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Contains fulltext : 283542.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Background: Aggressive incidents are common in people with intellectual disabilities. Therefore, we aimed to assess whether supplementation of multivitamins, minerals, and omega-3 fatty acids (FA) reduces aggressive incidents. Methods: We conducted a randomised, triple blind, placebo controlled, single crossover intervention trial. People with intellectual disabilities or borderline intellectual functioning, between 12 and 40 years of age, and showing aggressive behaviour were included. Participants received either a daily dose of dietary supplements, or placebo. Primary outcome was the number of aggressive incidents, measured using the Modified Overt Aggression Scale (MOAS). Results: There were 113 participants (placebo, n = 56), of whom 24 (placebo, n = 10) participated in the crossover phase of the trial. All 137 trajectories were included in the analyses. There was no significant difference in mean number of aggressive incidents per day between those assigned to supplements and those who received placebo (rate ratio = 0.93: 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 0.59–1.45). Conclusion: In this pragmatic trial, we did not find significant differences in the outcomes between the supplement and placebo arms. The COVID-19 pandemic started midway through our trial, this may have affected the results. 10 p.

People with intellectual disabilities often face discriminatory behaviour in everyday life. The aim of this qualitative study was to gain insight into experiences of discrimination of people with intellectual disabilities. The research participants were 25 people with mild intellectual disabilities who live in Zagreb, Croatia. Their experiences indicate that they have experienced direct and indirect discrimination by people from their immediate social environment with whom they interact almost daily. Four themes about experienced discrimination emerged from the analysis: disability harassment, economic disadvantages, denial of the right to form or maintain intimate relationships, and peer rejection and exclusion. Discrimination is manifested in different treatment in fields of education, employment, participation in society and opportunities for realisation of certain social roles. It affects the quality of life and inclusion of people with intellectual disabilities.

The dominant idea in debates on social inclusion of people with intellectual disabilities is that social inclusion requires recognition of their ‘sameness’. As a result, most care providers try to enable people with intellectual disabilities to live and participate in ‘normal’ society, ‘in the community’. In this paper, we draw on (Pols, Medicine Health Care and Philosophy 18:81–90, 2015) empirical ethics of care approach to give an in-depth picture of places that have a radically different take on what social inclusion for people with intellectual disabilities looks like: places known as ‘sheltered living institutions’. We argue these places can be seen as ‘communities of difference’ catered to the specific needs and capacities of the residents. We then contend that these communities raise questions about what a good life for people with intellectual disabilities looks like and where and how it ought to be realised; questions not posed very often, as they get muzzled by the dominant rhetoric of normalisation and the emphasis on sameness.

Mainstream economic evaluations methods may not be appropriate to capture the range of effects triggered by interventions for people with intellectual disabilities. In this systematic review, we aimed to identify, assess and synthesise the arguments in the literature on how the effects of interventions for people with intellectual disabilities could be measured in economic evaluations.We searched for studies providing relevant arguments by running multi-database, backward, forward citation and grey literature searches. Following title/abstract and full-text screening, the arguments extracted from the included studies were summarised and qualitatively assessed in a narrative synthesis.Our final analysis included three studies, with their arguments summarised in different methodological areas.Based on the evidence, we suggest the use of techniques more attuned to the population with intellectual disabilities, such sensitive preference-based instruments to collect health states data, and mapping algorithms to obtain utility values.

People with intellectual disabilities and behaviours that challenge others are living longer. This review aimed to explore what is known about the health and social care needs, experiences, service interventions and resources of and for this population as they transition to different care contexts in the UK.A rapid scoping review of published and unpublished literature was conducted based on collaborative working with key stakeholders and using systematic methods of data searching, extraction and analysis.Consistent social work support, skilled staff, suitable accommodation, creative engagement with individuals and families to plan ahead, and timely access to quality healthcare are all required to promote successful transitions as people age, and to avoid unwanted/inappropriate transitions at points of crisis.More research is needed to assess the types of services that this population can and do access as they age, the quality of those services, and the extent to which local commissioners are planning ahead for people with intellectual disabilities and behaviours that challenge others.

