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The pulp and paper industry converts roundwood and recycled fibre, collected from wastepaper into printing and writing papers. The pulp and paper mills in Ontario have been facing extreme competitive pressures, which have affected their performance leading to several mill closures. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare the relative performance of three types of Ontario's pulp and paper mills (using all fibre, only roundwood fibre, and only recycled fibre). This study uses bootstrap data envelopment analysis and the results indicate low levels of overall technical and managerial efficiencies. The results of this study provide policy makers with detailed performance analysis so that future input resources can be reallocated to improve the performance of the pulp and paper mills in Ontario. It is recommended that the pulp and paper mills using recycled fibre require huge capital investments to install de-inking technology to improve performance.

In this paper, we present a techno-economic analysis of providing a Cooperative, Connected and Automated Mobility (CCAM) use case, namely Cooperative Lane Merging (CLM), in a cross-border environment. Multiple network deployment scenarios are proposed to provide Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) connectivity with respect to PC5 Mode 4 – enabled RSUs. Total cost of Ownership (TCO) model together with four revenue models are developed to assess the viability of providing CCAM services in the studied settings. Results show that the higher the number of simultaneous connected cars, the higher the TCO of the required deployment needs to be to meet the defined KPIs and especially for the green field deployment with no existing fibre cable or electricity facilities. Another important insight from this analysis is that only with a high fleet penetration rate of connected vehicles, a viable business case can be achieved.

Memory corruption bugs continue to plague lowlevel systems software, generally written in unsafe programming languages. In order to detect and protect against such exploits, many pre- and post-deployment techniques exist. In this position paper, we propose and motivate the need for a hybrid approach for the protection against memory safety vulnerabilities, combining techniques that can identify the presence (and absence) of vulnerabilities pre-deployment with those that can detect and mitigate such vulnerabilities post-deployment. Our proposed hybrid approach involves three layers: hardware runtime protection provided by capability hardware, software runtime protection provided by compiler instrumentation, and static analysis provided by bounded model checking and symbolic execution. The key aspect of the proposed hybrid approach is that the protection offered is greater than the sum of its parts – the expense of postdeployment runtime checks is potentially reduced via information obtained during pre-deployment analysis. During pre-deployment analysis, static checking can be guided by runtime information.

Cryptography is the methodology in which the information is cast into a form that forestalls the abuse of it. In this advanced time of the wireless, it is imperative to guarantee the safe conveyance of the pertinent information which are otherwise exposed to disgusting goals. The procedure of transformation of plaintext to encode text is known as encryption and its converse is known as decryption. The three kinds of cryptography methods, viz., Asymmetric key, Symmetric-key, and Hash Functions. A huge segment of this contemporary method is the key; which is a specific component of extreme significance, as this is what is utilized while scrambling or descrambling the desired information. In this paper, we have compared the two techniques. Incipiently, Particle Swarm Optimization, a strategy of delivering keys to design a stream figure for text encryption. The tale methodology named Particle Swarm Optimization Key Generation Algorithm (PKGA) uses a character code table for encoding the keys. The essential ideal situation of this procedure is that it diminishes the quantity of keys to be fused and coursed. On the other hand is Ant Colony Optimization Techniques to produce keys for the encryption of the information. This entire philosophy depends on the conduct of the ants in their characteristic inquiry of food. The drawback of using Ant Colony Optimization is to downscale the number of keys to be utilized during encipherment when contrasted with different strategies of cryptography in presence. ACO would warrant the generation of such keys with utmost proficiency.

In this work, we describe the application of the ‘steerable pyramid’ (Portilla and Simoncelli, 2000), a high-dimensional texture descriptor, to the discrimination and classification of a large collection of photographic paper textures. This work is part of a broader effort to bring precise physical measurements to the characterization of photographic papers, and our intended audience includes photograph conservators, curators, and collectors. For our purposes, it is important both to enable fine-grained local comparisons of very similar textures and to identify salient groupings across the entire landscape of photographic papers. The steerable pyramid was developed with the explicit goal of synthesizing textures; as such, it is an overcomplete representation. Its high native dimensionality is an advantage for highly precise local comparisons of texture, as in nearest neighbor search; it is, however, a disadvantage for grouping tasks, which require a well-structured global topology. For grouping tasks, we describe a number of compression and grouping approaches designed to meet a variety of analytical needs. Finally, we validate the steerable pyramid descriptor numerically using ‘one versus all’ classification on an augmented data set that includes multiple samples per paper type.

