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The NIST selection process for standardizing Post-Quantum Cryptography Mechanisms is currently running. Many papers already studied their theoretical security, but the resistance in deployed device has not been much investigated so far. In particular, fault attack is a serious threat for algorithms implemented in embedded devices. One particularly powerful technique is to use safe-error attacks. Such attacks exploit the fact that a specific fault may or may not lead to a faulty output depending on a secret value. In this paper, we investigate the resistance of various Post-Quantum candidates algorithms against such attacks.

Paper-based digital microfluidic biochip (PB-DMFB) technology provides a promising solution to many biochemical applications. However, PB-DMFB manufacturing process may suffer from potential security threats. For example, both Trojan insertion and man-in-the-middle attack may affect the functionality of PB-DMFBs. To ensure the correct functionality of PB-DMFBs, we propose a watermarking scheme to hides information in the PB-DMFB layout, which allows users to check design integrity and authenticate the source of the PB-DMFB design. As a result, it serves as a first countermeasure against both Trojan insertion and man-in-the-middle attacks for PB-DMFBs.

Electronic paper (i.e., e-paper) is a display technology that aims to imitate and substitute the conventional paper. Previous studies of e-paper mainly focus on evaluating or making practical use of its readability. However, there is little research to explore the potential of e-paper on input-oriented applications. In this paper, we introduce a document composition system named SwiftPad for e-paper. Specifically, SwiftPad renovates the famous TEX typesetting system, enabling users to compose high typographic quality documents on e-paper in a WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get), offline-first, and collaborative fashion. Building such a system on resource-constrained e-paper with low screen refresh rate creates unique challenges. In this paper, we identity these challenges and provides workable solutions. We also provide a preliminary evaluation of the new system.

The security of software systems relies so heavily on the use of secrets, ranging from credentials, API keys, and tokens to secret keys for cryptographic security. This paper examines approaches for managing and handling secrets in software development life cycle, focusing on mobile applications where software must be distributed to devices and operate in an untrusted environment. This paper points out the shortcomings in activities related to secrets management and handling in mobile application development life cycle and outlines future directions in this area of research.

Machine learning (ML) has increasingly been adopted in safety-critical systems such as autonomous vehicles (AVs) and industrial robotics. In these domains, reliability and safety are important considerations, and hence it is critical to ensure the resilience of ML systems to faults and errors. On the other hand, soft errors are becoming more frequent in commodity computer systems due to the effects of technology scaling and reduced supply voltages. Further, traditional solutions for masking hardware faults such as Triple-Modular Redundancy (TMR) are prohibitively expensive in terms of their energy and performance overheads. Therefore, there is a compelling need to ensure the resilience of ML applications to soft errors on commodity hardware platforms.We first experimentally assess the resilience of safety-critical ML applications to soft errors. We demonstrate through fault injection experiments that even a single bit flip due to a soft error can lead to misclassification in Deep Neural Network (DNN) applications deployed in AVs, leading to safety violations. However, not all the errors in an DNN will result in serve consequences such as safety violations, and hence it is sufficient to protect the DNN from the ones that do. Unfortunately, finding all possible errors that result in safety violations is a very compute intensive task. We propose BinFI, a fault injection approach that efficiently injects critical faults that are highly likely to result in safety violations, based on the unique properties of DNNs. Finally, we propose Ranger, an approach to protect DNNs from critical faults with minimal performance overheads and no accuracy loss. We will conclude by presenting some of our ongoing work, and the future challenges in this area.

We envision a richer support from Virtual Reality (VR) development environments than the one available today. We believe this will be part of an Operating System (OS) for VR applications, since those services should be uniform and widespread for all experiences within a VR system, they are generic enough to be part of any application, and possibly they will not have to be developed from scratch. This position paper explores some of the shortcomings in current technology we are identifying while developing an application for the intervention of kids with ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder), and how these OS services might be defined and used.

Several applications can benefit from recording information about the places a mobile entity visits and the length of time it spends there (e.g., shoppers, employees, buses, movable equipment, autonomous robots, etc.). In this paper, we present our approach to recording spatio-temporal information in a secure and inviolable way using a Distributed Ledger Technology. So far in this work, we observe that, although sending data to the blockchain is a heavy process, there are ways that this transaction time does not disrupt the flow of new data such as adding these data to a queue. However, this makes the sending process overall longer. We intend to continue this study by testing different blockchain services and comparing their performances.

