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There is a large value in making the industry more energy efficient. The benefit is not only energy savings and reduction of CO2 emissions, the industry also becomes more competitive due to lower costs for energy, and often also improved production rate and product quality due to positive side effects when processes are made more efficient. Several factors influence efficiency, the most important ones are presented, as well as advices for an assessment and actions for improvements.As an example a steam energy fingerprint of a paper machine is given. In the assessment energy flows are quantified, energy users in the paper machine are benchmarked and actions for improving efficiency are suggested.

The pulp and paper industry is a major player in the economies of many developed countries. As illustrated in Figure 1(a) and (b), the developed world accounts for more than 60% of the world output in pulp, paper and paperboard capacity. In one particular case, namely Canada, the industry contributes over 15% to the trade balance (see Figure 2). In order to ensure continual survival of the industry, it is necessary to continually improve and/or optimize the utilization of raw materials, the pulping processes, the papermaking process, the product quality properties and the protection of the environment. Analytical chemistry has an important role to play in the improvement and/or optimization of these parameters. This article summarizes how and where analytical chemistry is used, or can be used, to achieve the desired goals. Applications of analytical chemistry in the pulp and industry are reviewed in detail in the rest of the articles in this section on pulp and paper.

Chemical analysis plays an important role in pulp and paper research and in the day-to-day operation of pulp and paper mills. It is used in practically every aspect of the papermaking process, including the characterization of raw materials and products, optimization of process parameters, addressing environmental concerns, and diagnosing operation and product quality problems. This article provides an overview of the major types of chemical analyses conducted on pulp and paper matrices. The emphasis is mainly on the principle, significance, and applications of the various analyses. Major areas of application include the analysis of wood pulp, process liquids, paper, and deposits and contaminants. Analytical techniques and instrumentation range from the traditional or standard wet chemical and instrumental methods designed primarily for routine testing in mills to highly sophisticated techniques used mainly for research purposes.

Analytical pyrolysis is a powerful technique that is seldom used in the pulp and paper industry. This article illustrates the utility of the technique to study the chemistry of wood and pulps, mechanistic aspects of pulping, troubleshooting process upsets in pulp and papermaking, and evaluating the quality of finished products. The technique has advantages over other analytical techniques in that little sample preparation is required and enough data can be obtained from very small amounts such as dirt spots on paper. In many cases good data can be obtained by analyzing the pyrolysis products by gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization detection (FID). Detection with mass spectrometry (MS) offers the advantage of absolute qualitative and quantitative determination of the chemistry of the analytes. In many instances the chromatography can be improved by on-line derivatization of the pyrolysis products with an alkylating agent. This article takes the reader through a survey of the different types of analytical pyrolysis systems, through data analysis and processing, and examples of applications of analytical pyrolysis in the pulp and paper industry. Ample illustrations are used to highlight the usefulness of the technique.

Multi-input, multi-output (MIMO) communications systems have attracted considerable attention over the past decade, mostly for single-user, point-to-point scenarios. The multipleuser MIMO case has attracted less attention, and most of the research on this problem has focused on uplink communications. Only recently has the multi-user MIMO downlink been addressed, beginning with information-theoretic capacity results [1–5], and followed by practical implementations, including those based on linear techniques [6, 7] and non-linear precoding [8–11]. In this chapter we review these techniques and discuss some important open problems.

The aim of this chapter is to provide guidance on how to write a successful conference abstract and conference paper. Whether you have previous experience or whether you are a complete novice, your first goal is to maximise the chances of your abstract being. Your second goal, once accepted, is to write and present a high quality conference paper.

