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Paper deinking residue (DIR) is a composite waste material generated from paper deinking processes. It is currently underutilized, and its valorization represents both an environmental and economic burden for relative industries. Effective valorization of this low-value waste stream is crucial for paper recycling industries to improve their competitiveness and profitability. Pyrolysis is a promising thermochemical technology to convert biomass/wastes into value-added products. The integration of microwave irradiation as an alternative heating source allows pyrolysis processes to be carried out in a much more efficient and convenient manner. In this chapter, the thermochemical valorization of DIR through pyrolysis and potential applications of its pyrolysis products are demonstrated. Furthermore, the application of microwave-assisted pyrolysis at relatively low temperatures (

Cellulose nanopaper (CNP) is a fascinating free-standing thin film material, prepared from renewable nanocellulose and displaying special properties such as transparency, haze, thermal stability, mechanical strength, and flexibility. The nanostructured nature of CNP enables gas barrier films and high specific surface areas for interface functionalization. Re-engineering CNP by physical and chemical design allows to tailor its properties, enabling hydrophobic and transparent paper, smart sensors, substrates for optoelectronic devices, and conductive or luminescent papers. This chapter rationally describes the chemical and physical manipulations that can be performed on CNP to modulate its properties, classifying them as: covalent chemical modification on nanocellulose before processing them into nanopaper thin films; covalent chemical modification on CNP surface; and noncovalent modification of CNP by coating or blending nanocellulose with other materials.

Recently, the research and development of novel antimicrobial food packaging paper have been accrued a considerable attention due to their ultimate advantages namely contain food in a cost-effective way that satisfies industry requirements and consumer desires, maintains food safety, and minimizes environmental impact also to increase the shelf life of foodstuff. These unique food packaging papers can be prepared through different materials such as synthetic polymers, nature or bio-polymers owing to their numerous properties. Therefore, in order to enhance the biological properties particularly the antimicrobial activity against the most pathogenic bacteria and biodegradability of the packaging material, the polymeric matrix can be reinforced with different fillers mainly biofiber, clay and agriculture biomass. Herein, this chapter book reviews the different classes of food packaging paper and their roles, manufacturing, applications and also the effects of antimicrobial agents on the final properties of packaging papers. The major aim of this review was to highlight the effect of several antibacterial agents on final mechanical and biological properties of biomass- based composites and nanocomposites materials. This chapter is divided into three parts, the first one is dedicated to the classifications and roles of food packaging systems, the second part is devoted to the manufacturing of packaging paper based on agriculture biomass, the third part concern the applications of these materials and the side effect of the antibacterial agents on their properties. From the results obtained in this research work, we can conclude that the agricultural biomass can be used to manufacture food packaging by several techniques mostly pulp manufacturing processes. Also, the mechanical and antibacterial properties of these materials can enhanced by the addition of divers antibacterial agents.

As society develops, the number of published research articles raises. Besides, the pressure to publish has been increased because the competitiveness between researchers working on similar topics. Although this increment is desirable, it leads to multiple issues. At a reader level, insurmountable barriers to keep up with the state of the art appear. From a publisher perspective, it is a very demanding task to determine which research articles are worth publishing. Automatizing these tasks appears as a core solution. In the case of readers, a previous evaluation of articles would simplify the filtering process. As for publishers, they could perform preliminary selections or estimate the reviewing effort. This paper presents Medical Evaluator System for Scientific Interoperability (MESSI) system to overcome all these issues. It is able to evaluate the novelty and reliability of health-related texts. The novelty calculation is based on previously acquired knowledge after processing more than 500,000 papers. The reliability estimation is based on the reputations of similar articles calculated based on previously defined metrics. Multiple experiments have been addressed to illustrate the viability of the proposal. The obtained results show a good performance that encourage to continue evolving the system. S1751157721000596