The objective of this paper is to study the deterioration of impregnated kraft papers immersed in dielectric liquids under the chemical stress conditions by furan analysis according to ASTM D5837 and IEC 61198. Mineral oil and natural ester (FR3) were liquid used in this study. Kraft paper samples, 3 pieces per each case study, are prepared in rectangle shape with 25.4 ± 0.5 millimeters (1.00 ± 0.02 inches) wide and approximately 254 millimeters (10.0 inches) long according to the ASTM D828 standard. The paper and liquid insulation are heated to dehydrate at 80 °C for 12 hours with 200 mbar pressure, and then they are filled in 200 milliliter bottles and heated with 5 different temperatures being 60 °C, 80 °C, 100 °C, 120 °C and 140 °C respectively. In the case of 120 °C and 140 °C are only conducted with FR3 due to its thermal characteristics. After that, 98% concentration of acetic acid of 2 quantities, 0.04 and 0.08 milliliters, and oxygen (O2) at 1 psi for 1,200 ml, are used for the chemical aging process for 9 days of the test samples before being tested to find furanic compounds. According to the test result, it can be concluded that all 4 factors, temperature, acetic volume, oxygen and moisture, effect on generated furanic compounds of aging paper insulation.

In power transformers in which is dominated the oil-paper insulation system, it is the effort to use innovative insulating materials to achieve greater quality, reliability and longer service life of the transformer. In this paper, we present the results of research into the insulating properties of an oil-paper insulation system in a DC and AC electric field. In the experiments MOL TO 40A transformer oil and two types of paper used in transformers, KREMPEL DPP and insulating paper used in BEZ transformers, were used. The results from the experiments show that KREMPEL insulating paper has a higher electrical strength and the electrical strength of both oil-impregnated insulating papers is greater when applying DC voltage.

The online monitoring is becoming increasingly important for operators of high voltage assets. One of the most important assets are transformers, especially power transformers, which are mainly insulated with paper together with an insulating liquid for impregnation. An important parameter is the aging condition of the insulating paper, which allows an estimation of the operational safety. This variable is determined by the degree of polymerization (DP-value) and provides information about the mechanical stability of the paper. However, paper samples are currently required for the measurement, which is carried out in a laboratory in accordance with IEC 60450, whereby the paper is destroyed. This study is conducted to determine the DP-value of a paper insulation using a novel, patented optical sensor. The investigation shows that oil-free paper samples have very strong linear correlation between the value measured with the sensor and the DP-value. Therefore, a condition assessment is possible within seconds, as the measurement by means of the optical method is significantly faster and more precise than the conventional viscometric method. It also shows that the assessment is independent of the insulating oil, in which the paper is aged. The sensor could be used for an improved condition assessment of transformers to increase the operational safety.

The assessment of the aging condition is becoming increasingly important for operators of high voltage assets. Power transformers are especially one of the most important units in the electrical power grid. Due to the fact that oil-paper insulation is still the most economical form of insulation, and is therefore found in the majority of transformers, the condition assessment of the paper insulation is decisive for estimating the remaining service life. Since the determination of the condition via furans is associated with certain fluctuations, several other aging parameters are investigated. Therefore, this study intends to determine how those aging markers of the insulating liquid behave in the absence of insulating paper and how the values change with insulating paper; thus, from the difference between important parameters, indicating the paper aging might be possible. For the investigation, a non-inhibited and an inhibited insulating oil as well as a further inhibited oil with a different composition, are tested as the most common insulating liquids. For this purpose, an open system is reproduced, which has permanent contact with the environment air. Accordingly, the study is carried out for long-term thermal stress to obtain samples with a wide spectrum of aging status. The entire study extended over a period of 14–15 weeks at a temperature of 130 °C with performing the measurements of the parameters at various aging times. The study reveals that the results can be used for an improved condition assessment of transformers.

