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India is a vast country with around 850 large paper industries. It is ranked 17 in the highest polluting industries in India, approximately 190–200 m3 of water is needed to produce a ton of paper. Around 240–250 chemicals have been identified in effluents, which are produced at different stages of papermaking in paper industry. The pulp and paper industry is typically associated with pollution problems related to color, suspended solids, high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), organic halogens lignin and its derivatives, dioxin, furan, and chlorinated compounds. These compounds are highly toxic in nature causing strong mutagenic effects, physiological impairment, and they are ecoestrogens. Although numerous studies have looked at methods for the treatment of color, COD, BOD, etc. of pulp and paper effluents, the problem still persists. Biological treatment uses a number of microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes to degrade the xenobiotic compounds present in pulp and paper industry effluent. The need for cleaner production programs has been felt in recent times by the paper industry by way of a resource and waste minimization concept. In India efforts have been going on for years to improve housekeeping, optimize process parameters, increase recycling, and adopt improved technology. This chapter aims at highlighting the processes used during the manufacture, sources, and types of waste generated and treatment options available for improving the quality of waste to be discharged.

The discharged wastes from the pulp paper industry contain ligninocellosic material along with other co-pollutants even after secondary treatment. Moreover, the effluent contains a high amount of pH, total suspended solid, total dissolved solid, total solid, biological oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand along with heavy metals above the permissible limits. Several studies have concluded that white-rot fungi produced extracellular phenol oxidases which can effectively decompose lignin and other organic pollutants from the contaminated site. Furthermore, various types of persistent organic pollutants and endocrine-disrupting chemicals i.e. nonacosane; heptacosane; pentadecanoic acid, 2-benzisoxazole; hexadecanoic acid and octadecenoic acid are also present in pulp paper industry effluent that can cause aquatic toxicity and hormonal disturbance in the environment. The ligninolytic enzymes of white-rot fungi get a wide substrate particularity and have been involved in the transformation and mineralization of organic pollutants to systemic similarities to lignin. Moreover, continuous widespread land and groundwater pollution as well as surface water have brought this issue to the forefront, and cleaning up of such pollution is still a severe economic challenge for the society. The use of indigenous white-rot fungi for remediation of wastes from the disposal site of the pulp paper industry gives a very relatively novel economic solution for many of our risky environment challenges.

Enzyme use has provided boost to the technoeconomics of many industrial processes. In this chapter, we summarize different cellulase-based industrial processes for preparation of paper, pulp, brewing products, and different foods. This review presents a brief chemistry and mechanism of cellulose degradation by the cellulase enzyme. Also, cellulase production abilities of many microbial species have been addressed in this chapter. Cellulase plays a major role in production of good-quality paper and pulp. It’s used to debark the biomass and to remove lignocellulosic part. This enzyme also has application in recycling of used paper by deinking and biobleaching. Cellulase enhances freeness and drainage ability of the fibers without compromising the brightness of the fibers. In brewing industry, cellulase in combination of other enzymes is used to extract the more sugar for better-quality alcohol production. Cellulases have a wide range of potential applications in food and beverage processing, production of fruit and vegetable juices, and improvement of methods for extraction, clarification, and stabilization.

In this paper, we report the performance of paper pulp as an innovative viscosity modifying admixture (VMA) for cement composites. Two different levels of fineness were obtained by mechanical milling of the same source of paper pulp. Their effects on viscosity modification, hydration kinetics, autogenous shrinkage, and compressive strength of cement grouts were measured, and their structural integrity at high pH was assessed. A new parameter was proposed to quantify nonlinearity induced by VMAs. Results showed that the hierarchical structure of paper pulp makes it possible to activate bridging flocculation and swelling mechanisms of hydrophile paper pulp fibers at different levels to produce versatile VMAs. The coarser milled paper pulp fibers mainly influences the plastic viscosity. By contrast, the milled paper pulp consisting of ultra-fine fibers significantly modifies both plastic viscosity and dynamic yield stress, induces more nonlinearity in the mixtures, and increases compressive strength of mortars at low dosages.