open access article Food contact materials (FCM) are any type of item intended to come into contact with foods and thus represent a potential source for human exposure to chemicals. Regarding FCMs made of paper and board, information pertaining to their chemical constituents and the potential impacts on human health remains scarce, which hampers safety evaluation. We describe an effect-directed strategy to identify and characterize emerging chemicals in paper and board FCMs. Twenty FCMs were tested in eight reporter gene assays, including assays for the AR, ER, AhR, PPARγ, Nrf2 and p53, as well as mutagenicity. All FCMs exhibited activities in at least one assay. As proof-of-principle, FCM samples obtained from a sandwich wrapper and a pizza box were carried through a complete step-by-step multi-tiered approach. The pizza box exhibited ER activity, likely caused by the presence of bisphenol A, dibutyl phthalate, and benzylbutyl phthalate. The sandwich wrapper exhibited AR antagonism, likely caused by abietic acid and dehydroabietic acid. Migration studies confirmed that the active chemicals can transfer from FCMs to food simulants. In conclusion, we report an effect-directed strategy that can identify hazards posed by FCMs made from paper and board, including the identification of the chemical(s) responsible for the observed activity.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that 90% of people worldwide breathed polluted air in 2014 that exceeded the WHO limit of 10 μgm−3. Ambient air pollution was responsible for 4.2 million premature deaths in 2016 globally. Lancet noted that 92% of deaths associated with pollution is in developing countries among marginalized groups, particularly women and children. In Tanzania almost one fifth (19%) of annual deaths were associated with impacts of pollution-related diseases, equivalent to 74,170 deaths in 2016. In addition, a proportion of Death and Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) attributable to communicable diseases, which includes airborne diseases, accounted for 62% in in the same period. This chapter provides a review of the regulatory frameworks governing environmental issues, the contribution of air pollution from burning rice straw in rice fields, and the prospects of converting rice straw into pulp and paper products as a business solution to air pollution.

Sustainability is essential in future technologies to harmonize with our environment. Cellulose is one of the nature's most abundant natural polymers, the main chemical components of wood and plants. Owing to its own unique material properties, compared with the conventional usage, nanocellulose with a crystalline structure can be considered for various industrial applications. This chapter reviews the fabrication and performance of nanocellulose-based electroactive paper (EAPap) actuators in terms of its three subareas: piezoelectric, ionic, and hybrid EAPap along with their applications. Cellulose is known to have piezoelectric and ion migration effects, and these two effects can be maximized, which result in piezoelectric EAPap and ionic EAPap. To further improve functionality of cellulose, hybrid composites of inorganic functional materials are introduced by incorporating carbon nanotubes, graphene, titanium dioxide, and tin oxide with cellulose. Since cellulose is biocompatible, sustainable, biodegradable, capable of broad chemical modification, and hydrophilic and has high mechanical strength and stiffness, various cellulose-based devices are possible.

Measures for reduction of water consumption in pulp and paper mills are presented in this chapter. These include: in-pulp mill water conservation, modification of pulping and bleaching processes, separation of process and nonprocess waters, process modification, improvement in quality and management of paper machine wastewater, and system closure and integration of water systems/application of pinch technology.

The pulp and paper industry in the global market and a basic overview of pulp and paper manufacturing process are presented in this chapter.

Since the Second World War, the pulp and paper industry has become one of the most important industries in the world based on its economic benefits. Unfortunately, it is usually associated with high water usage and high electricity expenditure. Currently, pulp and paper mills are faced with various challenges forcing them to follow stringent environmental regulations and adopt sustainable waste management strategies as well as utilizing best available technologies to treat the effluent. While the discharge of hazardous effluent is certainly a growing concern, the pulp and paper industry is making great progress in reducing the quantity of wastewater it expends along with the amount of hazardous materials found in the effluent. This chapter provides a brief overview of waste generation and management in pulp and paper mills, and it also discusses the combined novel and conventional aerobic effluent treatment methods.