Background People with intellectual disabilities can be exposed to sexual abuse and they can display harmful sexual behaviour. This study aimed to identify barriers to preventing harmful sexual behaviour in people with intellectual disabilities within the support sector and the justice system. Method We conducted focus group interviews with 20 participants from hospital-based habilitation centres, community residences, schools and the criminal justice system. Results The interviews identified a lack of education and guidelines for stakeholders or carers on regulating the sexual behaviour of people with intellectual disabilities. The criminal justice system faces challenges related to prioritising, understanding and communicating. People with intellectual disabilities may lack an understanding of the concepts of sexual consent and acceptable sexual behaviour. Conclusion There is a need to improve knowledge about intellectual disability and how to prevent harmful sexual behaviour for professional caregivers in the support sector and the criminal justice system.

Spanish universities still face many barriers to the training of people with disabilities, especially with intellectual disabilities (ID). In general, continuing higher education courses are the main training response for the latter. Knowing the impact that confinement by COVID-19 has had on the students of these courses is a relevant element. The present investigation focused on analyzing the case of the confinement experience of 12 young students with ID who attended the continuing training program called Unidiversidad at the University of Alcalá (Spain). In particular, the implications on their emotional well-being, interpersonal relationships, and individual training were analyzed. Information was collected through a semi-structured interview with the students and a questionnaire with their relatives. The results reflect changes in emotional well-being linked to the increased concern of students for the health of their families. Interpersonal relationships were also affected, although participants tried to compensate for the lack of face-to-face interaction with instant messaging applications and video calls. The change in training to the online modality generated concern and uncertainty in students, although it also provided learning opportunities, which have been supported by peer tutoring and support from teachers. This work has been supported by the University Teaching Research Network Program of the Institute of Educational Sciences of the University of Alicante (2020-21 call). Ref. 5100.

Background:The multi-disciplinarity of long-term care for people with intellectual disabilities makes organisations seek stability and predictability, complicating implementing innovations. Interventions to implement a method for reducing restrictive measures were analysed through the lens of Normalisation Process Theory to understand the social mechanisms at play.Methods:Process notes, collected during a trial in which a method to reduce restrictive measures was implemented, were analysed guided by implementation interventions defined by Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Review Group. These interventions were mapped to social mechanisms of Normalisation Process Theory.Results:Implementation interventions were widely used in which clients’ perspectives were expressed (client-related-interventions), and consensus processes were held with care professionals. These interventions initiated NPT’s social mechanisms’ Coherence, Cognitive Participation and Collective Action.Conclusions:The emphasis on consensus and clients’ perspectives when methodically reducing restrictive measures reflects some unique implementation challenges in long-term intellectual disability care.

Background: Using inclusive research methods with people with intellectual disabilities is increasingly common. A recent consensus statement identified key elements when conducting and reporting inclusive research with people with intellectual disabilities. This review identifies the range of health and social care research topics using inclusive research methodologies, systematically appraises the involvement of researchers with intellectual disabilities, and identifies facilitators and barriers to inclusive research. Researchers' experiences of engaging with inclusive research are synthesised. Method: Seventeen empirical studies focused upon inclusive health and social care research were identified. The associated inclusive research methodologies employed, and the stages in which researchers with intellectual disabilities were involved, along with the experiences of researchers with and without intellectual disabilities were synthesised. Results: Papers focused on a broad range of health and social care topics and largely employed qualitative or mixed-methods designs. Researchers with intellectual disabilities were frequently involved with data collection, analysis and dissemination. Facilitators of inclusive research comprised sharing power, team working, having sufficient resources and making research methodologies accessible. Conclusions: Researchers with intellectual disabilities are involved in a wide range of methodologies and research tasks. How the added value of inclusive research is measured and its impact on outcomes, require consideration.

