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Aims This study was designed to analyse the prevalence of class 1 and class 2 integron integrase genes among antibiotic-resistant coliform bacteria isolated from paper currency circulating in Pakistan. Methods and results A total of 500 individual currency notes were collected from different food vending sites at Lahore, Pakistan. Bacterial population were identified by biochemical and PCR techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disc diffusion assay. The highest bacterial population on currency was found from street vendors and butcher shops. Escherichia coli was found to be the most prevalent coliform bacteria followed by Klebsiella sp. and Enterobacter sp. PCR amplification of antimicrobial resistance gene showed the presence of ampC, blaTEM , blaNDM-1 , qnrA, tet(A) and tet(B) genes among coliform isolates. A total of 47 integron integrase bearing strains of coliform bacteria were analysed. Sequence analysis showed the presence of dfrA1-aadA1, dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA7, aadA1, aadA4 cassette arrays in class 1 integron and dfrA1-sat2-aadA1 in class 2 integrase genes. Conclusion Circulating currency was heavily contaminated with antimicrobial-resistant coliform bacteria bearing class 1 and class 2 integron integrase genes. Significance and impact of the study This study describes a potential threat of severe bacterial infections due to improper hand hygiene and community sanitation when dealing with the currency notes.

E-commerce is a boom in the modern business. E-commerce means electronic commerce. E- commerce (Electronic commerce) involves buying and selling of goods and services, or the transmitting of funds or data, over an electronic network, predominantly the Internet. E-commerce (Electronic commerce) is a paradigm shift influencing both marketers and the customers. Rather e-commerce is more than just another way to boost the existing business practices. It is leading a complete change in traditional way of doing business. This significant change in business model is witnessing a tremendous growth around the globe and India is not an exception. A massive internet penetration has added to growth of E-commerce and more particularly start-ups have been increasingly using this option as a differentiating business model. Moreover, E-Commerce has significant influences on the environment. Although the model is highly used in current business scenario but the option has not been explored at its fullest. The current research has been undertaken to describe the scenario of E-Commerce, analyze the trends of E-Commerce. The study further examines the key variables imperative for the success of E-commerce business models. Keywords: E-Commerce, Internet, Self-service, Technology, Internet banking.

Objectives (1) To describe facilitators and barriers to the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) food shopping via electronic benefits transfer (eWIC) compared with paper vouchers. (2) To explore suggestions that WIC participants had for modifying the program to enhance their overall WIC experience. Design Qualitative, semistructured, in-depth interviews. Setting WIC participants in East Tennessee. Participants Twenty-four primary food shoppers of WIC-participating households aged at least 18 years were recruited using a purposive sampling strategy. Phenomenon of Interest Perceived facilitators and barriers to use of eWIC as compared with paper vouchers. Analysis Interview transcripts were analyzed using a grounded theory approach to identify emergent themes. Results Participants identified several ways eWIC has improved their food shopping experience, including ad hoc redemption of WIC benefits and a quicker, more discrete checkout. Participants’ chief complaint about eWIC was transaction errors at checkout. Participants identified other barriers to shopping for WIC foods that cannot be addressed by the card alone, such as difficulty identifying WIC items in-store. Participants reported changes to their benefit tracking behaviors and provided suggestions to improve WIC further. Conclusions and Implications The transition to eWIC was viewed favorably among WIC participants, although participants identified a need for additional support in addressing transaction errors. This finding presents an opportunity to modify messages delivered to WIC participants by WIC nutrition educators and enhance collaboration between WIC agencies, retailers, and e-commerce technology providers.

