Search

The fibre characteristics of five Spondia mombin stands were studied to determine their suitability for pulp and paper production. Wood slivers obtained parallel to grain at three (3) different positions along the bole were macerated in combined identical amounts of glacial acetic acid plus hydrogen peroxide under heat at between 80-100o C. Macerated fibres were washed clean of mixture and mounted on slide for microscopic examination of fibre characteristics. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was employed for the experiment. Data were analysed using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) while, the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was used to separate means of significant differences among the treatments. Results show that significant differences existed in fibre characteristic of sampled trees, however the fibre length ranged from 0.98-1.0 mm, fibre diameter (18.22-21.47 um), lumen width (10.90-12.98 um) and cell wall thickness (3.86-4.60 um). Significant differences were also observed among the derived fibre characteristics, the Runkel ratio ranged from 0.66-8.89, elasticity coefficient (57.22-60.50 %), coefficient of rigidity (19.78-22.24 %), slenderness ratio (43.27-46.5). This implied that, the fibres of S. mombin were short and elastic which make the wood species an appropriate raw material for pulp and paper making especially when blended with other long fibre species.

Perforation is used in multilayer tissue products, such as toilet and kitchen papers, as part of the converting process. Perforation facilitates the detachment of consecutive sheets by the user. The compromise between the strength required to detach a perforated sheet and the strength required to break a sheet affects the perforation efficiency. In this work, the mechanical behaviors of 15 commercial papers from different European producers were studied. A morphological analysis of the materials was performed, followed by the determination of their perforation efficiency (through tensile tests). A qualitative analysis of the cuts quality, along with a quantitative analysis of the same cuts dimensions was performed through an optical system. Finally, the stress concentration in the holes and the influence of the cuts distance were analyzed using a finite element model implemented in Abaqus/Standard finite element software. The results showed that a cut distance of 2.0 mm should not be used in these types of papers, and the perforation efficiency increased with the cut distance, regardless of the number of plies in the toilet paper. The stress concentration factor was also determined to have a limit value of 0.11. Papers above this limit value tear at the perforation line, as desired.

High demands for trees as the raw material of paper can disrupt the stability of the environment. It is necessary to find alternatives from other materials which are more environmentally friendly. This study aims to determine the quality of paper made from combining sugarcane bagasse with cassava peels or with corn husks using PVAc or tapioca starch adhesives. A completely randomized 2 x 2 factorial design with five times replication was used. The parameters tested were the tensile and tear resistance of the paper using a micrometer and a universal testing machine. A sensory analysis from panelists was also conducted. The combination of J1P1 produced a paper with the highest tensile strength (11.30 MPa) and the highest tear strength (1.82 MPa). The combination of J2P2 produced a paper with the lowest tensile strength (10.35 MPa) and the lowest tear strength (1.62 MPa). Variance analysis showed that the type of adhesive used showed a significant result on both tensile and tear resistance but material choices and interaction between materials and adhesive choices was not significantly different from the result on both tensile and tear resistance. Sensory testing shows that the combination of J1P1 was preferred the most. It can be concluded that the combination of J1P1 appeared to be the best combination.Keywords: Handmade paper, sugarcane bagasse, cassava peels, corn husk, PVAc tapioca starch, adhesive

This research is an analysis of quality control process on paper production on the soft roll production process of Bel Papyrus Ltd located in Ogba, Lagos State, Nigeria. The research was done with the aim of determining the conformity of the industry’s product to quality standard, identifying and eliminating the possible causes of variation in their production process, with reference to Percentage Elongation. The researchers used primary data in form of periodic laboratory test result done on soft rolls.Data presentations were made using simple statistical tools like Mean, Ranges, Standard Deviations, and Tables reflecting the primary data obtained at equal interval of production. The researchers made use of variable control charts for the purpose of analysis. The

Our dependency towards wood has reduced the number of forests especially in Indonesia. Hence, many people tried to use another material as a replacement of wood. One of them is composite. Department of Industrial Engineering Universitas Sebelas Maret has developed paper-based composite using newspaper waste in Praktikum Perancangan Teknik Industri (PPTI) II. Unfortunately, the quality of composite is not so good. This paper tried to understand the effect of factors to responses and discover the best combination of factors to obtain the best responses. The responses of this experiment are tensile strength, bending strength and impact value. The factors of this experiment are paper pulp, PVAc glue and water. Taguchi method is used to find the appropriate orthogonal array and Particle Swarm Optimization method to find the optimum combination of the factors. Orthogonal array used in this experiment is L9 (34). Through analysis, all of the factors are significant to tensile and bending strength, but they are not significant to impact value. The best combination of factors is 175 grams paper pulp, 130 grams PVAc glue and 175 ml water. Optimum results obtained for tensile strength is 0.7595 N/mm2, bending strength is 4.873 N/mm2 and impact value is 0.0138 J/mm2.