The activated sludge process is the most common treatment for pulp and paper mill effluents. Process modelling is a powerful tool to increase the knowledge of wastewater treatment plants, with the benefits, for instance, of reducing costs and time for making decisions on process improvement. Frequently, ASM models are used to describe the pulp and paper mill effluents treatment. These types of effluents usually have low nutrients contents, which affect the biomass growth and in consequence, the process efficiency. In this work, a mathematical model which includes the dynamic influence of adding nutrients to the aerobic stage of a paper mill industry is retrieved, identified, calibrated and validated, in order to gain knowledge on the process for efficiency, in which the nutrients (ammonium phosphate) are added by an auxiliary inflow. Due to practical purposes, the developed model considers only seven out of nineteen biological processes in the ASM2. To get a reliable mathematical model for the process, we followed a five-step methodology that includes: (a) problem definition, (b) experimental data obtainment, (c) model construction (d) model calibration and (d) linear error propagation for uncertainty analysis. The reduced ASM2 contains 31 parameters that were calibrated by a non-linear regression with real data plant. This step was applied to four operational scenarios, with and without variation of the KLa parameter, as well as with and without effluent recirculation of the clarifier. The results show that the reduced ASM2, developed here, shows good responses that can be identified to the real process. Therefore, it can be used confidently for operational decisions for improvement of the process.

The pulp and paper industry uses large volumes of water. Much water is lost to evaporation during production resulting in high demand for fresh water. The industry has made steady progress over the past three decades in reducing its relative water footprint. A growing market for equipment and services in pulp and paper water and wastewater treatment is seen. In this chapter water usage and consumption are presented. Water consumption standards are also presented.

This chapter describes an electrochemical detection method on a paper device. First, a mixture of paracetamol (PA) and its degradation product 4-aminophenol (4-AP) is chromatographically separated and then detected as analyte on the same device. General information on measuring 4-AP in PA samples and a description of electrochemical detection on paper are provided in the background section. The following sections cover topics related to the design of a paper microfluidic device, the chemicals and materials required, and the hazards associated with this experiment. The experimental section includes a step-by-step procedure for device fabrication and electrochemical measurements. Additional notes that may help instructors and students are also highlighted in addition to assessment questions to determine students’ knowledge and understanding of the experiment. The references at the end of the chapter may be helpful for further reading.

The design of appropriate diagnostic assays for the point of care requires development of suitable biosensors, detection methods, and diagnostic platforms for sensitive, quantitative detection of biological analytes. Protein targets in particular are especially challenging to detect quantitatively and sensitively due to the lack of amplification strategies akin to nucleic acid amplification. However, recent advances in transducer and biosensor design, new detection labels, and paper-based microfluidics may realize the goal of sensitive, fast, portable, and low-cost protein detection. In this review, we discuss the biochemistry, optics, and engineering advances that may be leveraged to design such a sensitive protein diagnostic assay. The binding kinetics, mechanisms of binding in porous networks, and potential transducers are explained in detail. We discuss the relative merits of various optical detection strategies, potential detection labels, optical readout approaches, and image-processing techniques that are amenable to point-of-care use. To conclude, we present a systematic analysis of potential approaches to enhance the sensitivity of paper-based assays. The assay development framework presented here provides bioassay developers a strategy to methodically enhance the sensitivity and point-of-care suitability of protein diagnostics.

Pre­dicted sea level rise due to global warm­ing will ne­ces­si­tate the con­struc­tion of coastal de­fenses to pro­tect the pop­u­la­tions in the vicin­ity of the coasts. Large quan­ti­ties of con­crete will be re­quired with con­sec­u­tive in­creases in green­house emis­sions, hence an in­creas­ing need for al­ter­na­tive to Or­di­nary Port­land Ce­ment (OPC) ce­ments. Fea­si­ble po­ten­tial al­ter­na­tives could be found in al­kali-ac­ti­vated ce­ments , which also in­clude in­dus­trial by-prod­ucts or waste ma­te­ri­als. This pa­per pre­sents a lab­o­ra­tory study of con­crete mixes based on the al­kali-ac­ti­va­tion of an in­dus­trial by-prod­uct, ground gran­u­lated blast fur­nace slag (GG­BFS) and in­cludes an in­dus­trial waste, pa­per slugde ash (PSA) in the al­kali-ac­ti­va­tor mixes. The use of sea­wa­ter as mix­ing and cur­ing wa­ter was also ex­am­ined. The com­pres­sive strength and a num­ber of dura­bil­ity-re­lated prop­er­ties of al­kali-ac­ti­vated mixes in ma­rine en­vi­ron­ment were in­ves­ti­gated and com­pared to OPC sys­tems. The in­cor­po­ra­tion of pa­per sludge ash led to high early strengths, a de­crease in the ef­fec­tive poros­ity of al­kali-ac­ti­vated slag con­cretes and gen­er­ally a re­duced wa­ter ab­sorp­tion, and en­hanced the per­for­mance against chlo­ride ion at­tack in mixes with fresh­wa­ter, as well as the re­sis­tance of the ce­ments in sul­phate at­tack es­pe­cially when mixed with sea­wa­ter. The ad­di­tion of sea­wa­ter in the mixes in­creased the re­sis­tance to sul­phate at­tack and the com­pres­sive strength in al­kali-ac­ti­vated sys­tems, as op­posed to OPC con­cretes in which mix­ing and cur­ing in sea­wa­ter had dele­te­ri­ous ef­fects. The study gives promise for the suit­abil­ity of the tested al­kali-ac­ti­vated con­crete mixes in sea­wa­ter en­vi­ron­ments.