With the objective to obtain more sustainable production processes, the biorefinery network is integrated with traditional pulp and paper industries. A systematic framework with computer-aided tools consisting of synthesis, design and innovation stages has been applied to determine the biorefinery-integrated pulping process. An integrated network of succinic acid production and black liquor gasification for dimethyl ether (DME) production linked to an existing Soda pulping process is identified as the best option for increased profit, which also reduces pollutant emissions through integration of innovative CO2 capture and utilization (CCU) steps to form the biorefinery-integrated-Soda-pulping network (BIS). This paper aims at also designing a sustainable biorefinery-integrated-Kraft-pulping network (BIK). Three integration scenarios are considered for further study: (I) the production of gasification-based dimethyl ether (DME); (II) the coproduction of DME and succinic acid (SA); and (III) the co-production of DME and SA coupled with CCU. The best scenario is found to be Scenario II, which exhibits the best economic performance with 74% increase in profit compared to the conventional process. Scenario III achieves the highest energy efficiency at 39% and improved environmental performance, a 65% reduction of CO2 emission compared to the conventional process, with only 0.7% profit reduction. The BIK option shows improved performance in terms of economic and environmental improvements compared to the BIS network, confirming that the integrated biorefinery network can transform the conventional Kraft pulping process to a more sustainable process with increased profit.

This chapter highlights the importance of anaerobic digestion in pulp and paper mill waste (PPMW) treatment. Due to increasing environmental concerns and strict laws about the effluents from industries, it becomes imperative to use such a technology. PPMW contains a vast amount of organic contaminants that are recalcitrant. Postaerobic treatment, a considerable amount of sludge is generated, and to cope up with this, anaerobic digestion, which results in much-reduced sludge volumes, is one of the best methods. Anaerobic digestion of PPMW offers additional benefits through the generation of renewable value-added bioproducts such as biogas, biomethane, biohydrogen, and biofertilizer, along with the treatment of waste. The present chapter describes the importance of anaerobic treatment of PPMW for both sludge and wastewater and the simultaneous generation of value-added products. In the end, the various challenges associated with anaerobic treatment and their mitigation strategies are also discussed.

The paper and pulp industry generates different waste from the processing of raw material to paper production. The characteristics of the waste vary with the process and can be categorized as liquid discharge, solid and gaseous. Among these the liquid discharge is the major concern as it possesses organic as well as toxic load. The existing treatment process doesn't focus on material recovery and hence the materials are lost with the waste stream. The integration of biochemical and thermochemical processes can aid in designing a paper and pulp waste biorefinery which will produce value-added chemicals, fuel, and energy. The concept of the biorefinery is based on the integration of the existing conversion processes to achieve material and energy recovery in the light of circular economy.

The paper and pulp industry (PPI) is regarded as one of the most polluted, as it produces high quantities of solid and liquid discharge. On average, in a developed country, up to 10 million tons of waste is generated each year and considerable amounts of capital and other resources goes toward its treatment. The discharge from PPIs mainly constitutes solid and liquid waste with high organic content. This discharge is a potential feedstock containing a high percentage of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose, which can be used as a valuable raw material for the production of bioenergy, platform chemicals, and biofuels. At present, most of this waste is recycled using a conventional approach, through biological and chemical processes, incurring high costs and low returns. Therefore, strategies relying on any one of the conventional treatment technologies do not lead to optimal utilization of the valuable resources in the waste. Instead, cascading approaches such as coupling the generation of conventional bioenergy and high-value bioproducts within a biorefinery context could address this challenge. Therefore, this chapter initially provides a detailed account of the availability of paper and pulp waste and pretreatment methods. Various high-value bioproducts that can be produced in a biorefinery approach are discussed in order to pinpoint the most recent trends and future directions in research and development. It also focuses on technologies that have moved beyond the laboratory phase, identifies the problems, and summarizes the main interventions that can help overcome these issues. The chapter thus provides systemic insight into developing efficient, economically feasible, and sustainable biorefineries that could meet the technical and market requirements and improve the valorization of paper and pulp waste.

In pulp and paper production black liquor is burnt to recover base chemicals and to generate electricity and steam which is e.g. used in papermaking machines. In the event of paper tearing excess steam has to be condensed usually. We propose a latent thermal energy system to recover that energy and re-use it in the papermaking machines. A storage model was developed and experimentally verified by a lab-scale prototype. For the specific process, we designed a tube-bundle storage using thermally conductive HDPE as PCM and show that up to 30 MWh can be recovered per day. Finally, we describe the potential of storages to improve energy generation and efficiency in plants.

