vatanı da olan Afganistan, 18. Yüzyıldaki bağımsızlık sürecinde bir dizi savaşa mekân olmuştur. İngiliz-Afgan bağımsızlık savaşları sırasında bölge istikrarsız bir yer olarak kalmış ve bu süreç, Amanullah Han’ın Hindistan’a saldırmasıyla başlayan Afgan-İngiliz savaşı sonucunda İngilizlerin Afganistan’ı krallık olarak tanımasıyla son bulmuştur. Amanullah Han, ülkesinin bağımsızlığını sağladıktan sonra, ülkesini geliştirmek için modernleşme sürecini başlatmış, Avrupa ve Türkiye seyahatlerinin ardından ülkesine çeşitli düzenlemeler yapmıştır. Amanullah Han bu radikal değişimleri uygularken, hemen hemen aynı yıllarda İran ile batılılaşma hamlesi yapan Rıza Şah gibi, Türkiye’yi ve Atatürk’ü kendisine örnek alarak kendi ülkesini çağdaşlaştırma faaliyetlerini başlatmıştır. Afganistan, bağımsızlığını kazandıktan hemen sonra Türk Hükümeti ile temasa geçmiş ve Türk-Afgan ilişkileri Milli Mücadele yıllarında artarak devam etmiş ve 1 Mart 1921 tarihli “Türk-Afgan Dostluk ve İşbirliği Antlaşması” bu ilişkinin temelini oluşturmuştur. Amanullah han döneminde başlayan modernleşme süreci Nadir Şah döneminde de sürdürülmüştür. Türkiye, Amanullah Han’ın tahttan indirilmesini ve yurtdışına çıkmak zorunda kalmasını hoş karşılamamıştır. Ancak Nadir Şah, ülkenin içinde bulunduğu şartları dikkate alarak tarafsızlık siyaseti uygulamıştır. Nadir Şah’ın Amanullah Han ile aynı kökenden olması ve ılımlı siyaseti üzerine Türkiye Nadir şah yönetimini kabul etmiştir. Nadir şah İç politikada ise ülkenin toplumsal şartlarını dikkatle takip edip muhalefete sebep olmayacak oranda reformları sürdürmüştür. Bu sayede Afganistan’daki tepki ve protestoları dindirmiştir. Ortaokulları yeniden açmış ve yükseköğrenim için yurtdışına öğrenci gönderme programının yeniden uygulamaya koymuştur. Nadir Şah, ülkelerle ekonomik ve diplomatik ilişkileri kurmaya çalışmıştır. Nadir Şah bu doğrultuda dış politikada özellikle Amanullah Han döneminde Türkiye ve İran ile kurulan sağlam ilişkileri yeniden tesis etmeyi amaçlamıştır. Nadir Şah için modern Türkiye Afganistan’a model olduğu gibi Atatürk de örnek lider olma vasfını devam ettirmiştir. Ancak Ancak Nadir Şah, modernleşme hareketlerine verilen tepkinin ardından çıkan kargaşada kısa bir süre sonra öldürülmüştür. Zahir Şah döneminde her iki ülke eğitim, askeri ve sağlık alanlarında işbirliğine gitmiş ve Türkiye’den uzmanlar Afganistan’a gönderilmiştir. Türkiye Afganistan’ın kalkınmasında teknik ve insani olarak yardımda bulunduğu gibi dış politikada da Afganistan’ın komşu ülkeleri ile yaşadığı sorunlara hakem ve arabulucu olarak da destek vermiştir. Ayrıca Afganistan’ın Milletler Cemiyeti’ne üye olmasını da desteklemiştir. 1930 yılı itibariyle Avrupa devletlerinin bölge üzerindeki egemenlik faaliyetlerinin artması Türkiye’nin Afganistan hassasiyetini de arttırmış, Türkiye’nin Kabil büyükelçisi Memduh Şevket Esendal’ın gösterdiği diplomatik girişimler sonucunda Afganistan sadabad paktının içinde yer almıştır. Sadabat Paktı Türkiye’nin bölge üzerindeki gücünün de bir tezahürü olmuştur. Türkiye İran, Irak ve Afganistan ile sıkı ilişkiler kurduğu gibi ilgili devletlerin aralarında yaşadığı sorunların çözülmesi ile ilgilenmiştir. İran’ın Irak ve Afganistan ile yaşadığı sınır sorunu ve Irak ile yaşanan aşiretlerin faaliyetleri sorununun çözüme kavuşturulması bölgede güçlü bir birliktelik havası yaratmıştır. Bu makalede Türk iye ile Afganistan ilişkileri süreci modernleşme ve dış politikadaki gelişmeler bağlamında incelenmiştir.

