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Color 3D printing is an important advancement in 3D printing for lifelike personalization, but color reproduction in paper-based color 3D printers suffers from accuracy issues. In this study, 5 color 3D test charts containing 6 thickness-increasing colored stairs with 13 specific colored bars were developed based on a thickness tunable printed layers design. At the same time, color differences and surface images of tested charts with specific layers were both captured under standard conditions. Results demonstrated that the chromatic aberrations and Mean-SSIM values of color bars showed a slight downward trend as the stair thickness increases, while the linear correlations were not obvious. Combined with color SSIM maps analysis, color samples with small differences in color quality can be clearly detected to analyze the color reproduction performance of paper-based color 3D printers. This research provides new ideas for the development of powerful color 3D test chart to check the color reproduction performance of paper-based 3D printers and predict paper-based color 3D printing.

Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) decode neural activity in real-time, allowing control of sensors and actuators. However, real-time neural decoding requires high computational resources. Recently developed paper-based electronics (e.g., transistors) are likely to reduce the cost of computing devices. In this theoretical study, we propose a roadmap to develop BMIs that take advantage of cellulose based supercomputers. Major milestones will include: 1) an initial prototype with a small number of elements capable of forming a simple brain-controlled On/Off switch, and 2) scaling up the capabilities of the new computing device, such that paper-based electronics lined in the walls of people’s homes will form a supercomputer. The initial prototype will be used to control the lights in a room, but more advanced devices are expected to decode more complex brain commands. As paper-based electronics are very low cost, it is proposed here that paper-based supercomputing capabilities may significantly improve BMIs.

Background In Software Engineering (SE), conference publications have high importance both in effective communication and in academic careers. Researchers actively discuss how a paper should be organized to be accepted in mainstream conferences. Aiming This work tackles the problem of generalizing and characterizing the type of papers accepted at SE conferences. Method The paper offers a new perspective in the analysis of SE literature: a categorization scheme for SE papers is obtained by merging, extending and revising related proposals from a few existing studies. The categorization scheme is used to classify the papers accepted at three top-tier SE conferences during five years (2012–2016). Results While a broader experience is certainly needed for validation and fine-tuning, preliminary outcomes can be observed relative to what problems and topics are addressed, what types of contributions are presented and how they are validated. Conclusions The results provide insights to paper writers, paper reviewers and conference organizers in focusing their future efforts, without any intent to provide judgments or authoritative guidelines.

The economy of the paper industry largely depends on the quality of the paper manufactured and the quality depends on the precise operation of Headbox, which is the key element of the paper machine and is highly responsible for the quality of the paper manufactured. Being a nonlinear multivariable system, a headbox needs to be controlled efficiently to have the desired response which in turn reflects in the quality of the paper. The headbox is subjected to various disturbances and thus it is required not only to suppress the effect of disturbances but also to ensure the smooth start of the headbox and fast response to the set-point changes. A control technique is proposed in this paper for a paper machine headbox based on the determination of ultimate gain and frequency using the fractional-order integrator (FOI). The PID tuning technique proposed has been applied on paper machine headbox and the responses are compared with the existing techniques.

Point of care (POC) devices enable immediate diagnosis and treatment in settings where equipped facilities, trained expertise and organized transportation are lacking. Epidemics require rapid treatment to deter the spread of diseases. Thus, POC devices can be used to rapidly diagnose the disease, without the need for trained personnel or expensive equipment. Paper is an excellent option for POC applications, mainly due to its physical and chemical properties and cost. Paper has been used in various forms to detect proteins and nucleic acids from pathogens, as they are the most commonly targeted biomolecules for the detection of infectious diseases. Due to their specificity, a diverse range of biomolecules could be detected using methods such as ELISA, gold nanoparticles and electrochemistry. In spite of the aforementioned advantages, instability and cross-reactivity in protein detection and the complexity of nucleic acid detection deter the rapid replacement of conventional diagnostic methods. Thus, in this chapter, we present key technical progress in paper-based POC devices, identify major functional components and provide insight into important challenges faced to produce optimal diagnostic devices.