This work is centered on the paper making process in an industrial paper mill. There exist plenty of sub-processes in a paper mill for transformation of raw material to finished product. A particular process that is taken up in this research is paper basis weight control process, which is very important for good quality paper production. But the controller design for this process is very challenging due to the involvement of severe dead time value, which in addition to delaying the control output, makes the control system unstable. So, two different approaches are used here, in MATLAB, for controller design, one is the dead time approximation using Pade approximation technique and the other is dead time compensation using Smith predictor technique. Hence, the performance of the designed control systems is compared.

The purpose of this work is to explore the applicability and effectiveness of deep learning methods for the task------moves recognition in abstract of research paper. We firstly build a large corpus for moves recognition. Then we choose the traditional machine learning method SVM as a benchmark, and develop four moves recognition methods based on DNN, LSTM, Attention-BiLSTM and BERT. Finally, we design two groups of experiments with sample size 10,000 and 50,000 and then compare experimental results. The results show that most of the deep learning methods outperform the traditional machine learning method SVM especially in large-scale sample experiments, in which the BERT with a re-pre-trained model achieves the best results in both groups of experiments. Deep learning methods are proved applicable and effective for moves recognition in research paper abstracts.

Paper-based digital microfluidic biochips (PB-DMFBs) provide a promising solution for microfluidic bioassays. Due to the low-cost substrate material and low demand for complicated manufacturing equipment, PB-DMFBs can be fabricated without foundry. On the flip side, convenience of fabrication allows PB-DMFBs to be fabricated everywhere, which makes it is difficult to manage production and distribution of IP (bioassays). As a result, PB-DMFBs are vulnerable to security threats. IP and its creator, the biocoders, may suffer from infringement. To ensure IP protection, in this paper, we proposed the first Digital Rights Management (DRM) scheme to protect IPs of PB-DMFBs from security threats. A chip-level synthesis algorithm is also presented to realize not only complex biochemical operations but also the demand of DRM.

Virtual Reality (VR) and 360 film have caught the attention of audiences and content creators and emerged as a new media, however, the market penetration of VR and head mounted hardware has remained slow despite the availability of more affordable mobile options. This has resulted in some audiences turning to VR cinemas, festivals and out-of-home exhibitions. Creating affordable, scalable VR cinemas presents a number of challenges and many of the decisions taken in both developing and facilitating these curated exhibitions directly impact audience's reception of spatial audio soundtracks. This workshop position paper looks to discuss the potential issues and future solutions in the use of current synchronous exhibition applications, the competing formats, standardised Head Related Transfer Functions, headphone build/colourisation, and the on-boarding process.

The uneven utilisation of modes of transport has a big impact on traffic in transport pathway infrastrutures. For motor vehicles for instance, this situation explains rapid road deterioration and the large amounts of money invested in maintenance and development due to overuse. There are many approaches to managing this problem; however, the impact of individual users in infrastructural maintenance is mostly ignored. In this position paper, we hypothesise that important changes torwards a more efficient use of the transport network start with its users and their behavioural changes. To this end, we introduce our vision on how to employ data driven, intelligent agent-based modelling, incorporating human factors aspects, as a toolset to understand travellers and to stimulate behavioural changes. The aim is to achieve better balanced and integrated mobility usage within the transport network. The idea is explored with a few guided questions, and a methodology is proposed. We employ 1) cognitive work analysis to investigate the reasons for travellers' mode choice; 2) computational intelligence to extract and represent knowledge from related datasets; 3) agent-based modelling to represent the real-world and to observe both individual and emergent behaviours. Future directions to adapt our methodology to alternative smart mobility projects are also discussed.

Even though AI/ML is of strategic importance for many companies, it is not easy to come up with an AI life cycle in a multi-cloud world that is being increasingly embraced. In this paper, we present our position on an AI strategy that is future proof and does not force vendor lock in.

Cloud computing is a new paradigm. In recent years, cloud computing has been a popular model for hosting and providing services, as it has gained great popularity in providing multiple services such as storage and cloud hosting. Moreover, the cloud provides a powerful computing platform that enables many individuals and organizations to perform many tasks such as: use of online storage space, approval on business applications, developing custom computer software, and creating a virtual network environment. In previous years, the number of people using cloud services increased dramatically and a lot of data was stored in cloud computing environments. Meanwhile, data breaches of cloud services are also increasing every year due to hackers who are always trying to exploit security holes in the cloud architecture, so the security problems in these systems are horrific because they store a lot of private and confidential data. In this paper, the authors review security and privacy issues, bottlenecks associated with cloud computing, and the specific security issues in cloud computing layers and vulnerabilities, and how to avoid and control them. This paper helps the reader understand the problems related to cloud computing.

