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Industrialization is expected to bring positive impacts for the indigenous people in the form of the emergence of social change. The occurred social change is expected to present sufficient room availability, especially on social income, employment opportunity, and economy. Industrialization consequences lead to spatial dispersion problems, which the policymakers do not expect. The impacts are the emergence of the new social class structure change, the high urbanization flow, life necessity fulfillment competition, and the emerging social gap. This study is expected to discover and develop a spatial dispersion model to focus on the three cities in the industrialization process in terms of income, economy, and employment opportunities. To see the compatibility among the three spatial dispersion indicators (income distribution, employment opportunity, and economy) compared to industrialization, the researchers applied Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach to test the hypotheses and analyze the empirical data retrieved through the covariance matrices. The research findings showed the correlation among the three variables by analyzing the retrieved CR values and the probabilities. It can be concluded that income distribution, employment opportunities, and the economy significantly influenced industrialization in Bunder Village, Pademawu Sub-district, Pamekasan Regency. Future research should cover other variables or areas to broaden the insight into how these variables impact industrialization.

The stress on the marine environment caused by industrialization in developing economies is indisputable. The Aliağa region, which has unique features such as being heavily influenced by industrialization and having different types of marine habitats was preferred as a monitoring point. By determining the current status of fish density and diversity, the focus was on obtaining data that could allow future comparisons. Without the seasonal variability, 39 fish species representing 14 families were identified, with two abundant families: ten species in both Sparidae and Labridae. The greatest fish diversity was recorded respectively in the spring, summer and autumn. Abundant species were Boops boops with 19.3%, Chromis chromis (17.4%), Spicara smaris (15.0%) and Atherina boyeri (12.5%) in total abundance. A total of 1.89 individuals/m2 that weighed 20.43 g/m2 were identified in the study period.

Lead and Cadmium concentrations were analysed in raw cow milk samples collected from smallholder zero grazing households near Namanve Industrial Park in Kira Division in Wakiso district near Kampala city, Uganda. The concentration of heavy metals in milk was tested with atomic absorption spectrophotometry using the Perkin Elmer AAA Model 2380 after acid digestion. The overall mean concentration of lead and cadmium was 0.01 and 0.0083 mg/kg respectively. Of the three wards, Bweyogerere had the highest lead concentration (0.014mg/kg) and cadmium (0.011mg/kg). Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test of the mean concentrations of lead between and within wards showed significant differences (F = 10.85, P < 0.05) and the findings were similar for cadmium (F=4.77, P < 0.05). Multiple comparison tests (Bonferroni) showed Bweyogerere raw milk had significantly higher lead concentration than milk from Kireka (P=0.008) and milk from Kirinya (P < 0.0001) and also significantly higher cadmium concentration than milk from Kirinya (P = 0.0009). Mean concentration of each metal residue was below the recommended minimum hazardous intake in diet as per Codex/Uganda National Bureau of Standards at 0.02 mg/kg for both lead and cadmium. Therefore, milk from cows reared around Namanve presents no public health-related lead and cadmium hazards.

Resumen A partir de los años 30 del siglo XX, el fotógrafo colombiano Jorge Obando empezó a fotografiar utilizando una cámara Cirkut Eastman Kodak. Esta cámara, capaz de rotar 360° grados sobre su eje, le permitió a Obando desarrollar un nuevo tipo de fotografia al producir imágenes en formato panorámico que capturaron el momento de transición hacia la modernidad en Colombia. Este artículo examinó la relación entre el formato de este tipo de fotografías y los temas capturados por Obando. La fotografía panorámica -una evolución del panorama pictórico inventado por el irlandés Robert Barker en 1787- es inseparable de las relaciones de poder establecidas por el medio que nació en el siglo XVIII. De la misma manera, la repetición de los motivos y sujetos capturados por Obando son intrínsecos a la emergente modernidad que se asomaba en Colombia durante los años treinta. El lente de Obando capturó esos momentos de transición mediante una técnica y un formato que reproducen y refuerzan el discurso visual de sus imágenes. A través de un análisis de algunas de sus fotografías, este trabajo hizo evidentes estas relaciones poco exploradas en su obra. Abstract Since the 1930s, Colombian photographer Jorge Obando began to take photographs using a Cirkut Eastman Kodak camera. This camera, capable of rotating 360° on its axis, enabled him to develop a new type of photography producing panoramic images that captured a moment of transition towards modernity in Colombia. This article examines the relationship between the format of these photographs and Obando's subjects. Panoramic photography -an evolution of the pictorial panorama invented by Irishman Robert Barker in 1787- is inseparable from the power relations established by the medium that was born in the 18th century. Likewise, the repetition of motifs and subjects captured by Obando are intrinsic to the emerging modernity that appeared in Colombia during the 1930s. Obando's lens captured those moments of transition through a technique and a format that reproduced and reinforced the visual discourse of the images. Through an analysis of some of his photographs, this article investigates and makes evident these little-explored relationships in his work. Resumo A partir da década de 30 do século 20, o fotógrafo colombiano Jorge Obando começou a fotografar com uma càmera Cirkut Eastman Kodak. Esta càmera, capaz de girar 360° sobre seu eixo, permitiu a Obando desenvolver um novo tipo de fotografia, produzindo imagens panorâmicas que captavam o momento de transição para a modernidade na Colômbia. Este artigo examina a relação entre o formato desses tipos de fotografias e os assuntos capturados por Obando. A fotografia panorâmica -uma evolução do panorama pictórico inventado pelo irlandês Robert Barker em 1787- é indissociável das relações de poder estabelecidas pelo meio que nasceu no século 18. Da mesma forma, a repetição dos motivos e temas captados por Obando são intrínsecos à modernidade emergente que surgiu na Colômbia durante a década de 1930. As lentes de Obando capturaram esses momentos de transição por meio de uma técnica e um formato que reproduzem e reforçam o discurso visual de suas imagens. Por meio da análise de algumas de suas fotografias, este trabalho investiga e evidencia essas relações pouco exploradas em sua obra.

The file attached to this record is the author's final peer reviewed version. The Publisher's final version can be found by following the DOI link. This paper traces the institutional root of China’s rural industrialization to a historical policy which paired factories in urban areas with people’s communes in the countryside during the Send-Down Movement in the 1970s. The policy, initially intended to improve the lives of sent-down youth, is believed to have provided some initial impetus for industrial development in rural areas before the marketization reform that began in the late 1970s. Based on a manually collected county-level panel dataset of Zhejiang Province, we find that following the implementation of the pairing policy in 1974, counties that received a higher concentration of sent-down youth, relative to their rural population, achieved faster growth in per capita industrial output of commune enterprises. Our results are consistent with various historical accounts. In addition, our tentative evidence shows that the pairing policy had a prolonged effect on rural economic development, lasting into the 1980s. Overall, our findings reveal the importance of some pre-reform institutions in shaping China’s unique paths towards industrialization.