With the deepening of cultural and artistic exchanges in various countries, many local arts actively or passively absorb the nutrients of foreign art, but the folk paper-cut art of northern Shaanxi and Mexico completely preserve the regional cultural characteristics of the nation. This paper studies the difference and connection between northern Shaanxi paper-cut and Mexican paper-cut by means of semantic analysis and contrastive demonstration. This paper analyzes the theme expression and art types of paper-cut and Mexican paper-cut in northern shaanxi, and collates the rich connotation culture contained in paper-cut patterns and the paper-cut culture of the sustainable development of northern shaanxi and Mexico bearing the message of ancient tu Teng worship, showing a unique artistic connotation. The precipitation of experienced also reflects the application and inheritance in today’s society.

Chinese folk paper-cutting has a long history of development, and it is a major folk art form created by the working people of all ages in our country in order to meet the needs of material and spiritual life, and Return lived in it. It has become a design art rooted in the folk, and it is entrusted with the beautiful expectation of the broad working group from life. Plane composition is a very important part of modern design foundation. Points, lines and surfaces are not only the basic elements of plane composition, but also create a colorful environment atmosphere through the artistic treatment of points, lines and surfaces in different indoor environment designs. Many artistic inspirations of modern design come from folk paper-cutting, and we get creative inspiration and enlightenment from the structure and composition of paper-cutting. By studying the comparison between folk paper-cut art and modern graphic design, this paper tries to provide an innovative way for modern graphic design.

This paper presents a novel, low cost flexible paper substrate suitable for biosensing applications. A microstrip patch antenna consisting of copper tape foil and a cellulose filter paper as a substrate with thickness of 180 μm is fabricated and tested. The substrate has measured dielectric constant (e r ) of 1.9 and losses (tan δ ) of 0.025. For 3.8 GHz resonance, the antenna has size of 29.5 mm x 38 mm on a ground plane of 50 mm x 60 mm. Measurements of the final design are in excellent agreement with simulations. Moreover, measurements of the patch antenna on the proposed substrate (cellulose filter paper) collected at different bending radii and folding angles demonstrate performance consistency.

In this paper, a method based on Raman spectroscopy to diagnose the aging degree of oil-paper insulation is discussed. According to IEEE guidelines, oil-paper insulation samples were prepared in the laboratory, and the degree of polymerization values of the samples were measured to obtain the exact aging states. Raman detections of the samples were carried out based on the Raman experimental platform. T-S fuzzy neural network was used to analyze the Raman spectrum data of insulating oil. By using the experimental data to train the diagnosis model, constantly modifying the membership function, and mining the internal mathematical relationship between the Raman spectrum characteristics of oil paper insulation and the degree of polymerization of insulating paper, this paper managed to use the Raman spectrum data of insulating oil to predict the aging degree of oil paper insulation. Finally, the deviations between the predicted and the measured degree of polymerization values of the five test samples in this experiment are both less than 150.

Methanol in oil can be used to evaluate the aging status of oil-paper insulation system of power transformers. Many scholars have shown that the production of methanol in oil is closely related to the degradation of paper. However, the methanol distributed in oil is affected by the oil-paper adsorption equilibrium. In this paper, the equilibrium distribution of methanol between oil and paper at different temperatures were investigated. The equilibrium experiments were conducted by soaking methanol-oil standard solution with ordinary Kraft paper at 20°C, 45°C and 60°C respectively. The results showed that temperature obviously affects the adsorption capacity of oil and paper for methanol: with the increase of temperature, the equilibrium time of methanol between oil and paper is accelerated. Within a certain temperature range, the adsorption capacity of paper for methanol will decrease with the increase of temperature. However, when the temperature was near the boiling point of methanol, the content of methanol in oil declined, which might be related to the existence of gaseous methanol at high temperature. At this time, the equilibrium distribution model of methanol changed from the two-phase model of oil-paper system to the three-phase model of oil-paper-gas system.