Nowadays, the need to attain a sustainable society increasingly demands for the development of an economy based on biorefineries. In Southwestern Europe, agrofood and forest industries produce significant amount of wastes that could satisfy the demand for renewable biomass to be used in a biorefinery scheme alternatively to traditional uses of these residues. This chapter will primarily cover the current scenario regarding the annual volume of residues generated by agrofood (cheese whey, vine pruning waste, and brewer's spent grains) and pulp and paper industry (sawdust, chips, bark, and sludge). Additionally, the present-day use and final destination of these wastes and their main environmental issues will be described and discussed; besides, advanced valorization strategies (e.g., fuels and chemicals) involving a biorefinery approach will be approached, based on current reports according to the chemical composition of each waste. Finally, new insights on valorization of wastes from agrofood and pulp and paper industries, its challenges, and trends for future research will be presented.

Cellulose nanopaper (CNP) is a fascinating free-standing thin film material, prepared from renewable nanocellulose and displaying special properties such as transparency, haze, thermal stability, mechanical strength, and flexibility. The nanostructured nature of CNP enables gas barrier films and high specific surface areas for interface functionalization. Re-engineering CNP by physical and chemical design allows to tailor its properties, enabling hydrophobic and transparent paper, smart sensors, substrates for optoelectronic devices, and conductive or luminescent papers. This chapter rationally describes the chemical and physical manipulations that can be performed on CNP to modulate its properties, classifying them as: covalent chemical modification on nanocellulose before processing them into nanopaper thin films; covalent chemical modification on CNP surface; and noncovalent modification of CNP by coating or blending nanocellulose with other materials.

Recently, the research and development of novel antimicrobial food packaging paper have been accrued a considerable attention due to their ultimate advantages namely contain food in a cost-effective way that satisfies industry requirements and consumer desires, maintains food safety, and minimizes environmental impact also to increase the shelf life of foodstuff. These unique food packaging papers can be prepared through different materials such as synthetic polymers, nature or bio-polymers owing to their numerous properties. Therefore, in order to enhance the biological properties particularly the antimicrobial activity against the most pathogenic bacteria and biodegradability of the packaging material, the polymeric matrix can be reinforced with different fillers mainly biofiber, clay and agriculture biomass. Herein, this chapter book reviews the different classes of food packaging paper and their roles, manufacturing, applications and also the effects of antimicrobial agents on the final properties of packaging papers. The major aim of this review was to highlight the effect of several antibacterial agents on final mechanical and biological properties of biomass- based composites and nanocomposites materials. This chapter is divided into three parts, the first one is dedicated to the classifications and roles of food packaging systems, the second part is devoted to the manufacturing of packaging paper based on agriculture biomass, the third part concern the applications of these materials and the side effect of the antibacterial agents on their properties. From the results obtained in this research work, we can conclude that the agricultural biomass can be used to manufacture food packaging by several techniques mostly pulp manufacturing processes. Also, the mechanical and antibacterial properties of these materials can enhanced by the addition of divers antibacterial agents.

Measures for reduction of water consumption in pulp and paper mills are presented in this chapter. These include: in-pulp mill water conservation, modification of pulping and bleaching processes, separation of process and nonprocess waters, process modification, improvement in quality and management of paper machine wastewater, and system closure and integration of water systems/application of pinch technology.

The pulp and paper industry in the global market and a basic overview of pulp and paper manufacturing process are presented in this chapter.

Since the Second World War, the pulp and paper industry has become one of the most important industries in the world based on its economic benefits. Unfortunately, it is usually associated with high water usage and high electricity expenditure. Currently, pulp and paper mills are faced with various challenges forcing them to follow stringent environmental regulations and adopt sustainable waste management strategies as well as utilizing best available technologies to treat the effluent. While the discharge of hazardous effluent is certainly a growing concern, the pulp and paper industry is making great progress in reducing the quantity of wastewater it expends along with the amount of hazardous materials found in the effluent. This chapter provides a brief overview of waste generation and management in pulp and paper mills, and it also discusses the combined novel and conventional aerobic effluent treatment methods.