Computing machines, it seems, have been becoming more deeply embedded in our lives. Today, this alliance with computers is taking shape as competition with robots for jobs that are becoming increasingly mechanized, be it on the smart factory floor, or next to hospital beds, or humanoid robots making elderly Japanese laugh, or even cognitive cooking. Should we be concerned at this development or just think of this as another agricultural revolution or Gutenberg’s printing press revolution with a bonanza of benefits in retrospect? What about human-robot cooperation, could that be a happy medium? Or, are machines destined to take over more facets of our lives at work and at play, like the sensors monitoring our sleep patterns and helping to improve sleep quality. Would you consider scenarios like some of the ones mentioned above to be a threat or an entry ramp to utopia? Some questions to think of: What are the jobs where robots can or should have only a marginal role? Where can man and machine work together? How do we guarantee that the machine stays tamed? Does AI pose an existential threat?

In modern academic social network, it is very difficult for scholars to find academic papers consistent with their research direction. Time is a critical factor in paper recommendation. As time goes on, the impact of an academic paper would gradually fade. Likewise, the research interests of users may also change. Therefore, we propose a temporal perceptual neural collaborative filtering model that integrates the multi-dimensional features of papers. We conducted our experiments on the dataset from CiteULike, comparing the recommended results by using four time-decay functions and evaluating our model with multiple evaluation indicators. The satisfactory results show that our model is effective in filtering out the expired papers by considering the characteristics of papers and the changes of scholars' interests.

Summary models, whether extractive or abstractive, have achieved great success recently. For long academic papers, the abstractive model with the encoder-decoder architecture mainly only relies on the attentional context vector for generation, unlike humans who have already mastered the salient information of the source text to have full control over what to write. While the extracted sentences always contain the correct and salient information which can be used to control the abstraction process. Therefore, based on a hierarchical encoder-decoder architecture specifically for academic papers, we proposed a summary model with an Instructor, an encoder in essence by taking the guiding sentences as the input to further control the generating process. In the encoder part, the final hidden state from Instructor is directly added to the basic hierarchical hidden state from the encoder. Experimental results on arXiv/PubMed show that the only encoder-improved model can generate better abstract. In the decoder part, the context vector from Instructor is integrated with the original discourse-aware context vector for the generation. The results show that Instructor is effective for control and our model can generate a more accurate and fluent abstract with significantly higher ROUGE values.

The pervasive use of software systems and current threat environment demand that software systems not only survive cyberattacks, but also bounce back better, stronger, and faster. However, what constitutes a modern software system? Where should the security and resilience mechanisms be-in the application software or in the cloud environment where it runs? In this concept paper, we set up a context to pose these questions and present a roadmap to answer them. We describe challenges to achieving resilience and beyond, and outline potential research directions to stimulate discussion in the workshop.

Critical flaws continue to exist at the level of domain, requirement, and/or design specification, and specification verification (i.e. to check whether a specification has desirable properties) is still one of the most important challenges in software/system engineering. CafeOBJ is an executable algebraic specification language system and domain/requirement/design engineers can write proof scores in CafeOBJ for improving quality of specifications by the specification verification. This paper describes advances of the proof scores for the specification verification in CafeOBJ from the author’s point of view.

In this paper, we propose a data augmentation framework for Optical Character Recognition (OCR). The proposed framework is able to synthesize new viewing angles and illumination scenarios, effectively enriching any available OCR dataset. Its modular structure allows to be modified to match individual user requirements. The framework enables to comfortably scale the enlargement factor of the available dataset. Furthermore, the proposed method is not restricted to single frame OCR but can also be applied to video OCR. We demonstrate the performance of our framework by augmenting a 15% subset of the common Brno Mobile OCR dataset. Our proposed framework is capable of leveraging the performance of OCR applications especially for small datasets. Applying the proposed method, improvements of up to 2.79 percentage points in terms of Character Error Rate (CER), and up to 7.88 percentage points in terms of Word Error Rate (WER) are achieved on the subset. Especially the recognition of challenging text lines can be improved. The CER may be decreased by up to 14.92 percentage points and the WER by up to 18.19 percentage points for this class. Moreover, we are able to achieve smaller error rates when training on the 15% subset augmented with the proposed method than on the original nonaugmented full dataset.

The emerging of information technology (IT)and operational technology (OT) convergence has driven the smart grid technology adoption in the European (EU) energy system for better visibility and automated controllability. On the other hand, the energy system infrastructures can be threaten by the cyber attacks due to the increasing of information and communication technology integration. The cyber vulnerabilities are caused by the increasing of internet connection and the application complexities. It is crucial to identify essential skills in the field of cyber security protection and defense for the students. This paper presents the outcome of a literature review and a workshop with stakeholders from industry and academia about the state of the art and trends in the education of cyber security in smart grids.