In this study, the effects of the application of biochars derived from tomato harvest residues on some properties and nutrient concentrations of calcareous soils were investigated. Biochars produced at different pyrolysis temperatures (300, 500, and 700C) with the duration of 4 hours were applied to the depth of 15 cm at the rates of 30 t/ha to microplots established (50 cm x 50 cm) in field conditions. Soil samples were taken at four soil incubation periods and were analyzed for pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), plant available and/or extractable K, Ca, Mg, P, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu. Mean values showed that soil pH significantly increased with the increasing incubation time and pyrolysis temperature. All other parameters examined in the study were significantly affected by the interaction of incubation time and pyrolysis temperature. Depending on the results, it can be concluded that the biochars produced at different temperatures and the soil incubation periods did not have a significant contribution on the exchangeable cations and the other nutrients of soil. Furthermore, it was observed that the biochar obtained at the pyrolysis temperature of 700C generally had a negative effect.

In this study, the effects of four different color plastic greenhouse treatments on nutrient concentrations of leaf and fruit, leaf SPAD (Soil and Plant Analyzer Development) values and some yield parameters of tomato were tried to be determined. For this purpose, plastic greenhouses with Red (RedG), Blue (BlueG), Colorless (ConG) and white Led (LedG) lighting have been used as materials in the research. The used plastic greenhouses are 3 m in width, 6 m in length, 2 m in sidewall height and 2.8 m in roof ridge height. Led lighting is; Three hours of extra lighting is planned for one hour before sunrise, 2 hours after sunset. The research was carried out in ISUBU (Isparta), Faculty of Agriculture, field area in the summer season in 2019. The nutrient elements of K, Ca, Mg, P, Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe were determined in the leaf and of the tomato plant. It has been determined that four different greenhouse treatments have a positive effect on K, Ca, Cu, Zn, Fe nutrients in leaf, and K, Ca, P, Mg nutrient in fruit. In terms of SPAD values, all treatments were determined to be higher than the control treatment. It was determined that the highest SPAD value was in BlueG treatment. When the efficiency-related values are examined; It was determined that the highest fruit number, fruit weight and yield were in BlueG treatment. BlueG treatment was followed by RedG, ConG, and LedG treatment respectively in terms of efficiency. As a result, considering the effects of four different greenhouse treatments on macro and micronutrient nutritions SPAD values, and yield values, it was concluded that the most suitable treatments for tomato cultivation in greenhouses is BlueG treatment and RedG treatment should not be ignored.

The Sanjak of Alexandretta, which lies within the borders delineated in the National Pact, was conferred with a special administrative status in the Treaty of Ankara signed on October 20th, 1921 between France and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. When the power of the mandated administrations in the Middle East started to be returned to governments in the region, France ended its claim over Syria and transferred the administration of the Sanjak to the Syrian government. Following this development, Turkey launched a diplomatic initiative demanding the independence of the Sanjak of Alexandretta, which was under a special administrative status at the time. After the deliberations of the League of Nations, on May 29th, 1937, Hatay gained a special administrative status with a separate constitution, becoming internally autonomous but externally part of Syria. France left its negative attitude in the Hatay question with the signing of the Turkish-French Joint Declaration of 1938, which was declared by Turkish Foreign Minister Tevfik Rustu Aras and by H. Ponsot, the French Ambassador of Turkey. Following the Joint Declaration, within which both sides reiterated their commitment to the treaty signed between the two countries in 1930, articles and editorials about the Hatay question started to appear in the foreign press. Furthermore, the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs prepared a report of the articles published in Syrian “Fetel Arab”, Bulgarian “Utra” and Greek “Proia” newspapers about Hatay. This study examines documents held in the State Archives of the Republic of Turkey and report prepared by the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the Foreign press, and analyzes foreign public opinion on Turkey’s Hatay policy.

This study aimed to assess the efficiencies of composts and vermicomposts obtained from two different composting methods on the growth, mineral nutrition and nutrient uptake of wheat. Composts and vermicomposts were applied to plastic pots under greenhouse condition with the application doses of 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 t ha(-1). The pot-experiment lasted three months. The results showed that plant dry weight increased with the increase in doses when compared to the control groups where no composts and vermicomposts were applied. However, no differences were found among the doses from 5 to 40 t ha(-1) of composts and vermicomposts. Although application doses did not affect significantly on the most of the plant nutrient concentrations, Fe concentration in plant decreased with the increase in application doses. Additionally, no significant differences among the composts and vermicomposts on plant nutrient concentrations except for Mg were detected. Comparing to the control dose (0 t ha(-1)), nutrient uptakes by plant from the soil significantly increased with the increase of application doses, but no significant differences were determined amongst the doses of 5 and 40 t ha(-1), generally. The effect of production methods on the most of investigated parameters including plant dry weight was similar.

In this work, we provide some lower bounds for the number of squarly integrable solutions of some second-order multiparameter differential equations. To obtain the results, we use both Sims and Sleeman’s ideas and the results are some generalization of the known results. To be more precise, we firstly construct the Weyl–Sims theory for the singular second-order differential equation with several spectral parameters. Then, we obtain some results for the several singular second-order differential equations with several spectral parameters.