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIRS) is the combined use of infrared (IR) light, for illuminating a light-absorbing sample, with an interferometer, for producing an interference pattern from which an absorption spectrum characteristic of the sample is recovered through Fourier transformation. The majority of current IR pulp and paper applications involve the routine characterization of samples that contain variable amounts of water, a very strong IR absorber. Consequently, qualitative IR analysis of pulp and paper samples is best performed with a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer because of the larger optical throughput offered by an interferometer over a dispersive spectrometer. Also, an interferometer simultaneously records all IR frequencies present in the spectrum. These two advantages enable one to acquire high-quality spectra in a few minutes or less. Additionally, since an interferometer accurately determines IR frequencies with the output of a visible-light laser, quantitative determinations which use multivariate calibration methods such as partial least squares (PLS) are much less prone to instrument drift, and hence more accurate. Liquid and solid samples can be analyzed either neat or suitably diluted in a nonabsorbing matrix, through a variety of sampling techniques such as transmission, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), attenuated total reflectance (ATR), IR microscopy, and photo-acoustic spectrometry (PAS). Detection limits for quantitative methods vary from 0.01 to 1 percent, depending on the sampling method and the complexity of a sample matrix. However, FTIR spectrometry cannot resolve more than a few components at a time in liquid and solid samples because of the presence of strongly overlapping bands. Therefore, FTIR spectroscopy must often be used in combination with separation techniques such as gas chromatography (GC) or solid-phase extraction (SPE), especially when a complete analysis of the sample is required.

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) also popularly known as electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) involves the irradiation of a solid surface in ultrahigh vacuum with monoenergetic soft X-rays. The X-rays cause electrons of an atom to be ejected and to be ionized as photoelectrons. The number of electrons and their kinetic energies are then measured. The energy of the emitted electron is very characteristic of the atom from which the electron originated and its environment. The XPS spectrum is a plot of the number of emitted electrons per energy interval versus their binding energies. Quantitation can be achieved either by fundamental parameter calculation or comparison with appropriate standards. In the pulp and paper industry, XPS has successfully been used to study migration of binder in coated paper, the surface chemistry of pulps and its effect on the properties of the final products; the adhesion between paper and polymer, toner or ink; and the chemical additives on the paper surface. As with most analytical instrumentation, XPS has its limitations and disadvantages and is often used in conjunction with other, complementary techniques such as SIMS (secondary ion mass spectrometry) and FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy for the identification of organic compounds on paper surfaces. XPS is surface sensitive which renders it useless if the underlying cause of the problem might be other than surface related. XPS provides only semiquantitative information. A more precise quantification of the elements is possible, but requires exhaustive calibration.

Published standards play a fundamental role in shaping the efficiency of domestic and global economies. These statements, for measuring systems, provide textual and illustrative information on the ‘what’ and ‘how to’ of measurements. This article introduces the general form and nature, the methods of obtaining them, and their use in supporting the designs. A case study of the development of a standard is provided.

Renewable raw materials can be defined as the sum of all substances obtained from living world, from plant and animal kingdom. The total production of biomass on our earth is estimated at about 170 billion tons per annum that roughly consists of 75% carbohydrates, 20% lignins, and 5% of other materials such as oils and fats, proteins, alkaloids, and terpenes, etc. Out of which about 6 billion tons are currently being used for human needs (3.7 billion tons for food purposes, 2 billion for energy fuels, pulp and paper production, 300 million tons for specialty materials, etc.). Plant-based renewable raw materials are obtained from agriculture and forestry. There are a number of plants products that have proven potential to be used as a feedstock for many industries. Plant oils, steroids, polysaccharides, terpenoids/terpenes, alkaloids, and flavonoids are the most important plant materials that have been in use in many industrial sectors. Sugar or glucose obtained from sugar cane, sugar beet, potatoes, corn, wheat, cassava, rice, and so on are known to be used as one of the most essential substrate for industrial fermentation processes. Plant oils, for example, palm, soybean, rice bran, and coconut oil, produce various oleo-chemicals such as triglycerides, fatty acids/alcohols, and glycerol that are utilized to produce specialty products such as tensides, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Cellulose obtained from wood is particularly used in pulp and paper industry. Flavonoids extracted from aromatic plants such as rose, acacia, and many more are the chief raw materials in perfumeries. The plant-based raw materials go through many chemical and biotechnological processes to come into a shape of end product. The most common raw materials such as sugars, cellulose, and oils can produce an almost infinite range of products. Plant-based raw materials have so many advantages over fossil feedstocks. They are nontoxic and hence assert their suitability for the products, which have direct contact with skin and eyes such as cosmetics, medicines, and surfactants. Their easy biodegradability makes them superior from an environmental point of view. Despite having many advantages, plant-based raw materials have some limitations. The seasonal variation in quality and quantity of crops and their noncontinuous supply are the major disadvantages associated with plant-based raw materials. Keywords: plant based raw materials; plant oils; biolubricants; bioplastics; biogas; biofuel; biosurfactants; oleochemicals; pharmaceuticals; pesticides; surfactants; biodiesel; biofibers; pulp and paper industry