BackgroundThis meta-analysis aims to: (i) describe the pooled prevalence of diabetes in people with intellectual disabilities, (ii) investigate the association with demographic, clinical and treatment-related factors and (iii) compare the prevalence versus age- and gender-matched general population controls.MethodsPubmed, Embase and CINAHL were searched until 01 May 2021. Random effects meta-analysis and an odds ratio analysis were conducted to compare rates with controls.ResultsThe trim- and fill-adjusted pooled diabetes prevalence amongst 55,548 individuals with intellectual disabilities (N studies = 33) was 8.5% (95% CI = 7.2%–10.0%). The trim- and fill-adjusted odds for diabetes was 2.46 times higher (95% CI = 1.89–3.21) (n = 42,684) versus controls (n = 4,177,550).Older age (R2 = .83, p p = .009) and co-morbid depression (R2 = .18, p = .04), anxiety (R2 = .97, p R2 = 0.29, p ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate that people with intellectual disabilities are at an increased risk of diabetes, and therefore routine screening and multidisciplinary management of diabetes is needed.

People with intellectual disabilities are a particularly vulnerable group, at an increased risk of mortality from COVID-19 and of poor mental health. Psychologists providing mental health support to people with intellectual disabilities report poorer mental wellbeing and higher occupational stress. Moreover, they raise concerns about the ability of people with intellectual disabilities to engage with digital technologies for mental health support in the context of reduced face-to-face psychological provision.The study aimed to understand psychologists' experiences of working with people with intellectual disabilities during the pandemic.Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 psychologists from community intellectual disabilities services. Data were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis.Two superordinate themes emerged. Survive or Thrive highlighted the challenges and successes clinical psychologists experienced while working during the pandemic. 'Left to Their Own Devices' described psychologists' experiences of their clients as forgotten within society.The current study demonstrates psychologists' ability to adapt to extremely challenging circumstances, exposes the vulnerabilities of people with intellectual disabilities and highlights the gaps in service provision.

Background Sexual health remains at risk for people with an intellectual disability. Attitudes towards sexuality, its support and education have an important role in promoting sexual health. The current review aims to provide an overview of the current research on supportive and restrictive attitudes towards sexuality and its support of people with intellectual disabilities themselves. Method A systematic review was conducted, searching across eight databases. The quality of the studies was assessed with the Mixed-Method Appraisal Tool. Results Six themes emerged from the data: sexual behaviour, sexual identity, intimate relationships, barriers to sexual expression, sex education and support by caregivers. Supportive and restrictive attitudes were reported throughout. Conclusions Attitudes regarding sexuality of people with intellectual disabilities are heterogeneous and people with intellectual disabilities seem to be able to express their sexual desires, needs and attitudes. Findings allow for improved individual support and in-depth research questions.

Research suggests a link between socially desirable responses (SDR) and attitudes towards people with disabilities. Objectives. The main aim was to examine the relationship between the expressed tendency of education and rehabilitation students to give socially desirable responses, the expressed discomfort and fear in interactions, and the frequency of contact with people with intellectual disabilities. The specific objectives of the research were: to examine whether there was a difference in the manifestation of socially desirable responses, discomfort and fear, and the frequency of contact with regard to the year of study and the study program; to examine the relationship between discomfort and fear and the frequency of contact while controlling socially desirable responses; to determine which variables affected the expression of discomfort and fear. Methods. The survey was conducted on a convenient sample of 100 students of education and rehabilitation. Seventy-one percent of students attended the first and second year, while 29.0% attended the third and fourth year. Fifty-eight percent of students attended Special Education and Rehabilitation, 27.0% attended Speech and Language Pathology and Audiology, and 15% attended Behavioral Disorders. The Scale for Social Desirability, the Interaction with Disabled Persons Scale, and the Contact with Disabled Persons Scale were applied. Results. The results showed a weak negative correlation between discomfort and fear and the propensity to SDR, frequency of contact, and the year of study. The correlations between discomfort and fear and the frequency of contact were statistically significant even when socially desirable responses were controlled. There were no differences with regard to the study program. The difference regarding the year of study existed in the manifestation of discomfort and fear, where first and second-year students achieved the highest score. The tendency to give socially desirable responses and the year of study had the greatest impact on the expressed level of discomfort and fear. Conclusion. Future research on attitudes towards people with disabilities should consider the tendency towards socially desirable responses and try to control it.