Coarse-grained reconfigurable arrays (CGRAs) are programmable hardware platforms that can be used to realize application-specific accelerators for higher performance and energy efficiency. A CGRA is a 2D array of configurable logic blocks & interconnect, where the logic blocks are typically large & ALU-like, and the interconnect is word-wide. CGRA-ME is a software framework that enables the modelling and exploration of CGRA architectures, as well as research on CGRA CAD algorithms. With CGRA-ME, an architect can specify a CGRA architecture at a high level of abstraction. A set of applications can be mapped onto the architecture to assess the mappability, power, performance and cost. CGRA-ME also allows one to generate synthesizable Verilog RTL for the modelled CGRA, permitting its implementation as an ASIC or FPGA overlay. In this paper, we describe the CGRA-ME framework [5] and overview its capabilities and current limitations. We discuss ongoing and prior research conducted with the framework, as well as outline future plans. We believe CGRA-ME will be a valuable contribution to the community, enabling new research on CGRA CAD & architectures.

Conventional research trend detection methods require a large number of papers to perform analysis, while the trends detected are usually retrospective and cannot represent the emerging topic which is in embryonic stage, because detection method based on word features or citation relationships have to wait for the trend to come into form and become popular to detect it. Besides, the acquisition of paper full text is usually costly. We employ the paper metadata, which is relatively easy to acquire and process, to detect potentially valuable papers in specific field once the papers are published or their metadata become accessible and extract emerging cutting-edge trend from them. By comparing the result with conventional methods, we prove the effectiveness of the method.

The Panama Papers is a collection of 11.5 million leaked records that contain information for more than 214,488 offshore entities. This collection is growing rapidly as more leaked records become available online. In this paper, we present a work in progress on a web browser plugin that detects company names from the Panama Papers and alerts the user by means of unobtrusive visual cues. We matched a random sample of company names from the Public Works and Government Services Canada registry against the Panama Papers using three different string matching techniques. Monge-Elkan is found to provide the best matching results but at increased computational cost. Levenshtein-based approach is found to provide the best tradeoff between matching and computational cost, while Jacquard index like approach is found to be less sensitive to slight textual change.

At present, the protection, inheritation, innovation and development of intangible cultural heritage in China are facing more severe opportunities and challenges. In order to overcome the shortcomings of too rigid and conservative expression, and poor interactive of traditional digital means, the virtual reality (VR) technology is applied to the protection and inheritance of the paper-cut art in this paper. Firstly, a variety of paper-cut basic symbols are put into a database, and then the paper-cut symbols are summarized. Now we put them into computer aided design software of CDDataBase, and we can use CorelDRAW for graphic expression and artistic design. Secondly, the virtual digital museum display system is constructed by using the 3D model database. At the same time we can create a digital platform for Mangshi Dai paper-cut art, in order to maximize the utilization of resources and sharing. Finally, using WeChat, weibo, community sites and other mediums of the Web platform to connect digital Dai paper-cut art with social docking platform can make public deeply understand Dai paper-cut arts. So the VR technology can achieve wide protection and inheritance of Dai paper-cut art.

Self-service terminal equipment generally, compose of group of integrated systems, which operate together to offer services to human in the economic aspect. The conception of the self-service store terminal equipment facilitates person's life, greatly. The self- service terminal equipment that exist in Yemen are rarely found, because of their extremely expensive cost. Additionally, that material can't deal with all denominations of Yemeni paper currency; just two denominations can be treated. The proposed system is a Mechatronics' system which typifies a prototype of SST equipment which is able to arrangement with all denominations of Yemeni paper currency. The principal function of the proposed scheme is building up an SST prototype with simple social system which is able to recognize and detect four denominations of Yemeni paper currency (1000, 500, 200 and 100 Yr), then store them in the specified box for each denomination. The proposed scheme is composed of four integrated systems as work together concurrently. The entered paper currency is fed into the detection place to be determined whether it is fake or genuine, then if it is genuine, it will be recognized to identify its denomination, finally it is stored in the specified box according to the currency denomination. The identification scheme has been designed to distinguish the dominant colour in each denomination using color sensor, while the detection scheme is designed using the UV - light detector. The developed system has been tested using 10 samples of each denomination for checking the accuracy and speed of operation. The prototype has achieved a high accuracy with short time of processing.