Purpose: This study aimed at implementing lean six sigma to evaluate the productivity and manufacturing waste in the production line of a paper companyMethodology/Approach: The study is a case study in nature. The method illustrates how lean six sigma (LSS) is used to evaluate the existing production process in a paper production company with focus on productivity and manufacturing waste. The study considered a real-time problem of customer’s dissatisfaction. The gathered data is based on machine functionality (up time, down time and cycle time); materials and labour flow at every process stages of the production line. The optimization of the production process was based on lean tools like value stream mapping, process cycle efficiency, Kaizen, 5S and pareto chartFindings: Based on lean six sigma application, it was discovered that the present production performance was below standard and more manufacturing wastes were generated. The present productivity and manufacturing wastes are reported as low process cycle efficiency (23.4 %), low takt time (4.11 sec), high lead time (43200sec), high number of products not conforming to six sigma values, high down time (32.64 %) and excess labour flow (33). After the implementation of the lean six sigma tools for certain period of time, there are lots of improvements in the production line in terms of all the parameters considered.Research Limitation/ Implications: The study has demonstrated an application of lean six sigma in the case of solving real-time problems of productivity and manufacturing wastes which have a direct implication on customer’s satisfaction. The lesson learned and implications presented can still be further modeled using some lean based software for validityOriginality/Value: The study has contributed to the body of knowledge in the field of LSS with focus to process based manufacturing, unlike most literature in the field concentrate more on discrete based manufacturing.

Purpose In thermal paper, Bisphenol S (BPS) is one of the alternatives for bisphenol A (BPA). Due to its structural similarity to BPA, concern has been raised about the safety of BPS. Indeed, handling thermal paper receipts could be a source of occupational exposure to BPS among cashiers, as it was previously described for BPA. In this study, we investigated whether frequent contacts with thermal paper are associated with an increase in urinary BPS levels in cashiers. Method Total (unconjugated and conjugated forms) and free (unconjugated) BPS were measured in urine samples from 17 cashiers and 15 controls, using LC–MS/MS. Spot urine samples, including pre-shift and post-sift samples and first morning void were collected from each volunteer. BPS concentration in thermal paper was determined and the number of receipts handled by cashiers was estimated as well. Results The median urinary total BPS concentration was 0.67 μg/L (0.52 μg/g creatinine) for controls and 2.53 μg/L (2.07 μg/g creatinine) for cashiers. Total BPS concentration was significantly higher in cashiers than in controls. Free BPS was detected in less than 20% of urine samples collected from controls and in less than 50% of urine samples collected from cashiers. Conclusion The detectable levels of BPS in urine of controls suggest an exposure to BPS of the general population. In addition, frequent contact with thermal paper could be responsible for an increase in urinary concentration of total BPS in cashiers.

Paper and board products include four main product groups—packaging, newsprint, graphic and copying paper and tissue paper. The copying paper product group includes: sheets or reels of unprinted paper in different formats, used for copying, fax machines or office printers. Tissue paper products are defined by the EU Flower eco-label as: sheets or rolls of tissue paper fit for use for personal hygiene, absorption of liquids and/or cleaning of soiled surfaces. Tissue paper production is located predominantly in France, Germany, Italy and the UK, with these countries producing over 70% of Europe's tissue paper. Norway is an importer of tissue paper. There are only 14 factories in Norway producing pulp and paper products. In particular, at the end of 2001, for a specific tissue paper product, the sales of eco-labelled products accounted for almost 30% of the total product sales of one large distributor.

Introduction. In this article we presented conclusions on the detection of counterfeit paper money in the territory of Ukraine, which was part of Russian Empire. Almost all of the most common paper money were forged by counterfeiters. The purpose of the research . The peculiarities of counterfeiting of paper banknotes, localization of places of splashes of mass detection of the counterfeits, establishment of peculiarities of manufacturing and detection and neutralization by the population during the investigated time of money counterfeiting, as well as determination of the scale of threat to the population of the problem of counterfeit coins – determination of proportion of counterfeits in the amount of money were determined. The methodology of the paper is a complex of the general scientific empirical-theoretical methods, the citation of the materials of contemporary sources is made by transcription. The scientific novelty . The need of studying the aspect of counterfeiting has long time gone beyond the views of the numismatists. The study of this topic was also not included in the prospects for the development of national numismatics. At present, historiography has no comprehensive work on the problems of studying the processes of counterfeiting money in Ukraine in the imperial era. The practical significance of the achieved results lies in the possibility of the use of the obtained conclusions in the following areas: the criminal history, the history of the monetary circulation, educational and methodical literature. The main results of the research. Thus, we have found that almost all the most common banknotes have been counterfeited by counterfeiters. In the 1880’s, the police in the Podillya recorded an outburst of detection of large-scale counterfeit credit bills – the 100 rubles, as well as counterfeit credit bills denominations of 25 and 3 rubles, made by the method of bonding banknotes from the different parts. Often, the counterfeit money were reflected in the amount of the collected taxes. One of the methods of neutralization of the counterfeit paper money was the putting on stamps and perforations.