In China, Xuan paper has been the paper of choice as artwork support and for conservation, for several centuries. However, little is known about its material properties, especially given the many grades of sized and unsized Xuan paper. In addition, there is a lack of information on its degradation. In this research, a selection of contemporary unsized Xuan papers was investigated, representing diverse raw materials. Seven out of twelve contemporary unsized Xuan papers were determined to be approximately neutral and contain > 2% alkaline reserve, indicating good durability. Viscometry was used to determine the degree of polymerisation (DP) as none of the samples gave significant reactions to the phloroglucinol spot test. The average DP of ten contemporary unsized Xuan papers is ~ 1700, excluding two papers that have presumably been sun-bleached, and that exhibit significantly lower DP. Using X-ray fluorescence, it can be demonstrated that Ca and Si are the dominant elements and interestingly, Ca content is directly correlated with ash content and with alkaline reserve. Accelerated degradation was performed at two sets of environmental conditions, i.e. 90 °C, 30% RH and 60 °C, 70% RH, and the established degradation rates agreed with the Collections Demography model of paper degradation meaning that degradation of Xuan papers proceeds in the same way as other types of paper. This research gives fundamental insights into contemporary unsized Xuan papers, which exhibit good stability during accelerated degradation despite the low starting DP in the context of the samples used in this study. Our findings may inform methods of Xuan paper production, selection of Xuan paper for conservation purposes, as well as preventive conservation of Xuan paper-based artefacts.

Uzbekistan is bare of forests and it takes the fifth place in the world in terms of cotton production, and the third place in terms of silk production after China and India. According to the government program the expansion of the land area for mulberry plantations boosts the growth of silk production causing an increase in the total amount of wastes, i.e. branches of mulberry trees industrially useless after the removal of leaves. Their use as a raw material for the cellulose pulp production is relevant, since it is aimed at solving not only the resource, but also the environmental problem. The bark was cut off from the mulberry branches and soaked in water for some time after which its exterior hard layer was scraped off and divided into the rough exterior layer and the softer inner layer. The inner layer was boiled for several hours. The boiled bast, after washing with water, was grinded in a laboratory grinding machine under the following conditions: mass concentration – 1 %, temperature – 22 °С. A given amount of lint cotton cellulose (grinding degree – 45 °SR) was added to the grinded bast. Paper molds with the mass of 80 g/m2 were obtained in laboratory conditions using a sheet-making apparatus. It was found out that the obtained paper that contains cotton cellulose pulp and inner layer of mulberry branch bark has low whiteness which depends on whiteness of the added fibers. It has been established that adding the cellulose pulp of the inner layer of mulberry branch bark at a grinding degree of 30 °SR contributes to the production of strong paper. It is recommended to add up to 30 % of cellulose pulp from the inner layer of mulberry branch bark to paper pulp as further addition adversely affects the paper whiteness.For citation: Babakhanova Kh.A., Galimova Z.K., Abdunazarov M.M., Ismailov I.I. Cellulose Pulp from Mulberry Branch Bark for the Paper Industry. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2020, no. 5, pp. 193–200. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2020-5-193-200

Objectives: The objective of the study was to study the compressive strength of the partially replaced paper mill waste in cement. Methods/ Statistical analysis: The concrete cube specimen were prepared for compressive strength test. In this study, the cement has been replaced with 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% of hypo sludge. The specimens were cured for two different ages (7 days and 28 days) and tested for compressive strength. The quadratic polynomial prediction equation was proposed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The prediction model was developed using the experimental output results. Thus, the prediction model facilitates the further research work to be conducted by researchers on paper mill waste replacement. The rate analysis was also further carried out to show the cost effectiveness of using the waste replacement in cement. Findings: The test was conducted on the compressive strength (7 days and 28 days) of control specimen (0%) and partial replacement of 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% of cement using the hypo sludge. Thus, 20% replacement of cement using hypo sludge has shown good compressive strength than the control specimen. The cost of 20% paper mill waste was less when compared to the cost of control specimen. Novelty/ Applications: The compressive strength of 20% partial replacement of paper mill waste in cement can be used in further construction. The prediction model can be used to predict the future compressive strength of partially replaced paper mill waste concrete. Keywords: Ordinary Portland cement; Paper mill waste; Hypo sludge; Partial replacement; RSM

The utilization of branchwood as lignocellulosic raw material source for paper production may have the potential of solving the problem of the availability of raw material in the pulp and paper industry. This study therefore compared the chemical composition and fiber morphological indices (according to Franklin’s method) of stemwood and branchwood in Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Pinus halepensis trees grown in Egypt. The statistical analysis showed a significant effect of species, wood type (stem and branchwood), and their interaction on the measured chemical constituents and fiber morphological indices at 0.05 significance level. In both genera, the stemwood exhibited a higher percentage of cellulose and hemicellulose and was lower in lignin, total extractives, and ash than those measured in branchwood. Also in both genera, the stemwood was higher in fiber length, Runkel ratio, rigidity coefficient, Muhlsteph ratio, and Luce’s shape factor, and lower in basic density and flexibility coefficient than those in branchwood. Based on the chemical analysis and the fiber morphological indices, the stemwood and branchwood of both species were suitable for paper production with various qualities. Moreover, good correlations were found in both stem and branchwood between the basic density and the fiber wall thickness and fiber lumen diameter. ln contrast, there was an independent association between the stemwood basic density and the fiber length, and this relationship in branchwood was positive for both genera.