O presente artigo apresenta um estudo direcionado para o uso de aditivos químicos na composição nutricional em produtos modificados pela industrialização presentes na alimentação infantil. O consumo desses aditivos químicos na composição alimentar é um problema que vem se agravando exponencialmente nos últimos anos, com o uso de aditivos químicos (acidulantes e conservantes), entre outros, esses produtos tornaram-se um perigo iminente para a saúde das crianças e até mesmo para população no geral. Nesse contexto, o local de estudo centraliza-se em empresas de alimentos ultraprocessados no qual utilizam aditivos químicos em sua composição. Assim, o levantamento bibliográfico e o estudo de casos foram passos metodológicos estabelecidos para fundamentar os resultados e discussões do trabalho. O presente trabalho fundamenta-se em fontes primárias e secundárias para sua realização e tem caráter qualitativo e descritivo. Por fim, nos resultados obtidos foram apresentadas medidas e soluções que possam reduzir o consumo de aditivos químicos em produtos industrializados utilizando alimentos naturais de composição química com o menor teor calórico de proteínas e sais minerais. Assim, concluiu-se que é possível aderir uma estratégia eficiente para reduzir a quantidade de sódio e conservantes nos compostos químicos da alimentação infantil e oferecer uma melhoria na qualidade de vida dos usuários.&nbsp

À travers une enquête ethnographique conduite entre 2019 et 2020 à Casablanca, l’article montre que, malgré l’importante pluralité alimentaire que cette ville offre aux mangeurs, ceux-ci restent fortement attachés à leurs régions d’origine au Maroc et ramènent constamment avec eux, lors de leurs allers et retours au « bled », des produits qu’ils font entrer dans la catégorie des aliments « bons à manger », à la fois « bon pour la santé » et « savoureux ». On assiste alors à des discours réhabilitant l’alimentation rurale et faisant de la ville un lieu antinomique avec le « bon goût » des aliments. Cette valorisation des produits « beldi » s’accompagne alors de critiques de l’industrialisation de l’alimentation. Ces nouvelles préoccupations environnementales et de santé existent dans un contexte global de défiance envers le système agro-industriel, soutenu, voire maintenu, par de nouvelles figures de l’« alimentation santé » qui font le buzz sur les réseaux sociaux marocains et prêchent pour un « retour à une alimentation traditionnelle ». Through an ethnographic survey conducted between 2019 and 2020 in Casablanca, the article shows that, despite the significant food diversity that this city offers to eaters, they remain strongly attached to their regions of origin in Morocco and constantly bring back with them, during their trips to and from the "bled", products that they include in the category of "good to eat", both "healthy" and "tasty". One can therefore observe discourses that rehabilitate rural food and makes the city a place that is at odds with the "good taste" of food. This valorization of "beldi" products goes hand in hand with criticism about the industrialization of food. But these new environmental and health concerns exist in a global context of mistrust towards the agro-industrial system supported or even maintained by new figures of "healthy food" who are buzzing on Moroccan social networks and preaching for a "return to traditional food".

The establishment of phosphate mines and processing plants by Italian entrepreneurs in el-Quseir in 1912 revitalized a town that had faced a steady decline after the opening of the Suez Canal and re-linked it to the world economy. To this day, the now defunct industrial site occupies a large section of physical el-Quseir and plays a key role in its identity. In this article, we explore the impact of the company’s successive industrialization and deindustrialization based on archival research, interviews, and mapping. By tracing physical changes on-site and in the city of el-Quseir from the founding of its phosphate industry until today, as well as the historical and current interactions of citizens with the industrial facilities, we hope to better understand the “cluster value” of the industrial plant in quotidian life and the effect of the vacuum left behind after the termination of production. As machinery and buildings are slowly eroding in the absence of expressed interest by the former Italian and current Egyptian owners, we aim to discuss the relationship between the citizens and their el-Quseir phosphate plant as a crucial element of its heritage value at the local level.

Resumen Este trabajo presenta el contexto actual de la ciudad de Tarazona incluyendo las mega tendencias actuales, para a partir de ese momento trabajar en la creación de un análisis FODA (Fortalezas, Oportunidades, Debilidades y Amenazas) que ayudan a entender cuáles son las necesidades de la ciudad para alcanzar unos objetivos estratégicos que se resumen en: Implementar una oficina de desarrollo económico e industrial municipal en el 2023; Completar la A-15 hasta Tarazona en el 2025; Desarrollar un nuevo polígono industrial con parcelas que puedan albergar plantas de 10.000 metros cuadrados de superficie en el 2028; Alcanzar los 15.000 habitantes en el 2035. Presentando unos planes de acción generales para lograrlos. Palabras clave: Plan de desarrollo, trabajo, industrialización, economía Abstract This paper presents the current context of the city of Tarazona including the current mega trends, to from that moment work on the creation of a SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) that help to understand what the needs of the city are. to achieve strategic objectives that are summarized in: Implement a municipal economic and industrial development office in 2023; Complete the A-15 to Tarazona in 2025; Develop a new industrial park with plots that can get factories with a surface area of 10,000 square meters in 2028; Reach 15,000 inhabitants in 2035. Presenting general action plans to achieve them. Keywords Development plan, work, industrialization, economy

After the launch of the Five-Year Plan, the economic policy of the USSR and its regime changed. Overturning the Marxist theses, Stalin theorized the escalation of the class struggle as the full realization of socialism was approaching. This policy shift and ideological revision triggered the repression of the prosperous peasantry, kwown as kulaks. Forced industrialization required the mobilization of the workforce and new economic resources for the purchase of machinery on the international market. Both these problems were faced and partly resolved through the colonization of Siberia, which was very rich in raw materials for export, and the use of the forced labor of prisoners, locked up in special labor camps. The city of Magadan, built in the Siberian Far East, responded to all these needs. Dopo il lancio del piano quinquennale, la politica economica dell’URSS e il suo regime cambiano. Ribaltando le tesi marxiste, Stalin teorizzò l’escalation della lotta di classe sulla via della piena realizzazione del socialismo. Questo cambiamento di politica e la revisione ideologica innescano la repressione dei contadini benestanti, conosciuti come kulak. L’industrializzazione forzata richiede la mobilitazione della forza lavoro e nuove risorse economiche per l’acquisto di macchinari sul mercato internazionale. Entrambi questi problemi furono affrontati e in parte risolti attraverso la colonizzazione della Siberia, ricchissima di materie prime per l’esportazione, e il ricorso al lavoro forzato dei prigionieri, rinchiusi in appositi campi di lavoro. La città di Magadan, sorta nell’estremo oriente siberiano, rispondeva a tutte queste esigenze.

Нақши саноати коркард дар рушди иқтисодиёт муайян ва аҳаммияти бизнес-сохторҳо дар рушди устувори минтақа дар шароити тағийроти сохтории иқтисодиёт исбот карда шудааст. Дар асоси омӯзиши таҷрибаи ҷаҳонӣ оид ба сиёсати давлатӣ дар рушди бизнес-сохторҳо ду самти дахолати давлатӣ тавсиф шудааст. Бо истифода аз додаҳои оморӣ тағийроти сохтории соҳаи саноати вилояти Суғд мавриди таҳлил қарор гирифтааст. Инчунин фаъолнокии бизнес-сохторҳо дар сатҳи шаҳру ноҳияҳои вилояти Суғд таҳлил шуда, мавқеи онҳо муайян шудаанд. Ҳавасмандкунии давлатӣ чун омили афзалиятнок дар баланд бардоштани нақши бизнес-сохторҳои саноатӣ дар рушди устувори минтақа баррасӣ гардида, самтҳои он муайян карда шудааст., The article defines the processing industry role in the development of economy, and also proves the importance of business structures in the sustainable development of the region in the context of structural changes of economy. Based on the study of the world experience of state policy in the field of development of business structures, two areas of state intervention are mentioned. Structural changes in the industry of Sughd region are analyzed using statistical data. The activities of business structures at the level of cities and districts of Sughd region are reviewed and their positions are defined. State incentives are considered as a priority to increase the role of industrial business structures in sustainable development of the region and its directions are given.