The article represents the results of the research of the behavior of pulp prices of Russian and world producers. The characteristics of trends and cyclic processes are studied. The structure of periodic components is defined. Medium-term forecasts based on the tested models are presented for the analyzed items.

The Panama Papers comprise one of the most recent influential leaks containing detailed information on intermediary companies (such as law firms), offshore entities and company officers, and serve as a valuable source of insight into the operations of (approximately) 214,000 shell companies incorporated in tax havens around the globe over the past half century. Entities and relations in the papers can be used to construct a network that permits, in principle, a systematic and scientific study at scale using techniques developed in the computational social science and network science communities. In this paper, we propose such a study by attempting to quantify and profile the importance of entities. In particular, our research explores whether intermediaries are significantly more influential than offshore entities, and whether different centrality measures lead to varying, or even incompatible, conclusions. Some findings yield conclusions that resemble Simpson’s paradox. We also explore the role that jurisdictions play in determining entity importance.

Summary Background Infection with Staphylococcus aureus was initially considered a major problem in hospitals, but over the last few decades the incidence of community-acquired infection has also increased. Paper currency has recently been identified as another mode of spread by which community-acquired S. aureus infection may be transmitted, since paper currency is frequently transferred from one person to another. In the present study, S. aureus strains were isolated from paper currency and screened to detect virulence-associated genes. Methods Paper currency was collected randomly from operators in mutton shops, vegetable shops, hospitals, medical stores, snacks corners, and restaurants in the two cities of India, Dehradun and Delhi. Samples were screened for pathogenic S. aureus by various biochemical assays. Three isolates were used to study the survival of S. aureus on paper currency. Virulence genes were amplified by PCR. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined against nine antibiotics by the disk diffusion method. Results Sixty-seven isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from paper currency from the two Indian cities. The maximum number of isolates was recovered from hospitals, followed by mutton shops, and the minimum from restaurants. The test isolates could survive on paper currency for eight days under in vitro conditions (27°C temperature and 30% relative humidity). A set of four virulence genes viz. cna (16 isolates), icaA (19 isolates), hlg (21 isolates), and sdrE (18 isolates) was amplified using gene-specific primers. Only eight isolates possessed all four virulence genes. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests showed that those isolates having all the tested virulence genes were more resistant. Conclusions This study clearly suggests that paper currency can serve as a carrier for the spread of resistant bacterial pathogens.

Ecolabeled paper towels are manufactured using post-consumer recycled material and sold in markets using a recycle logo. Environmentally conscious consumers purchase these paper towels and thereby contribute to improving environmental quality. In this paper, we estimate the implicit value placed by consumers on ecolabeled paper towels using a hedonic price function and conduct an expenditure analysis using Heckman's selection model. Using the data set from the Internet-based grocery stores called as Peapod we find that some consumers recognize ecolabels on paper towels and place a substantial, positive price premium on them. The expenditure analysis indicates that for the preferred functional form, the demand for ecolabeled paper towels is inelastic for environmentally conscious consumers. The simulated results from the selection model indicate that a small subsidy for ecolabeled paper towels will not substantially change consumers' purchase decisions.

Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency (digitized money) and is a worldwide decentralized payment system that is allowed and kept alive due to the technology called Block Chain. TheTnetworkTconsistsTofTpeer-to-peer transactions and these transactions are verified by using cryptography technology bank. Chain technology keeps the records of public distributed ledger. Bitcoins can be earned as a reward through mining. This currency can is convertible into other currencies, products and services. Bitcoin has been emerging as famous digital currency and getting popularity all over for quick transition. Moreover, bitcoin will be a financial asset because it has profitable results. The purpose of this research study is to explain complete working of bitcoins technology, highlights applications and research challenges to be address and current future international market scope of Bitcoin technology.