This study is aimed at exploring the writing ability improvement process of g roup B students in TK Nursa and investigating to what extend the processing result of writing ability can be improved through sand paper alphabet . This study was a classroom action research using Kemmis and Mc. Taggart research model. This study was conducted in 2 cycles with 6 meetings in each cycle where every cycle consisted of the following steps: planning, action and observation, reflection. The sample of this study was 1 2 Group B students comprissing of 5 male students and 7 female students. The instruments used in this study was observational sheet of students activities using sand paper alphabet . The data in this study were quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data were analyzed by using descriptive statistic to compare the result from the first and second cycle. While qualitative data from field notes and interview were analyzed through the following steps: data reduction, data display and data verification. The results of this study show that there is the improvement of writing ability through sand paper alphabet , proven by the writing ability mean score in pre-cycle which was 50,17 % improve to 67,15 % in cycle I and keep increasing becoming 76,04 % in cycle II.

This study evaluated the fibre morphology of Musa balbisiana leaf, stalk and stem portions for pulp and paper production. Samples of Musa balbisiana portions were prepared and macerated in equal volume of glacial acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide in ratio 1:1. Twenty cellulose fibres from each portion were randomly selected using Reichert visopan microscope to determine the physical fibre morphology while the derived fibre indices were calculated. Data collected were subjected to one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Follow up tests carried out using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Results showed that means of fibre length, fibre diameter, cell wall thickness and lumen width ranged between 1.35 and 2.46 mm, 16.46 and 33.34 µm, 7.58 and 24.99 µm, and 3.54 and 3.56 µm, respectively. The mean values of fibre length of Musa balbisiana leaf and stalk were not significant but were significantly different from the mean values of the stem at p

Based on publications related to the use of micro- and nanofibrillated cellulose (MNFC) in papermaking applications, three sets of parameters (intrinsic and extrinsic variables, furnish composition, and degree of dispersion) were proposed. This holistic approach intends to facilitate understanding and manipulation of the main factors describing the colloidal behavior in systems comprising of MNFC, pulp fibers, and additives, which directly impact paper product performance. A preliminary techno-economic assessment showed that cost reductions driven by the addition of MNFC in paper furnishes could be as high as USD 149 per ton of fiber (up to 20% fiber reduction without adverse effects on paper’s strength) depending on the cost of papermaking fibers. It was also determined that better performance in terms of strength development associated with a higher degree of MNFC fibrillation offset its high manufacturing cost. However, there is a limit from which additional fibrillation does not seem to contribute to further strength gains that can justify the increasing production cost. Further research is needed regarding raw materials, degree of fibrillation, and combination with polyelectrolytes to further explore the potential of MNFC for the reduction of weight of paper products.

Chemical medicine which are synthetic chemicals or isolation products must not be added to herbal medicine, that was standared by Indonesian Head of the Drug and Food Control Agency in statement regarding Criteria and Procedure for Registration of Traditional Medicines, Standardized Herbal Medicines, and Phytofarmaka. This study aims to develope prototype of paper-based color test-strip to identify paracetamol trace in several types of Indonesian herbal medicine, better known as Jamu. Research conducted with experimental research wich make paper test-strip prototype by immobilizing reagents into Whatman’s filter paper, then it used to identify paracetamol in extracted Jamu samples. The paracetamol qualitative test uses 10 Jamu samples that distributed in Samarinda area. were also carried out on. Comparison methode with qualitative color reaction tests using specific reagents in the laboratory were also carried out beside the paper-based color test-strip methode. In addition with positive control tests using 5000 ppm paracetamol solution to make sure both methode used are valid. The results of this study showed that two prototype paper-based color test-strips containing 10% iron (III) chloride reagent and folin ciocalteu were able to detect the presence of paracetamol chemicals in Jamu samples with color reaction.

This study aims to predict financial distress in pulp and paper companies in Indonesia. The data used are the financial statements of each pul and paper company listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2012-2017. Data analysis techniques used descriptive analysis with three methods of financial distress prediction, namely the Altman Z-Score, Springate, and Zmijewski methods. The results showed that the Zmijewski method is a prediction method with the highest accuracy rate of 100%, with an error type of 0%. The Altman Z-Score method has an accuracy rate of 28.6%, with an error type of 71.4%. While the Springate method has an accuracy rate of 14.3%, with an error type of 85.7%. Therefore an accurate prediction method to predict the potential for financial distress is the Zmijewski method.

A classical result of K. L. Chung and W. Feller deals with the partial sums S k S_k arising in a fair coin-tossing game. If N n N_n is the number of “positive” terms among S 1 S_1 , S 2 S_2 , …, S n S_n then the quantity P ( N 2 n = 2 r ) P(N_{2n} = 2r) takes an elegant form. We lift the restriction on an even number of tosses and give a simple expression for P ( N 2 n + 1 = r ) P(N_{2n+1} = r) , r = 0 r = 0 , 1 1 , 2 2 , …, 2 n + 1 2n+1 . We get to this ansatz by adaptating the Feynman–Kac methodology.

In this study, it is aimed to determine the most suitable time series models with Box-Jenkins method, which is the most widely used in prediction studies. Export and import values have been predicted by 2020 with the most suitable models. The data used in this study were obtained from the Turkey Statistical Institute. Data are monthly data covering from January 2003 to December 2014. Sum of Squared Errors (SSE) and Mean Squared Error (MSE) criteria were taken into consideration when selecting the best Box-Jenkins models. Also, in order to test the success of forecasting of the models, Root mean Error Square (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) were used. As a result of the analyzes, it was determined that the most suitable models for export and import data were ARIMA (2,1,0) (0,0,1)12 and ARIMA(3,1,2)(1,0,1)12. It was predicted that the rate of exports meeting imports in paper and paper products of Turkey will be approximately 0.86 in 2020.