A recovery approach within mental health services has gained momentum. Its meaning for adults with intellectual disabilities recovering from mental health disorders is less understood. Peoples' experiences of recovery were explored to help inform recovery-focused recommendations for clinical practise. A qualitative design using interpretative phenomenological analysis was applied. Nine interviews with people with intellectual disabilities who had experienced mental health disorders were conducted. Two themes that emerged focusing on entry to service and the recovery experience. Subthemes for entry to service included unfair treatment, valuing information and managing expectations. The recovery experience subthemes were therapeutic alliance, self-management, emotional development, autonomy, connectedness, positive identity and a belief in recovery. Hearing peoples' experiences directly allowed the current themes to emerge in the context of living with lifelong disabilities. This article adds to the sparse literature and highlights considerations for recovery-based interventions for people with intellectual disabilities. [Abstract copyright: © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.]

Background: Generic mental health staff often have contact with people with intellectual disabilities when they access mainstream mental health services. To date, there has not been any research conducted in non-western countries to explore their views. This paper investigates the views and experiences of mainstream mental health professionals regarding the mental health services for people with intellectual disabilities in Singapore. Methods: Eight staff members from generic mental health services were interviewed. Thematic analysis was used to identify main themes. Findings: The main themes are related to their work experiences, perceptions of people with intellectual disabilities, ideal staff characteristics and service recommendations. Conclusions: Participants identified a lack of experience and knowledge when working with this population. They highlighted the challenges they face promoting choice and autonomy for people with intellectual disabilities. The discussion includes recommendations for improving staff knowledge through training opportunities, consideration of non-pharmacological approaches and early collaboration with caregivers during the treatment process.

Background: The life expectancy of people with intellectual disabilities has increased. The implications of ageing have resulted in changes in their support needs and challenges to support staff. Access to evidence based strategies for support staff providing care to elderly with intellectual disabilities remains scarce. A systematic review was conducted to provide an overview of available psychosocial interventions. Methods: Four databases were searched and assessed according to the PRISMA guidelines. A narrative, integrative method of analysis was conducted to synthesise quantitative and qualitative data. Results: The 36 studies included in the review reported on interventions aimed at either identifying and meeting the needs or perceptions of older individuals or at improving their behaviour and skills. Furthermore, the role of support staff in the implementation of interventions was either active, assisting or undefined. Conclusions: This overview of studies could contribute to the existing body of knowledge and help to optimise psychosocial support for a growing population.

Integrating people with intellectual disabilities into the community has become a major goal in improving society in general. Our study adds an important layer to discussions of how to achieve this goal.We examine both the willingness to integrate people into the community and their willingness to pay for this integration. Using a representative sample of 813 Israeli respondents, we consider two factors in these attitudes: familiarity with the issue and people's political attitudes.We found that most people are willing to integrate people with intellectual disabilities into the community and some people are willing to pay for this integration. Those who are familiar with people with intellectual disabilities and those from the left side of the political map are more willing to pay to achieve this goal.Familiarity and political attitudes matter in the willingness to pay to integrate people with intellectual disabilities into the community.

People with intellectual disabilities are at a higher risk of being violently or sexually abused compared to the general population. Learning about violence and sexuality is considered important to be able to protect oneself from such incidents. Prevention programs are developed for people with intellectual disabilities, however, we know little about the effect of such programs. The aim of this study is to analyse the effect of sexual abuse and violence prevention programs on knowledge about sexuality and abuse, protective behaviour skills, and decision-making skills.