Partial Discharge (PD) is referred as a small discharge that partially bridges the insulation over a s mall portion of its space. PD occurs laecause of small de fects in insulation such as voi din solid and bubble in liquid Insulation. The power transformer uses both solid and liquid insulation in terms of Kraft paper for winding and oil for cooling vhich protects transformer for long life operation. The partial discharge defects in insulation need to be identified early in order to estimate and extend the life of transformer. In this paper partial discharge patterns of pigtail specimen (a model of transformer winding) is impregnated in liquid insulation (mineral oil) is discussedL The detection of PD in dielectric liquid required PD measuring system and Instrument with low background noise. A unique measuring setup was designed and calibrated as per IEC Standard. The high voltage stress is applied on the pigtail specimen continuously until specimen failure; simultaneously PD data are recorded with a ten second delay from one acquisition to another. The pulses appear like burst in liquid insulation are comprised of discrete variable high frequency pulses. These pulse burst occurrence is compared with the phase of the input wave and the acquired data is further investigated to study its behaviors.

This paper presents a set of modeling procedures which are substantial for developing a data-driven soft sensor for paper strength parameters in production environment. Special focus is put on describing methods for efficient data aggregation, data cleaning and feature selection, which were employed to appropriately model the inherently complex process of papermaking and handle the challenging nature of collected data. The resulting soft sensor for tensile index deployed at a paper machine shows solid performance. Moreover, good quality of calculated real-time predictions is also confirmed by means of experiment-based validation.

The fabrication and characterization of a paper and pencil based resistive touch sensor is carried out in the present work. The sensor detects the effective change in the resistance, when the finger is placed on it. An ash less, low cost, easy to access, bio-degradable, flexible, light weight, easy to fabricate and ultra-thin sensor is developed by drawing interdigitated graphite electrodes on the Whatman filter paper of grade 42. Change in the resistance is due to the path created for flow of electrons, when the finger is placed. Current versus time and $\Delta$ R/Ro versus time characterization of fabricated device is done using Keithley 2450 source meter. Response of the device has made noticeable changes for the finger contact. The measured resistance of the non-touch and touch is found to be 80.154 M $\Omega$ and 4.748 M $\Omega$ respectively. This huge change in resistance is sufficient to detect the touch. The performance and sensitivity of the proposed sensor are evaluated using the test circuit and smart switch is developed on paper substrate.

International audience; This paper presents the design and characterisation of an antenna on a paper-based substrate. The antenna is designed on a nanocellulose foil optimised with a highly conductive ink based on silver nanoparticles. The electrical and dielectric properties of the materials were characterised prior to the antenna simulation. The antenna is designed to operate at the ISM 868 MHz frequency band and has a maximum gain of +1.7 dBi. Its development is part of the first step in the implementation of a flexible battery-free geolocation tag, remotely powered by UHF Energy sources in the European RFID spectrum between 865.6 MHz and 867.6 MHz. An accurate characterisation procedure was carried out and the results show good agreement with the simulations.

Capacitively graded oil-paper insulation is still the most widespread and typically used insulation type for high voltage instrument transformers and bushings. As such, it is highly susceptible to water content within the paper. All manufacturers have the tendency to reduce this content to lowest possible values. The purpose of this research is to show how different water content levels influence the insulation properties of such types of insulation, by measuring the partial discharge inception voltage levels and tanδ. A numerous AC voltage tests were carried out at different temperatures. The results show a clear influence of the initial water content and operating temperature of the apparatus to the partial discharge inception voltage.

the Oil-paper insulation is composed of insulating paper and insulating oil, which has been widely used in the transformer inner insulation, the bushing and the switchgear insulation. The electrical properties of the Oil-paper insulation is heavily influenced by the thickness of the insulation paper. To explore the effect of the insulating paper with different thickness in high altitude. The electrical strength of the insulation paper with five kinds of thickness (0.15, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5) were tested with two different kinds of electrode. The insulation paper absorption rate were tested after the vacuum oil soaking treatment. The test results shows that with the increasing of the paper thickness, the oil absorption rate decreased from 38.29% with 0.15mm to 9.53% with 0.5mm.The average electrical strength of the Oil-paper with cylinder electrode decreased with the increasing of the thickness, from the 55.87kV/mm with the thickness of 0.15mm to 34.32kV/mm with the thickness of 0.5mm. The average electrical strength of the sphere electrode were lower than the test data with the cylinder electrode with the similar trend. The surrounding of the puncture holes also were observed with the optical microscope to analyze the breakdown mechanism.