The written exam is a universal tool for evaluating student performance in the field of education. The written exam provides a mechanism by which instructors and organizations ensure the consistency of the assessment process. Human effort required for the assessment is very high and it depends on several factors such as knowledge of the teacher, application level understanding of the teacher, criteria of the marking and time allotted. However, traditional evaluation processes consume very costly efforts and take huge time for the completion of the complete evaluation, verification and publishing of the result process. This research introduces the design and implementation of Handwritten Answer Evaluation (HAES) system for student exam papers. The HAES is an automatic response assessment system that enables the identification of text in answer sheets and can evaluate the grade of each answer based on the previous knowledge of the model. In this study, Optical Character Recognition (OCR) tool is used to extract the text from human written scanned answer script and machine learning/natural language processing (NLP) techniques are used for grading the answer sheets. The scores are based on cosine set similarity measures, where each sentence in the evaluated answer paper carries their corresponding mark. The developed model can be used to evaluate the marks of the unscored descriptive answers.

In this paper, a method has been proposed for user profiling based on tweeter data. The sentiments of the tweets are retrieved programmatically with the help of WordNet and News Paper Archive. In this experiment, the English WordNet 2.1 has been used as an online semantic dictionary and machine readable version of the "Times of India" news paper has been used to generate a news paper archive. The algorithm is tested on a data set of 1000 tweets from four different categories which are initially tagged by their innate senses for validation of the derived result.First of all, the data set is evaluated with the help of newspaper archive by using lexical overlap and the accuracy in sense retrieval task is 48.7%. The reason behind this scenario is the varieties of representations of a single statement in natural language which creates a mare similarity between the lexical entities of the statements. To overcome this problem, the contexts of the tweets are expanded with the help of WordNet by considering the synonyms of every meaningful word of the tweets and after that the senses of these tweets are evaluated. As the contexts of the statements are expanded in this approach, semantic relatedness between the statements is resolved in an efficient way which leads the system towards a better performance.

As Machine Learning (ML) becomes pervasive in the era of artificial intelligence, ML specific tools and frameworks are required for architectural research. This paper introduces NeuroMeter, an integrated power, area, and timing modeling framework for ML accelerators. NeuroMeter models the detailed architecture of ML accelerators and generates a fast and accurate estimation on power, area, and chip timing. Meanwhile, it also enables the runtime analysis of system-level performance and efficiency when the runtime activity factors are provided. NeuroMeter’s micro-architecture model includes fundamental components of ML accelerators, including systolic array based tensor units (TU), reduction trees (RT), and 1D vector units (VU). NeuroMeter has accurate modeling results, with the average power and area estimation errors below 10% and 17% respectively when validated against TPU-v1, TPU-v2, and Eyeriss.Leveraging the NeuroMeter’s new capabilities on architecting manycore ML accelerators, this paper presents the first in-depth study on the design space and tradeoffs of “Brawny and Wimpy” inference accelerators in datacenter scenarios with the insights that are otherwise difficult to discover without NeuroMeter. Our study shows that brawny designs with 64x64 systolic arrays are the most performant and efficient for inference tasks in the 28nm datacenter architectural space with a 500mm2 die area budget. Our study also reveals important tradeoffs between performance and efficiency. For datacenter accelerators with low batch inference, a small $(\sim 16$%) sacrifice of system performance (in achieved Tera OPerations per Second, aka TOPS) can lead to more than a 2x efficiency improvement (in achieved TOPS/TCO). To showcase NeuroMeter’s capability to model a wide range of diverse ML accelerator architectures, we also conduct a followon mini-case study on implications of sparsity on different ML accelerators, demonstrating wimpier accelerator architectures benefit more readily from sparsity processing despite their lower achievable raw energy efficiency.

With the rapid development of virtual reality technology and new media technology, virtual reality panoramic news has become an emerging form in news communication. In this paper, by studying the feasibility of virtual reality panoramic news, designing the implementation scheme of virtual reality panoramic news for sports events through Unity3D, establishing a news dissemination effect evaluation system and quantitatively evaluating the sports news in this paper, the results show that the virtual reality panoramic news dissemination technology has a better dissemination impact.

Due to the increasingly growing demand for user identification on cell phones, PCs, laptops, and so on, face anti-spoofing has risen to significance and is an active research area in academia and industry. The detection of the real face then recognize it present an important challenge regarding the techniques that can be used to spoof any recognition system like masks, printed photos. This paper we present an anti-spoofing face method to solve the real-world scenario that learns the target domain classifier based on samples used for training in a particular source domain. Specifically, with the conventional regression CNN, the Spatial/Channel-wise Attention Modules were introduced. Two modules, namely the Spatial-wise Attention Module and the Channel-wise Attention Module, were used at spatial and channel levels to improve local features and ignore the irrelevant features. Extensive experiments on current collections with benchmarks datasets verifies that the recommended solution will significantly benefit from the two modules and better generalization capability by providing significantly improved results in anti-spoofing.