The five papers published by Hodgkin and Huxley in 1952 are seminal works in the field of physiology, earning their authors the Nobel Prize in 1963 and ushering in the era of membrane biophysics. The papers present a considerable challenge to the novice student, but this has been partly allayed by recent publications that have updated the reporting of current and voltage to reflect the modern convention and two books that describe the contents of the papers in detail. A disadvantage is that these guides contain hundreds of pages, requiring considerable time and energy on behalf of the reader. We present a concise guide to the Hodgkin and Huxley papers that includes only essential content, with the data presented in a linear and logical manner. We have color-coded figures for ease of understanding and included boxes that summarize key information for easy reference. It is our expectation that this article will act as an accessible introduction for students to the work of Hodgkin and Huxley and hopefully foster an appreciation for a fascinating story that repays in-depth study.

Borassus flabellifer L., one of the palm-based commodities in Indonesia which is grows in dry areas especially around the north coast of Java Island. An abundant waste of this plant is a leaf midrib and fruit fiber have an opportunity as a source of lignocellulose for the paper industry. In this study, Kraft paper production was conducted to know the influence of the proportion of Borassus flabellifer L. leaf midrib pulp and fruit fiber pulp, and the concentration of Polyvinyl Acetate (PVAc) adhesives on the sensory and physical quality of kraft paper. The research method used was Randomized Block Design (RBD) with two factors. The Friedman test was used to determine the sensory quality of kraft paper. The physical quality of kraft paper was used ANOVA analysis. The results showed that the treatment of raw material proportion and PVAc adhesive concentration had significant effect on color, surface texture, yield, and tensile resistance, but not significantly different between treatment of gramature and tear resistance. The best treatment of sensory tests was kraft paper with proportion of leaf midrib pulp 50% and fruit fiber pulp 50% and a 7.5% PVAc adhesive concentration. It has a yield value of 72.11%, gramature of 162.80 g/m2, tensile strength of 1.70 %, and tear resistance of 197.6 gf.

The article analyzes the separation of fats from paper waste packaging. The method is based on interaction with boiling water and greaseproof paper. The cooking process is considered the formation of emulsions according to different slots. The research data are presented and discussed obtained from the analysis of ready-made samples. 20 different fat-coated paper samples have been prapared for research. Ten of them have been selected for printing paper, and another dozen cartons. The half of the samples analyzed are covered with vegetable fat, the remaining samples are vegetable fat. It was found that the carton samples were less opposed to the separation of fat. During the experiment, it was determined that by cooking the cardboard samples coated with olive oil for 5 minutes, 30% of the total fat content was removed. The most effective samples of this type were heated for a long time. Santrauka Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas riebalų atskyrimas nuo popieriaus pakuočių atliekų. Metodas remiasi verdančio vandens ir riebalų sąveika su suterštu popieriumi. Nagrinėjamas virimo procesas, emulsijų susidarymas atsižvelgiant į skirtingus laiko tarpsnius. Pateikiami ir aptariami tyrimų duomenys, kurie gauti išnagrinėjus pasiruoštus mėginius. Iš viso pasiruošta 20 skirtingų riebalais padengto popieriauspavyzdžių. Dešimčiai iš jų pasirinktas spausdinimo popierius, kita dešimtis– kartonas. Pusė analizuojamų mėginių padengti augalinių riebalų sluoksniu, likę mėginiai– gyvulinių riebalų sluoksniu. Pastebėta, kad kartono mėginiai mažiau priešinosi riebalų atskyrimui. Nustatyta, kad, 5 min. virinant kartono mėginius, padengtus alyvuogių aliejumi, pasišalino 30% viso riebalų kiekio. Efektyviausia tokio tipo mėginius virti ilgą laiką, nes, panardinus mėginius 15 min. į verdantį vandenį, pasišalino daugiau nei pusė buvusių riebalų kiekio– 55%. Reikšminiai žodžiai:atliekos, emulsija, popierius, popieriaus pakuotės, riebalai, šiluma, vanduo, virimas.

This research work deals with modification of the color of paper in commercial clupak dynamic image registration. According to the standard technology of production of kraft pulp, from which the production clupak paper, the paper obtained is dark brown in color. Market demand is based on quality and price of the product. Step further in these demands is demand for certain balanced and brighter shade of color of sack kraft paper. Lately it is demanded from our company to produce sack kraft paper with lighter shade of color. This problem can be solved in two ways: by coloring pulp fiber and by bleaching it. Methods of production of sack kraft paper with lighter shade, as well as results achieved, will be presented in this document.