Non-invasive transcranial brain stimulation (NTBS) techniques have a wide range of applications but also suffer from a number of limitations mainly related to poor specificity of intervention and variable effect size. These limitations motivated recent efforts to focus on the temporal dimension of NTBS with respect to the ongoing brain activity. Temporal patterns of ongoing neuronal activity, in particular brain oscillations and their fluctuations, can be traced with electro- or magnetoencephalography (EEG/MEG), to guide the timing as well as the stimulation settings of NTBS. These novel, online and offline EEG/MEG-guided NTBS-approaches are tailored to specifically interact with the underlying brain activity. Online EEG/MEG has been used to guide the timing of NTBS (i.e., when to stimulate): by taking into account instantaneous phase or power of oscillatory brain activity, NTBS can be aligned to fluctuations in excitability states. Moreover, offline EEG/MEG recordings prior to interventions can inform researchers and clinicians how to stimulate: by frequency-tuning NTBS to the oscillation of interest, intrinsic brain oscillations can be up- or down-regulated. In this paper, we provide an overview of existing approaches and ideas of EEG/MEG-guided interventions, and their promises and caveats. We point out potential future lines of research to address challenges.

A large variety of external treatment technologies—primary treatment, secondary treatment [aerated lagoon, activated sludge moving bed bioreactor (MBR), biofiltration, anaerobic treatment], and tertiary treatment—being used for pulp and paper mill effluents are presented in this chapter. The comparison of the treatment efficiencies for different wastewater treatments is also presented.

This chapter discusses general aspects of paper spray ionization that is used in mass spectrometry (MS). The methodology and theory are associated with a number of different related applications. The first part of this chapter discusses the fundamentals of paper spray and some modifications, such as tissue spray, are also included. The second part focuses on recent applications, including the analysis of biologically important molecules. These studies show that paper spray MS has great potential for use as a rapid sampling ionization method and for the direct analysis of biological and chemical samples at ambient conditions.

Due to its size and intense use of resources, the pulp and paper industry is responsible for many devastating environmental impacts such as carbon pollution and wildlife species’ extinction. While these environmental impacts have been investigated in numerous studies through environmental life cycle assessment, little attention has been given to the equally devastating social impacts. For this reason, the main goal of this work is to carry out a social life cycle assessment (S-LCA) to quantify the social impacts that a Portuguese pulp and paper supply chain has on its stakeholders. These impacts are aggregated into five different social categories, including labor rights and decent work, community infrastructure, governance, health and safety, and human rights. In this work, data extracted from the Social Hotspots Database accessed through SimaPro will be used. The results of the S-LCA conducted will be discussed to identify which part of the pulp and paper supply chain is responsible for most of the social impacts and which of these impacts are more critical. Based on this discussion, recommendations for improving the social sustainability of the supply chain analyzed will be provided.

After secondary treatment, discharged waste from the pulp paper industry contains several organic and inorganic pollutants, mostly above their permissible limit. These wastes (after secondary treatment) are laden with high concentrations of metals which are a risk for human health and environmental pollution as well. Such wastes also contain a significant amount of persistent organic pollutants such as furane 2,5-dimethyl, n-hexadecanoic acid, nonacosane, and tetradecanoic acid, etc. Present work also highlighted that pulp paper industry wastes are mainly responsible for the significant release of heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu Cr, Pb, and Ni) along with the lignin and other copollutants. Some potential plants such as Eclipta alba, Rumex dentatus, Cammelina benghalensis, Ricinus cummunis, Phragmites cummunis, and Solanum nigrum were reported to accumulate a significant quantity of metals, that is, Cd, Pd, Ni, Fe, and Cu in their root, shoot, and leaves.