As expressed by the chorus lyrics of a song by Dan Einbender, “it really isn’t garbage ‘til you mix it all together. It really isn’t garbage ‘til you throw it away. Separate your paper, plastic, compost, glass and metal. Then you get to use it all another day.” It’s worth paying attention to these lyrics once again in the face of yet another type of product that is starting to show up in stores. Extruded sheets of polyethylene (no. 2 plastic) with as much as 80% ground calcium carbonate content are being sold as “paper”. Calcium carbonate is widely used as a component of real paper. However, it rubs me the wrong way when the word “paper” is being used to refer to something that has no fibers in it and is not formed on a screen and dried. My more serious concern is that such materials, if they become widely used, have the potential to contaminate paper recycling operations.

A gas chromatography-ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry procedure was developed for the determination of 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene (DIPN) and n-dibutylphthalate (DBP) in domestic and imported paper packages and food sold in US marketplaces. The procedure involved ultrasonic extraction with dichloromethane, followed by analysis with the gas chromatography-ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry. Calibration curves for DIPN and DBP were achieved with concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 10 microg ml(-1) and the corresponding r(2) values were 0.9976 and 0.9956, respectively. In most of the fortified samples the recoveries were higher than 80% with a relative standard deviation (RSD)

This article deals with a methodology for the design of routes for the "bin to bin" (BTB) collection of paper and cardboard waste (PCB) from small businesses, as well as with the new location and calculation of the number of containers needed in the streets for both commercial and non-commercial use due to the large amount of PCB deposited in them. This study was carried out in five shopping areas of the city of Leganés (Community of Madrid, Spain). One of the characteristics of the area is a high density of population and urban traffic. The tool used is the Geographical Information System (GIS-Arc-View). With it we can generate PCB points of high population density in commercial streets based on territorial analysis. We placed the special routes and the new container locations within a distance of 60 m of these collection points (CPT). The system calculates and optimizes six routes according to different urban restrictions. Finally, we provided service to 59% of the shops, which generate almost 82% of the PCB waste, using 160 min per day to collect 1027 kg of high quality PCB. If we compare the system with the system in place previously, we can conclude that the "bin to bin" (BTB) system improves the quality of the PCB in the containers, avoiding overflow and reducing the percentage of rejected material.

The objective of this study was to investigate the extent of contamination of some of the most used paper denominations of the Egyptian currency (25 PT). Sixty-nine bills in circulation were collected from November 2003 through January 2004. A swab from each bill was cultured on nutrient agar and incubated at 37 degrees C for 48 h. Results showed that over 65% of these bills had a bacterial count above 5.0 cm2. A preliminary identification of organisms present on these paper notes was done using selected Petri dishes with well-defined colonies.

European SMEs rely predominantly on bank credit to fund investment and operating capital, with direct lending markets (bonds) and equity markets both underdeveloped across the EU compared to the US and the UK, as well as other jurisdictions. In addition, there has been a significant decline in investment during the current crisis (from 2007-2008 through present). In its Green Paper, the EU Commission sets key targets for policy interventions under the proposed Capital markets Union (CMU) that are both well-intentioned and occasionally contradictory to the stated objectives of the reforms. Crucially, however, the EU Commission presents no substantive case for the main thesis that underlies its proposed reforms, namely that greater degree of capital markets harmonisation is needed to alter the composition of sources of funding for European SMEs and to increase supply of liquidity and funding to the sector. This problem is compounded by the lack of detailed analysis of the potential impact of the measures underpinning the creation of the CMU. Absent clarity and standard risk-return analytics to support any of the policy priorities and/or proposals under the CMU, the EU Commission appears to be cherry picking specific priorities relating to investment to suit its case in favour of the CMU, without considering any other priorities, including those that should form a basis for more efficient and more effective first-best reforms.