The 'soft power' can be brought forward and achieved for any developing country through softer means. Advertising (both direct and indirect approach) is a powerful tool for disseminating information to various stakeholders concerning the MSME sector. To introspect the potentiality of India's MSME's emerging power, the researchers attempted to answer the different components that shaped Indian industrialization over the years and also analyzed the direct and indirect audio-visual advertisements created on MSMEs to encourage entrepreneurial activities throughout the nation. The observation indicates that direct and indirect advertisements that promote and encourage the growth of entrepreneurship have their advantages and disadvantages; however, direct advertisements are proven to be preferred over indirect advertisements, while the reason behind it can be the dilution of concept or the prominence of commercialization.

Cartilage is primarily composed of proteoglycans and collagen. Bioactive compounds derived from animal cartilage, such as chondroitin sulfate and type II collagen, have multiple bioactivities and are incorporated in popular health products. The aging population and increases in degenerative and chronic diseases will stimulate the rapid growth of market demand for cartilage products. Commercial production of bioactive compounds primarily involves the cartilages of mammals and poultry. However, these traditional sources are associated zoonosis concerns; thus, cartilage products from the by-products of fish processing has gained increasing attention because of their high level of safety and other activities. In this review, we summarize the current state of research into fish-derived cartilage products and their application, and discuss future trends and tasks to encourage further expansion and exploitation. At present, shark cartilage is the primary source of marine cartilage. However, the number of shark catches is decreasing worldwide, owing to overfishing. This review considers the potential alternative fish cartilage sources for industrialization. Three keys, the sustainable production of fish, new fish-processing model, and market demand, have been discussed for the future realization of efficient fish cartilage use. The industrialization of fish-derived cartilage products is beneficial for achieving sustainable development of local economies and society.

The industrialization models of ECLAC, developed during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, and those of Ecuador, implemented by the 21st-century socialist government, are similar in their attempt to industrialize through the substitution of imports and government expenditure. In both cases, the economic policies focused on a closed economy, with high tariff barriers, and a strong role of the state as the main actor in the economy. The article uses a comparative method of analysiswhich emphasizes the outcomes of both of the periods studied. The results show that the models applied brought the same problems; imbalance in external trade and rising public debt. An alternative premise is suggested, that the models applied are the main causes of the debt crisis in the 1980s and the increasing public debt in the government of Rafael Correa.

Massive industrialization promotes economic growth and causes environmental pollution and degradation. The purpose of this research is to determine the impact of industrialization on the physical environment and socio-economic condition at Alipur industrial areas, Habiganj, Bangladesh, by measuring water, soil, air, sound quality parameters and a random sampling questionnaire survey on socio-economic conditions. Most of the measured physicochemical parameters exceeded the acceptable limit of inland surface water. The pH of the effluent water ranged from 4.83 to 8.58, which was found lower than the standard level for two points. The DO level was within the range of 1.98 to 3.32 mg/L indicating that aquatic life is in danger because of the lower level of DO. BOD, COD, TSS, and TDS ranged from 133 to 255.8 mg/L, 330 to 566 mg/L, 1960 to 2170 mg/L and 4110 to 5500 mg/L, respectively. The concentration of Nitrates (14.63 mg/l), Phosphate (10.33 mg/l), and Copper (5.49 mg/l) in the water samples found more than the inland surface, public sewer STP, and Irrigated land standard. The concentrations of CO (10.71), NO2 (90.56), and SO2 (104.34) in the air are near the acceptable level, indicating that the air was moderately polluted. The Durbin-Watson statistic is 0.495 from the model summary indicating the research model has a positive auto-correction, and the coefficient of significance is at 0.00, and Test F at 150.345 suggests that the model is suitable. Furthermore, the coefficient of the land area lost due to industrial park construction is found at 0.00, indicating household income increased when people lose land and non-agricultural sectors like building houses, investing in services, traffic systems. On the other hand, it is undeniable that few members whose land is acquired turned unemployed during industrial parks, resulting in the high number of unemployed workers being high and income declines.

The paper traces the evolution and periodization of shifting ideas about the critical issues shaping city planning in South Africa, looking both at the relative and variable importance ascribed to health and other factors such as labour, economic reconstruction and housing. While the evolution of the South African city cannot be read without an understanding of the role of public health, changing ideas about cities and public health necessitate careful historical unravelling before any causal relationships can be identified. Any urban reconstruction, including post-COVID-19 reform, will demand deep knowledge of how the health/planning nexus has evolved, alongside expert advice on how to maximize urban health.

Resumo A partir da formulação de Wilson Cano (1999) discute-se a questão da soberania da política econômica no contexto das economias latino-americanas. Argumenta-se que em sua evolução histórica, a subordinação da política econômica às finanças internacionais foi o principal divisor de águas entre o período desenvolvimentista e o período que se afirmou após os anos 1970. Estas economias recuperaram parcialmente uma maior autonomia no novo milênio, mas a abandonam sobretudo pós 2015. Argumenta-se que este abandono se deu num contexto externo bastante distinto do que se passou nos anos 1980 e 1990, quando reversão era imposta por crises cambiais e deve ser explicado, no caso da economia brasileira, por razões políticas internas. O conflito distributivo e a desnacionalização contribuíram para o triunfo do neoliberalismo como estratégia de acumulação. Abstract Based on Wilson Cano’s (1999) formulation, we discuss the sovereignty of economic policy in the context of Latin American economies. It is argued that during its historical evolution, the subordination of economic policy to international finance was the main watershed between the developmental period and the period that was established after the 1970s. Latin American economies partially recovered greater autonomy in the new millennium but lost it largely after 2015. It is argued that this took place in an external context quite different from that of the 1980s and 1990s, when reversal was imposed by exchange rate crises and can be explained, in the case of the Brazilian economy, by domestic political reasons. Distributive conflict and denationalization contributed to the triumph of neoliberalism as a dominant accumulation strategy.

In “Accumulated Mail” (1925) Lawrence wrote that “it’s no fun, writing unpopular books” (RDP 239). But he was keen to see his books sold. When Lady Chatterley’s Lover (1928) was widely pirated he sought to beat the pirates at their own game by arranging for the so-called “Paris popular edition” of Lady Chatterley’s Lover to be published there in 1929 with an initial print run of 3000 copies. It was quickly followed by second and third printings of the same quantity. Lawrence’s wish is confirmed by Frieda Lawrence in her “open letter” prefixed to the Odyssey Press edition of the book published in 1933, where she stated that Lawrence “wanted to reach the people he voiced and from whom he came.” This paper will explore the intended audience of the Florence first edition, bearing in mind the print run of only 1000 copies. It will then look at Lawrence’s view of the piracies, with some illustrations of those, and then consider whether the Paris popular edition marked a rethink by Lawrence of who the intended audience was or whether it was a natural progression from the Florence first edition. Finally, comparisons will be made with other editions of Lawrence’s books that were considered to be “popular” editions.