The activated sludge process is the most common treatment for pulp and paper mill effluents. Process modelling is a powerful tool to increase the knowledge of wastewater treatment plants, with the benefits, for instance, of reducing costs and time for making decisions on process improvement. Frequently, ASM models are used to describe the pulp and paper mill effluents treatment. These types of effluents usually have low nutrients contents, which affect the biomass growth and in consequence, the process efficiency. In this work, a mathematical model which includes the dynamic influence of adding nutrients to the aerobic stage of a paper mill industry is retrieved, identified, calibrated and validated, in order to gain knowledge on the process for efficiency, in which the nutrients (ammonium phosphate) are added by an auxiliary inflow. Due to practical purposes, the developed model considers only seven out of nineteen biological processes in the ASM2. To get a reliable mathematical model for the process, we followed a five-step methodology that includes: (a) problem definition, (b) experimental data obtainment, (c) model construction (d) model calibration and (d) linear error propagation for uncertainty analysis. The reduced ASM2 contains 31 parameters that were calibrated by a non-linear regression with real data plant. This step was applied to four operational scenarios, with and without variation of the KLa parameter, as well as with and without effluent recirculation of the clarifier. The results show that the reduced ASM2, developed here, shows good responses that can be identified to the real process. Therefore, it can be used confidently for operational decisions for improvement of the process.

The pulp and paper industry uses large volumes of water. Much water is lost to evaporation during production resulting in high demand for fresh water. The industry has made steady progress over the past three decades in reducing its relative water footprint. A growing market for equipment and services in pulp and paper water and wastewater treatment is seen. In this chapter water usage and consumption are presented. Water consumption standards are also presented.

The pulp and paper industry is one of the largest industries in the world with very high capital investments. Over 400 million metric tons of paper and cardboard are produced worldwide every year, with China being responsible for around one-quarter of the total production. Global pulp and paper production and consumption are presented in this chapter.

Paper is recycled at a relatively high rate in the U.S. Rates are particularly high for corrugated boxes, which are predominantly recovered from businesses rather than from households. Packaging is a major source of recycled paper, as well as a major market for the recycled fiber. Paper coated with plastic or wax is difficult to recycle. The paper-recycling process involves re-suspending the fibers in the slurry, and separating contaminants. Recycled fibers tend to be shorter and weaker than virgin fibers. Contaminants in the recycled paper can cause problems with operation of the process as well as with paper performance. With proper design, recycled paper can perform very similarly to paper made from virgin fiber.

While paper and paperboard are being used in many applications, their largest application is as materials for packaging applications. Paper and paperboard could be made into a wide range of packaging, either with or without additional treatments, alone or combined with other materials. They are made from renewable resources and recovered paper; and are recyclable. This article provides an overview of paper and paperboard making process, including a brief history; and characterizations of paper and paperboard and properties.

Wood is the dominant raw material for paper and paperboard production. More than 50% of the average global paper furnish is from virgin wood-based pulp. The other sources are recycled fiber (RCF) from recovered paper (RCP), nonwood fiber, and mineral pigments. This article presents the types and characteristics of pulpwood resources, occurrence, availability, and productivity of wood resources. The trends in wood usage in the pulp and paper industry were discussed. A critical concern for the global pulp and paper industry there will be reasonable access to the vast softwood resources in Siberia.

Pulp and paper mills are highly complex and integrate many different process areas. Processing options and the type of wood processed are often determined by the final product. A basic overview of pulp and paper manufacturing process, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission sources, and energy requirements in various pulp and paper processing steps are presented in this chapter.

The paper and packaging industry is an important part of the global economy and plays a critical role in the world economy. Cellulase, a complex enzyme produced by a number of microorganisms, has tremendous potential application in the pulp and paper industry. Cellulase contributes 10% of the worldwide industrial enzyme demand, and there is tremendous potential for cellulase biotechnology in pulp and paper manufacturing to grow steadily commercially, and to give rise to new possibilities. Cellulase, xylanase, laccase, and lipase are the most important enzymes that can be used in the pulp and paper processes. This prospective study aims to enhance the understanding of the most important advanced uses of cellulases for providing benefits to the pulp and paper industry in various areas like increased pulp yield, improved fiber properties, enhanced paper recycling, reduced processing and environmental problems, and energy efficiency.