Water is crucial for agriculture and needs to be used effectively due to climate change and drought in the Mediterranean region. For this reason, to adapt to water deficit scenarios, deficit irrigation applications are increasing in importance. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of varying levels of irrigation on growth parameters and concentration of nutrients in tomato plants grown under greenhouse conditions. The irrigation schedule used in this study was designed to include 100% (control), 90%, 80% and 70% of evaporation from the class-A pan. Water deficit was found to cause a stress effect in tomato plants, which was reflected in changes in the physiological function plants, such as flowering and early ripening. In addition, the SPAD values were examined, for which the lowest value of the green color intensity of the leaves was 47.3 (I3) and the highest was 48.7 (I4). However, the results of statistical analyses show that the difference was not significant. We also observed that the height values of tomato plants were the highest in the period of seedling and fruit ripening under full irrigation. Furthermore, analysis of the macronutrient content of tomato leaves showed that the obtained values were below the threshold values recommended for manganese. Based on these and similar studies, we believe that the application of water stress is most effective during the phases in which the plants are least affected. We believe that determining the periods during which tomato or any other crop is be affected by the least water stress will be more accurate for both plant development and economic production.

Study was aimed to investigate the effect of rootstock, variety and their combination on mineral nutrition of pear. For this reason, Deveci, Santa Maria and Akca varieties grafted on Quince A, Quince C, BA 29 and OHF 333 rootstocks were used as plant materials. To compare nutritional status of plants, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn Zn and B analysis were made on leaf samples. According to results, it was seen that individual effect of rootstock and variety and their combinations had significant effect on pear mineral nutrition generally. Although there was a significant variation depending on rootstock and variety differences, we could not reach a certain results which rootstock and variety or their combinations were prominent on general mineral nutrient concentration of pear. We assumed that this is due to preventing of the effectiveness of rootstock or variety due to sufficient nutrient levels in the soil

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of biochars obtained by pyrolysis of the tomato harvest residues at different temperatures on some available nutrient concentrations of soil. For this purpose, biochars were obtained by pyrolysis of the tomato harvest residues at 500 and 700° C for 80 minutes. The biochars were applied to the parcels prepared in 50x50 cm dimensions under field conditions to 3 tons per decare and they were left to stand in natural conditions. 2 months after the application, soil samples were taken in 4 periods at one-month intervals. In these examples, plant available and/or extractable nutrients were determined. According to the results, it was observed that biochar applications did not affect the nutrient concentrations of the soil and had a negative effect on some nutrients. The pyrolysis temperatures had no effect on the efficiency of biochar on soil nutrient concentration.

In this paper, we investigate the spectral analysis of impulsive quadratic pencil of difference operators. We first present a boundary value problem consisting one interior impulsive point on the whole axis corresponding to the above mentioned operator. After introducing the solutions of impulsive quadratic pencil of difference equation, we obtain the asymptotic equation of the function related to the Wronskian of these solutions to be helpful for further works, then we determine resolvent operator and continuous spectrum. Finally, we provide sufficient conditions guarenteeing finiteness of eigenvalues and spectral singularities by means of uniqueness theorems of analytic functions. The main aim of this paper is demonstrating the impulsive quadratic pencil of difference operator is of finite number of eigenvalues and spectral singularities with finite multiplicities which is an uninvestigated problem proposed in the literature.

With the Tanzimat Edict, the Ottoman Empire initiated a policy that aimed at promoting the development of state-subsidized industry, building factories to engage in production using traditional methods to shore up the economy. To this end, the Bursa Silk Factory, the Feshane Fez Factory, the Izmit Broadcloth Factory, the Veliefendi Calico Factory and the Hereke Cloth Factory were founded and supported by the state. Non-Muslim Armenians and Greeks made up a significant proportion of the workforce in these factories. For a limited period of time, through the Bank Ministry of Industry and Mining, the state helped to meet some of the basic needs of the Hereke Factory – which was an important institution in terms of its engagement in the Republican drive to create a national industrial base. The provided support took the form of subsidized loans to promote product diversification and to allow modernization of the machinery, as well as the employment of expert personnel to carry out production and maintenance tasks. Employing foreign workers became was an important component of the employment policy of the factory at the time with the increase in modern machinery and the occurrence of variation in production, as the machinery was modernized and products were diversified. This article evaluates the early-Republican policy of employing foreign workers and experts in Turkey, with particular focus on the case of the Hereke Cloth Factory.