La région Tanger-Tétouan-Al Hoceima se caractérise par une dynamique industrielle accélérée ces dernières années et par une rare effervescence économique et urbaine. Les espoirs fondés sur cette dynamique sont nombreux et les chiffres de la production et des exportations, publiés régulièrement, en ce qui concerne l’automobile en particulier, sonnent comme autant de promesses de lendemains qui chantent. Mais pour qui ? Nous caractérisons dans un premier temps les différences socioéconomiques entre les provinces de la région, en soulignant comment le pôle tangérois, dans un rayon ne dépassant pas 30 km autour de la ville, draine l’essentiel du dynamisme actuel. Dans un second temps, la focale est plus rapprochée, plus qualitative et s’intéresse aux dualismes intra-territoriaux suscités par les choix économiques et urbains en cours, avec le cas de Fahs Anjra. Cette province, créée pour accueillir et gérer un projet industriel homogène, qui abrite notamment l’usine Renault, Tanger Automotive City, et le Port Tanger-Med, est à la fois la plus riche et la plus pauvre de la région, selon qu’on se place du point de vue des bilans économiques standard ou de celui des habitants des communes et des douars qui la composent. Ici c’est un mode de vie agropastoral qui est menacé par l’installation des complexes industrialo-portuaires, sans qu’une alternative convaincante ne se dessine. Nous nous penchons enfin sur un autre cas au sein de la province de Fahs Anjra : la « ville nouvelle » de Chrafate, programmée de longue date, où il était prévu en particulier de loger les personnels des usines des alentours. Mais alors qu’on a exproprié les habitants des douars qui composaient son territoire, cette « ville nouvelle » n’est toujours pas sortie de terre. The Tangier-Tetouan-Al Hoceima region is characterized by an accelerated industrial dynamic in recent years and by a rare economic and urban effervescence. The hopes based on this dynamic are numerous and the production and export figures, published regularly, with regard to the automobile in particular, sound like so many promises of a bright future. But for whom? First we characterize the socio-economic differences between the provinces of the region, emphasizing how the Tangier pole, within a radius not exceeding 30 km from the city, is the main source of the current dynamism. Secondly, the focus is closer, more qualitative and delves into the intra-territorial dualisms generated by the current economic and urban choices, taking the case of Fahs-Anjra. This province, created to accommodate and manage an homogeneous industrial project, which notably houses the Renault factory, Tanger Automotive City, and the Tanger-Med Port, is both the richest and the poorest in the region, depending on your point of view. Are you looking from the viewpoint of standard economic balance sheets or that of the inhabitants of the municipalities (“communes”) and douars that compose the region? Here it is an agro-pastoral way of life that is threatened by the installation of industrial-port complexes, without a convincing alternative emerging. Finally, we look at another case within the province of Fahs-Anjra: the long-planned “new town” of Chrafate, where it was planned in particular to house the staff of the surrounding factories. But while the inhabitants of the douars that made up its territory were expropriated, this “new town”; has still not emerged. from the ground.

In 1920 Thomas Seltzer published D.H. Lawrence’s Touch and Go and Douglas Goldring’s The Fight for Freedom as Plays for a People’s Theatre by Thomas Seltzer. The contemporary reviewer in Theatre Arts observed that “the phrase ‘people’s theatre’ challenges discussion—infinite and vague. Is it the theatre of an entire nation or a class—the ‘workers’? And who are the workers?” My paper will focus on these two plays, telling the story of how and why Lawrence became connected to Goldring and the People’s Theatre. The Prefaces to the two plays define two very different conceptions of a people’s theatre, and the two plays dramatize those conceptions – both with mixed success. The question of which of the two plays would be published first produced some of Lawrence’s finest invective.Douglas Goldring is basically unknown to Lawrence scholars apart from the role he played in getting Touch and Go published and failing to get it staged. My paper will include a brief biography of Goldring, who had a varied, fascinating career. He was a subeditor under Ford Madox Hueffer at the English Review and later published reminiscences of Ford and the English Review circle. He fought in World War I, but, after being invalided out of the army, he became a conscientious objector and – for a time – a radical socialist. He published five books of poetry, over a dozen novels, twenty-one travel books, and autobiographies in which Lawrence figures. He connected Lawrence with the American publisher Thomas Seltzer and the English literary agent Curtis Brown. In 1920 he published an essay about Lawrence in Reputations: Essays in Criticism. He helped Lawrence in his effort to get some of Maurice Magnus’s writings published. Fifteen letters from Lawrence to Goldring survive. The complex interaction between Lawrence and Goldring remains an intriguing episode in the history of Lawrence the mostly disappointed playwright.

Lawrence saw boredom as a distinctively modern problem that grew out of a double sense of time as both empty and excessive. Identifying boredom with the masses and industrial society, however, also led him to explore how boredom extends into space. Focusing on Lawrence’s representation of the English Midlands, this article traces the effects of that spatialized boredom in various novels including Sons and Lovers, The Rainbow, and Lady Chatterley’s Lover. I examine the relationship between monotony and boredom, as well as the prickly question of whether Lawrence represents the masses as subjects who experience such states or, instead, as objects who precipitate them in others. The last section considers how an alternative, and more positive, conception of monotony enters Lawrence’s depiction of the natural world but also folds back into his portrait of modern industrial monotony.

As the present history reminds us, the idea of the people is as dangerous as it is problematic. Lawrence was of his generation and rather exhibits than solves the problems of thinking of human beings in collective terms. This is especially evident when it involves thinking in terms of race. I propose to look at a number of essays and fictions in the light of this question: Preface to Touch and Go, “Education of the People,” The Plumed Serpent, “England, my England,” and “The Woman who Rode Away.” I suggest that the understanding of collective experience may be taken as a matter of literal, causal psychology or as what Fredric Jameson calls “national allegory” and which he finds exemplified in a number of late twentieth-century novelists from around the world. Whatever Lawrence’s own understanding, these later writers provide a model for how we could now read his work.

This paper examines Lawrence’s contradictory attitudes to nationalism through his interest in the songs of the peoples in the places where he lived and their impact on his poetics and politics. The rhythms of English folk songs recur throughout his oeuvre, but it was the ‘Red Indian singing to the drum” (5L 570) that inspired his “song cycle” in The Plumed Serpent (1926). To what extent does this controversial novel reflect contemporary discourses of nationalism and/or cultural imperialism –or do his “Songs and Hymns of Quetzalcoatl” provide a voice for the people of Mexico and a musical programme for the reconstruction of the post-revolutionary Mexican nation?

Cet article se penche sur les formes d’évaluation du mémoire de fin d’études dans les formations en apprentissage. Fondé sur une analyse de corpus et une enquête menée auprès du CFA Formasup Nord-Pas de Calais, nous questionnons la place de la recherche dans ces formations. Après avoir expliqué le fonctionnement de la plateforme MySup et analysé la mise en œuvre d’une forme d’industrialisation de la formation, nous proposons trois axes de rapprochements ou de distinctions dans les manières dont ces formations évaluent les mémoires. Alors que les aspects formels et rédactionnels sont assez convergents, l’article met en avant des distinctions fortes dans les relations entre approches méthodologiques, problématisation, et théorisation, distinctions qui permettent de questionner différentes relations entre recherche et professionnalisation et, plus largement la place de la recherche dans ces formations. This article examines the forms of evaluation of the dissertation in apprenticeship training. Based on a corpus analysis and a survey conducted with the CFA Formasup Nord-Pas de Calais, it questions the place of research in these training courses. After having explained the operation of the MySup platform and analyzed this implementation of a form of industrialization of training, the article proposes three axes of rapprochements or distinctions in the ways in which these training courses evaluate dissertations. While the formal and editorial aspects are quite convergent, the article highlights strong distinctions in the relationships between methodological approaches, problematization, and theorization, distinctions that allow us to question different relationships between research and professionalization.