Drowsiness can be dangerous when performing tasks that require constant attention, such as driving a vehicle. Sleepiness is correlated with a variety of physiological variables, such as eye closing, head movements, pulse rate, eye twitch rate, etc. Also, the yawn can be considered as an accurate indicator of drowsiness and fatigue. Yawning detection is very important for the safety purpose of drivers as it will let the driver know if he/she is getting drowsy. Driving at that moment may not be safe. Several automatic yawning detection techniques have been developed for driver's drowsiness monitoring system. Nevertheless, correctly detecting the yawning of the driver and predicting exhaustion in real-time situations is still a crucial challenge. In this paper, we will be reviewing various existing machine learning approaches for driver's yawning detection. In previous approaches, various classical machine learning algorithms such as viola-Jones, contour activation algorithm and SVM have been used for yawning detection, but these approaches failed to predict yawning in realtime situations. Using Deep learning techniques, we can make a real-time yawn detection system with high accuracy. We find that some precious Deep learning algorithms like CNN, RNN, LSTM, Bi-LSTM can detect the patterns with high accuracy. After the comparison of various algorithms and techniques, we find that with the help of Deep learning algorithms the yawning can be detected in real time with high accuracy.

Human recogntion technologies are gaining significant research attention, where the model can be trained to be more precise to recognize the poses performed by objects. Activity identification is a kind of problem, which needs more research consideration and improvement. There is also an increasing need to detect different poses of objects. To tackle the issue, different sensors like Gyroscope and Accelerometer are required to classify the data in the form of images using machine learning algorithms like SVM and CNN. These approaches help us in implementing real-time applicaions such as health monitoring, tracking sports activity and security. The paper also discusses about its benefits, limitations and prominent approach for human activity recognition.

As the connectivity of autonomous vehicles keeps growing, it is an accepted fact that they are even more vulnerable to malicious cyber-attacks. Recently, sensor spoofing has become an emerging attack that can compromise vehicle safety as vehicles are equipped with more sensors. Thus, it is critical to validate the sensor readings before utilizing them for future actions. In this paper, we develop HDAD, a hyperdimensional computing-based anomaly detection method. Hyperdimensional computing (HDC) is an emerging brain-inspired computing paradigm that mimics the brain cognition and leverages hyperdimensional vectors with fully distributed holographic representation and (pseudo)randomness. The key idea of HDAD is to use HDC to build encoder and decoder to reconstruct the sensor readings. The anomalous data typically have comparatively higher reconstruction errors than normal sensor readings. We explore three different metrics to measure the reconstruction error including mean squared error, mean absolute error, and cosine similarity. Using a real-world vehicle sensor reading dataset, we demonstrate the feasibility and efficacy of HDAD, opening the door for a new set of anomaly detection algorithm design.

Improper Input Validation (IIV) is a software vulnerability that occurs when a system does not safely handle input data. Even though IIV is easy to detect and fix, it still commonly happens in practice. In this paper, we study to what extent developers can detect IIV and investigate underlying reasons. This knowledge is essential to better understand how to support developers in creating secure software systems. We conduct an online experiment with 146 participants, of which 105 report at least three years of professional software development experience. Our results show that the existence of a visible attack scenario facilitates the detection of IIV vulnerabilities and that a significant portion of developers who did not find the vulnerability initially could identify it when warned about its existence. Yet, a total of 60 participants could not detect the vulnerability even after the warning. Other factors, such as the frequency with which the participants perform code reviews, influence the detection of IIV. Preprint: https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.06251. Data and materials: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3996696.

Wireless communication base stations have strong requirements in flexibility, performance and real-time responsiveness. Building an application-specific lightweight LibOS on a general OS is a good technique to make a balance among real-time responsiveness, performance and flexibility. Compared to traditional ext-kernel systems, the fast progress of virtualization technology brings a more efficient implementation of LibOS. In this paper, we propose a virtualization assisted real-time LibOS system named Tenma for wireless Baseband Unit (BBU). In Tenma, lightweight process virtualization, enhanced isolation between host OS and guest OS, interrupt direct-pass and application specific lightweight scheduling are used to guarantee the requirements of performance and real-time responsiveness while keeping system flexibility. The Tenma system is already in commercial deployment. Experiments in practice prove that it can meet the requirements of wireless base station applications.