Chemical additives used in papermaking fall into three groups—general (commodity) and two classes of specialty chemicals—process and functional. Process chemicals are used to optimize the production process by increasing machine speed, runnability, providing deposit control and reducing steam consumption. Retention aids, defoamers, fixative agents, biocides, and defoamers/antifoam additives are some typical examples of process chemicals. Functional chemicals directly affect paper quality and paper properties—color, water repellency, strength, printability, etc. Typical examples of such functional chemicals are dyes, coating binders, and strength and sizing additives. The boundary between process and functional chemicals is not very definite as process chemicals may either significantly influence performance of functional chemicals and/or affect sheet properties directly. About 90% of all chemical additives belong to functional additives. The remaining 10% are process chemicals, with retention aids (including fixatives, coagulants, flocculants and microparticles) representing the biggest and most important part. The in-depth and thorough coverage of chemical additives in the pulp and paper industry are presented. Various sections deal with pulping chemicals, bleaching chemicals, process chemicals, functional chemicals, pigments for fillers, coating pigments, aluminum, starch, chemicals used in paper recycling, and chemicals used for stickies control and tissue and towels.

The type of paper coated using chemical with the intension of changing color when exposed to heat is called thermal paper. The great advantage of thermal printing at its present state of development is its low cost and high reliability with regard to the instrument and the thermal paper. This study presents the manufacture and application of thermal paper. Also, the article describes the thermal paper based on color formers and the types of thermal paper. The thermal paper is use for thermal printers and copiers, mostly in lightweight or cheap devices like credit card terminals, cash registers, and adding machines.

The art, science, and technology of papermaking may be traced to 200 BC in China. Papermaking has played an important role in cultures all over the world and has evolved from simply pouring pounded pulp onto a fabric screen into the modern technology used today. This article traces the evolution of papermaking, the growth of paper technology, the variation in papermaking techniques, and reviews the economic and social reasons behind these changes.

Papermaking deposits can be classified as being organic, inorganic, or microbiological. Most paper machine deposits contain a combination of some or all of these major component types. Although inorganic deposits tend to be more of a problem in the stock and flow-piping systems of the paper mill, organic deposits tend to be more problematic in the headbox, wet end, and press section of the paper machine. These contaminants form tacky deposits that can plug forming fabrics and wet press felts. Microorganisms in paper mill systems take two forms: planktonic and sessile. Planktonic organisms do not readily cause problems in the system; however, in the sessile form, these same organisms can become problematic. Inorganic and organic deposits offer a readily available food source for sessile organisms, which attach themselves to deposit surfaces. Several of these organisms classified as slime formers are able to secrete a protective polysaccharide coating around themselves known as biofilm. The slime formers, in combination with inorganic and organic process additives and contaminants, can form deposits that coat process equipment and create sheet quality and runnability problems. In addition to slime formers, anaerobic bacteria can form under deposits. The most common type of anaerobic bacteria found in paper mills is sulfate-reducing bacteria, which is capable of converting sulfate in the system to highly corrosive hydrogen sulfide.

The pulp and paper industry is one of the largest industries in the world, with very high capital investments. The world's total paper production amounted to 403 million tons in 2013. The majority of manufacturing facilities in the paper industry are integrated. Most paper mills begin with wood chipping at the front end, followed by pulping, bleaching, papermaking, and recycling of post consumer products. The paper and paperboard industry in the global market and general aspects of pulp and papermaking processes are presented.

Company profiles of major pulp and paper chemical suppliers such as Kemira, Akzo Nobel NV, Eka Chemicals AB, Ashland, Inc., BASF, Buckman Laboratories International, Inc., Clariant, and Nalco Chemicals are presented. Major and niche enzyme suppliers—Novozymes, Enzymatic Deinking Technologies, Genencor, AB enzymes, DSM (Netherlands), Diversa (USA), Kao (Japan), and Tritex etc.—are also presented.