This four-paper dissertation addresses three fundamental questions in the political economy of democracy. First, does economic development cause democratization? Second, to what extent are citizens willing to defend democracy after it has been established, but is then threatened from within by an anti-democratic state executive? Third, what influence has the recent episode of democratic backsliding within the United States had on America’s soft power abroad? In the first paper, I provide a new theory of the relationship between economic development and democracy. I argue that a large share of employment in manufacturing (i.e., industrialization) makes mass mobilization both more likely to occur and more costly to suppress. This increases the power of the masses vis-à-vis autocratic elites, making democracy more likely. Using novel manufacturing employment data for 145 countries over 170 years (1845–2015), I find that industrialization is strongly correlated with democracy, even after accounting for country and time fixed effects, time trends, theoretically grounded controls, and other economic determinants of democracy (e.g., income and inequality). Unlike with other economic determinants, the effect occurs on both democratic transitions and consolidations, and is equally large after 1945. Importantly, the data suggests that many potential outliers (e.g., China, the USSR, and Latin America during import substitution industrialization) have in fact never reached the level of industrialization that existed in the West, South Korea, and Taiwan before democratization. In the second paper, I exploit a unique quasi-experiment in 19th- and early 20th-century Norway to test whether the correlation between manufacturing employment and democracy is causal. Using novel roll-call data from the Norwegian national parliament, I study whether MPs that represented more rapidly industrializing districts were more likely to vote for suffrage extensions over the 1891 to 1906 period. For causal identification, I exploit the fact that Norwegian districts with a greater geographical potential for hydropower generation were significantly more likely to industrialize after the nationwide introduction of hydroelectricity in 1892. In line with the first paper, I find that industrialization tended to induce democratization in Norway. In the third paper, I turn to the contemporary period and study whether politicians who clearly violate democratic norms lose significant public support, or whether voters tend to form little constraint on democratic backsliding. To examine this fundamental question, I study a novel natural experiment created by the fact that Donald Trump’s incitement of the January 6 insurrection at the U.S. Capitol unexpectedly occurred while Gallup was conducting a nationally representative public opinion survey using random digit dialing. Comparing party identification among respondents who happened to be interviewed just before, and just after, January 6, 2021, suggests that the Republican Party retained 78% of its pre-insurrection support base during the first 1.5 weeks after the January 6 insurrection. Even this modest loss was only short-lived---in February 2021 the Republican Party already stood at 93% of its pre-insurrection support level. In the last paper, I examine the consequences of democratic backsliding within the United States on America’s standing abroad. To do so, I exploit the fact that the January 6 insurrection unexpectedly occurred while Gallup was conducting nationally representative surveys in India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Romania, and Vietnam using random digit dialing. In contrast to many soft power theories in international relations, I find that the January 6 insurrection had no effect on U.S. leadership approval abroad.

We analyze how rising labor costs contribute to economic restructuring in China. In a panel of prefectural cities and industries, spanning the years 1999-2007, we employ instrumental variables to identify the effect of increasing local wage levels. We find adverse effects on performance of (low-skilled) labor intensive industries in China’s advanced regions. Consistent with cost-saving industry relocation, such industries expand in other locations, where wages are comparatively low. Comparing locations where such industries expand to those where they do not, we find that both economic complexity and subsequent per capita income increased faster in the former group.

In this article, the stages of the origin of industrial areas, the level of their negative impact on the environment, as well as the role of industry in the country's economy are mentioned.

Industrialization and urbanization are critical paths to modernization for a country or region. The coordination of industrialization and urbanization fosters the development of a regional economy. In academic circles, this is usually measured by the IU ratio (ratio of labor industrialization rate to urbanization rate) and the NU ratio (ratio of non-agricultural employment rate to urbanization rate). However, these methods are inapplicable to large countries’ inland areas. The traditional methods failed to explain the real situation and produced contradictory results. The IU ratio shows that industrialization lags behind urbanization, while the NU ratio shows that industrialization is ahead of urbanization. According to studies conducted in the Sichuan Province of China, through comparison with Jiangsu Province, it is found that the non-agricultural employment growth is not dependent on the development of local industrialization, and rural-urban migration is not entirely dependent on the evolution of the non-agricultural employment rate. Other factors that promote urbanization, such as the country’s capital policies and funds for migrant labor force transfer, should also be considered. This research attempts to improve the traditional methods for measuring the degree of urbanization and industrialization synergy in inland areas. The new empirical approach can effectively identify the critical characteristics of urbanization in inland provinces, such as the development of non-agricultural employment with external assistance and urban migrants “unrelated to employment opportunities”. Based on these key characteristics, it can provide the basis for local urbanization policy formulation.

Ghana's petroleum industry is located several nautical miles offshore in the Western Region of the country. Yet, the mechanisms and processes of production and transportation of crude petroleum are accompanied by the dispossessing of the adjoining coastal communities of their means of (re)production both on the ocean and on land. Although the insights of agrarian political economy have been deployed fruitfully to analyse land grabs in Africa, similar efforts are rare when it comes to ocean grabs. With reference to the new development thinking on the ocean economy—or ‘blue economy’—as the new frontier of resource-based industrialization in Africa, we re-frame the agrarian question and apply it to the offshore petroleum industry, expanding agrarian political-economic theory of industrialization beyond its traditional confines of land and agriculture. Our paper makes two main theoretical contributions. First, it contributes to efforts in agrarian political economy to incorporate the ocean and fisheries. Second, we contribute a fresh theoretical framework for analysing offshore petroleum industries and their potential to contribute to industrialization in Africa.

This paper examines the role of the educational system in modern South Korea and its effects on young students. It takes a threefold approach: Starting off with a historical background about education as the backbone for South Korea’s rapid economic growth during the 70s and 80s, followed by an in-detail approach to the current educational system and its high-pressure context. Afterwards, the effects on youth deriving from this particular background are 24 MAP | REVISTA MUNDO ASIA PACÍFICO | Vol. 10, No. 18 explored from a social, cultural, and demographic standpoint, closing up with the actions taken by the government to tackle this national issue. Last, but not least, based on the quantitative and qualitative work of previous authors, this paper concludes with an insight of recommendations and the importance of addressing limitations and acknowledging gaps, as a step to effective measures that offer social welfare for future generations.

Yirminci yüzyılın başındaki modernleşme, sanayileşme ve Büyük Savaş süreçleri, korkunç derecede çevreleri mahvetmiş ve insanları etkilemiştir. Dolayısıyla o dönemde doğal ve insani olan kaybedilmiştir. Jeffrey Mathes McCarthy’nin “yeşil modernizm” olarak adlandırdığı durumun merkezinde genel olarak insanın doğayla olan bağlantısını yitirmesi yer almaktadır. Yeşil modernizm, modernist edebiyatta insanmerkezci uygulamaların insan ve doğa ikiliğine nasıl yol açtığını araştırmaktadır. Yeşil modernizmin bir parçası olarak kabul edilen D. H. Lawrence, Lady Chatterley’in Aşığı (1928) adlı romanda mekanikleşmiş endüstrinin doğayı ve insanları nasıl kontrol altına almaya çalıştığını anlatmaktadır. Aslında Lawrence, doğa ile insanlar arasındaki Kartezyen sınırı reddetmemektedir. Aksine Lawrence, insan bedenleri sanayileşme tarafından “köklerinden sökülmesine” rağmen bedenlerin insan-olmayan çevrelerle yakından bağlantılı olduğunu kabul etmektedir. Bu açıdan bu makale, Lady Chatterley’in Aşığı adlı romanın, insan bedenlerinin ve benliklerinin doğal dünyanın bir parçası olduğu ve yeşil doğayla olan yitik bağlantının ancak sosyal ve cinsel yenileşmeyle yeniden keşfedilebileceği yönünde yeşil modernist bir fikri öne sürdüğünü tartışmaktadır. İnsanın ekolojik olarak doğaya gömülü olduğunu vurgulayan D. H. Lawrence, insanın yeşil doğayla ilişkisinin gerçekleştirilmesini ana karakterler Connie ve Mellors arasındaki ilişki örneğiyle göstermektedir. Ekoeleştirel tartışmalardan ve Lawrence’ın cinselliğe ilişkin kavrayışlarından yararlanan bu çalışma, Lady Chatterley’in Aşığı adlı romanda insan-doğa ilişkisini ve ekolojik yakınlığı incelemektedir., The processes of modernization, industrialization and the Great War at the beginning of the twentieth century so terribly ruined environments and affected humans. Thus something natural and humane was lost at that period. Such human disenchantment from nature is, broadly speaking, at the heart of what Jeffrey Mathes McCarthy calls “green modernism.” Green modernism investigates how anthropocentric practices have led to the dualism of human and nature in the modernist literature. Regarded as part of green modernism, D. H. Lawrence narrates the ways in which the mechanized industry attempts to subjugate nature and humans in Lady Chatterley’s Lover (1928). Indeed, Lawrence does not repudiate the Cartesian boundary between nature and humans. Instead, he acknowledges that although human bodies are “uprooted” by industrialization, they are intimately interconnected with nonhuman environments. On this view, the article argues that Lady Chatterley’s Lover puts forward to a green modernist idea that human bodies and selves become part of the natural world, and the lost connection with green nature might only be re-discovered by social and sexual rejuvenation. Highlighting human ecological embeddedness, D. H. Lawrence exemplifies the realization of human relation to green nature in the relationship between the main characters Connie and Mellors. Drawing on ecocritical discussions and Lawrence’s insights into sexuality, this study explores the human-nature relationship and ecological intimacy in Lady Chatterley’s Lover.