Turkiye – Iran Iliskileri milli mucadele doneminden itibaren temkinli yurutulmus, her iki ulke iliskileri gerginlestirmeden sorunlarin cozumu uzerine bir politikaya azami onem vermistir. Iran’da yonetim degisikliginin yasanmasindan sonra iki ulke arasindaki iliskilerin boyutu da degismistir. Yeni bir rejim ve devlet kurma cabasindaki her iki ulke liderleri tam bagimsizlik ilkeleri cercevesinde iktisadi bagimsizliga onem vermis, aralarinda ticareti gelistirmek icin anlasmalar yururluge koymustur. Bu cercevede en onemli girisim Trabzon-Tebriz transit yolunun gelistirilmesi cabalari olmustur. Eski donemlerden bu yana onemli bir ticaret yolu olan bu transit yolun diger alternatif yollar karsisinda eski canliligina kavusmasi icin yasal duzenlemelere gidilmis yatirim programina dâhil edilmistir. Buyukelcilik raporlarinda bu yolun ayni zamanda uluslararasi mucadelede denge unsuru oldugu gorulmus ve alinacak onlemler belirtilmistir. Bu makalede her iki ulkenin buyukelcilik raporlari temelinde Trabzon-Tebriz transit yolu projesinin iktisadi yonu incelenmistir.

Study aims to investigate the effects of vermicomposts containing oil processing wastes, dairy manure, municipal open market wastes and straw on the growth, nutrient concentrations and nutrient uptakes of corn plant. For this, there different mixtures were prepared. Vermicomposts were applied with the rates of 0, 5000, 10000, and 20000 kg ha−1 to 2 kg soil containing pots. Study was conducted in growth chamber for 2 months. Vermicompost applications increased plant growth, some plant nutrient concentrations and uptake. Also, vermicomposts showed the variation on parameters depending on their mixtures. Results showed that nutrients taken by the plant increased with the vermicompost until 10000 kg ha−1 dose. Most of the nutrient concentrations such as phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, and manganese (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn) were not increased in plant tissues, whereas uptake of them by the plant showed a significant increase. In addition, residual soil nutrients increased with the in...

The prediction of bankruptcy for financial companies, especially banks, has been extensively researched area and creditors, auditors, stockholders and senior managers are all interested in bank bankruptcy prediction. In this paper, three common machine learning models namely Logistic, J48 and Voted Perceptron are used as the base learners. In addition, an attribute-base ensemble learning method namely Random Subspaces and two instance-base ensemble learning methods namely Bagging and Multi-Boosting are employed to enhance the prediction accuracy of conventional machine learning models for bank failure prediction. The models are grouped in the following families of approaches: (i) conventional machine learning models, (ii) ensemble learning models and (iii) hybrid ensemble learning models. Experimental results indicate a clear outperformance of hybrid ensemble machine learning models over conventional base and ensemble models. These results indicate that hybrid ensemble learning models can be used as a reliable predicting model for bank failures.

The accuracy of sovereign credit ratings renewed interest toward sovereign credit ratings in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis. The controversy over the accuracies encouraged internal credit scoring systems to reduce reliance on sovereign credit ratings. By employing classification and regression trees (CART), multilayer perceptron (MLP), support vector machines (SVM), Bayes Net, and Naive Bayes; we explore the prediction performance of several artificial intelligence (AI) techniques in predicting sovereign credit ratings in a heterogeneous sample. The results suggest that AI classifiers outperform the conventional statistical technique in terms of accurate prediction. According to within one notch and two notches accurate prediction measure, the prediction performances of the AI classifiers exceed 90% accuracy whereas the performance of the conventional statistical method is around 70%. The results further reveal that the prediction performance of the models declines around the threshold rating that is located between investment grade and speculative grade which is not necessarily the result of inadequacy of the models. Rather, this is potentially due to CRAs' cautious behaviour toward those countries around threshold rating which can be interpreted as the certification price of upgrading to investment grade.

Although energy sources on the environment are limited, in all parts of life, energy requirement increases rapidly which depends on the increasing technology and population. This problem enforces researchers to study on energy efficiency, performance, and optimization. This paper presents artificial intelligence-based (AI) prediction models to estimate energy loads for residential buildings. The model was developed by using eight input parameters (relative compactness, surface area, wall area, roof area, overall height, orientation, glazing area, glazing area distribution) related to two output parameters (heating and cooling loads).

The objective of this work is to investigate some spectral properties of an impulsive Sturm-Liouville boundary value problem on the semi axis. By the help of analytical properties of the Jost solution and asymptotic properties of a transfer matrix $M$, we examine the existence of the spectral singularities and eigenvalues of the impulsive operator generated by the Sturm-Liouville equation.

This work is devoted to discuss some spectral properties and the scattering function of the impulsive operator generated by the Sturm–Liouville equation. We present a different method to investigate the spectral singularities and eigenvalues of the mentioned operator. We also obtain the finiteness of eigenvalues and spectral singularities with finite multiplicities under some certain conditions. Finally, we illustrate our results by a detailed example.