The Corona pandemic that the world is experiencing is one of the most prominent global disasters today, and has become the subject of great interest from all countries of the world, especially since its effects were not limited to the health aspect only, but extended to the economic, legal, political and social aspect in the lives of individuals, which has resulted in countries entering into conflict with this pandemic by taking a set of preventive measures to combat its spread, and perhaps the most important of these decisions was the imposition of home quarantine on citizens and forcing social distance, in addition to terminating many commercial activities, , which leads to make the implementation of commitments almost impossible. This research aims at determining the legal nature of the Corona pandemic, and whether it can be considered as a force majeure, or is it just an emergency? What is the impact of this pandemic on the deadline for submitting commercial papers for acceptance and fulfillment? Is the legal holder of the commercial transfer, who was not able to submit it for acceptance and fulfillment within the deadlines, considered a negligent holder? Or force majeure can apply here?

The paper presents the study results of paper trapping during inkjet printing which contains cellulose pulp from the inner bark layer of mulberry branches. The connection between the print density and the paper surface structure, in particular, water absorption and raggedness, is established. The study of the stepwise gradation transition and color rendition, the graphic accuracy of reproduction of the slur element of the image is carried out. Densitometric and microscopic analysis of the impressions printed on an inkjet printer was performed. It was revealed that the pigments of water ink, depending on the microgeometry of the paper surface, penetrated deeper in different ways. It was found that the maximum thickness of the paint layer, expressed using the optical density values for the primary colors of the subtractive synthesis, and the best color reproduction were provided by the surface of the paper sample with 100 % addition of cellulose pulp from the inner layer of the bark of mulberry tree branches, which has the least roughness, according to the scanning probe microscope Solver HV. Recommendations are given for testing paper data on inkjet printers that use pigment inks and are less demanding on the surface properties of paper, or by printing methods that do not use low-viscosity printing inks.

The aim of this study was to assess postures and movements of the trunk and upper arm during paper mill work, and to determine the extent to which they differ depending on method of assessment. For each of 28 paper mill workers, postures and movements were assessed during three full shifts using inclinometer registration and observation from video. Summary metrics for each shift, e.g., 10th, 50th, and 90th posture percentile, were averaged across shifts and across workers. In addition, the standard deviation between workers, and the standard deviation between shifts within worker were computed. The results showed that trunk and arm postures during paper mill work were similar to other occupations involving manual materials handling, but the velocities of arm movements were lower. While postures determined by inclinometry and observation were similar on a group level, substantial differences were found between results obtained by the two methods for individual workers, particularly for extreme postures. Thus, measurements by either method on individuals or small groups should be interpreted with caution.

Wood-processing industries must be able to estimate the properties of wood to properly manage the wood production chain. For this estimation, changes in certain characteristics over time must be identified so that they can be used to rapidly differentiate a clone or species. Of interest are acoustical, geometrical, physical, and mechanical properties, all measurable in seedlings. Thus, the objective of this research was to analyze the evolution of the ultrasonic wave propagation velocity, diameter, height, basic density, strength, and stiffness starting in nursery seedlings at 3 months of age to trees at 6 years of age, which is the cutting age used by the pulp and paper industry in Brazil. The experiment was conducted in 121 seedlings and 270 trees of three Eucalyptus clones. Within the age range analyzed, the results indicated that all parameters have the potential to be used in a predictive model to estimate the future quality of clones, although the predictive value of these parameters varies. The ultrasonic wave propagation velocity was the only property that maintained the coherent differences among clones from the seedling to the cutting age (6 yr old). The strength, stiffness, diameter, and height maintained coherence from 12 months to the cutting age, whereas the basic density was maintained from the age of 24 months to the cutting age. We hope that these results will contribute to improving the methods to select clones.

Does the materiality of a three-dimensional model have an effect on how this model operates in an exploratory way, how it prompts discovery of new mathematical results? Material mathematical models were produced and used during the second half of the nineteenth century, visualizing mathematical objects, such as curves and surfaces—and these were produced from a variety of materials: paper, cardboard, plaster, strings, wood. However, the question, whether their materiality influenced the status of these models—considered as exploratory, technical, or representational—was hardly touched upon. This article aims to approach this question by investigating two case studies: Beltrami’s paper models vs. Dyck’s plaster ones of the hyperbolic plane; and Chisini’s string models of braids vs. Artin’s and Moishezon’s algebraization of these braids. These two case studies indicate that materiality might have a decisive role in how the model was taken into account mathematically: either as an exploratory or rather as a technical or pedagogical object.

Rewinding machines are used in the paper converting industrial sector to unroll paper veils from large source reels and wind them around smaller rolls, for the production of paper logs to be used in household activities. Many different types of rewinding machine exist, and they are mostly based on stapling devices which automatically unroll a large coil of paper, roll it up around a new log, stop the veil allowing it to be torn off, unload the completed paper log, and reload a new paper core to be rolled up. Winding units generally include a primary and a secondary roller, supplying the desired rotational speed for winding, and a pressure unit consisting of a pressure roller in contact with the paper log being rolled up, which assures adequate containment and avoids the paper log to escape. All known systems have some mechanical limitations, mainly due to the contact of the pressure roller with the paper log, causing instabilities and vibrations, particularly when working with soft paper veils. This limits the maximum possible winding speed. The aim of this paper is it to present a detailed kinematic analysis of a novel pressure unit which overcomes the aforementioned limitation.