Mining has been an economic activity whose importance is increasing day by day as a driving force behind industrialization since ancient times. The Industrial Revolution owes its historically striking changes to the developments in the field of mining. The activities carried out in the field of mining are also of great importance in terms of effective use of domestic resources and reducing foreign dependency in energy, beyond their contribution to the industrialization process. The main purpose of the statist policies that started in the 1930s in the economic history of Turkey is to ensure industrialization. Mining activities had an important place in line with the interventionist policies that started with the establishment of the republic with the focus of industrialization. During the 1936-1950 period covering the study, Etibank was the only institution representing the state in the mining sector. Beyond this authority of representation, the production activities carried out by the institution in the field of mining constituted 100% of the total mine production in Turkey. In this context, Etibank contributed to industrial development both institutionally in terms of industrial intervention and with the mining activities it undertook. In the study, the efficiency of Etibank on economic growth has been tried to be tested by using data on fixed capital investments belonging to Etibank, which represents industrial interventionism. Unfinished Facilities and Facility Costs, Establishment and Enterprise Capital and Subsidiaries covering the period 1936-1950 were calculated as fixed capital investments; Autoregressive Distribution Delayed (ARDL) bounds test model was used to investigate the long-term relationship between variables. The empirical findings support the conclusion that industrial interventionism has a positive effect on economic growth., Madencilik eski çağlardan bu yana sanayileşmenin arkasında bir itici güç olarak önemi her geçen gün artan bir iktisadi faaliyet olmuştur. Sanayi Devrimi tarihsel açıdan yol açtığı göz alıcı değişmeleri büyük oranda madencilik alanındaki gelişmelere borçludur. Madencilik alanında yürütülen faaliyetler sanayileşme sürecine sağladıkları katkıların ötesinde yerli kaynakların etkin biçimde kullanılması ve enerjide dışa bağımlılığının azaltılması bakımından da büyük önem arz etmektedir. Türkiye iktisat tarihinde 1930’lu yıllarla birlikte başlayan devletçi politikaların temel amacı sanayileşmenin temin edilmesidir. Sanayileşme odağıyla cumhuriyetin kurulması süreciyle başlayan müdahaleci politikalar doğrultusunda madencilik faaliyetleri önemli bir yer tutmuştur. Çalışmayı kapsayan 1936-1950 dönemi boyunca madencilik sektöründe devleti temsil eden tek kurum Etibank olmuştur. Bu temsil yetkisinin ötesinde, kurum tarafından madencilik alanında yapılan üretim faaliyetleri Türkiye’de yapılan toplam maden üretiminin %100’ünü teşkil etmiştir. Bu bağlamda Etibank hem sanayi müdahaleciliği açısından kurumsal olarak hem de üstlendiği madencilik faaliyetleri ile sınai gelişime katkı sunmuştur. Çalışmada sanayi müdahaleciliğini temsilen Etibank’a ait sabit sermaye yatırımlarına ilişkin veriler kullanılarak, Etibank’ın ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkinliği test edilmeye çalışılmıştır. 1936-1950 yılları aralığını kapsayan Bitmemiş Tesisler ve Tesis Masrafları, Müessese ve Teşebbüs Sermayesi ile İştirakler sabit sermaye yatırımları olarak hesaplanmış; değişkenler arasındaki uzun vadeli ilişkiyi araştırmak için Otoregresif Dağılım Gecikmeli (ARDL) sınır testi modeli kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen ampirik bulgular sanayi müdahaleciliğinin ekonomik büyüme üzerinde olumlu bir etkisi olduğu sonucunu desteklemektedir.

The article considers the issue of the formation of state management system of industry in the USSR, which was developed on the basis of the first decrees of the Soviet government. The relevance of the study is due to the consonance of the past problems of the mining industry with the modern ones, which manifested themselves in the conditions of a radical transformation of the state's position in relation to mineral resources. It is shown that in the 1920s in the country, the processes of liquidation of local entrepreneurship, the transition to a centralized, planned-regulated system of economic management, within which there was an enlargement and state monopolization of its mining industry began. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that, on the basis of documentary sources, the process of creating an mining industry in the Yakut ASSR is revealed, the course of making consistent, logically grounded decisions corresponding to the chosen principles and priorities of the development of the region is traced. The presented results reflect the peculiarities and specifics of local realities, in the conditions of which difficult decisions were made, proceeding from the vital economic interests of the republic. It was found that the efforts of the republican authorities to organize, select priorities in the distribution of human resources, undertaken in the 1920s subsequently proved their effectiveness, contributed to the formation of a public administration system operating on the principles of economic independence of the region.

Different countries, especially developing ones, have resorted since the middle of the last century to using industrial policy in order to expand the industrial base and push forward the economic development wheel. Tangible results have been achieved in many Asian countries, while no such results have been achieved in the countries of Latin America and Africa. Support has been dropped for the application of industrial policy since the mid-eighties of the last century because of the negative consequences resulting from it and then return again in the recent period. The research aims to analyze and discuss industrial policy and the extent of the need to use it in developing countries, it focuses on discussing the ideas and propositions of the two different approaches towards industrial policy. The first represents the position of those opposed to the industrial policy, and the second represents the position of those who support it. Those opposed to the industrial policy are the neoliberals in the United States of America who stress the role of the market in achieving development and point to the negative effects of industrial policy, while in favor of industrial policy book theoreticians Many economists because of the existence of globalization and the WTO rules and the changing nature of the global economy and that creates difficulties and impediments to developing countries and weaken the influence of industrial policy. Through analysis and discussion of the various propositions and evidence, the research ends with recommending the use of a carefully formulated industrial policy as a means to achieve economic development in developing countries and overcome the negative effects on them. With the call to adjust the policies and rules of the World Trade Organization and the global economic system in line with the need of developing countries for the development of industrialization and promoting economic development.