Paper has been used in analytical applications ranging from diagnostics to environmental monitoring. In 2007, Martinez et al. introduced the first microfluidics paper-based analytical device (μPAD). They patterned the paper with a hydrophobic reagent to form hydrophilic channels for transporting liquid samples from an inlet to a specific reaction area for diagnosis. To achieve an automatic sequential multistep assay on the μPAD, the control of the speed of wicking fluid in a paper is very important. In this chapter, we focus on new fabrication techniques and novel materials for paper-based devices with controllable wicking speeds.

Using a new opinion dynamics using the polarity analysis of measured data of Twitter about "toilet paper" and "COVID-19", we analyzed the chain of fear that people feel for the rumor of lack of toilet paper and COVID-19 itself. We use opinion dynamics for the analysis of the fears, and we obtain the opinion distribution of the fear calculated using the opinion dynamics and the observed distribution. By comparing the two distribution, we found that the opinion distribution for the fear is consisted with the mixture of trust and distrust.

The aim of the present study was to explore the relationship between testing mode (taking a test on computer versus paper) and two other factors: (1) cognitive load and (2) scratch paper use in an undergraduate general chemistry class setting. Cognitive load was measured with two self-report questions (perceived mental effort and level of difficulty) and scratch paper use was analyzed manually. All 221 students completed three assessments administered either on computer or paper. The assessments included a variety of chemistry topics with an equal number of three question types (algorithmic, conceptual, and definition). There was no significant difference in the cognitive load imposed by computer or paper-based tests at the overall test level or by question type. Students utilized scratch paper more on paper-based than online tests, especially when the questions were conceptual, and they used scratch paper the most for algorithmic questions. Altogether, these results provide further support that online testing can be implemented in educational settings without imposing additional cognitive load on students.

For in-situ disease markers detection, point-of-care (POC) diagnosis has great advantages in speed and cost compared with traditional techniques. The rapid diagnosis, prognosis, and surveillance of diseases can significantly reduce disease-related mortality and trauma. Therefore, increasing attention has been paid to the POC diagnosis devices due to their excellent diagnosis speed and portability. Over the past ten years, paper-based microfluidic aptasensors have emerged as a class of critical POC diagnosis devices and various aptasensors have been proposed to detect various disease markers. However, most aptasensors need further improvement before they can actually enter the market and be widely used. There is thus an urgent need to sort out the key points of preparing the aptasensors and the direction that needs to be invested in. This review summarizes the representative articles in the development of paper-based microfluidic aptasensors. These works can be divided into paper-based optical aptasensors and paper-based electrochemical aptasensors according to their output signals. Significant focus is applied to these works according to the following three parts: (1) The ingenious design of device structure; (2) Application and synthesis of nanomaterial; (3) The detection principle of the proposed aptasensor. This is a detailed and comprehensive review of paper-based microfluidic aptasensors. The accomplishments and shortcomings of the current aptasensors are outlined, the development direction and the future prospective are given. It is hoped that the research in this review can provide a reference for further development of more advanced, more effective paper-based microfluidic aptasensors for POC disease markers diagnosis.

Fibrinogen (FIB) plays a key role in blood coagulation and thrombosis and its concentration in blood can directly reflect health conditions, thus efficient detection of FIB would benefit the treatments of certain diseases such as liver and heart diseases. However, there is a lack of sensitive, simple, rapid and cheap FIB detection device currently, in lieu of expensive and sophisticated approaches in laboratories. Here, we propose a novel plasma separation and FIB detection platform based on a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD). It is the first time that dielectrophoretic (DEP) force is combined with capillary force on paper for plasma separation, and the separation efficiency of plasma reaches about 95%, ensuring reliable downstream FIB detection, for which we also propose a new method called the resistance-fibrinogen detection (RFD) method. It not only avoids the use of large-scale instruments for detection, but also possesses high precision and simplicity. The method is found to be reliable in FIB detection for various concentrations ranging from 127.0 to 508.0 mg dL-1. Moreover, the results obtained from the proposed μPAD show an excellent agreement (R2 = 0.9985) with those obtained from an automatic coagulation analyzer with natural human blood samples. Overall, the proposed platform provides a low-cost and reliable approach for FIB detection, especially for clinical use in resource-limited areas.