Bu çalışmada, topraktan B uygulamasının farklı elma çeşitlerinin (Mondial Gala ve Braeburn) B konsantrasyonuyla diğer besin elementlerine etkilerinin incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla; 0, 0.1, 0.3 ve 0.5 kg B da-1 olacak şekilde topraktan bor gübrelemesi yapılmıştır. Deneme sonunda, artan B uygulamalarına bağlı olarak yaprak B konsantrasyonları her iki çeşitte de artmıştır. Elmanın bor uygulamalarına bağlı olarak besin elementi konsantrasyonlarındaki değişim, çeşitlere göre farklılıklar göstermiştir., In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of soil Boron (B) application on B and other nutrient concentration of different apple varieties (Mondial Gala and Braeburn). For this reason; 0, 1, 3 and 5 kg B ha-1 were applied to soil. At the end of the experiment, it was seen that leaf B concentration of both varieties increased with B applications. While leaf B concentration at control treatment was 24.6 mg kg-1 in Mondial Gala cultivar, it reached up to 36.1 mg kg-1. Also in Breaburn cultivar, leaf B concentration increased from 28.5 mg kg-1 to 44.7 mg kg-1. Variations in B and other nutrient concentrations depending on different B applications varied with varieties.

Sovereign credit ratings have been a controversial issue since the outbreak of the 2008 financial crisis. Among the debates the inaccuracies stay at the centre. By employing classification and regression trees, multilayer perceptron, support vector machines (SVM), Bayes net, and naive Bayes; we compare the ability of various learning techniques with the conventional statistical method in predicting sovereign credit ratings. Experimental results suggest that all the techniques excluding SVM have over 90 % accurate prediction. According to within one and two notch accurate prediction measure, the prediction performance of SVM also increases above 90 %. These findings indicate a clear outperformance of AI methods over the conventional statistical method. The results have many implications for the practitioners in credit scoring industry. Amidst the regulatory measures that encourage individual credit scoring for international financial institutions, these findings suggest that up-to-date AI methods serve quite reliable technical tools to predict sovereign credit ratings.

Namli, Ersin/0000-0001-5980-9152 WOS: 000367921100005 In the last decade, several modeling approaches have been proposed and applied to estimate the high-performance concrete (HPC) slump flow. While HPC is a highly complex material, modeling its behavior is a very difficult issue. Thus, the selection and application of proper modeling methods remain therefore a crucial task. Like many other applications, HPC slump flow prediction suffers from noise which negatively affects the prediction accuracy and increases the variance. In the recent years, ensemble learning methods have introduced to optimize the prediction accuracy and reduce the prediction error. This study investigates the potential usage of bagging (Bag), which is among the most popular ensemble learning methods, in building ensemble models. Four well-known artificial intelligence models (i.e., classification and regression trees CART, support vector machines SVM, multilayer perceptron MLP and radial basis function neural networks RBF) are deployed as base learner. As a result of this study, bagging ensemble models (i.e., Bag-SVM, Bag-RT, Bag-MLP and Bag-RBF) are found superior to their base learners (i.e., SVM, CART, MLP and RBF) and bagging could noticeable optimize prediction accuracy and reduce the prediction error of proposed predictive models.

Relation between drought stress, genotypic differences and nutrients are important in plant growth. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of different sweet cherry rootstocks grown in 50-liter pots and drought stress on nutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn, and Cu) concentrations of leaves. In this study 0900 Ziraat sweet cherry variety grafted on five different rootstocks (P. mahaleb, Mazzard, Gisela-6, MaxMa 14, CAB 6) were used. Four irrigation treatments (control or 100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% and of the field capacity) were used and irrigation intervals were four days in the study. As a result, mineral concentrations of leaves were changed with both rootstocks and drought stress treatments. In general, “Mazzard and Gisela 6” sweet cherry rootstocks had higher nutrient concentrations than “MaxMa 14” under drought stress conditions. The results showed that drought stress reduced the concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn, and Cu concentrations. CAB 6 rootstock was not affected by water deficiencies and had higher performance on nutrition than the other rootstocks under drought stress conditions. In conclusion, drought stress and rootstocks have substantial effects on nutrient concentrations of sweet cherry leaves., Bitki yetiştiriciliğinde, kuraklık stresi, genotipik farklılık ve besin elementleri arasındaki ilişkiler önemlidir. Bu çalışmada 50 litrelik saksılarda yetiştirilen kirazın mineral beslenmesi (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn, Cu) üzerine farklı anaçlar ve kuraklık stresinin etkilerini belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, beş farklı (P. mahaleb, Mazzard, Gisela-6, MaxMa 14, CAB 6) anaç üzerine aşılı 0900 Ziraat kiraz çeşidi kullanılmıştır. Denemede kontrol (her sulamada eksik nem tarla kapasitesine getirilene kadar sulama) ve 3 farklı su seviyesi (tarla kapasitesinin % 25, % 50 ve % 75’i) olmak üzere dört farklı sulama uygulaması yer almıştır. Denemede evapotraspiraasyonla eksilen su dört günde bir tamamlanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, bitkilerin mineral beslenmeleri farklı anaç ve kuraklık stresinden etkilenmiştir. Genellikle kuraklık stresi koşullarında “Mazzard ve Gisela 6” anaçları “MaxMa 14” anacına göre daha fazla besin elementi konsantrasyonuna sahip olmuştur. Sonuçlar, kuraklık stresinin N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn ve Cu konsantrasyonlarını düşürdüğünü göstermiştir. Kuraklık stresinde, CAB 6 anacının beslenme performansına etkisi diğer anaçlara göre daha yüksek bulunmuş ve kısıtlı sulamadan etkilenmemiştir. Sonuç olarak, kuraklık stresi ve farklı anaçların kiraz yaprakları besin elementi konsantrasyonları üzerine etkisi önemli bulunmuştur