The article examines the growth and decline of the one most important industrial enterprise in Podgórze, in the direct vicinity of Kraków, where during the second half of 19th century Maurycy Baruch founded a flourmill, automatic bakery, as well as briquette and tile factories. Baruch managed his business complex until his death, when it was taken over by his offspring. The history of the Baruch enterprises, in particular their modernization and marketing/promoting strategy, is presented in the context of contemporary Galician and Habsburg business competition. The main sources include is the local press, mostly from Kraków.

The article analyzes the relationship between the measures of the new economic policy and social processes in the Crimean ASSR. The NEP of 1920 was supposed not only to destroy economy, but also to form a national proletariat in the republic. The Crimean Tatars were supposed to become a social base for supporting the transformations of the Bolshevics. In the Crimean cities, unlike the industrial regions of the RSFSR, there was no proletariat. NEP formed it. Despite of the beginning of the industrialization policy, a radical change in the methods of economic regulation, this task was embodied in the 1990s as well.

The relevance of the research topic is substantiated by the revival of the world community's interest in industry as a driver of economic development. The problem is that industrial development has a number of limitations as a result of imbalances between the resource potential of the economic system, its institutional structure and the dominant technical and economic paradigm, which require the development of special management tools. An analysis of recent publications shows the presence of scientific interest in the search for the relationship between the content of industrial policy, which serves as a tool for managing the country's industrial development, and the level of industrial and economic development in terms of creating certain economic conditions for its formation and implementation. However, the issues of scientific substantiation of the use of specific instruments of the country's economic policy for economic systems of various levels of industrial development are insufficiently studied. The purpose of the study is to determine and substantiate the factors of scientific and technical, foreign economic, financial and monetary spheres, influencing which it is possible to manage the industrial development of the country through the formation of a favorable environment for the implementation of industrial policy. The research methods used in the work are comparison, grouping, correlation-regression analysis, econometric modeling, systematic approach. Results of work. Within the framework of this study, on the basis of the constructed econometric models, the factors of foreign economic, scientific, technical and monetary policy were identified, which form favorable conditions for the implementation of industrial policy. The factors were differentiated for countries with different levels of industrial development. The field of application of the research results is the state policy aimed at stimulating industrial development. Conclusions. The work establishes the priority influence of monetary policy factors at a degree of industrialization from 0 to 1; monetary and scientific and technical policy with a degree of industrialization from 1 to 15; factors of all types are important if the degree of industrialization is higher than 15. Taking into account the above factors when developing the content of the national industrial policy will contribute to: achieving the goals in the field of industrial development, reducing the risks of negative effects from government intervention in industrial production, predicting the consequences of adopting certain economic solutions.

Manufacturing has long been the center of industrialization strategies for poor developing countries This article first investigates the effects of labor supply constraints on industrialization, which may have been caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Then, it examines how manufacturing automation could affect industrialized developing economies based on the premise that manufacturers may accelerate production automation in response to the COVID-19 pandemic The model predicts declines in developing economies' manufacturing competitiveness and a heterogeneous pattern of recovery from the COVID-19 recession In comparison, developing economies with large manufacturing bases would recover relatively quickly, whereas those with weaker manufacturing bases would suffer from a long-term decline and manufacturing contraction trends (undesirable deindustrialization) Manufacturing automation can enhance economic welfare, causing a contraction in the unproductive nontradable good (service) sector However, with low labor mobility, the welfare effect is ambiguous, thereby widening the wage gap between skilled and unskilled labor © 2021 Institute of Developing Economies

The spark plasma sintering (SPS) method is of great interest to the powder and powder metallurgy industry and material researchers of academia for both product manufacturing and advanced material research and development. Today in Japan, a number of SPS products for different industries have already been realized. Today’s fifth-generation SPS systems are capable of producing parts of increasing size, offering improved functionality, reproducibility, productivity, and cost. For instance, pure nano-Tungsten Carbide WC powder (no additives) is fully densified with a nano-grain-sized structure for glass lens application in the optics industry. The SPS is now moving from scientific academia and/or R&amp, D proto-type materials level usage to practical industry use product stage utilizing in the field of electronics, automotive, mold and die, cutting tools, fine ceramics, clean energy, biomaterials industries, and others. This paper reviews and introduces the peculiar phenomenon of SPS and the progress of SPS technology, method, development of SPS systems, and its industrial product applications.

This study aims to contribute to the literature and examine the causal relationship between Pakistan’s agricultural products export, industrialization, urbanization, transportation, energy consumption, and carbon emissions. For the last four decades, time-series data were used to employ short-run and long-run nexus between the selected variables by analyzing the autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL). The Granger causality test was analyzed to estimate the causality directions. The unit root test results indicate that all the selected variables are stationary at the level and first difference. The bound test confirmed that all variables are cointegrated at a 1% significance level. Long-run estimates suggest that an increase in energy consumption will increase the export of agricultural products. An increase in urbanization, transportation, and carbon emission resulted in a decrease in agricultural products export in Pakistan. In the short run, an increase in industrialization, transportation, and energy consumption leads to an increase in agricultural products export. Increasing urbanization and carbon emission decrease the agricultural products export of Pakistan. Based on our findings, we recommend sustainable agricultural production, renewable energy consumption, low carbon emission technologies, and a green portfolio for sustainable agricultural products export.

The city of Uberaba has stood out as an industrial pole in the interior of the state of Minas Gerais, presenting an important industrial growth since the 1970s, with the expansion of the agricultural frontier and the industrial deconcentration process that occurred in Brazil. In this article, this model of industrialization will be analyzed, which through tax incentives and the offering of infrastructure and land attracted several companies and industries to the municipality, which generated several economic, environmental and social impacts. The municipality of Uberaba today has three industrial districts in operation and a fourth district being implemented. Each of the districts has companies from various segments of industrial activities, such as chemical, alimentary, metallurgical, furniture, etc., with emphasis on the industries related to the production of fertilizers and agricultural inputs, which began to be installed at the end of the decade 1970, making currently the city one of the country's main chemical fertilizer production hubs. O município de Uberaba tem se destacado como polo industrial do interior do estado de Minas Gerais, apresentando um crescimento industrial importante a partir da década de 1970, com a expansão da fronteira agrícola e do processo de desconcentração industrial que ocorreu no Brasil. Neste artigo, será analisado esse modelo de industrialização, que através de incentivos fiscais e da oferta de infraestrutura e terrenos atraíram diversas empresas e indústrias para o município, o que gerou diversos impactos econômicos, ambientais e sociais. O município de Uberaba conta hoje com três distritos industriais em atividade e um quarto distrito em implantação. Cada um dos distritos conta com empresas de vários segmentos de atividades industriais, como químico, alimentício, metalúrgico, moveleiro, etc., destacando-se as indústrias ligadas a produção de fertilizantes e insumos agrícolas, que se começaram a se instalar no final da década de 1970, tornando atualmente o município um dos principais polos de produção de fertilizantes químicos do país.