BackgroundThe effect of policy initiatives and deprivation on mortality disparities in people with intellectual disabilities is not clear.MethodsAn electronic health record observational study of linked primary care data in England from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink and the Office for National Statistics deaths data from 2000 to 2019 was undertaken. All-cause and cause-specific mortality for people with intellectual disabilities were calculated by gender and deprivation status (index of multiple deprivation quintile) using direct age-standardised mortality rates (all years) and ratios (SMR; 2000–2009 vs 2010–2019).ResultsAmong 1.0 million patients (n=33 844 with intellectual disability; n=980 586 general population without intellectual disability), differential mortality was consistently higher in people with intellectual disabilities and there was no evidence of attenuation over time. There was a dose–response relationship between all-cause mortality and lower deprivation quintile in the general population which was not observed in people with intellectual disabilities. Cause-specific SMR were consistent in both the 2000–2009 and 2010–2019 calendar periods, with a threefold increased risk of death in both males and females with intellectual disabilities (SMR ranges: 2.91–3.51). Mortality was highest from epilepsy (SMR ranges: 22.90–52.74) and aspiration pneumonia (SMR ranges: 19.31–35.44). SMRs were disproportionately high for people with intellectual disabilities living in the least deprived areas.ConclusionsPeople with intellectual disabilities in England continue to experience significant mortality disparities and there is no evidence that the situation is improving. Deprivation indicators may not be effective for targeting vulnerable individuals.

Organisational culture in group homes for people with intellectual disabilities has been identified as an influence on service delivery and staff behaviour. The aim was to examine patterns of cultu...

This article is about the challenge of communication via smartphones and tablets by people with intellectual disabilities (ID). We will give special attention to persons that struggle with verbal communication. One of our co-researchers, the fourth author, has a severe ID. She cannot read, write or use voice assisted technology in any functional manner. As a result of many years of collaboration, and the need for solutions in connection with the challenges with COVID-19, she and her family have developed ways of remote communication that can be mastered both by the person with an ID and the majority (those without similar disabilities). We call it doing and talking. Successful remote communication not only depends on technology and how to use it, but also on communication strategies that both work for the person with an ID and the majority. It is often the case that people with ID are expected to learn the skills necessary to adapt to the majority. We will show that success is just as much a question of the majority learning new skills and strategies that can make real inclusion and collaboration possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of International Journal of Disability, Development & Education is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Despite the importance of social networks for health and wellbeing, relatively little is known about the ways in which adults with intellectual disabilities in the U.K. experience their social networks. Method: A systematic review was completed to identify research focused on the social networks of adults with intellectual disabilities. Studies published from 1990 to 2019 were identified. Studies were thematically analysed. Results: Quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods studies were analysed to identify key factors influencing social networks. Experiences of people with intellectual disabilities identified themes of identity, powerlessness, inclusion, family, and support. These themes are discussed with reference to theories of stigma and normalization. Conclusions: Stigma and normalization can be used to better understand the needs, desires and dreams of people with intellectual disabilities for ordinary relationships, from which they are regularly excluded. Implications for policy and practice are discussed in relation to building and repairing often spoiled identities.

Background. We examined whether a series of variables were related to the number of psychiatric inpatients using publicly available data about English psychiatric bed utilisation and NHS workforce. Method. Using linear regression, with auto-regressive errors, we examined relationships between variables over time using data from December 2013 to March 2021. Results. Over time, the number of inpatients reduced by either 6.58 or 8.07 per month depending upon the dataset utilised, and the number of community nurses and community nursing support staff reduced by 7.43 and 2.14 nurses per month, respectively. Increasing numbers of consultant psychiatrists were associated with fewer inpatients over time. More Care and Treatment Reviews (CTRs) were associated with more admissions over time, while more post-admission CTRs were associated with increased discharges over time. Conclusions. Future studies should examine whether psychiatric bed utilisation elsewhere within the NHS by people with intellectual disabilities has increased.

Staff members' views can have a significant impact on sexuality issues of people with intellectual disabilities. Research on the impact of sociocultural factors in this area in the Chinese context is sparse.Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven professionals (social worker, nurse, life skills trainer and manager) to explore their experiences of and attitudes towards the sexual needs of people with intellectual disabilities by applying interpretative phenomenological analysis.The study identified two major themes, each with two sub-themes: 1. Professional handling of the sexual needs of people with intellectual disabilities (sex education and intervention); 2. Barriers (incompatible approaches and parental resistance). Participants also experienced feelings of resignation facing the barriers they encountered. Collectivism and cultural view about sex are potentially the influencing factors.This study highlights the need to adopt an evidence-based sex education programme whose content and delivery should take account of cultural factors.