For the paper recycling, various new technologies have been developed and some recycling ordinances were put into effect. These environmental countermeasures have increased the amount of waste paper collection, but have not created satisfactory demands for these collected paper and the recycled products. This study reviews the problems hindering the paper recycling and the evolution of the paper recycling market in Japan and examines the toilet roll market where recycled products compete with virgin products for the market share.The toilet roll market in Japan had been mostly occupied by recycled products, however, share of virgin products has recently increased up to 33% in total, though they are more expensive than the recycled products. The economic analysis for this market indicates that two effects are responsible for increased share of the virgin products; the first is the consumer's income effects, and the second is drop of relative price of the virgin products due to changing the packaging forms in 1990. If decrease of relative price of the virgin products continues, the recycled products would lose market further.

Currency recognition is a technology used to identify currencies of various countries. The use of automatic methods of currency recognition has been increasing due its importance in many sectors such as vending machine, railway ticket counter, banking system, shopping mall, currency exchange service, etc. This paper describes the design of automatic recognition of Ethiopian currency. In this work, we propose hardware and software solutions which take images of an Ethiopian currency from a scanner and camera as an input. We combined characteristic features of currency and local feature descriptors to design a four level classifier. The design has a categorization component, which is responsible to denominate the currency notes into their respective denomination and verification component which is responsible to validate whether the currency is genuine or not. The system is tested using genuine Ethiopian currencies, counterfeit Ethiopian currencies and other countries’ currencies. The denomination accuracy for genuine Ethiopian currency, counterfeit currencies and other countries’ currencies is found to be 90.42%, 83.3% and 100% respectively. The verification accuracy of our system is 96.13%.

The pulp and paper industry is highly diversified in terms of products, raw materials, product qualities, distribution channels, and end uses. For instance, tissue, carton board,CONTENTS5.1 Background and the State of the Sector 99 5.1.1 Background 99 5.1.2 Significance, Structure, and Outlook of the GlobalPaper and Paperboard Sector 100 5.1.3 Regional Pulp and Paper Markets and Trade 1035.2 Impact of Digital Media in the Graphics Paper Sector 104 5.2.1 Background 104 5.2.2 Drivers of Market Changes 105 5.2.3 Declining Price Trend 1085.3 Packaging Sector Increases Paperboard Consumption 109 5.3.1 Overview of Packaging and Paperboard Products 109 5.3.2 Regional Developments in Paperboard Markets 110 5.3.3 Changes in Paperboard Prices 111 5.3.4 Drivers of Paperboard and Packaging Markets 1115.4 Implications of Paper Markets on Wood Fiber Demand 115 5.5 Pulp and Paper Industry Is Still Consolidating and Globalizing 119 5.6 New Products 1215.6.1 Background: Saturation of Old Products, Birth of New Products 121 5.6.2 Toward a Forest-Based Biorefinery 1225.7 Conclusions 123 References 125and newsprint have very little in common, apart from their basic production processes and being capital intensive to manufacture. Pulp, paper, and packaging boards are typically intermediate products, used as inputs in the production of downstream value-added products, while some products, such as tissue and office papers, are generally distributed to consumers without further conversion.

Shoppers in New Jersey who don’t already bring reusable bags to stores would do well to begin practicing. Starting in May 2022, both plastic and paper single-use bags will be banned, along with pol...