In this paper, we first generalize to any hyper-Kahler manifold X with $$b_3(X)\not =0$$ results proved by O’Grady for hyper-Kahler manifolds of generalized Kummer type. In the second part, we restrict to hyper-Kahler manifolds of generalized Kummer type and prove, using results of Markman, that their Kuga–Satake correspondence is algebraic.

We show that a smooth embedded paper Moebius band must have aspect ratio at least $$\begin{aligned}\lambda _1= \frac{2 \sqrt{4-2 \sqrt{3}}+4}{\root 4 \of {3} \sqrt{2}+2 \sqrt{2 \sqrt{3}-3}} =1.69497\ldots \end{aligned}$$ This bound comes more than 3/4 of the way from the old known bound of $$\pi /2=1.5708\ldots $$ to the conjectured bound of $$\sqrt{3} = 1.732\ldots $$

Using standardized tests such as paper-based TOEFL with three subtests for classroom assessment is restricted by the length of the test, which is usually longer than the class duration. Therefore, it is significant to be able to predict other subtests by conducting only one subtest. Therefore, the current study aimed to calculate prediction coefficients, enabling teachers to predict scores in paper-based TOEFL by conducting only one subtest. The data to create the prediction models were obtained from 2,030 scores of Institutional TOEFL, i.e. paper-based TOEFL without writing subtest. The prediction coefficient was calculated by using linear regression analysis. The result shows that the listening comprehension sub-score predicts the TOEFL score more accurately (MSE of 520) than other sub-scores (MSE of 553 and 587). The intercept for listening comprehension sub-score was 373.07, 357.14 for structure & written expression, and 364.19 for reading comprehension. In addition, the slope for each sub-score was 4.07, 5.96, and 4.63, respectively. Therefore, a listening test should be used in predicting the overall TOEFL scores for an accurate prediction.

Paper is a material that are produced by pulp that are being compressed, which are one of the leading cause of pollution in an aquatic environment. The aim of the study was to produce a non-chemical treatment natural paper from pomelo albedo waste. The Citrus Maxima (Pomelo) albedo wastes were heated in distilled water and converted into pulp. The pulp was placed in a handmade frame and oven-dried at 60°C for an hour. A paper quality survey was conducted among diploma in pharmacy students (N=36) using a structured interviewing questionnaire. Eighty percent of the respondents agree/strongly agree that different colour of pen, 2B pencil, colour pencil, and crayon can be used as in written or sketch on the albedo pomelo paper. There is no clear tendency to result on the usage of highlighter and correction Tape. Most of the respondents disagree with smoothness, elasticity, and waterproof of the paper. The Pomelo paper is potential as an alternative eco-friendly natural paper for writing and colouring with different materials. The pomelo paper making process can be shared as an educational kit, especially to children, to expose them on the papermaking process.

A lack of quality control tools limits the enforcement of fortification policies. In alignment with the World Health Organization&rsquo, s ASSURED criteria (affordable, sensitive, specific, user-friendly, rapid and robust, equipment-free, and deliverable), a paper-based assay that interfaces with a smartphone application for the quantification of iron fortificants is presented. The assay is based on the Ferrozine colorimetric method. The reaction started after deposition of the 5 &micro, L aqueous sample and drying. After developing color, pixel intensity values were obtained using a smartphone camera and image processing software or a mobile application, Nu3px. From these values, the actual iron concentration from ferrous sulfate and ferrous fumarate was calculated. The limits of detection, quantification, linearity, range, and errors (systematic and random) were ascertained. The paper-based values from real samples (wheat flour, nixtamalized corn flour, and infant formula) were compared against atomic emission spectroscopy. The comparison of several concentrations of atomic iron between the spectrophotometric and paper-based assays showed a strong positive linear correlation (y = 47.01x + 126.18, R2 = 0.9932). The dynamic range (5.0&ndash, 100 &micro, g/mL) and limit of detection (3.691 &micro, g/mL) of the paper-based assay are relevant for fortified food matrices. Random and systematic errors were 15.9% and + 8.65 &micro, g/g food, respectively. The concept can be applied to limited-resource settings to measure iron in fortified foods.

Aim of study: It was aimed to rank financial performance of companies in the paper industrytraded at BIST.Material and methods: The financial performances of sevencompanies in the paper industry which are tradedon the Borsa İstanbul (BIST) were determinedby using financial data in 2016. For this purpose, ten financial ratios were obtainedfrom the financial data of companies, each of which had its own superiority. The datawere conducted by the TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity toIdeal Solution) method which is the "Multi Criteria Decision Making"(MCDM) method to interpret.Main results: The results indicated that the companies were rankedfollows; ALKA, KARTN, VKING, BAKAB, TIRE, OLMIP and KAPLM based on thefinancial performance scores.Research highlights: In Turkey, production in paper industry meets nearly half of the consumption and paper demand are met by imports.The high prices of energy and initial investment costs encourage imports ofpaper products and they prevent newinvestments. From this perspective, growth, development and high performance ofpaper companies will keep this industry alive., BİST’deişlem gören kağıt sektöründeki firmaların TOPSIS yöntemiyle finansalperformanslarının değerlendirilmesiÖzetÇalışmanın amacı: BİST’de işlem gören kağıtsektöründeki firmaların finansal performanslarına göre sıralanmasıamaçlanmıştır.Materyal ve yöntem: Borsa İstanbul’da (BIST) işlemgören kağıt sektöründeki 7 firmanın 2016 yılına ait verileri kullanılarakfinansal performansları belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu amaçla, şirketlere aitfinansal verilerden 10 finansal oran elde edilmiştir ve bu finansal oranlarınher biri diğerlerine göre üstünlüğe sahiptir. Bütünleşik bir değerlendirmeyapılması amacıyla, veriler “Çok Kriterli Karar Verme” (ÇKKV) yöntemlerindenolan TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution)yöntemi ile değerlendirilmiştir.Sonuçlar: Şirketler finansal performanslarına göreALKA, KARTN, VKING, BAKAB, TIRE, OLMIP ve KAPLM olarak sıralanmıştır..Araştırma vurguları: Ülkemiz kağıt sektöründegerçekleştirilen üretim ile tüketimin yarısı karşılanabilmekte ve kağıtihtiyacı ithalatla karşılanmaktadır. Enerji fiyatlarının ve ilk yatırımmaliyetlerinin yüksek olması yeni yatırımları engellerken ithalata teşviketmektedir. Bu bakımdan sektörde var olan firmaların gelişmesi, büyümesi veperformanslarının yüksek olması sektörü canlı tutacaktır.