The aim of this research was to determine the trends in the field of analyzing positive aspects of sexuality of people with intellectual disabilities (ID). In relation to these findings, the possibilities of applying the model of positive sexuality were presented. A literature search covering studies published between 1980 and 2020 was conducted. 19 studies were included. Researchers focus on partnerships, mainly heterosexual ones, associated experiences, plans and ideas. The results show that people with ID are able to report on experiences accompanying relationships and their depiction is relatively rich. People who do not have such experiences expect them in the future, treating them as a very important aspect of life. Referring to the model of positive sexuality, the areas of research in the population of people with intellectual disability were specified, and the theoretical justification of the model, general methodological aspects and practical usefulness were provided.

People with intellectual disabilities and people from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds have lower rates of physical activity compared to the general population. The aim of t...

Purpose This paper aims to systematically review the available evidence that explores adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in people with intellectual disabilities (PwID). It is important to systematically review this literature as, to date, there is little known about the number of studies in this area, despite the World Health Organization declaring ACE prevention and support as a global public health priority. Design/methodology/approach Published studies were identified from electronic database searches. Key journals and reference lists were also hand searched. Findings Two studies met the inclusion criteria and the prevalence and frequency of ACEs experienced by participants of these studies analysed. Overall, due to the small number of studies meeting the inclusion criteria, it is difficult to establish any meaningful conclusions. Originality/value This appears to be the first systematic review to try and identify a research base looking at the prevalence of ACEs within a PwID population. Findings suggest that this is a highly neglected area of research, and the authors hope to have identified that further evidence is required to draw clearer conclusions about the impact of ACEs on PwID.

BACKGROUND This pilot study aimed to explore the impact of visual, auditory and vestibular dysfunctions on the postural balance performance in adults with intellectual disabilities. Additionally, a comparison was made between the subjects with intellectual disabilities and a control group concerning static and dynamic balance tasks. METHOD Thirty adults with intellectual disabilities and 25 control subjects received a postural balance assessment. Additionally, the experimental group was subjected to a visual, auditory and vestibular screening. RESULTS The experimental group performed significantly worse and/or showed more sway compared to the control group for all balance tasks (p

Research confirms the effectiveness of training based on specific sports discipline in the therapy of people with intellectual disabilities. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of c...

BACKGROUND Microenterprises are very small businesses requiring little capital and can be an employment pathway for people with intellectual disabilities. This systematic review aims to identify the facilitators, barriers and outcomes from microenterprise. METHOD Web of Science, Scopus, EconLit, PsycINFO and ProQuest were searched to identify peer-reviewed studies on microenterprises owned by people with intellectual disability published up to and including 1 October 2019. RESULTS A total of 1080 papers were independently screened by two reviewers. Six papers met the inclusion criteria. Barriers included lack of access to business expertise and resources, and the tension between growing microenterprises and maintaining eligibility for welfare payments. Formal and informal supports were key facilitators. Outcomes experienced included additional income, skills development, increased confidence and engagement in meaningful activities. CONCLUSION Additional research is required to develop an evidence base which may support investment in this employment pathway, making microenterprise more accessible to people with intellectual disabilities.

Contains fulltext : 227106.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Background: Interactions with professional caregivers affect the quality of support and life of people with intellectual disabilities and contribute to the occurrence of challenging behaviour. The present literature review provides an overview of factors facilitating or hindering meaningful staff-client interactions in people with borderline to profound intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviour. Method: Database searches, reference list and citation screening, and expert consultations were undertaken. A thematic synthesis of 28 studies was performed. Results: Factors were identified at the client (i.e. behaviour, emotions and (dis)abilities), staff (i.e. interactive principles, knowledge, psychological resources, attributions, attitudes and (coping with) emotions) and context levels (i.e. group size, team and organization). Conclusions: The present overview provides insights into factors that facilitate or hinder meaningful staff-client interactions with people with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviour. The results support the need to combine client, staff and contextual factors when considering staff-client interactions in research and practice. 13 p.