In any big institution, especially educational institutions like schools or colleges, generation of large quantity of waste papers is quite apparent. And effective use of recycled paper is also possible (craft papers, registers etc). So, instead of disposing off the waste papers into trash, recycling them makes sense. This not only helps the institute in cost saving but will also ensure its contribution towards the protection of the environment. Designing manually operated small-scaled paper recycling plant, which can be used in schools and colleges, ensures that a cheap and non-complex method of production of paper product is guaranteed. Accordingly design of the machine unit has been prepared with all necessary component specifications.

Given their photoluminescent character, portable quantum dot readers are often sophisticated and relatively expensive. In response, we engineered a “do it yourself” fluorescence reader employing paper materials and a mid-range smartphone camera. Black paperboard facilitated a versatile, lightweight and foldable case; whereas cellophane paper was observed to behave as a simple, yet effective, optical bandpass filter leading to an advantageous device for the quantitative interrogation of quantum dot nanocrystals concentrations (from 2.5 to 20 nM), which are suitable for optical point-of-care biosensing. The streptavidin-coated nanocrystals employed are commercially available and the developed reader was benchmarked with a standard portable quantum dot reader, thereby demonstrating advantages in terms of cost and linear analytical range.

Applications of electrochemical detection methods in microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) has revolutionized the area of point-of-care (POC) testing towards highly sensitive and selective quantification of various (bio)chemical analytes in a miniaturized, low-coat, rapid, and user-friendly manner. Shortly after the initiation, these relatively new modulations of μPADs, named as electrochemical paper-based analytical devices (ePADs), gained widespread popularity within the POC research community thanks to the inherent advantages of both electrochemical sensing and usage of paper as a suitable substrate for POC testing platforms. Even though general aspects of ePADs such as applications and fabrication techniques, have already been reviewed multiple times in the literature, herein, we intend to provide a critical engineering insight into the area of ePADs by focusing particularly on the practical strategies utilized to enhance their analytical performance (i.e. sensitivity), while maintaining the desired simplicity and efficiency intact. Basically, the discussed strategies are driven by considering the parameters potentially affecting the generated electrochemical signal in the ePADs. Some of these parameters include the type of filter paper, electrode fabrication methods, electrode materials, fluid flow patterns, etc. Besides, the limitations and challenges associated with the development of ePADs are discussed, and further insights and directions for future research in this field are proposed.

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a severe foodborne pathogen that causes lots of life-threatening diseases. In the search for a rapid, sensitive, portable and low-cost method to detect this pathogen, we developed a wax-printed paper-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (P-ELISA) based on microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs), with the whole operation time being less than 3 h and only needing 5 μl samples for detection. The limit of detection (LOD) of E. coli O157:H7 reached 104 CFU ml-1, which is an order of magnitude higher than that of conventional ELISA (C-ELISA). The LOD in artificially contaminated beef samples is 1 CFU per 25 g after enriching the culture for 8 h. This method is superior to the molecular biology method in detection sensitivity and superior to C-ELISA and the national standard method in detection time and cost. Thus, the established P-ELISA method has good sensitivity, specificity and repeatability. It can be suitable for point-of-care testing without expensive and bulky instruments and can also provide a platform for detecting other pathogens, especially in areas that lack advanced clinical equipment.

Because of the rapid evolution of wearable devices, great effort has been devoted to widely developing flexible strain sensors, as one of the most important components. However, realizing the low-c...

This work aims at developing sustainable processes for pulp and paper industry by integration of the biorefinery concept to an existing pulp and paper process. A systematic methodology employing a superstructure-based process synthesis approach is employed with support from computer-aided tools to determine potential pathways for a long-term sustainable growth objective. A superstructure of the multi-product biorefinery process network for the pulp and paper industry is developed. It is divided into three sub-networks, a chemical pulping section, a biochemical production section and a black liquor utilization section. Superstructure optimization is performed with the objective to maximize profit to determine optimal integrated networks for three scenarios. The obtained results provide useful insights for further development of the optimal networks as sustainable integrated biorefinery combined with pulp and paper mills.