In this chapter, a staple-based electrochemical platform is developed as a simple and low-cost detection system for paper-based devices. This system incorporates stainless steel staples as electrodes with the staple acting as working electrode modified with carbon ink. A simple PDMS platform is employed to embed the connections. A paper strip, sealed with printed wax barriers, is used as sample container. The advantages of the platform are demonstrated through studies performed with ferrocene carboxylic acid, a common redox probe. This is an out-of-box application of staples, a low-cost material that can be employed for quantitative purposes. This is one example of development of low-cost analysis, which can be performed using simple yet precise and accurate electroanalytical platforms that allow decentralization of analysis.

Flexible and wearable electronics have recently attracted increasing attention, because they can open up new possibilities for next-generation portable devices. Cellulose paper serves various purposes in daily life, including in writing, printing, wrapping, and packaging applications. Since paper materials are sustainable, mass produced, inexpensive, biocompatible, recyclable, lightweight, and flexible, the use of paper has recently been extended to flexible electronic applications. In this chapter, we describe cellulose-based flexible paper electronics. Wood-derived cellulose pulp or nanocellulose is composited with conductive nanomaterials such as silver nanowires, carbon nanotubes, and graphene. The as-prepared paper composites are successfully applied as transparent conductive paper, paper antenna, paper sensor, and paper supercapacitor. These paper devices demonstrated both high device performance and flexibility compared with the state-of-the-art polymer-based flexible devices. Our findings provide a promising route to realize green and flexible paper electronics.

Since the discovery of the paper, around A.D. 105 during the Han Dynasty in China, it has enabled an assortment of versatile applications. In Analytical Chemistry, the paper has emerged as a powerful tool to bolster the development of sensing platforms. A pivotal breakthrough was a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (µPAD), an analytical platform assembled on paper or nitrocellulose, which enables low-cost sensor technologies suited for analyzsing complex samples (including sample pretreatment, mixing, separation, and analysis). In the last decade, there has been a significant increase in publications involving the development of paper-based sensing platforms due to the remarkable properties of cellulose, which include versatile chemical functionalization capabilities, biocompatibility, high thermal stability for robust applications, and high mechanical strength to resist wear and tear. However, the most desirable attribute of paper substrate for sensing devices is capillary for fluid transport. At first, µPADs explored predominantly colorimetric detection, which led to less accurate results due to reduced sensitivity. Under these circumstances, electrochemical paper-based devices (ePADs) have emerged as an appealing alternative considering their portability, inexpensive instrumentation, high sensitivity, and capability of miniaturization. This chapter approaches how the field of ePADs has grown since its emergence a decade ago as well as properties of different types of paper, fabrication methods relevant to ePADs with more focus given to hydrophobic channels and electrodes, and new applications of ePADs in the fields of clinical diagnostics and environmental testing.

Conventional bacterial-based bioremediation is time-consuming, costly, and less effective for the removal of complex environmental pollutants for the environment and human safety. Paper mills pollutants are phenolic and chlorinated in chemical nature and due to being hazardous, they are a critical menace to human health and the environment. For effective and enhanced bioremediation, in silico bioremediation approaches are being practised for the removal of hazardous compounds for a safe and sustainable environment. In silico bioremediation approaches exploit and rely on computational methods including toxicological database, algorithms, docking, and molecular dynamics simulation. In silico bioremediation is a newly emerged trend toward finding novel ways and strategies to enhance and improve the conventional bioremediation process of paper mill pollutants using microbial enzymatic systems. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation are the soul of in silico bioremediation which provides the quick catalysis simulation of enzymes and pollutants on a computer system giving the catalysis potential of enzymes. Presenting chapter dedicated to the detailed overview of the molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation strategies along with degradation pathways prediction using enzymes for mitigation of environmental pollutants. In addition, the existed computational techniques including docking and molecular dynamics simulation, the degradation pathways prediction using current resources for complex, lignin-derived, chlorinated, and complex phenolic environmental pollutants are also explained with recent updates.