This paper presents the design, fabrication, experimental results and related discussion of a portable bending enhancing silicone mold structure for biomedical applications in which a high-sensitive but low-cost force measurement structure with a large-dynamic range is required. Proposed system is composed of a replaceable parts like graphite coated Strathmore® 400 series Bristol paper and cheap RTV-2 silicone molds. The results shows that low-cost, portable and high-sensitive force and strain sensor systems can be realized for point-of-care biomedical applications in the future.

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have been introduced as a rational and effective way of powering the low consuming electronic devices and sensors. Mostly these nanogenerators are manufactured using costly materials and complex fabrication processes that restrict their usage especially in developing countries. In this paper, we have presented an inexpensive and facile TENG for powering the environmental sensor. Readily available and cost-effective materials were used for manufacturing TENG like paper, thread sealant PTFE tape, and pencil. The manufactured paper based TENG produced short circuit current and open circuit voltage of $110\ \mu \mathrm{A}$ and 234 V respectively. The maximum power density of $96.22\ \mu \mathrm{W} /$ cm2 was achieved at 5 M $\Omega$. The rectified signal from TENG was used to charge a capacitor array of $300\ \mu \mathrm{F}$ which was successively used to power the environmental sensor. Temperature and humidity can be measured by powering the environmental sensor with the help of the proposed TENG. This facile and cost-effective TENG can be easily manufactured and deployed in resource limited environment for self-powered sensing systems.

The degree of polymerization is a useful technique to monitor insulation capabilities of oil impregnated paper. In present work, accelerated thermal ageing experiments have been conducted by taking Kraft and thermal upgraded papers along with two types of dielectric oil (mineral oil and vegetable oil) at different temperatures $(90^{\circ}C, 110^{\circ}C$ and $130^{\circ}C)$. An improved 2nd order kinetic model has been developed based on experimental results which utilized to develop a relationship between temperature and final degree of polymerization. The proposed model can be used to analyze and monitor thermal deterioration of oil paper insulation at any temperature. Moreover, the proposed novel mathematical modelling can be employed to predict premature failure as well as end of life criteria of power transformers.

To determine the long-term persistence of stabilizing additives in thermally upgraded Kraft paper insulation material under operation conditions, the nitrogen migration from the solid material into the encircling insulation material was monitored as part of a large-scale ageing study. Therefore, thermally upgraded as well as normal Kraft paper, combined with pressboard, copper and sheet metal in representative amounts and ratios, was immersed in different types of insulation liquids (mineral oil, G-t-L oil, synthetic as well as natural ester). A continuous 56-day ageing experiment under oxygen-free conditions at elevated temperatures (130 and 150°C) was conducted, with a continuous sampling interval of 2 weeks. The nitrogen concentration of the embedding insulation liquids stayed constant for every insulation liquid aged with natural Kraft paper material, whereas a clear increase of nitrogen levels could be observed over time as soon as thermally upgraded Kraft paper was immersed into the insulation liquids. For prolonged ageing periods at 150°C the measured nitrogen levels in the insulation liquid could rise by as much as 120 ppm, corresponding to nearly 0.3% of dry insulation paper mass, indicating a significant loss of nitrogen-rich stabilizing agents into the corresponding insulation liquid just within weeks of ageing.