The study investigates the accuracy of bagging ensemble models (i.e., bagged artificial neural networks (BANN) and bagged regression trees (BRT)) in monthly crude oil price forecasting. Two ensemble models are obtained by coupling bagging and two simple machine learning models (i.e., artificial neural networks (ANN) and classification and regression trees (CART)) and results are compared with those of the single ANN and CART models. Analytical results suggest that ANN based models (ANN & BANN) are superior to tree-based models (RT & BRT) and the bagging ensemble method could optimize the forecast accuracy of the both single ANN and CART models in monthly crude oil price forecasting. Key words: Artificial neural networks, bagging (bootstrap aggregating), classification and regression trees, ensemble models, forecasting.

The aim of this study was to determine the fertility status of Hakkari-Cukurca soils by means of soil analysis. In this survey study, 25 soil samples representing the region were taken. On the soils, pH, EC, CaCO3, texture and organic matter and available nutrient analyses were done. According to results, it was seen that 32 % of the soil is clayey, 48 % of the soil is clayey-loamy, 12 % of the soil is loamy and 8 % of the soil is sandy-clayey-loamy. All of the soils are slightly alkaline and 56 % of the soil have moderate, 36 of soil have high and 8 %of the soil have moderate to high lime content. While there is no salt at 36 percent of the soil, 64 % of the soil contains little salt. Eight percent of the soil contains very little organic matter, 40 % of the soil contains little, 44% of the soil contains moderate and 8% of the soil contains sufficient organic matter. 28% of the soil is sufficient, 64% of the soil is high and 8% of the soil is very high in terms of nitrogen. If an evaluation was made in terms of available nutrient concentrations, it was seen that 16% of the soil had lower, 56% of the soil had sufficient and 28% of the soil had high P. 52% of the soil contained sufficient, 4% of the soil contained lower amount, 36% of the soil contained high and 8% of the soil contained very high amount K. For available Ca, 48% of the samples is low, 52% of is enough. While 4% of the soils contained very little Mg, 96% of the soil contained little amount of Mg. According to micronutrient results, it was seen that 84% of the soil is poor for Fe, 52% of the soils is poor for Mn, 44% of the soil is poor for Zn and 4% of the soil is poor in terms of Cu., Araştırmada, Hakkâri-Çukurca yöresi tarım topraklarının verimlilik durumlarının toprak analizleriyle belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla yöreyi temsilen alınan 25 toprak örneğinde pH, EC, CaCO3, bünye, organik madde ve bitkiye yarayışlı besin elementi analizleri yapılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, araştırma alanı topraklarının %32’sinin killi, %48’inin killi tınlı, %12’si tınlı %8’i kumlu-killi- tınlı bünyeye sahip olduğu, toprakların tamamının hafif alkali reaksiyonlu,%56’sının orta kireçli, %36’sının fazla kireçli, %8’inin çok fazla kireçli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Toprakların %36’sı tuzsuz, %64’ü az tuzludur. Toprak organik maddesi bakımından %8’i çok az, %40’ı az, %44’ü orta, %8’i iyi sınıfındadır. Toprakların %16’sının P yönünden az, %56’sının yeterli ve %28’inin fazla düzeyde olduğu; %52’sinin K içeriklerinin yeterli, %4’ünün az, %36’sının fazla, %8’inin çok fazla düzeyde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Örneklerin %48’inde alınabilir Ca az olup %52’sinde yeterli, %4’ünde Mg içeriği çok az, %96’sında ise az düzeyde bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Mikro element konsantrasyonları açısından bir değerlendirme yapıldığında toprakların %84’ünün Fe, % 52’ sinin Mn, %44’ ünün Zn % 4’ünün de Cu bakımından fakir olduğu belirlenmiştir.

This research was conducted to determine the effect of nitrogen fertilization on the yield, yield components and nutrient concentrations of lavandin (Lavandula×intermedia Emeric ex Loisel. var. Super A). Experiment was designed as randomized block design with three replications. Nitrogen fertilization increased yields and some quality parameters such as plant height, branch height, length of flower, essential oil content and affected essential oil components (such as: linalool, linalyl acetate and camphor). Nitrogen fertilization also led to increase nutrient concentrations, generally. Results obtained from two years of the study showed that the most effective level of N on lavandin yielding and plant nutrient concentrations appeared to be 100 kg n ha-1.