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh motivasi kerja karyawan terhdap kinerja, disiplin kerja terhadap kinerja serta pengaruh motivasi kerja dan disiplin kerja secara bersama-sama terhadap kinerja karyawan pada PT. Indah Kiat Pulp & Paper.Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Deskriptif Asosiatif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif, yaitu dengan mendeskripsikan keadaan responden serta deskripsi variabel penelitian dalam tabel frekuensi dan presentase dari hasil penyebaran kuesioner tersebut dengan melalui prosedur analisis data. Sifat penelitian dalam penelitian ini populasi sebanyak 57 orang dan sampel sebanyak 57 orang menggunakan sampel jenuh. Teknik analisis data menggunakan uji validitas, uji reliabilitas,uji asumsi klasik, koefisienkorelasi, koefisien determinasi, regresi linier sederhna, analisis regresi linier berganda, uji signifikansi (uji t) dan Uji F.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa : Terdapat pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan antaramotivasi kerja terhadap kinerja, dibuktikan dengan nilai thitung lebih besar dari ttabel yaitu 10.141 > 2.005. Koefisien Korelasi sebesar 0.807 yang artinya terdapat hubungan yang sangat kuat antara motivasi dan kinerja.Dan kontribusi R2 (R Square) sebesar65,2%. Terdapat pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan antaradisiplin kerja terhadap kinerja, dibuktikan dengan nilai thitung lebih besar dari ttabel yaitu 9.884 > 2.005. Koefisien korelasi sebesar 0.800yang artinya terdapat hubungan yang sangat kuat antara disiplin kerja dan kinerja. Dan R2 (R Square) sebesar64,0%. Terdapat pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan antara variabel motivasi kerja dan disiplin kerja secara bersama-sama terhadap kinerja, dibuktikan dengan nilai Fhiutng > Ftabel yaitu 64.959 > 3.17. Koefisien korelasi sebesar 0.840yang artinya terdapat hubungan yang sangat kuat antara motivasi dan disiplin kerja secara bersama-sama. Dan kinerja dan R2 (R Square) sebesar70,6%Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh motivasi kerja karyawan terhdap kinerja, disiplin kerja terhadap kinerja serta pengaruh motivasi kerja dan disiplin kerja secara bersama-sama terhadap kinerja karyawan pada PT. Indah Kiat Pulp & Paper.Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Deskriptif Asosiatif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif, yaitu dengan mendeskripsikan keadaan responden serta deskripsi variabel penelitian dalam tabel frekuensi dan presentase dari hasil penyebaran kuesioner tersebut dengan melalui prosedur analisis data. Sifat penelitian dalam penelitian ini populasi sebanyak 57 orang dan sampel sebanyak 57 orang menggunakan sampel jenuh. Teknik analisis data menggunakan uji validitas, uji reliabilitas,uji asumsi klasik, koefisienkorelasi, koefisien determinasi, regresi linier sederhna, analisis regresi linier berganda, uji signifikansi (uji t) dan Uji F.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa : Terdapat pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan antaramotivasi kerja terhadap kinerja, dibuktikan dengan nilai thitung lebih besar dari ttabel yaitu 10.141 > 2.005. Koefisien Korelasi sebesar 0.807 yang artinya terdapat hubungan yang sangat kuat antara motivasi dan kinerja.Dan kontribusi R2 (R Square) sebesar65,2%. Terdapat pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan antaradisiplin kerja terhadap kinerja, dibuktikan dengan nilai thitung lebih besar dari ttabel yaitu 9.884 > 2.005. Koefisien korelasi sebesar 0.800yang artinya terdapat hubungan yang sangat kuat antara disiplin kerja dan kinerja. Dan R2 (R Square) sebesar64,0%. Terdapat pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan antara variabel motivasi kerja dan disiplin kerja secara bersama-sama terhadap kinerja, dibuktikan dengan nilai Fhiutng > Ftabel yaitu 64.959 > 3.17. Koefisien korelasi sebesar 0.840yang artinya terdapat hubungan yang sangat kuat antara motivasi dan disiplin kerja secara bersama-sama. Dan kinerja dan R2 (R Square) sebesar70,6%

This paper reports on a research study that aims to map the size and structure of the Co-operative and Mutual enterprise (CME) sector in Australia. The Australian CME Index (ACMEI) is a longitudinal study that can provide a better understanding of these firms and their economic and social contribution to the national economy. This year the study found a total of 1,998 active CMEs of which 82.3% were co-operatives, 13.5% mutual enterprises, 2.2% were friendly societies and 2% were member-owned superannuation funds. These firms had a combined active membership base of over 29.5 million memberships, generated more than $102.7 billion in revenue, managed over $809.7 billion in assets, and employed at least 54,841 people. They encompassed a wide range of industry sectors and provided significant economic and social benefits to their members. The report outlines these contributions and offers case studies of selected CMEs to illustrate these contributions.