Insight-HXMT is the first Chinese X-ray astronomical mission, launched successfully on June 15, 2017, from China's Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. Insight-HXMT was designed to have a broad energy coverage in X-rays, from 1-250 keV, with excellent timing and adequate energy resolution at soft X-rays, and the largest effective area at hard X-rays. Here, we present a collection of papers of the Journal of High Energy Astrophysics on the Early Results of China's 1st X-ray Astronomy Satellite Insight-HXMT. These papers cover the in-orbit performance, the background model, and all calibration results, together with several first results on observations of binaries and details on the Galactic plane survey., Comment: Published to introduce a set of 20+ papers from the HXMT collaboration. Most of the referred papers can be accessed in astro-ph already, and all will be avaialble from JHEAp's webpage too, at https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/journal-of-high-energy-astrophysics/special-issue/10B0FLKPH6C

Large material usage and high production cost restrict the widespread use of solar cells in our society as a clean energy source. A feasible way toward inexpensive solar cells is root in our ability to fabricate solar cells on cheap substrates as the substrate represents 25%–60% of total material costs in current solar cells. Recent efforts to develop solar cells on low cost, flexible, renewable, biodegradable, and versatile paper have rendered encouraging and intriguing results. Paper can not only be taken as a promising substrate to support various solar cells, but also can act as functional elements such as light management layer to improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of solar cells. The following sections summarize up-to-date progress on the solar cells fabricated on both common and emerging paper substrates and identify the major challenges for paper solar cells that need to be overcome before they can move from the laboratory to industry. Among these reports, a highest 6.7% PCE to date for solar cells on common paper is reported. Paper solar cells demonstrated their potential application in low-cost and disposable paper electronics as a power source. Possible applications include gadgets, product tracking, smart parcels, security identification, and copy protect.

The modification of electrodes with nanomaterials is a widespread practice in Electroanalysis because it does not require the use of instrumental components for signal amplification or additional detection techniques, decreasing the cost and facilitating the decentralization of analyses. Different nanostructures, mainly carbon nanotubes, graphene, or metallic nanoparticles, have been used as modifiers on paper-based electrochemical devices. Among others, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) favor the preconcentration of heavy metals in stripping analysis because of the easy adsorption of the metal in the elementary state on AuNPs. In this experiment, a nanostructured paper-based platform is applied to the electroanalysis of inorganic arsenic in wines by chronoamperometric stripping of the electrodeposited As(0). The electrochemical cell consists of a paper-based carbon working electrode coupled to a screen-printed carbon card. Electrodeposition of AuNPs is performed in a tetrachloroauric(III) acid plating solution.

This paper provides evidence that attitudes towards redistribution are associated with the extent of generosity of the redistributive context experienced by the individual, as measured by the likelihood of receiving positive benefit transfers net of fiscal contribution. We estimate reduced form tax-benefit equations with the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), and match the implied parameters to the respondents of the European Social Survey (ESS) on the basis of their characteristics. The period of analysis is 2008–2016. For identification, we exploit exogenous cross-country and time variation in tax rules and market income to disentangle implications of exposure to tax-benefit rules on preferences for redistribution from the effects of changes in income inequality. We find that exposure to positive net benefits increases support for redistribution by 1.4%–3% on baseline models, the effect being robust across a variety of specifications. ispartof: European Journal Of Political Economy vol:63 pages:1-19 status: published

The pulp and paper industry is one of the largest industries in the world with very high capital investments. Over 400 million metric tons of paper and cardboard are produced worldwide every year, with China being responsible for around one-quarter of the total production. Global pulp and paper production and consumption are presented in this chapter.

Paper is recycled at a relatively high rate in the U.S. Rates are particularly high for corrugated boxes, which are predominantly recovered from businesses rather than from households. Packaging is a major source of recycled paper, as well as a major market for the recycled fiber. Paper coated with plastic or wax is difficult to recycle. The paper-recycling process involves re-suspending the fibers in the slurry, and separating contaminants. Recycled fibers tend to be shorter and weaker than virgin fibers. Contaminants in the recycled paper can cause problems with operation of the process as well as with paper performance. With proper design, recycled paper can perform very similarly to paper made from virgin fiber.