Constantly increasing botnets powered by vulnerable IoT devices perform record-breaking DDoS attacks to critical infrastructures. Therefore, it is imperative to find vulnerabilities in IoT devices ahead of attackers. In this paper, we first present a systematic analysis on various kinds of IoT malware to further explore the challenges of IoT Honeypot design. We then propose HoneyIoT, a scalable IoT Honeypot framework, which aims at attracting IoT attacks and recording malicious behaviors with configurable vulnerabilities and firmware support. During a 7day real-world industrial experiment, HoneyIoT observed over 12,500 malicious connections and 3,423 distinct login attempts.

In this invited paper, applications for Machine Learning (ML) in several areas of semiconductor manufacturing and test are reviewed and potential opportunities are discussed.

We consider an edge computing framework for online distributed learning in UAV swarm, which allows swarm to collect data and train machine learning (ML) models over the air. Usually, UAVs are used as sensors to collect and transmit data to ground for further processing. However, the overhead for raw data transmission are becoming unaffordable as the task gets complex and the timeliness gets increasingly rigorous. Therefore, We have proposed a new distributed online learning scheme to allow each UAV collect data locally as well as perform ML model training onboard. We have theoretically proved the convergence of the ML model to be trained, and the performance gap between central training method and proposed scheme is analyzed. Furthermore, we have bridged the sensing and transmission via the definition of importance of each UAV based on its contribution in training, where we extend the widely-used timeliness metric Age of Information (AoI) to Age of Updates (AoU), and thus the data freshness and data value in training process are combined together. The performance of the proposed distributed learning scheme is validated, and the difference between AoI and AoU are compared via simulations.

In order to automate the task of correcting handwritten subjective answers, we envision a system that reads such answers and grades them. In this project, we have created a mobile application to achieve this task. We have used the RAKE algorithm to extract key-phrases, which are then embedded using Word2vec model and compared using Word Mover's Distance. Our created model achieved almost human like evaluation accuracy. We have also provided accessibility features to the users with the aim of making this application a one-stop solution to automatic evaluation of handwritten subjective answers.

Bitcoin blockchain is growing big, yet its transaction capacity hit its limits in 2017. One solution heavily discussed within the bitcoin community is to let it grow faster by increasing size of the blocks. However, making transactions smaller instead of blocks bigger is more sustainable and also brings other additional benefits. In this paper, we focus on space wasted by non-cryptographic use of hashes and uncompressed numbers within transaction inputs. In our analyses, we show that transactions can be made approximately 16% smaller, depending on their complexity.

Machine learning (ML) components are increasingly adopted in many automated systems. Their ability to learn and work with novel input/incomplete knowledge and their generalization capabilities make them highly desirable solutions for complex problems. This has motivated the inclusion of ML techniques/components in products for many industrial domains including automotive systems. Such systems are safety-critical systems since their failure may cause death or injury to humans. Therefore, their safety must be ensured before they are used in their operational environment. However, existing safety standards and Verification and Validation (V&V) techniques do not properly address the special characteristics of ML-based components such as non-determinism, non-transparency, instability. This position paper presents the authors' view on the safety of automotive systems incorporating ML-based components, and it is intended to motivate and sketch a research agenda for extending a safety standard, namely ISO 26262, to address challenges posed by incorporating ML-based components in automotive systems.

Cyber security and data science are two of the fastest growing fields in Computer Science and more recently they are being integrated for various applications. This position paper will review the developments in applying Data science for cyber security and cyber security for data science and then discuss the applications in Social Media.

In the era of emerging Smart Built Environments (SBEs), a smart house, unlike regular houses with static "components", consists of numerous interconnected and often actuated devices, capable of executing tasks independent of user supervision. Living in such a SBE, where for example, the furniture can rearrange itself, and the doors open and close of their own volition, may be difficult and unpredictable. Furthermore, cyber-security attacks and intrusion could allow attackers to assume control of the SBE, damage its components and to potentially harm its inhabitants. Such novel characteristics of SBEs present developers with several unique challenges with regards to implementing the needed safety and security measures and protocols that go along with them. With such environments, therefore, there is a need for a system that is capable of monitoring user activities in real-time, identifying the safety and security hazards to users in their immediate local context, warning users of these hazards, and perhaps even taking preventative and mitigative action against the hazards that it identified. In this paper, we survey some of these challenges and explore the design and implementation of a system designed around the safety and security of SBE inhabitants. We propose an approach to modeling SBE safety that combines the three laws of robotics and the swarm behavior model. We also present a preliminary prototype and discuss a case study.

In this position paper, we propose a decentralized architecture for publishing RDF. Unlike traditional client-server architectures, we propose a peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture for SPARQL query processing and RDF knowledge sharing. We present a general architecture and its key problems. Further, we discuss its potential with respect to solving the availability and performance issues that for a long time have been prevailing on existing infrastructures.