This paper presents the review of paper currency recognition system. It is applied in various field such as foreign exchange, automatic selling of things and in banks. The recognition system mainly consists of three parts. The image of interest is first pre-processed by reducing dimensionality and extracting the feature by applying image processing toolbox of MATLAB, known as feature extraction. The second part is currency recognition, where classifier such as neural network is used. And lastly the result is displayed. Recognition ability depends on the currency note characteristics of particular country and extraction of features. Currency recognition is an image processing technology that is used to identify currency of various countries. Probabilities that the paper currencies of various countries are probably interweaved together therefore rises increasingly. It is a challenge for conventional paper currency recognition systems. However, the focus of most of the conventional currency recognition systems and machines is on recognizing counterfeit currencies. It is not enough for practical businesses. The reason is that in most of banks, especially those internationalized banks, there are large quantities of cash belonging to many different countries need to be process, and it is possible that all of them are real cashes. The situation that cashes belonging to different countries mixes together is possible to occur. It cannot be processed with conventional currency recognition systems. Paper currency recognition systems should be able to recognize banknotes from each side and each direction. Since banknotes may be defaced during circulation, the designed system should have a meaningful accuracy in detecting torn or worn banknotes. The technology of currency recognition is used to research the visible and hidden currency characters, identify features all-around and dispose of the process on time. The original information has a loss because paper currency will get to the worm and blurry, even damaged by human being in circulation. There are approximately 50 currencies all over the world, with each of them looking totally different. For instance the size of the paper is different, the same as the color and pattern. It is very difficult for persons who work in foreign exchange to distinguish currencies of different countries. Also paper currency became older than coins and also possibility of joining broken currency is greater than that of coin currency.

Ethnic India is renowned customs among all other countries in the world. This customs are derived from dynamic cultures of the citizens of the nation. If it is considered that livelihood acts as factor for determining culture, then handloom/ weaving has direct bearing for setting up culture of a particular community. A group of artisans of Begampur area, Hooghly district of West Bengal crafts handloom tantsarees which becomes a generation wise customary since ancestral days. However, this craftsmanship is in danger due to various reasons. The aim of this paper is to indicate the various causes of endangering this craft and also to suggest possible means of revival. The entire production process of handloom sarees is itself endangering the present market. Enduring problem of earning low profit results non availability of working capital. The same in turn makes the artisans unable to purchase raw material for producing these products. The same inconvenient has introduced “Mahajan” in the chain of the production. Basically good quality raw materials are found outside of West Bengal only. The “Mahajan” imports raw material and provides to the artisans. In return “Mahajan” receives finished goods i.e., Handloom sarees and only labour charges are paid to the artisans. This process of portraying reduced remuneration to the artisans becomes an indicative factor for making artisans refrained from this system which in turn declining the market of subject product gradually. Moreover, this indirect market facility has become consistent system for marketing the subject goods. Advertisement/sales promotions are not even catered for marketing these goods which results unawareness of the consumers from various places. This unawareness is also an indicative factor for declining the market. This paper is based on primary data collected from artisans, through face to face interview by the researcher and also SWOT analysis carried out for identifying weaknesses for declining the market. The primary data collected are subjected to statistical “Z” analysis for testing hypotheses and moreover deriving conclusion at the end of the study.

In this paper, we develop a methodology for deriving a consistent measure for supply adequacy in the power generation sector. We especially consider the secured generation capacity of intermittent renewable energy sources such as wind. Availability of conventional power plants is estimated through stochastic convolution of unscheduled non-usabilities. We employ our methodology to measure supply security in Germany until 2030. A detailed market analysis of power plants that are currently being built or planned provides support to our analysis for the short term. For the long term, we rely on a large-scale dispatch and investment model of the European power sector to account for the embedding of the German electricity sector in the European market. We analyze two scenarios: one with prolongation of nuclear power plants and one with a nuclear phase-out. Our results show that, even though intermittent renewables only provide very limited secured generation capacity, security of electricity supply in Germany can be assured until 2015. In the long term, the need for backup capacity for renewable energy sources increases as well as the need for electricity imports.

This study estimates and compares the production costs and economic profitability of a greenhouse business adopting a sustainable floriculture production practice in their operation. We hypothesized that the adoption of this production system would result in increased profits for the business. Sustainable production practices that reduce or eliminate the use of plastic are very important in the floriculture industry due to increased concerns about plastic waste created by the industry, as well as increased oil and transportation costs. Using Net Present Value (NPV), financial feasibility and internal rate of return analysis, we determined that purchasing an Elleguard machine and converting to paper Ellepots instead of conventional plastic pots would be a profitable activity for this operation. We also compared the profitability of substrates, in terms of added value, and found that using the current substrate was the most profitable option. This study may provide greenhouse growers with a tool to help make better business decisions when considering a capital intensive addition to their operation.