While paper and paperboard are being used in many applications, their largest application is as materials for packaging applications. Paper and paperboard could be made into a wide range of packaging, either with or without additional treatments, alone or combined with other materials. They are made from renewable resources and recovered paper; and are recyclable. This article provides an overview of paper and paperboard making process, including a brief history; and characterizations of paper and paperboard and properties.

Wood is the dominant raw material for paper and paperboard production. More than 50% of the average global paper furnish is from virgin wood-based pulp. The other sources are recycled fiber (RCF) from recovered paper (RCP), nonwood fiber, and mineral pigments. This article presents the types and characteristics of pulpwood resources, occurrence, availability, and productivity of wood resources. The trends in wood usage in the pulp and paper industry were discussed. A critical concern for the global pulp and paper industry there will be reasonable access to the vast softwood resources in Siberia.

Pulp and paper mills are highly complex and integrate many different process areas. Processing options and the type of wood processed are often determined by the final product. A basic overview of pulp and paper manufacturing process, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission sources, and energy requirements in various pulp and paper processing steps are presented in this chapter.

The paper and packaging industry is an important part of the global economy and plays a critical role in the world economy. Cellulase, a complex enzyme produced by a number of microorganisms, has tremendous potential application in the pulp and paper industry. Cellulase contributes 10% of the worldwide industrial enzyme demand, and there is tremendous potential for cellulase biotechnology in pulp and paper manufacturing to grow steadily commercially, and to give rise to new possibilities. Cellulase, xylanase, laccase, and lipase are the most important enzymes that can be used in the pulp and paper processes. This prospective study aims to enhance the understanding of the most important advanced uses of cellulases for providing benefits to the pulp and paper industry in various areas like increased pulp yield, improved fiber properties, enhanced paper recycling, reduced processing and environmental problems, and energy efficiency.

Chemical additives used in papermaking fall into three groups—general (commodity) and two classes of specialty chemicals—process and functional. Process chemicals are used to optimize the production process by increasing machine speed, runnability, providing deposit control and reducing steam consumption. Retention aids, defoamers, fixative agents, biocides, and defoamers/antifoam additives are some typical examples of process chemicals. Functional chemicals directly affect paper quality and paper properties—color, water repellency, strength, printability, etc. Typical examples of such functional chemicals are dyes, coating binders, and strength and sizing additives. The boundary between process and functional chemicals is not very definite as process chemicals may either significantly influence performance of functional chemicals and/or affect sheet properties directly. About 90% of all chemical additives belong to functional additives. The remaining 10% are process chemicals, with retention aids (including fixatives, coagulants, flocculants and microparticles) representing the biggest and most important part. The in-depth and thorough coverage of chemical additives in the pulp and paper industry are presented. Various sections deal with pulping chemicals, bleaching chemicals, process chemicals, functional chemicals, pigments for fillers, coating pigments, aluminum, starch, chemicals used in paper recycling, and chemicals used for stickies control and tissue and towels.

Electroanalysis comprises many different techniques. One of the simplest is chronoamperometry, a potential step technique, where the potential moves forward from an initial to a final value (single step technique), but that can also move back (to the initial or other potential value) in the double potential step technique. Then, the intensity of the current (“amperometry”) is recorded with time (“chrono”), with an i-t curve being the response signal (chronoamperogram). The analytical signal is an instantaneous current measured at a fixed time. As the current contains two components, faradaic and nonfaradaic, and the latter one decays faster, the current is usually measured some seconds after the potential step. In this experiment, a single-step chronoamperometry is employed for the determination of ascorbic acid in fruit juices. A cyclic voltammogram is first recorded to select the values of the initial and final potentials. A low-cost paper-based electrochemical cell is employed to fit with the simplicity of the technique.