Nowadays, the paper industry is moving toward more sustainable or environmentally friendly processes. As a result, most modern paper mills are operating a closed loop process water system that operates under neutral or alkaline conditions with an increased consumption of recycled fibers as raw material. Currently more than 50% of the produced paper and board is derived from recycled fibers. These changes have resulted in an increasing number of problems resulting from slime deposits caused by an increase in microbiological activity. The paper machine loops and general aspects of paper making are presented.

During the last few decades, recovered paper and board has become the principal raw material of the paper industry, and 57% of all paper produced worldwide today is based on recovered paper. In addition to the fibrous raw material, recovered paper also contains other substances that are introduced by the paper product itself (printing inks, stickies, mineral particles) or during its use and subsequent collection (scraps and leftovers, sand, glass, etc.). Hence, when producing new paper from recovered paper, the pulp has to be cleaned intensely. In the stock preparation systems of paper mills, different processes like pulping, screening or flotation are used for cleaning.

The process to be applied to recovered paper to meet the quality requirements of recycled pulp is determined by the grade of the recovered paper and the demands of the final product. Roughly half of the total recovered papers are recycled for the production of case materials, mainly from old corrugated carton (OCC). Besides these brown recovered paper grades, white recovered paper grades, and some high-quality grades, are reused in newsprint, tissue and other graphic paper grades and in whip top layers of packaging papers, so these have to be deinked. Mixed recovered paper grades are used with OCC and for grey solid board layers and thus are not deinked. Deinking lines are more complex than OCC recycling lines. This is because in addition to the re-pulping and contaminant removal process steps, the pulp has to be deinked, and optionally bleached to achieve high brightness. Removing inks that are difficult to deink, like flexo prints and some digital prints, and ‘stickies’ from pressure-sensitive adhesives, are currently the main challenges in the field of deinking. Some examples of typical recycling and deinking lines for different applications – newsprint, fine paper, tissue, market pulp and packaging paper – are presented in this chapter.

Disturbance Management is a major issue in process industries like the pulp and paper (P&P) case and is mostly performed in the execution/control level. That approach is confined to the amendment of plans sent by upper levels and can thus be problematic. This paper moves towards the integration of planning and control, starting from the planning’s point of view. The application of Simulation-Optimization (S-O) allows considering uncertainty, but keeping a deterministic tractable optimization model. Indeed, it is the simulation model that incorporates more complex elements such as stochastic variables, as well as integrates (with more or less detail) the execution/control behaviour. In this work, we present a case study of a P&P mill, focusing on the two most critical production resources (the digester and the paper machine). The feedback obtained by simulating their interaction is used to adjust the slacks introduced in the intermediate tank. In this way, we are able to generate plans that are not only optimized concerning company’s indicators, but also robust against disturbances.

The use of secondary fibre in virgin fibre affects the papermaking process in many ways. Machine runnability is negatively affected unless proper measures are taken to address potential problems. Sheet properties, appearance and performance may also be affected. The presence of secondary fibres can increase the dirt count, the number of holes in the sheet and cause picking on the lump-breaker, breaker stacks and calendar depending on the efficiency of the cleaning and screening systems. Recycled fibre sheets also tend to be weaker than virgin fibre paper. Brightness, colour and opacity may also be affected. With proper consideration of the recycled fibre quality and the capabilities of the paper machine, the transition to recycled fibre can be a smooth one, with little negative impact on paper machine runnability.

There is a significant opportunity now for investors to build, own, and operate biorefineries at existing pulp and paper sites that will work synergistically and economically for the pulp and paper mill owner and the biorefinery owner. The pulp and paper industry is the world’s largest nonfood biomass collection system. The pulp and paper industry is a mature industry producing low-margin commodity products. But it has the ideal infrastructure, experience, and resources to capitalize on the strategic interest in renewable fuels via the biorefinery. Industry leaders, investors, policy-makers, and others are now beginning to better understand the vital role to be played by biorefineries as we move from a fossil fuel-based energy economy toward a bio-based one. When properly located and operated, the potential of an integrated forest biorefinery is expected to be huge: a very attractive and synergistic business opportunity for both the colocated pulp and paper mill and the biorefinery itself. Biorefineries are a key pathway to our biofuture, displacing fossil fuels and supplying clean, renewable, and carbon neutral energy. Biorefineries fit very well at pulp and paper mills because of their inherent ability to gather and process biomass and create energy from biomass.