Addressing the geographical relocation of the pollution-intensive gray side of low-carbon green production, our study analyzes potential determinants of green and gray growth performance of industrialized/developed countries (IDCs) and industrializing/emerging economies (IEEs) over the 1996–2015 period. We define green growth by low-carbon output, while we link gray growth to comparative advantages of pollution havens. Green and gray growth models include such predictors as domestic income and foreign direct investment (FDI) together with composite indices for globalization, environmental policy stringency (EPS), industrialization, and control of corruption. Considering non-stationarity, cross-section dependency, endogeneity, and heterogeneity concerns, we employ bootstrap and residual-based cointegration analyses followed by long-run estimations using the Common Correlated Effects Mean Group (CCEMG) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) estimators and causality examination through Dumitrescu-Hurlin and Emirmahmutoglu-Kose tests. The key findings of the study are as follows: (i) income is positively associated with green growth for both IEEs and IDCs, whereas the income-gray growth nexus is negative for IEEs. (ii) Although inward FDI stocks are positively related to green and gray growth of IEEs and outward FDI stocks are negatively associated with green and gray growth of IDCs, these relationships are mediated by EPS. (iii) Globalization encourages both green and gray growth for IDCs. (iv) Even though EPS inhibits green growth and encourage gray growth in IEEs, these direct effects widely depend on the indirect effects of control of corruption. (v) IEEs’ higher gray growth performance is substantially explained by their increased industrial competitiveness, whereas the link is negative for IDCs. (vi) Control of corruption fosters both green and gray growth in IEEs. Overall, “growing gray” does not necessarily mean “not growing green” and vice versa. Globally, the low-carbon benefits of greening countries may be counterbalanced by the environmental costs of graying economies. From a policy perspective, IEEs need to reinforce environmental policies by green efficiency, green industrialization, and anti-corruption plans to decouple economic growth from carbon dioxide emissions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11356-021-13127-x.

Exporting higher-quality and complex products are deemed pathways to economic growth and development. However, producing such products are knowledge-intensive and require quality intermediate inputs and advanced technologies. Integration into global trade networks is increasingly argued to be amongst the pathways to obtain such inputs and technologies, although not all countries may benefit equally from such integration. This paper builds on these arguments and investigates how participation in the global value chain (GVC) affects export-quality. We use a sample of 120 developed and developing countries and find that participation in GVC impacts positively on export quality and, also, brings the export quality of countries closer to the quality frontier, but these effects only work through backward linkages. While this result persists in the sub-sample comprising developing economies, we, however, find that developed countries benefit from both forward and backward linkages in GVC. Overall, the results indicate that GVC participation matters to export upgrading but points to a potential heterogeneity on the channel of impact across countries at different levels of development.

La période qui s’étend des années 1830 aux années 1930 fut celle de l’industrialisation de l’Europe, qui fut longtemps interprétée comme une révolution industrielle dont les machines et les usines auraient condamné l’existence des artisans. Mais nous savons aujourd’hui que l’industrialisation ne fut pas cette révolution. Alors il faut revoir également ce qu’elle a pu faire aux artisans. L’article revient d’abord sur l’évolution de l’historiographie et son renouvellement. Puis une deuxième partie interroge ce qu’étaient le travail des artisans et ses transformations. Enfin, la dernière partie montre comment les artisans parvinrent, ou pas selon les pays, à s’organiser et à obtenir de leur État des institutions représentatives (l’handwerk en Allemagne, l’artisanat en France). L’industrialisation ne fit pas disparaître les artisans d’Europe occidentale mais elle transforma leurs métiers et leurs pratiques. The period from the 1830s to the 1930s was that of the industrialization of Europe, which has long been interpreted as an industrial revolution whose machines and factories would have condemned the existence of craftsmen. But we know today that industrialization was not this revolution. So we must also review what it did to the artisans. The article first discusses the evolution of historiography and its renewal. Then a second part questions what was the work of the craftsmen and its transformations. Finally, the last part shows how the craftsmen managed, or not according to the countries, to organize and obtain from their State representative institutions (handwerk in Germany, artisanat in France). Industrialization did not make the artisans of Western Europe disappear, but it transformed their trades and practices.

The study of the characteristics of the Soviet ruling elite, which had almost limitless management capabilities in all spheres of social life, is of particular interest. The ruling elite or "nomenklatura elite" was formed mainly from members of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), also known as the VKP(b). The article traces the evolution of social characteristics and political behavior of Soviet managers who were part of the Central Committee in the 1930s . It allows us to reveal the real correlation of utopian and adequate to that epoch management methods; to get closer to understanding the true history of the Soviet society and the state. The author notes underestimation existing in the scientific literature of the role played by the plenums of the Central Committee of the VKP(b), on which the legitimization of managerial decisions of the Soviet leadership depended. The article characterizes such processes as the transition to a "moderate course" since 1933, associated with the growth of relative "divergence" in various structures of the party-state apparatus; the adoption of the state program of compulsory technical education for workers at the Plenum of the Central Committee of the VKP(b) in December 1935; discussion and approval of the draft Constitution in 1936. It is emphasized that the events of 1936 demonstrated the depth of the divergence of idealistic and rational approaches to the main issues of economic policy, revealed criticism of the course on quantitative indicators and punitive management methods. The article traces the causes of the tragic fate of the party-state elite, which was relatively stable for two decades(1917-1936), linking the events of 1937-1938 with the logical manifestation of the long struggle of two approaches (rational and voluntarist) to the implementation of state policy. Special attention is paid to the problems of strengthening the defense capability of the USSR in the pre-war years. It is concluded that at the turn of the 1930s and 1940s the fate of the regime depended on the quality and speed of the actions taken by the "commanders of the economy" ‒ business executives of various levels, regional leaders, military figures. It led again to the stabilization of the elite, which retained the function of a shock absorber for the most dangerous Stalin's decisions.

The issue of global warming has become increasingly documented as a major problem facing the world. The present study adopted the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model to check the validity of the EKC hypothesis under the moderating role of industrialization on CO2 emissions, and to assess the relationship between CO2 emissions, energy consumption, industrialization, economic growth, and financial development in Indonesia in the long and short term, in three separate models employing data spanning the period 1983–2018. The results of the bounds approach prove the presence of a cointegration relationship between CO2 emissions, economic growth, economic growth square, energy consumption, industrialization, and financial development. In Model 1, the empirical outcomes demonstrate that a rise in economic growth leads to higher CO2 emissions. On the contrary, a rise in economic growth squared impedes CO2 emissions in the long run. This result proves the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis. Moreover, Model 2 reveals that economic growth and energy consumption foster higher CO2 emissions. Higher financial development decreases the associated CO2. Model 3 shows that industrialization as a moderator factor shows a reverse consequence of economic growth and economic growth squared on CO2. Economic growth shows a significant negative impact on CO2, while economic growth squared is linked positively with CO2 emissions, which does not validate the EKC hypothesis under the moderating role of industrialization. This study recommends that industries’ transition from reliance on excessive non-renewable energy sources to knowledge-based industrialization will reduce CO2 emissions and improve environmental quality.

The Jakarta metropolitan region (the Jakarta megacity), located in the fourth most populous country in the world (Indonesia), is the largest urban agglomeration in the Global South—continues to grow, especially in its outer suburbs (Bekasi Regency). The governments (Central and Local) tend to implement an urban-biased policy (UBP) to connect Bekasi Regency into global production networks and boost Bekasi Regency’s income. However, previous case studies of China and Vietnam have revealed that the UBP increases economic disparities between urban and rural areas. Therefore, this study probes urban–rural economic disparities and their characteristics at a microregional level (desa/kelurahan) in the Bekasi Regency. The methods applied in this study are geographically weighted regression (GWR), RULT index, and quantitative zoning. The results show that almost all desa/kelurahan in the high poverty (HPv) cluster are rural neighborhoods (desa/kelurahan with rural characteristics). By contrast, only 5% of desa/kelurahan with urban characteristics are HPvs, while the remainder are in the low poverty (LPv) cluster. Rural neighborhoods with HPv tend to have a high percentage of households dependent on agriculture. Thus, empirical results (with a case of a Global South megacity suburb) further support previous evidence that the UBP has caused urban–rural economic disparities.