A novel strategy for fabricating the paper-based valves on microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) was described to control fluid in a user-friendly way. Initial prototypes of 3D μPADs manipulate the spatial distribution of fluid within the device. The movable paper channel in a different layer could be achieved using the channel's connection or disconnection to realize the valve function using plastic comb binding spines (PCBS). The entire valve manipulation process was similar to a desk calendar that can be flipped over and turned back. It is notable that this kind of PCBS valve can control a fluid in a simple and easy way without the timing setting or any trigger, and this advantage makes it user-friendly for untrained users to carry out the complex and high throughput operations. The reusable plastic comb binding spines greatly reduce the cost of fabricating paper-based valves. To evaluate the performance, the actual samples of Fe (II) and nitrite were successfully analyzed. We hope this method will introduce a new approach to fabrication of paper-based valves on μPADs in the future.

In vitro diagnostics (IVD) are essential in healthcare systems for detection of diseases, conditions, or infections. Affordable and sensitive methods remain a challenge in the development of IVD. In this article, we give an overview of paper-based fluorogenic devices, an emerging cost-effective analytical method for IVD applications. The paper-based devices are inexpensive, sensitive, selective, user-friendly and equipment-free. Furthermore, the fluorescent detection on paper-based devices has recently attracted enormous attentions due to its high sensitivity and selectivity. We summarize and compare various fluorescent materials that are used in the paper-based fluorogenic devices, including fluorescent dyes, quantum dots, metal nanoclusters, upconversion nanoparticles, and carbon dots. We review a wide range of IVD applications of the paper-based fluorogenic devices, e.g., detection of nucleic acids, proteins, cells, and so on. It may open an avenue to improve the global healthcare systems in the developing countries at point of care settings and in emergency situations.

At present, the tissue paper manufacturing is mostly based on the dry crepe technology. During the last decade, the manufacturers have introduced new tissue machines concepts that increase the softness, bulk, and absorption capacity. Such machines produce a strong regular three-dimensional (3D) structure to the sheet before the Yankee cylinder. At present, the quality of the 3D structure is not evaluated, or it is evaluated only subjectively at the mill. This is mostly because of the difficulties to separate reliably the regular 3D pattern from other variations. This paper introduces a frequency analysis based method which separates the surface profile variances in tissue paper to the creping, to the regular 3D pattern and to the residual variation. The 3D surface profiles and their variances were determined online with the photometric stereo method. We show that the introduced analysis method evaluates the variance portions reliably and the results are consistent with the visual perception of the 3D surfaces. In one particular product, the regular 3D pattern explains 74 % of total surface variance; the creping explains 10 % and residual variations 16 %. Furthermore, the creping and residual variances are quite stable over time whereas the variance of the regular 3D pattern fluctuates significantly.

There has been a recent resurgence in the use of paper as a substrate for developing point-of-care medical diagnostic tests, possibly triggered by expiring patents published in the 1990s. A hallmark of this resurgence has been the development of advanced shapes and structures made from paper to conduct multi-step fluidic operations using the wicking action of porous materials. Such devices indicate a distinct improvement over lateral flow immunoassays, which are restricted to conducting one-step operations. New developments in paper-based diagnostic devices have triggered interest in the development of paper-based point-of-care nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs). NAATs can identify extremely low levels of specific nucleic acid sequences from clinical samples and are the most sensitive of all available tests for infectious disease diagnosis. Because traditional PCR-based NAATs require expensive instruments, the development of portable paper-based NAAT's has become an exciting field of research. This article aims to review and analyse the current state of development of paper-based NAATs. We project paper-based NAATs as miniaturized chemical processes and shed light on various schemes of operation used for converting the multiple steps of the chemical processes into paper microfluidic devices. We conclude by elaborating on the challenges that must be overcome in the near future so that progress can be made towards the development of fully functional and commercial paper-based NAATs.