This study investigated the effect of high humic substance (HS) levels (0, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg HS kg−1) on growth and nutrient concentrations of corn grown on calcareous soils. For these, soil samples were collected from the six different provinces of Turkey. According to the average values, HS levels had no significant effect alone on dry weight, nitrogen (N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) concentrations. Soil differences significantly affected dry weight, N, Mg, and Cu concentrations (p ≤ 0.05). Looking at HSxsoil interactions on K, Ca, Fe, and Mn concentrations, it could be seen that there was no effect or that the effect was negative. Only plant Fe concentrations obtained from Konya and Urfa provinces were positively affected from HSxsoil interaction. It was concluded that high level of HS had no or negative effect on corn growth and some nutrient concentration under calcareous conditions.

Bu çalışmada, perlit ortamında yetiştirilen domates bitkisine farklı düzeylerde demir (Fe) içeren besin çözeltisi uygulayarak, bitki gelişimi, bitkinin toplam ve aktif demir içerikleri, klorofil konsantrasyonu ve SPAD değerlerindeki değişimleri görmek ve aralarındaki ilişkileri incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla 0 µmol/l (Fe0), 7.5 µmol/l (Fe1), 15 µmol/l (Fe2), 30 µmol/l (Fe3) and 60 µmol/l (Fe4) içeren demir içeren besin çözeltileri hazırlanmış ve bitkiler iki ay süreyle bu çözeltilerle beslenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, incelenen parametrelerin Fe uygulamasından olumlu etkilendiği ve bazı parametreler arasında farklı önemlilik derecelerine sahip ilişkilerin olduğu belirlenmiştir., This study was conducted to examine the relations among some iron related parameters such as plant growth, total and active iron, chlorophyll content and SPAD index in tomato leaf. For this, tomato seedlings were planted in perlite and watered with the nutrient solution containing 7.5 µmol/l (Fe1), 15 µmol/l (Fe2), 30 µmol/l (Fe3) and 60 µmol/l (Fe4) iron in growth chamber for two mounts. According to results, all parameters, except Chlorophyll a, were significantly affected by increasing levels of iron and examined parameters increased with iron levels. Also positive significant interactions were seen among the some parameters.

Ensemble learning methods have received remarkable attention in the recent years and led to considerable advancement in the performance of the regression and classification problems. Bagging and boosting are among the most popular ensemble learning techniques proposed to reduce the prediction error of learning machines. In this study, bagging and gradient boosting algorithms are incorporated into the model creation process for daily streamflow prediction. This paper compares two tree-based ensembles (bagged regression trees BRT & gradient boosted regression trees GBRT) and two artificial neural networks ensembles (bagged artificial neural networks BANN & gradient boosted artificial neural networks GBANN). Proposed ensembles are benchmarked to a conventional ANN (multilayer perceptron MLP). Coefficient of determination, mean absolute error and the root mean squared error measures are used for prediction performance evaluation. The results obtained in this study indicate that ensemble learning models yield better prediction accuracy than a conventional ANN model. Moreover, ANN ensembles are superior to tree-based ensembles.

Accurate prediction of high performance concrete (HPC) compressive strength is very important issue. In the last decade, a variety of modeling approaches have been developed and applied to predict HPC compressive strength from a wide range of variables, with varying success. The selection, application and comparison of decent modeling methods remain therefore a crucial task, subject to ongoing researches and debates. This study proposes three different ensemble approaches: (i) single ensembles of decision trees (DT) (ii) two-level ensemble approach which employs same ensemble learning method twice in building ensemble models (iii) hybrid ensemble approach which is an integration of attribute-base ensemble method (random sub-spaces RS) and instance-base ensemble methods (bagging Bag, stochastic gradient boosting GB). A decision tree is used as the base learner of ensembles and its results are benchmarked to proposed ensemble models. The obtained results show that the proposed ensemble models could noticeably advance the prediction accuracy of the single DT model and for determining average determination of correlation, the best models for HPC compressive strength forecasting are GB–RS DT, RS–GB DT and GB–GB DT among the eleven proposed predictive models, respectively. The obtained results show that the proposed ensemble models could noticeably advance the prediction accuracy of the single DT model and for determining determination of correlation (R2max), the best models for HPC compressive strength forecasting are GB–RS DT (R2=0.9520), GB–GB DT (R2=0.9456) and Bag–Bag DT (R2=0.9368) among the eleven proposed predictive models, respectively.