Many countries are shifting to polymer banknotes in place of paper banknotes in order to reduce counterfeits, cost of production, and increase self life of the banknotes. With similar reasons some countries have issued hybrid polymer banknotes also. The article analyzes the pro and cons of polymer banknotes in the light of data available from secondary sources. It may help policy and decision makers in many countries who are planning to switch either from paper note to polymer banknotes and are continuing with paper banknotes.

It is important to produce and distribute foods in a safe and wholesome manner; the perishable nature of foods necessitates that their shelf life is prolonged by an appropriate packaging material. There is a continuous need to respond to consumers' demand for a safe and nutritious food with considerations to global environmental concerns. Consumers are increasingly demanding more information on the origin of their foods and their ingredients as labeled on their packages. The role of packaging materials in meeting these demands cannot be overemphasized. The use and production of paper packaging for food highlights the different types of paper and paperboards, their relevance to the circular economy, and environmental considerations.

This article offers a new perspective on the literary character Sherlock Holmes, who, though often noted for his cocaine and morphine injections, was actually more significantly dependent on tobacco smoking and printed matter for mental stimulation. Interpreting the pipe as metaphor and metonym for print, and noting his dependency on it to solve his cases, the article proposes Holmes as an early example of the figure of the media addict. It draws on stories, novels and illustrations, primarily from the early part of the Holmes oeuvre, and focuses on ‘The Man with the Twisted Lip’ (1891) (in Conan Doyle, The Penguin Complete Sherlock Holmes (London: Penguin, 2009) to show how tobacco smoking becomes instrumental to the solution of the case, central to Holmes's persona, and reflective of readers' own addictive media consumption. The argument is contextualized by introducing readers to visual and literary tobacco discourse, the wealth of books, periodicals, smoke-room booklets, cigarette cards, reciters, pos...

This paper aims at comparing paper-based banking and electronic banking in terms of cost-efficiency and pricing. The focus is primarily on giro payments made manually by mail and electronically via the Internet, but also by cash over the counter. The paper presents principles of efficient pricing in terms of production fees and capacity fees. It also demonstrates that the current pricing of payment services in Norway and Sweden is far away from these principles as production fees are set below marginal costs while capacity fees are in many cases above capacity costs. Such deviations may stimulate customers to an excess demand for electronic payments while paper-based payments will be depressed.

Sustainable production and consumption in the fashion industry has become an imminent and crucial phenomenon globally. Adoption of natural fibers is an eco-design approach to accomplish sustainable product development capitalizing on environmentally conscious characteristics such as renewability and biodegradability. Therefore, several Korean textile companies (e.g., Ssang-Young, Oh-Sung) and textile research institutions (e.g., Korea Institute for Knit Industry) have led the development of Hanji yarn, a yarn made from cellulosic fibers of the inner bark of the mulberry paper trees (IBMP) using manufacturing processes adapted from traditional Korean paper production methods. The unique raw materials and novel production processes used to produce Hanji yarn has resulted in a textile product that can increase the aesthetics and functionality of apparel and products of other product categories. Fabrics created from Hanji yarn have been adopted by several global apparel companies, specifically within the activewear market. The success of Hanji yarn within the apparel and textile industry is a prime example of integrating sustainable materials and technology to promote green fashion in the global market.

(2009). Comments on the CRA Paper Entitled “An Economic Analysis of the Use of Selective Distribution by Luxury Goods Suppliers”. European Competition Journal: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 227-260.

本文通过对《农业机械学报》2012年1~9期载文进行分析，发现了我国农业机械的研究现状，对我国农机科研工作者的研究内容进行了分析。In this paper，the authors discover the current research situation of Chinese agricultural machinery, and analyse the research content of Chinese agricultural machinery, base on the publish papers analysis of transactions of the Chinese society for agricultural machinery from No. 1-9 in2012.