The traditional method for the identification of paper from different origins relies on microscopy to observe the fiber morphology, which requires professional experience. In this paper, pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was utilized to analyze five types of traditional Chinese handmade papers, e.g., ramie paper, bamboo paper, bark fiber paper (mulberry paper and kozo paper), and Langdu paper. The results demonstrated that this method can be used to differentiate the four types of handmade papers. A high phenolic compound content was detected in bamboo paper; macromolecular triterpenoids, e.g., β – amyrin, α – amyrin, and stigmastan- 3,5-diene were found in mulberry paper and kozo paper; while those compounds were not found in ramie paper. In particular, a large quantity of phytosterol compounds were found for the first time in Langdu paper. This not only can be used to differentiate Langdu paper from others, but also it helps to explain why Langdu paper can resist insect and mildew activities. Results of the study can provide experimental reference for characterization of traditional handmade Chinese papers via pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

To improve the utilization rate of pineapple leaf and crop straw, and provide technical support for making biodegradable fiber mulch paper through organic cultivation, the process and properties of the degradable fiber mulch paper made from pineapple leaf and rice straw were studied. The degradable fiber mulch paper was prepared as a hybrid composite in which pineapple leaf fiber and rice straw fiber were used as raw materials, and environmentally friendly agents were added. A four-factor five-level quadratic orthogonal rotation central composite design of the response surface method was employed. The beating degree of pineapple leaf fiber, basis weight, addition ratio of pineapple leaf fiber, and wet strength agent content were process parameters; dry tension strength, wet tension strength, and bursting strength were objective functions. The optimal technology parameters of pineapple leaf and rice straw fiber mulch paper were 70 to 90 g/m2 basis weight of pineapple leaf fiber, 17% to 25% addition ratio of pineapple leaf fiber, 55 °SR beating degree, and 1.5% wet strength agent content. According to the tensile strength and bursting strength standards, the degradable fiber mulch paper made from pineapple leaf and rice straw was feasible. The results provide theoretical basis and technical support to use pineapple leaves and rice straw to make degradable mulch paper.

Precise assessment of harvest yield is a difficult field of work. The equipment and programming stage to foresee the harvest yield relies on different components like climate, soil fruitfulness, genotype, and different collaborating wards. The assignment is unpredictable inferable from the information that should be gathered in volumes to comprehend crop yield through remote sensor organizations and distant detecting. This paper audits the previous 15 years of exploration work in the improvement of assessing crop yield utilizing profound learning calculations. The meaning of examining progressions utilizing profound learning methods will help in dynamic for foreseeing the harvest yield. The cross breed mix of profound learning with distant detecting and remote sensor organizations can give accuracy agribusiness later on.

Objective Electronic data collection (EDC) has become a suitable alternative to paper based data collection (PBDC) in biomedical research even in resource poor settings. During a survey in Nepal, data were collected using both systems and data entry errors compared between both methods. Collected data were checked for completeness, values outside of realistic ranges, internal logic and date variables for reasonable time frames. Variables were grouped into 5 categories and the number of discordant entries were compared between both systems, overall and per variable category. Results Data from 52 variables collected from 358 participants were available. Discrepancies between both data sets were found in 12.6% of all entries (2352/18,616). Differences between data points were identified in 18.0% (643/3580) of continuous variables, 15.8% of time variables (113/716), 13.0% of date variables (140/1074), 12.0% of text variables (86/716), and 10.9% of categorical variables (1370/12,530). Overall 64% (1499/2352) of all discrepancies were due to data omissions, 76.6% (1148/1499) of missing entries were among categorical data. Omissions in PBDC (n = 1002) were twice as frequent as in EDC (n = 497, p

Calibration curve plays an important role in filter paper method because it affects accuracy in soil suction values. Osmotic coefficient and relative humidity govern the osmotic suction required to develop calibration curve and equation. Most of the researchers used the readily available total (osmotic) suction values from various studies to develop the calibration curve. Very few researchers used the osmotic coefficient in calibration and studied its effect on calibration and measuring suction. In this paper, the effect of the osmotic suction proposed by various researchers on calibration of Whatman 42 Filter paper was studied. Logarithmic and exponential calibration equations were developed and compared. The NaCl solution used in the present study provides limited total suction range of 0–30,000 kPa. The total suction of clayey soil was measured to validate the calibration curves proposed in this study. The feasibility of proposed osmotic coefficients is verified by measuring total suction of soil. The total suction estimated from calibration curve using osmotic coefficients was found to be more accurate.