This chapter describes the mass and energy requirements of pulp and paper processes in general, and specifically the Kraft process, which is the dominant pulping process as well as the most intensive steam user. The strong interactions between water and heat networks in pulp and paper mills are discussed. Water in pulp and paper processes is used for dilution, washing, cooling and heating, and is the main heat transporter and dissipator in pulp and paper processes. Approaches to increasing energy efficiency in existing mills are presented. Results show that there is a heat-savings potential of approximately 15–30% in typical existing mills. Finally, trends in Process Integration techniques in the pulp and paper industry are presented.

A systematic review into the literature surrounding industrial carbon capture has been performed, with a particular focus on costs per tonne of CO 2 avoided. The authors have reviewed 250 research articles in order to extract data regarding industrial CCS, focusing on four main carbon-emitting industries; the iron and steel industry, the refining industry, the pulp and paper industry and the cement industry. Only 25 costs were returned as part of the search, and across the four industries they suggested that the cost of carbon capture on industries after conversion to 2013 US Dollars is $20-140 per tonne of CO 2 avoided. The highest costs were found using amine scrubbing, the most mature technology, with other less mature technologies reporting lower costs, for example, calcium looping applied to the cement industry was reported to have costs of in the range of $20-75 per tonne avoided, with the only lower costs reported being in the pulp and paper industry reported between $16 and $35. However, the paucity of costing data increases the uncertainty surrounding industrial CCS, meaning that more economic data are required before any conclusive decisions can be made.

Low-cost easy-to-use paper testing devices such as strips for pH, pregnancy, or diabetes testing have been commercially available for years. Recently, using advances from microfluidics, researchers have enhanced these tools and developed microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPAD). These ‘lab-on-paper’ devices are capable of achieving complex and precise qualitative and quantitative measurements of a wider array of biochemicals inexpensively. This chapter explores the current methods for low-cost assays in paper-based microfluidic devices. It summarizes device fabrication, performance, and reliability, as well as the techniques and progress achieved in detection with examples of applications to explain how they represent a promising platform for biochemical sensing. Finally, it presents the current limitations and a few perspectival trends.

This paper presents an optimization strategy for pulp/water flow management in a paper production system. The problem is formulated at two levels - the upper/design level concerning optimal volumes of the pulp/water tower and the lower/operational level concerning how to control the system optimally with given tower volumes. At both levels of there are multiple and conflicting objectives.

The paper and pulp industry manufactures pulp and paper from wood or recycled fiber. This chapter identifies the chemicals involved in the process of production and provides general guidance on hazardous waste mitigation. This industry is the largest industrial process water user in the United States. Its manufacturing activities result in the release of many toxic substances into the surrounding communities that pollute air, water, and land, mainly in the pulping and bleaching stages. The process of pulping consists of initial processing, washing, and bleaching. Pulping is classified as chemical, mechanical, or semi-chemical, and of the chemical pulping methods, the kraft and sulfite processes are the most widely used. Bleaching is accomplished through elemental chlorine, elemental chlorine free, or totally chlorine free bleaching. The waste stream from bleaching contains chlorine compounds and organics that result in the formation of dioxins, furans, and chlorinated organics. This waste stream of toxic air and water pollutants does not get treated at water treatment plants, accumulating in the discharge body of water. The paper and pulp sector is subject to the same environmental regulations as other industry sectors, but the most significant recent rule-making activities affecting the pulp and paper sector are referred to collectively as the Cluster Rules, a set of air and water rules that were issued simultaneously.

This chapter focuses on pollution prevention (P2) and cleaner production. In terms of cleaner production it is necessary to define gasification as a technology that affords pulp and paper mills an important infrastructure investment into green power and overall reduction in the environmental footprint for the industry. Gasification technologies are now at the stage where they may be implemented at mills for black liquor gasification. Integrated plants capable of producing biofuels are perhaps only a few years away from commercialization, but interim investments into the basic building blocks are currently available. This chapter elaborates the general P2 practices and cleaner production. P2 practices define that pulp and paper are manufactured from raw materials containing cellulose fibers, generally wood, recycled paper, and agricultural residues. The main steps in pulp and paper manufacturing discussed are: raw material preparation, such as wood debarking and chip making, pulp manufacturing, pulp bleaching, paper manufacturing, and fiber recycling.