This position paper proposes CsPI (Cybersecurity Performance Index) as a new way to evaluate the cyber security investment decisions and measure the progresses and effects of the investments and projects. In a conventional way, cyber security budgets are usually evaluated by the return on investment (ROI), which has some undesirable side effects. Since we don't ask for return on investment for other similar expenses (like IT or capital), why should we use ROI for cybersecurity? Here, we propose to adopt a well-established technique in the project management field called "earned value" to the field of cyber security. Specifically, what we propose is to measure the progress of cybersecurity expenses against a plan. The plan should include protection, detect, respond, recover goals that cybersecurity expenses (people, process, technology) attempt to meet – and this has to take into account business objectives and threat/vulnerabilities. Similar to the "Cost Performance Index" or "Schedule Performance Index" in Earned Value, we can define "Cybersecurity Performance Index" (CsPI). The main idea is to show how well current cybersecurity expenses are performing against a plan. At the end, future research directions are presented.

The rapid growth of Internet technologies and further dependence on online services, increase the demand for keeping these networks and data secure. The protection of online information is becoming even more vital to the national security and economic stability. Recently, network security has become one of the most concerning subjects in the current research and industry fields. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) are considered as the backbone for network and data protection. Throughout time, different IDS approaches have been implemented to attain maximum detection accuracy. Machine learning IDS is one of the promising IDS techniques that have been created to detect known as well as unknown attacks. This paper investigates various machine learning techniques used to deploy Network-based Intrusion Detection System (NIDS). This survey could provide a more robust understanding of the existing techniques and assists intrigued researchers to identify research opportunities and investigate more in this direction.

We develop and commercialize autonomous machines, such as logistic robots and self-driving cars, around the globe. A critical challenge to our—and any—autonomous machine is accurate and efficient localization under resource constraints, which has fueled specialized localization accelerators recently. Prior acceleration efforts are point solutions in that they each specialize for a specific localization algorithm. In real-world commercial deployments, however, autonomous machines routinely operate under different environments and no single localization algorithm fits all the environments. Simply stacking together point solutions not only leads to cost and power budget overrun, but also results in an overly complicated software stack.This paper demonstrates our new software-hardware co-designed framework for autonomous machine localization, which adapts to different operating scenarios by fusing fundamental algorithmic primitives. Through characterizing the software framework, we identify ideal acceleration candidates that contribute significantly to the end-to-end latency and/or latency variation. We show how to co-design a hardware accelerator to systematically exploit the parallelisms, locality, and common building blocks inherent in the localization framework. We build, deploy, and evaluate an FPGA prototype on our next-generation self-driving cars. To demonstrate the flexibility of our framework, we also instantiate another FPGA prototype targeting drones, which represent mobile autonomous machines. We achieve about $2 \times$ speedup and $4 \times$ energy reduction compared to widely-deployed, optimized implementations on general-purpose platforms.

Now a days due to the development in color printing technology the rate of counterfeit notes production and distribution is increasing. This is a massive problem, faced by almost all the countries. It affects the economy, sine it compromises the security of the real economy. Such counterfeit currencies are used to fuel nefarious motives, usually involving terrorist activities. According to the research, developing countries like India have been impacted by this very negatively. Even after the steps taken in 2016 to remove the counterfeits, by executing the demonetization of 500 and 1000 rupees bank notes in India the counterfeits of the new notes have begun circulating. This is due to the highly advanced technology adopted by the counterfeiters which makes the tracking of these counterfeit notes hard. This has become a very critical issue and the negative impact due to the counterfeit currency keeps rising. The only one solution for this problem for a common man is to detect the fake currency, by using the fake currency detector machine. These machines are used in banks and large scale business, but for a small business or for a common man these machines are not affordable. This paper gives the complete methodology of fake note detector machine, which is affordable even for a common man. By implementing the applications of image processing techniques we can find out whether the currency notes are fake or not. Image processing technique consists of a number of operations that can be performed on an image, some of which include image segmentation, edge detection, gray scale conversion etc. The proposed system will have advantages like simplicity, reliability and costs less.

One very important component of the paper making process is the headbox. The inflow of the stock is accumulated up to an appropriate height in the headbox. The regulation of this height is to be strictly regulated to sustain an optimum pressure so that the stock jet is released with the preferred speed. The present work addresses the control system design of headbox consistency. The controllers using ZN and LQG techniques have been developed for it and their performance is compared. Further, the undesired effects of deadtime are compensated by designing Smith predictor. The output response, after deadtime compensation, is compared with the previous responses. All the results have been obtained by MATLAB simulations.