Borax as a food additive chemical is very dangerous. Borax is prohibited from being used in food because it can cause various diseases such as cancer, kidney damage, and even death. This study aims to identify the borax content in the meatballs sold in Meulaboh City. The study design uses purposive sampling with a total of 20 meatball samples from each seller collected and continued by a qualitative test using turmeric paper and shallot extract. The study results show that all samples tested were free of borax. This can be seen from the absence of changes in turmeric paper and shallot extract. Therefore, it can be concluded that the meatballs sold in Meulaboh do not contain borax and are safe to consume.

It is well-known that Einstein’s first attempt to explain E = mc2 which was published in Annalen der Physik in 1905, has been criticized as problematic. In particular, it has been shown by Ives and reiterated by Jammer that it suffers from the error of circular reasoning. Attempts have been made in the scientific literature to discount the circular reasoning objection of Ives, Jammer, Arzelies and others. Fritz Rohrlich in 1990 gave a remarkably simple and concise derivation of E = mc2 along lines similar to Einstein’s but based on both momentum and energy conservation, in contrast to Einstein’s which uses only energy considerations. Rohrlich’s approach using momentum conservation is an alternative to Einstein’s, which is free from objection in logical error, and we make it quite clear on the importance of the implicit assumption of momentum conservation in any attempt to refute the circular reasoning error in Einstein’s paper. It is our contention that this point is overlooked or altogether avoided by those who have attempted to uproot the circular reasoning criticism of Einstein’s paper.

Flats slabs became a common solution for buildings because they are easy and fast to build. In the last few years, some building that constructed using flat slab system required strengthening for column to slab junction due to either some imperfections during design, construction or due to increase of the design load in case of change of the building function. The common strengthen methods against punching shear (column heads, drop panels) leave an obvious trace which in most cases conflicts with some extensions parts and may reduce the height of the story considered, thus it can’t be applied in such cases. A relatively new technique was studied, it consists of high tensile steel bolts installed vertically through the slabs by drilling and bonding with high-performance epoxy adhesive and mechanically anchored to the slab surface. Many studies validated the efficiency of the technique in strengthen against punching shear and also in enhancing the ductility of the slab-column connection and the results shows that the method can be applied in practice. In this paper, the post-installed bolts technique is presented and applied in a practical case study. The capacity of the slab enhanced by 53% and it was easy to design and construct. Also, it took not more than few hours for its application. In addition, the building extension utilities (Heating ventilation and air conditioning, communications...etc.) was not harmed because the slab surface remains clear. Those advantages make the technique a favorable option for owners and engineers when strengthening against punching shear.

Paper plane has a high potential to be upgraded as a Micro Air Vehicle (MAV). Due to its simplicity, paper plane offers easier design option compared to the biological inspired designs as shown in recent MAV development. However, researchers have underestimate and overlook the basic aerodynamic performance induced by these paper planes. This is due to its common usage as toys and wide range of paper plane design. Thus, the objective for current work is to analyse and compare the aerodynamics forces and its performance for selected paper plane design known as Glider, Wide Stunt Glider Plane and Stunt plane. A series of CFD simulations on each paper plane was executed by using ANSYS-CFX module. A steady state, incompressible flow Navier-Stokes equation (RANS) combined with Shear Stress Turbulence (SST) model were used in this works to solve flow problem over the paper planes. The analysis is mainly conducted to study and compare the lift coefficient (), drag coefficient ()and aerodynamic efficiency () performances for each paper planes. The results show that the Glider paper plane has managed to produce better performances in terms overall magnitude, stall angle, wider angle of attack (?) envelope and higher maximum lift coefficient magnitude compared to the other paper plane design. However, Glider paper plane has the least distributions by producing at least 14.3% larger magnitude compared to the other plane design at certain ? region. Instead, The Wide Stunt has promisingly produced better distribution by producing lower value compared to the other plane design. Based on performance, the Wide Stunt paper plane has produced better and maximum aerodynamic efficiency () magnitudes compared to the other design. Wide Stunt paper plane induced at least 6.4% better magnitude compared to the other paper plane design. Based on these results, it can be concluded that Wide Stunt paper plane has promising advantages which are very crucial for the paper plane especially during hovering operation, take-off and landing manoeuvre.

This discussion reviews the paper by Zhengjun Zhang in the context of broader research on multivariate extreme value theory and max-stable processes.

A nonsmooth semi-infinite interval-valued vector programming problem is solved in the paper by Jennane et al. (RAIRO:OR 55 (2021) 1–11.). The necessary optimality condition obtained by the authors, as well as its proof, is false. Some counterexamples are given to call into question some results on which the main result (Jennane et al. [6] Thm. 4.5) is based. For the convenience of the reader, we correct the faulty in those results, propose a correct formulation of Theorem 4.5, and give also a short proof.