The failures of polypropylene laminated paper (PPLP), the major insulation of high temperature superconducting (HTS) cables, are mainly rooted in the electrical ageing. In this paper, effects of electrical ageing on AC breakdown and trap distribution characteristics of PPLP are investigated. Electrical ageing under AC voltage of PPLP in liquid nitrogen is carried out. The breakdown performance and trap distribution of PPLP are characterized by AC breakdown and isothermal surface potential decay (ISPD) measurements. In addition, the aged samples are further analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results demonstrate that the breakdown strength of PPLP decreases from 113.32 kV/mm to 92.36 kV/mm after ageing for 60 min under 30 kV. The energy level and trap density of deep trap calculated by ISPD results both decrease with ageing. FTIR and SEM indicate that the partial cellulose of insulating paper on the out-layer of PPLP is broken under the impact of high-energy electrons. As a result, the free volume of insulating paper is expanded, and the binding ability of cellulose molecular chains to charge carriers is weakened, which leads to the decrease of energy level and trap density of deep trap and further promotes the charge transportation. Therefore, a decreased breakdown strength of PPLP can be observed after electrical ageing. In conclusion, it is proposed that the destruction of molecular chain structure in the aged PPLP can lead the change of trap distribution, further resulting in the decline of breakdown strength.

This paper presents the development of a “modified Degree of Polymerization test method” based on IEC 60450 for the DuPont™ Nomex® 910, engineered cellulose composite paper. In order to check how retained tensile strength corresponds to the DP value of 200 for the composite 910 paper, accelerated ageing tests of 910 and TUK were performed and DP vs tensile curves were obtained. Although the thermal insulation system test procedures allow the choice of either DP or percent tensile strength retention as the end-life criteria for cellulose-based papers, our data indicates that the traditional kraft DP of 200 is not a good indication for the composite 910 paper end-of-life criteria.

The use of vegetable oil (natural ester) in electrical devices like power transformers is increasing due to their high biodegradability and better safety. The lifespan of power trans- formers is mainly defined by cellulose insulation condition, which usually works together with dielectric oil as electrical insulation and also as mechanical winding protector and compactor. That is why the aim and results of this research shows us not only the dielectric parameters evolution, but also the relationship between the mechanical factors and the moisture content of thermal accelerated ageing processes, with commercial vegetable oil, of Kraft paper and Diamond Dotted Paper (DDP). These are two of the most common insulating materials in electric power transformers. In addition, the new tests have been done by a different method of paper ageing analysis. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement Nº 823969 - BIOTRAFO.

In this paper, two studies are presented whose main objective is to go further on the comprehension of thermally upgraded paper ageing. The first one is about the accelerated ageing of standard (STD) and thermally upgraded (TU) Kraft paper in mineral oil. After plotting the viscometric degree of polymerization (DPv) according to the kinetic model proposed by Calvini in 2005 [1], the model is validated for STD paper but not for T U paper. A modification of this model for T U paper is suggested to improve the correlation with experimental data. In the second part, a study is presented on the investigation of the effect of a nitrogen-based additive (DICY) concentration on the paper ageing in oil. The DPv results confirm the protective effect of the DICY on the cellulose chains and show that this effect depends on the nitrogen content, but not linearly. The pH of aqueous extracts and surface FTIR analysis brought new support for a hypothesis regarding the functioning mechanisms of the DICY that are reported in the literature.

Dry-type transformers are becoming increasingly popular in urban areas due to its non-flammable properties. Being air-cooled, such units require less installation space compared to their counterpart Oil Impregnated Paper (OIP) having the same power rating. Open Wound types of dry-type transformer insulation like Dip-Bake type or Vacuum Pressure Impregnation (VPI) are popular and are being used extensively for constructing distribution transformers. Nomex paper is usually considered as the main insulation for such dry-type transformer insulation. The present paper describes the effect of thermal aging of Dip -Bake type and VPI type dry-type transformer insulation samples constructed in the laboratory. At the end of thermal aging, Frequency Domain Spectroscopy (FDS) data for both the dry type construction is recorded and compared.

This paper presents the main disadvantages of receipts printed on thermal paper, underlining the impact that BPA (component of thermal paper) has on the environment and human health. The conceptual solution proposes to use the near-field communication (NFC) protocol available in smartphones, integrating a virtual receipt printing device (called e-receipt) at the end of the contactless payment chain.