Rationale This paper concerns mortality and needs for end-of-life care in a population of adults with ID living in generic care homes. Methods Various sampling strategies were used to identify a difficult to find a population of people with ID in generic care homes. Demographic and health data were obtained for 132 people with ID. This included the Surprise Question. At T2, 12 months later, data were obtained on the survival of this sample. Findings The average age was 68.6 years, and the majority were women (55.3%). Their health was typically rated as good or better. Responses to the Surprise Question indicated that 23.3% respondents might need EoLC. At T2, 18.0% of this population had died. The average of death was 72.2 years. The majority died within the care setting (62.9%). Implications The implications for end-of-life care and mortality research are discussed.

People with intellectual disabilities (PID) experience the same range of sexual thoughts, feelings, desires, and activities as anyone else. However, the public’s view, especially about stereotypes, is noticeable to have an impact on sexuality and people with disabilities, thereby influencing the population which includes the families of PID, healthcare professionals, and policymakers. This review aims to analyze the opinions of public, family of PID or care staff on the sexuality of PID and the methodology applied. Eleven quantitative peer-reviewed papers were identified. Participants’ attitude could be evaluated as a binary classification of either “Restrictive” or “Acceptance” in four aspects. Demographic background and the conditions of the PID were found to have an influence on people’s attitudes. People acknowledge that PID are not asexual but generally the public holds a more accepting attitude towards the sexuality of PID when compare with family of PID or care staff. Further research on this attitude gap is particularly essential, as this will contribute valuable information and provide insight to policymakers on handling the social, legal and ethical concerns about the sexuality of PID.

Background: This paper presents the findings from a qualitative research project that explored what ten people with intellectual disabilities who receive care and support in a residential care faci...

There is a need to systematically compare and contrast mortality predictors and disparities in people with intellectual disabilities (ID) for global prevention strategy development. Bibliographic d...

Violence and abuse against people with intellectual disabilities are internationally recognised as a pervasive social problem. Recent years have seen the development and implementation of preventat...

Contains fulltext : 229877.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) BACKGROUND: People with intellectual disabilities (ID) depend on their environment to live healthily. Asset-based health promotion enhances a settings' health-promoting capacity starting with identifying protective or promotive factors that sustain health. METHOD: This inclusive mixed-methods study used group sessions to generate and rank ideas on assets supporting healthy nutrition and physical activity in Dutch intellectual disability care settings. Participants included people with moderate intellectual disabilities and family and care professionals of people with severe/profound intellectual disabilities. RESULTS: Fifty-one participants identified 185 assets in group sessions. They include the following: (i) the social network and ways "people" can support, (ii) assets in/around "places," and person-environment fit, and (iii) "preconditions": health care, prevention, budget, and policy. CONCLUSION: This inclusive research provides a user perspective on assets in the living environment supporting healthy living. This gives insight in contextual factors needed for development and sustainable embedment of health promotion in the systems of intellectual disability support settings.

Full and equal access to sex education for all citizens is ensured by international legal acts. Research shows, however, that people with intellectual disabilities (ID) receive neither support in understanding their sexual rights, nor access to sex education tailored to their needs. Sex education classes at a special school in Poland are not compulsory for students with ID, therefore they can be omitted from the curriculum. The research aims to learn the state of knowledge about human sexuality and to analyse the needs, barriers, and expectations of adult students with ID as regards their sex education. The methodology used included a qualitative approach (Participatory Action Research) using group interviews (FGI) with 24 ID students ages 18–24. The results of the study indicate that students taking part in the study possess fragmentary and incomplete knowledge about sexuality. They listed TV, the Internet, and friends as sources of information, leaving out school (teachers) and parents. However, their interest and willingness to talk was very high. A didactic tool for sex education was designed together with the student and is being used in schools.

Background Diagnostic manuals provide a strict definition of the PTSD gate criterion. Research on the adequacy of this definition in people with intellectual disabilities is lacking. This study aims to test the adequacy of the gate criterion for this population. Method Fourty nine adults with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities and 43 caregivers were questioned. Traumatic events included in the gate criterion definition and adverse events going beyond it were assessed. It was tested whether adverse events affect symptoms of PTSD additionally to traumatic events. Results The current data showed ambiguous findings in self‐ and informant report. Informant data suggested an additional impact of adverse events on PTSD symptoms. Self‐report data suggested the contrary. Conclusion Adverse events seem to have an impact on externalizing behavioural symptoms, such as hyperarousal. Self‐report assessment of more specific, intrapsychic PTSD symptoms, such as intrusions and avoidance, should be addressed in future studies.