Introduction- Containing expenditure and efficient resource use is essential to limit the increasing costs of health research. Electronic data collection (EDC) is thought to reduce the costs compared to paper-based data collection (PDC). Economic evidence in this area is scanty, especially in low and middle-income countries. Hence, an economic evaluation was conducted to compare the cost between EDC and PDCMethods- A cost-minimization study was conducted to compare between EDC and PDC from the institutional perspective for the year 2018, based on a community-based survey. Step-down cost accounting was adopted with a bottom-up approach for cost estimation. Total and unit costs were estimated with the base case comparison between EDC and PDC while using SPSS software (e-SPSS and p-SPSS, respectively). We conducted scenario analyses based on usage of different software, R and STATA for both EDC and PDC (e-R, p-R, e-STATA and p-STATA respectively). One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) was performed to examine the robustness of the observed results. Results- In the base-case analysis, total costs of EDC and PDC were ₹72,617 ($1060.9) and 87,717 ($1281.5) respectively- with estimated cost minimization of ₹ 15,100 ($220.6). In other scenarios, the estimated cost minimization for e-R, e-STATA, p-R, p-STATA were ₹ -274 ($4.0), 98 ($1.4), 14826 ($216.6), and 15,002 ($219.2) respectively when compared to EDC-SPSS. On one-way and PSA, the results of the cost-minimization analysis were robust.Conclusion- The EDC minimizes institutional cost for conducting health research. This finding will help researchers in planning for the budget for their research to use the resources efficiently

Norm emergence is typically studied in the context of multiagent systems (MAS) where norms are implicit, and participating agents use simplistic decision-making mechanisms. These implicit norms are usually unconsciously shared and adopted through agent interaction. A norm is deemed to have emerged when a threshold or predetermined percentage of agents follow the “norm”. Conversely, in normative MAS, norms are typically explicit and agents deliberately share norms through communication or are informed about norms by an authority, following which an agent decides whether to adopt the norm or not. The decision to adopt a norm by the agent can happen immediately after recognition or when an applicable situation arises. In this paper, we make the case that, similarly, a norm has emerged in a normative MAS when a percentage of agents adopt the norm. Furthermore, we posit that agents themselves can and should be involved in norm synthesis, and hence influence the norms governing the MAS, in line with Ostrom’s eight principles. Consequently, we put forward a framework for the emergence of norms within a normative MAS, that allows participating agents to propose/request changes to the normative system, while special-purpose synthesizer agents formulate new norms or revisions in response to these requests. Synthesizers must collectively agree that the new norm or norm revision should proceed, and then finally be approved by an “Oracle”. The normative system is then modified to incorporate the norm.

This short paper presents an architectural overview of an agent-based framework called iv4XR for automated testing that is currently under development by an H2020 project with the same name. The framework's intended main use case of is testing the family of Extended Reality (XR) based systems (e.g. 3D games, VR sytems, AR systems), though the approach can indeed be adapted to target other types of interactive systems. The framework is unique in that it is an agent-based system. Agents are inherently reactive, and therefore are arguably a natural match to deal with interactive systems. Moreover, it is also a natural vessel for mounting and combining different AI capabilities, e.g. reasoning, navigation, and learning.

This white paper argues that formal methods need to be better rooted in higher education curricula for computer science and software engineering programmes of study. To this end, it advocates

3 páginas., In its effort to transfer the research achievements to the ruralsector, the agricultural European Innovation Partnership(EiP-AGRI) from the Directorate General of Agriculture ofthe European Commission has promoted Focus Groups thatgathered experts on a specific area to discuss strategiesaddressing current or emerging threats for Europe’s agriculture.TheFocus Group Robust and Resilient Dairy ProductionSystemsfocused on identifying the main threats for dairy pro-duction as well as suggesting the most promising and realisticstrategies to tackle them. Authors acknowledge the initiative ofthe EiP-AGRI, which gave the opportunity for discussionsthat results in this opinion paper. We would also like to thankJosé Pires (INRA) and the EiP-AGRI staff (Remco Schreuder,Cesar Resch, Quico Onega and Sirpa Karjalainen) for their con-tributions during the discussion. The views expressed in thispublication reflect the opinion of the authors but do not necessarily reflect the views orpolicies of the EiP-AGRI neitherthe DG Agriculture of the European Union.

This position paper presents preliminary findings from an ongoing systematic literature review over the usages of the ContSys standard ISO 13940 [7]. I show that the literature reveals several patterns of how “A system of concepts for the continuity of care” is understood and applied.

Terrorist fraud is an attack against distance bounding protocols, whereby a malicious prover allows an adversary to authenticate on their behalf without revealing their secret key. In this paper, we propose new attack strategies that lead to successful terrorist frauds on proven-secure protocols.