The development of biorefineries directed to the production of fuels, chemicals, and energy is important to reduce economic dependence and environmental impacts of a petroleum‐based economy. The last two decades have witnessed a fast industrialization and the surge in the energy demands that has compelled the energy sector to think beyond fossil fuels. The energy crisis and the need for a sustainable environment development shifted the energy spectrum toward biomass‐based renewable energy generation. Alternate fuels like lignocellulosic ethanol can be produced and used for blending in gasoline and other applications for sustainable development. Saccharomyces sp. has been a fascinating yeast for fermentation processes since Ancient Greece, where it was used for wine making. There are several technical challenges with commonly used Saccharomyces sp. including: (i) does not convert pentose sugars; (ii) has low tolerance to alcohols, acids, and solvents; (iii) is very sensitive to inhibitors (e.g., furfural, 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural, aromatics, etc.) generated during hydrolysis of agrowastes; and (iv) has fermentative stresses (e.g., pH). These limitations obstruct the process when agro‐waste is used as a feedstock for biofuel production. These challenges can be overcome by taking systems approaches using state‐of‐the‐art tools of systems biology, synthetic biology, and evolutionary engineering in the context of industrial bioprocess along with strain adaptation strategies. This chapter focuses on recent developments of yeast biotechnology by strain adaptation and strain development.

[372524-52-2] C7H10N1O1Cl3 (MW 230.52) 1S/C7H10Cl3NO/c1-4(5-2-3-5)12-6(11)7(8,9)10/h4-5,11H,2-3H2,1H3 InChIKey = QYTMWGOBCSXJRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N (acid labile protecting group, activating protecting group for glycosidic bond synthesis) Alternate Names: 1-methyl cyclopropylmethyl trichloroacetimidate (MCPMTCI). Physical Data: density = 1.336 g mL−1. Solubility: soluble in all organic solvents tested to date, but not in water. Form Supplied in: viscous oil, which can be handled by syringe. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H NMR (C6D6) δ 0.01 (1H, m, CHH-Cp), 0.22 (1H, m, CHH-Cp), 0.29 (1H, m, CHH-Cp), 0.37 (1H, m, CHH-Cp), 0.86 (1H, m, CH-Cp), 1.22 (3H, d, J = 5.9 Hz, OCHCH3), 4.52 (1H, dq, J = 7.3 Hz, J = 5.9 Hz, OCHCH3), 8.17 (1H, s, NH); 13C NMR (C6D6) δ 2.8 (CH2-Cp), 3.9 (CH2-Cp), 16.7 (CH-Cp), 19.3 (CH3), 80.5 (OCHCH3), 162.8 (CN). Preparative Methods: a three-necked RB flask charged with (±)-α-methyl cyclopropylmethanol (5.0 mL, 51 mmol), trichloroacetonitrile (25 mL, 5 equiv), and benzene (50 mL) was cooled in an ice bath under an atmosphere of argon. To this solution was added solid 95% NaH (1.35 g, 53 mmol) through the central opening to avoid NaH sticking to the sides of the flask. After 3 h of stirring, the reaction was carefully quenched by the dropwise addition of cold water. After the effervescence ceased, the mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel and the organic layers separated and then washed again with water. After drying with MgSO4 and filtration by gravity through filter paper, the mixture was evaporated. The residue was taken up in cyclohexane, filtered by gravity through filter paper, evaporated, and dried in vacuo to yield (±)-1-methyl 1′-cyclopropylmethyl O-trichloroacetimidate as a colorless oil (8.4 g, 71%) (eq 1). (1) Purification: MCPMTCI will partially survive chromatography, but its purity is not improved. It can also be vacuum distilled, but the recovery was not high enough to be preparatively useful. Therefore, it is best used as prepared. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: MCPMTCI is stable dry at −20 °C or lower. It does slowly decompose to produce trichloroacetamide and volatile products. Like most trichloroacetimidates, it is unstable under acidic conditions, especially in the presence of nucleophiles such as water.