The type of paper coated using chemical with the intension of changing color when exposed to heat is called thermal paper. The great advantage of thermal printing at its present state of development is its low cost and high reliability with regard to the instrument and the thermal paper. This study presents the manufacture and application of thermal paper. Also, the article describes the thermal paper based on color formers and the types of thermal paper. The thermal paper is use for thermal printers and copiers, mostly in lightweight or cheap devices like credit card terminals, cash registers, and adding machines.

The art, science, and technology of papermaking may be traced to 200 BC in China. Papermaking has played an important role in cultures all over the world and has evolved from simply pouring pounded pulp onto a fabric screen into the modern technology used today. This article traces the evolution of papermaking, the growth of paper technology, the variation in papermaking techniques, and reviews the economic and social reasons behind these changes.

Papermaking deposits can be classified as being organic, inorganic, or microbiological. Most paper machine deposits contain a combination of some or all of these major component types. Although inorganic deposits tend to be more of a problem in the stock and flow-piping systems of the paper mill, organic deposits tend to be more problematic in the headbox, wet end, and press section of the paper machine. These contaminants form tacky deposits that can plug forming fabrics and wet press felts. Microorganisms in paper mill systems take two forms: planktonic and sessile. Planktonic organisms do not readily cause problems in the system; however, in the sessile form, these same organisms can become problematic. Inorganic and organic deposits offer a readily available food source for sessile organisms, which attach themselves to deposit surfaces. Several of these organisms classified as slime formers are able to secrete a protective polysaccharide coating around themselves known as biofilm. The slime formers, in combination with inorganic and organic process additives and contaminants, can form deposits that coat process equipment and create sheet quality and runnability problems. In addition to slime formers, anaerobic bacteria can form under deposits. The most common type of anaerobic bacteria found in paper mills is sulfate-reducing bacteria, which is capable of converting sulfate in the system to highly corrosive hydrogen sulfide.

The pulp and paper industry is one of the largest industries in the world, with very high capital investments. The world's total paper production amounted to 403 million tons in 2013. The majority of manufacturing facilities in the paper industry are integrated. Most paper mills begin with wood chipping at the front end, followed by pulping, bleaching, papermaking, and recycling of post consumer products. The paper and paperboard industry in the global market and general aspects of pulp and papermaking processes are presented.

Food packaging materials are critical contributors to the safety and quality of food. Packaging can be classified into primary and secondary packages. This article describes the following paper product packages: paperboard folding carton, corrugated paperboard case, fiber drums, beverage packaging, and carded packaging. It was found that paper products form the wide range of food packages. This is due to the paper flexibility, biodegradability, low cost, recyclability, and ease of printing. The perceived environmental and associated waste management advantages of paper-based packaging will see this form of food packaging continue to be developed.

Mold deterioration of historical documents in archives and libraries is a frequent and complex phenomenon that may have important economic and cultural consequences. In addition, exposure to toxic fungal metabolites might produce health problems. In this work, samples of broths of fungal species isolated from the documentary material and from indoor environmental samples of the Archive of Bogotá have been analyzed to investigate the presence of mycotoxins. High resolution mass spectrometry made possible to search for a large number of mycotoxins, even without reference standards available at the laboratory. For this purpose, a screening strategy based on ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC–QTOF MS) under MSE mode was applied. A customized home-made database containing elemental composition for around 600 mycotoxins was compiled. The presence of the (de)protonated molecule measured at its accurate mass was evaluated in the samples. When a peak was detected, collision induced dissociation fragments and characteristic isotopic ions were also evaluated and used for tentative identification, based on structure compatibility and comparison with literature data (if existing). Up to 44 mycotoxins were tentatively identified by UHPLC–QTOF MS. 34 of these tentative compounds were confirmed by subsequent analysis using a targeted LC–MS/MS method, supporting the strong potential of QTOF MS for identification/elucidation purposes. The presence of mycotoxins in these samples might help to reinforce safety measures for researchers and staff who work on reception, restoration and conservation of archival material, not only at the Archive of Bogotá but worldwide. Generalitat Valenciana (research group of excellence PROMETEO II/2014/023; ISIC 2012/016), from Alcaldía Mayor de Bogotá (Special Agreement on Cooperation in Science and Technology No. 2215100-153-2013) and from Universidad Antonio Nariño Grant 2010246.