Bu çalışmada yapraktan borgübrelemesinin elma eşitlerinin bor beslenmesiyle verim ve bazı kaliteölçütlerine etkisini incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Denemede Mondial Gala, Red Chief,Scarlet Spur, Breaburn ve Fuji olmak üzere beş elma çeşidikullanılmış olup, 0 ve 100 mg Bl-1 litre olacak şekilde hazırlanançözeltiden, çiçeklenme öncesi 1 5 gün arayla iki defa yapraktan gübrelemeyapılmıştır. Deneme sonunda Braeburn çeşidi hariç diğer çeşitlerin tamamındayaprak B konsantrasyonun arttığı görülmüştür. Yapraktan B gübrelemesiyle bütünçeşitlerin meyve toplam verimi artmış ve elde edilen artışlar Mondial Gala veBreaburn çeşitleri hariç diğerlerinde istatistiksel anlamda önemli olmuştur.Yapraktan bor uygulaması incelenen meyve kalite ölçütlerine genellikle etkiyapmamıştır. Çeşitlerin bor uygulamalarından farklı derecelerde etkilendiğigörülmüştür

This study was conducted to determine the boron (B) status of apple orchards and examine the relations among B nutrition and some soil properties in Isparta province. For this purpose 250 gardens from the seven districts of the region were determined and soil and leaf samples were collected. In order to determine soil and leaf B status and relations among these some soil properties were determined. Similarly, other leaf nutrient concentrations were analyzed. According to the soil analysis it was seen that most of the soils are B-sufficient. If soil B concentrations were evaluated depending on the district, the lowest soil B (0.26 mg kg-1) was measured from the gardens of Senirkent, the highest B concentration (3.44 mg kg-1) was determined in Atabey. Looking at the individual districts, all apple orchards in Gönen and Keçiborlu have sufficient (0.5-2 mg kg-1) soil B. Also in Yalvaç, Atabey, Gelendost and Eğirdir 71%, 95%, 96% and 97% of the soils had higher B concentration than B deficiency level (0.5 mg kg-1). The most soil B deficiency problem was observed in Senirkent and Yalvaç. Average soil B levels for Atabey, Eğirdir, Gelendost, Gönen, Keçiborlu, Senirkent and Yalvaç orchards were calculated as 1.32, 0.96, 0.87, 0.67, 0.91, 0.49 and 0.62, mg kg-1 respectively and general average were determined as 0.84 mg kg-1. Depending on leaf analyze results, it was seen that 94.8% of the trees had sufficient B and only 5.2 percent of trees had B deficiency. According to the results, there is not B deficiency in 85 % of the soils. And this reflects the leaf analysis as well. Although this result, there was not seen any correlation between soil and leaf B concentrations. But, there were negative correlations among available soil B and soil pH and Ca. Positive correlations were determined among soil B concentrations and other micro nutrients. While a negative correlation between leaf B concentration and leaf P was found, there was a positive correlation between B and Mn.

Nufus mubadelesi anlasmasi Turkiye ile Yunanistan arasinda 1923- 38 arasi donemde kabul edilmistir. Bunun yanisira Turk hukumeti yerlesik olmayan gocebe kabilelerin iskâni problemini cozmekle ugrasmistir. Osmanli devleti de asiretleri iskân etmek istemis ve 1917 yilinda bir komisyon kurmustur. Komisyon ulkenin savas ortamindan dolayi basarili olamamistir. Ic iskân faaliyetleri duzenli olarak 1926 tarihinden itibaren uygulanmaya baslanmis ve 1930’lu yillarda da devam etmistir. Ozellikle Ic Anadolu, Akdeniz ve Ege’de bu faaliyetler surmustur. Gocebe vaziyette yasayan asiretler, gecimlerini bulunduklari yerlerde temin edemeyenler, guvenlik ve ekonomi sebebiyle yapilan iskânlar bu donemde ic iskânin unsurlarini olusturmustur. Bu makalede, Ataturk donemi gocebe asiretlerin iskân politikasi incelenmistir.

The strong relationship between bank failure and economic growth attaches far more importance to the predictability of bank failures. Consequently, numerous statistical prediction models exist in the literature focusing on this particular subject. Besides, artificial intelligence techniques began to attain an increasing level of importance in the literature due to their predictive success. This study distinguishes itself from the similar ones in the sense that it presents a comparison of three different artificial intelligence methods, namely support vector machines (SVMs), radial basis function neural network (RBF-NN) and multilayer perceptrons (MLPs); in addition to subjecting the explanatory variables to principal component analysis (PCA). The extent of this study encompasses 37 privately owned commercial banks (17 failed, 20 non-failed) that were operating in Turkey for the period of 1997---2001. The main conclusions drawn from the study can be summarized as follows: (i) PCA does not appear to be an effective method with respect to the improvement of predictive power; (ii) SVMs and RBF demonstrated similar levels of predictive power; albeit SVMs was found to be the best model in terms of total predictive power; (iii) MLPs method stood out among the SVMs and RBF methods in a negative sense and exhibits the lowest predictive power.