This research study aimed to identify and analyse attitudes of Czech primary school pupils towards people with intellectual disabilities (ID). In total 2295 pupils aged 10 to 15 years participated ...

Contains fulltext : 249089.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) BACKGROUND: Primary care providers require accurate evidence on chronic disease prevalence in people with intellectual disabilities in order to apply this information into practice. This study aimed to map the broadness of literature on chronic disease prevalence in people with and without intellectual disabilities, and to explore main characteristics of these studies. METHOD: A scoping review of peer-reviewed literature was conducted, covering 2000 to February 2020, including literature that discussed chronic disease prevalence in people with and without intellectual disabilities, with similar data collection method for both groups. RESULTS: Nineteen studies were included. Chronic disease prevalence varied considerably between people with and without intellectual disabilities. Studies differed in their methodologies, country and age groups that were enrolled. CONCLUSIONS: Primary care providers should interpret results on disease prevalence among people with intellectual disabilities in light of the study characteristics. Researchers should always interpret prevalence rates in the context of methodology.

People with intellectual disabilities have a significant lower level of health literacy compared to the general population which exacerbates participation of the target group. Therefore, people with ID shall be strengthened with regard to health literacy. Explanatory videos are a promising approach to reach that goal. Yet, explanatory videos are neither frequently used in people with intellectual disabilities nor is known a lot about the efficacy of explanatory videos. Two scoping reviews were conducted. One review is an update of an existing review dealing with Health Literacy in people with intellectual disabilities. The second review focused on explanatory videos and people with intellectual disabilities. CINAHL, PubMed, PubPsych and Web of Science were searched. Health Literacy and intellectual disability: nine publications were identified: five publications focused on several aspects of Health Literacy in the target group. A total of four publications discussed ways to increase Health Literacy in people with intellectual disabilities. One publication described existing barriers in accessing and understanding health-related information for people with intellectual disabilities. Explanatory videos and intellectual disability: No eligible publications could be found. The conceptual discussion on health literacy in people with intellectual disabilities is continuing. Nevertheless, often only small subgroups are addressed. Although ideas for increasing health literacy in people with intellectual disabilities exist, there are only little interventions that were scientifically evaluated. There are publications that deal with explanatory videos in the context of intellectual disability, but they do not focus on the efficacy of these videos or special needs of the target group.There is an ongoing scientific discussion about health literacy and people with intellectual disabilities which is still located on a conceptual level. Most of the literature that was identified via one of the scoping reviews deals with certain aspects of health literacy. Some studies examined interventions that aim at improving health literacy in people with intellectual disabilities. A fairly disregarded intervention for increasing health literacy can be found in explanatory videos. Yet, there are hardly any studies that evaluate the effectiveness of using explanatory videos for people with intellectual disabilities. Therefore, a project at the University of Applied Sciences Bielefeld develops and evaluates explanatory videos for the target group. Their health literacy shall be strengthened.

Contains fulltext : 232097.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Background: Since the DSM‐5, adaptive functioning has taken a prominent place in the classification of intellectual disability (ID). The ADAPT was developed to assess adaptive skills in individuals with ID. Method: A total of 2,081 ADAPTs from clients with suspected ID or borderline intellectual functioning and 129 ADAPTs from people from the general population (non‐ID) were collected, along with background characteristics. Results: Internal consistency of the ADAPT was high (α = 0.98). ADAPT scores were positively associated with IQ, educational level and level of independent living. Furthermore, individuals without ID scored significantly higher than the clients on all of the 65 ADAPT items. Reference values were established for different IQ groups and living situations. Conclusion: Results suggest that the ADAPT is a valid instrument for measuring adaptive skills in individuals with ID. The reference values may be used for the purpose of estimating the level of ID and the needed intensity of support. 10 p.