No water – no paper. This statement still holds true today. On the other hand, freshwater is a scarce resource that entails high costs. The pulp and paper industry has managed to use water efficiently in the past few decades. Nevertheless, the challenge of a zero effluent system has not been satisfactorily tackled up to now. Optimization of existing water circuits and the development of new treatment concepts are currently the principal tasks motivated by the pressure to minimize costs, increase productivity, and ensure product quality requirements.

Publisher Summary This chapter introduces the major sources of pollution, the chemicals of concern largely from an air pollution standpoint, and methods to estimate some of the releases through the application of emission factors. Most of the environmental impact from this industry sector is associated with the manufacturing process (particularly with pulping), with the environmental fate of the product representing a secondary, but still significant concern. Paper products constitute the largest single fraction of municipal solid waste. The production and use of paper is an enormous industry. The paper industry is an energy-consuming giant. Worldwide, the paper industry is the fifth largest consumer of energy, accounting for 4% of total global energy use. It also creates waste on a very large scale. In order to achieve sustainability, paper companies are implementing techniques to control waste and emissions. These techniques vary from reducing the overall use of energy to using new technologies to help control emissions.

We reviewed the 80 most outstanding papers ever presented and hence rewarded with awards at “IFSCC,” the one and only international conference/congress specializing in multiply combined scientific disciplines from which cosmetics are born, in an attempt to extract any correlations between such papers and cosmetic R&D trends over more than 40 years of time frame that gave birth to these papers. The 80 award-winning papers were categorized as either “Skin biology,” “Formulation technologies and new materials,” or “Hair and scalp,” and technological advancements were assembled chronologically based on their research contents. It is meaningful to look back at past technical trends in order to gain insights into new areas of research interests and/or product development.

Many blood tests require the separation of blood cells from plasma. This chapter describes an experiment for the fabrication of a paper microfluidic device that can be later used for blood-plasma separation. The chapter starts with describing the importance of blood-plasma separation in clinical diagnostic procedures. General information on paper microfluidics and protein determination is also provided in the background section. The next sections cover topics related to the design of a paper microfluidic device, the chemicals and materials required, and hazards associated with this experiment. The experimental section includes a step-by-step procedure for device fabrication, separation techniques, and colorimetric determination of blood plasma. Additional notes that may help instructors and students are also highlighted. The included assessment questions can help judge students’ knowledge of the experiment. References at the end of the chapter may be helpful for further reading.

A simple method to verify Beer–Lambert’s law, which is popularly known as Beer’s law, is presented in this chapter. The law is verified using color solutions and a paper device combined with a smartphone as a detector. This experiment does not require a colorimeter or spectrophotometer. While basic information on Beer’s law is given at the beginning of this chapter, the following sections cover topics related to design of the paper microfluidic device, the chemicals and materials required, and the hazards associated with this experiment. The experimental section includes a step-by-step procedure for with detailed steps for device fabrication, solution preparation including extraction of starch from potato, color assay, and data-acquisition methods. Additional notes that may help instructors and students are also highlighted. Assessment questions given at the end of the chapter will be helpful to determine students’ knowledge of the experiment.

Publisher Summary The papermaking process consists of several major steps: stock preparation, sheet forming, pressing, drying, and surface finishing. Starch is an important component of many paper grades. Starch consumption by weight in papermaking and paper conversion processes ranks third after cellulose fiber and mineral pigments. Starch is used as a flocculant and retention aid, as a bonding agent, as a surface size, as a binder for coatings, and as an adhesive in corrugated board, laminated grades, and other products. The major starch sources are corn, potato, waxy maize, wheat, and tapioca. Refined starches are supplied in powder form or as slightly aggregated pearl starch. Unmodified (native) starch is rarely used in the paper industry, except as a binder for laminates and in the corrugating process. Most starches for use in papermaking are specialty products that have been modified by controlled hydrolysis, oxidation, or derivatization. This chapter also covers various topics such as: application requirements for starch, dispersion of starch, environmental aspects of starch, starch analysis in paper, and use of starch in papermaking furnish, for surface sizing of paper, as a coating binder, as adhesive in paper conversion, and in newer specialty papers.