Blended learning environments offer a rich amount of data that encompasses various learning interactions. Despite advancements in technology, there have been several learning activities that remain offline, thus preventing us from fully understanding certain aspects of student learning. An example of this is how students review their paper-based assessments. Using a homegrown educational technology that addresses this gap, we analyzed students’ clickstream data to uncover latent profiles based on how they review these graded assessments. Such behavior could provide insight into their self-regulated learning strategies as they attempt to correct their misconceptions. We leveraged latent profile analysis and presented our preliminary findings and interpretations of the five student profiles we uncovered to understand the effects of their varying efforts to learn the course material.

A man's use of words is commonly taken as a measure of his knowledge and even of his intelligence. Creativity is one of the distinctive properties of human language, it is the ability to produce and understand new forms in a language. Creativity is mostly crystallized when it comes to words formation in general and internet created words in particular. It is apparent in speakers’ lexical knowledge as well , where new lexes are appended to our mental repertoire constantly. The aim of this study is to determine whether performing word formation processes supports EFL college students autonomy and to identify the most vital word formation processes activated on internet language . The research is an experimental one where a sample of (30) students of 2nd year students at the College of Education / Ibn-Rushd for the academic year 2014-2015 randomly selected to take a pre-test on morphology in general and word formation processes characterized by affixation in particular to identify the formed words and to derive new words mainly by the process of derivation being the most focused process in the curriculum. After three months course teaching of word formation processes highlighted mostly by the most common processes Developed by internet language , a post-test is administered. Finally, in order to capture the probable significance of performing these processes on students’ autonomy, a(Mann-Whitney U test ) is used. The results come to reject the null hypothesis, and prove positively the enhancement achieved through learning and performing these processes especially when enriched by up-to-date internet derivations and creativity.

In recent times, it has been witnessed that wireless systems based on IoT-based have developed rapidly in various sectors. The IoT (Internet of Things) is the network in which physical devices, equipment, sensors and other objects can communicate among themselves without human involvement. The WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) is a central component of the IoT, which has proliferated into several different applications in real-time. The IoT and WSNs now have various critical and non-critical applications impacting nearly every area of our everyday life. WSN nodes are usually small and battery-driven machines. Thus, the energy effective data aggregation techniques that increase the lifespan of the network are highly significant. Various approaches and algorithms for energy-efficient data aggregation in IoT-WSN systems were presented. This paper reviews the literature with specific attention to aspects of wireless networking for the preservation of energy and aggregation of data.

Replication data and results for Langenhorst, Jan/Frommherz, Yannick/Meier-Vieracker, Simon: Keyness in song lyrics. Challenges of highly clumpy data. In: Journal for Language Technology and Computational Linguistics. This data set contains * Python module used to obtain results presented in paper * Jupyter Notebooks to generate results and create plots * Complete keyword/key-ngram lists * A 'shuffled' version of the songkorpus used in our analysis (replication of ngrams not possible, only keywords)

The production of enormous quantities of waste papers is evident in any large institution, particularly educational institutions such as schools or universities. It's also feasible to make good use of recycled paper (craft papers, registers etc). So, rather than throwing away the waste papers, recycling them makes sense. A paper-recycling machine that may be operated manually was conceived and built. This was done to allow for the conversion of waste paper into a useful product in the home. The machine unit's design has been created in accordance with all essential component requirements. In addition, the overall cost is minimal, and there is no requirement for power.

The Internet was initially used to transfer data packets between users and data sources with a specific IP address. Due to advancements, the Internet is being used to share data among different small, resource constrained devices connected in billions to constitute the (IOT) Internet of things .In addition, the paper discusses about wireless LAN Wi-Fi technology i.e. wireless local area network protocol and on a larger scale, mobile communication technology, that is used to provide connectivity to the internet, the wide area network. The paper draws an attention towards the background of IOT and its distinction with other technologies, discussion on network optimization in IOT. This paper not only reviews, compares and consolidates the recent related works, but also admires the author’s findings, solutions and discusses its usefulness towards network optimization in IOT. The uniqueness of this paper lies in the review of network optimization issues and challenges in IOT. In this paper, a comprehensive survey on the network optimization in IOT is presented.