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The survival of bee families during hypobiosis is considered the most critical period of their life. It correlates with the number of workers in the nest, that is, the strength of the family. The article presents one of the possible implementations of the potential of bee families to increase their strength before the period of hypobiosis. The proposed technology involves using auxiliary queens in temporary families formed before wintering from their maternal families. The work aimed to study the effectiveness of using this retention technology. For research, two groups of families created by analogs were formed. There were 5 bee families in each group. In the research group, on July 30, one litter was made from each maternal research family. Thus, before the beginning of the period of hypobiosis in experimental families, the number of offspring was obtained from two queens. A characteristic feature of the control group was the presence in the nest of brood obtained from only one queen. The conducted studies indicate that using temporary families during the preparation of bees for the state of hypnosis ensured a significant increase in the strength of bee colonies. As a result of the proposed technology, the strength of the families of the experimental group exceeded the control group by 22.2 % (Р < 0.001). The proposed technology made it possible to completely replace the queens of maternal families with young queens from temporary families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fat body is considered an organ that contains a conglomerate of proteins and fats and acts similar to the liver of mammals. It is loose tissue that is involved in some metabolic functions. One of these functions is to store and release energy in response to energy needs. The article presents data on the development of trophocytes of the fat body of the honey bee and factors that affect the process of lipolysis and lipogenesis. These processes are related to the technological methods of keeping bee colonies. The purpose of the work was to study patterns and factors that affect the growth and development of the structural elements of the fat body. For this, honeycombs with sealed brood were taken from the nest for incubation. After leaving the cells, the selected bees were placed in the nest of the bee colony. Marked bees were selected every 3 days. Histological preparations of various parts of the fat body were studied up to 21 days inclusive. According to research, trophocytes differ from enocytes in their larger size. These rounded cells have a distinct membrane and granular cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, mostly oval-shaped vacuoles were found, which are filled with energetic and plastic substances, while others are empty. The age-related dynamics of the length of fat body trophocytes was studied. It was found that at the exit from the cell, they are the smallest and amount to an average of 50.12 ± 3.18 μm. With an increase in the activity of enzymes of the intestinal tract, an increase in the morphometric indicators of fat cells is observed. The maximum indicators of the length of trophocytes of the pericardial zone of the fat body were found in 15 daily bees. Measurement of the length of fat cells during this period shows that compared to diurnal bees, trophocytes are larger by 34.6 % (Р < 0.001). After 14 days, a gradual regression of the morphometric indicators of trophocytes is noted. The article analyzes the role of the fat body in the life of the honey bee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents data on the influence of electromagnetic radiation on the organism of honey bees. For this, three groups of bee families were formed. Bee families of the control group were kept under the influence of electromagnetic radiation from the Sun. In the 1st experimental group, offspring were exposed to radiation with a frequency of 2580 MHz. For this, we used a GZ-122 microwave generator with an output power of 1×10-12 W. Irradiation was carried out in a chamber isolated from light and shielded from microwave radiation, which was located in a thermally and sound-insulated room shielded from microwave radiation. In experiments with bee brood, the temperature was maintained at 35 °С in shielded TS-80 thermostats. Irradiation was carried out in the following mode: 9 hours of irradiation and 7 hours of pause (without irradiation). This cycle was repeated 3 times in a row. The bee families of the second experimental group were under the influence of the same generator, which irradiated the brood in the following mode: 16 hours of irradiation and 7 hours of pause (without irradiation). This cycle was repeated 3 times in a row. It was established that bees that developed under long-term artificial irradiation acquire the morphophysiological characteristics of bees with fewer reserve nutrients. Long-term radiation exposure negatively affects the storage of nutrients in the form of lipids by 25.69 % (P < 0.05), the reduction of total nitrogen by 16.93 % (P < 0.05). Such a negative trend was revealed against the background of a 14.1 % lower mass (P < 0.01) compared to bees that developed under natural irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The midgut of the honey bee is considered the only midgut. Processes related to digestion take place in this department. At the same time, the middle intestine takes part in the processes that indicate the immune status. The purpose of the research was to study the effect of protein feed on the morphometric parameters of the epithelium of the midgut of honeybees and the peretrophic membrane. Two groups of families participated in the study. The first group received bee pollen collected from winter rape with a protein content of 25 % as protein feed. The second group consumed dandelion meal with a protein content of 15 %. After reaching the required age, the insects were taken from the nest, and the midgut was dissected. The conducted studies indicate that the length of the enterocytes of the midgut of a honey bee at the age of 10 days ranges from 18.89 to 34.11 μm. Morphometric differences of midgut enterocytes in the experimental groups did not reveal any significant difference. It has been proven that the thickness of the pertrophic membrane in hive bees is greater than that of flying bees by 22.7 % (P < 0.001). This value depends on the area where it is placed. In particular, in the caudal part, the thickness of the pertrophic membrane is more significant on average by 25.0 % compared to the cranial part (P < 0.01). The decrease in the thickness of the midgut of flying bees is related to the nature of nutrition. Older bees consume less pollen and eat more carbohydrate feed. Along with this, it has been proven that the thickness of the pertrophic membrane depends on the composition of the diet. In hive bees that consumed protein-enriched feed, the thickness of the pertrophic membrane in the caudal part of the midgut is 22.1 % greater (P < 0.001). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obtaining the maximum amount of wax from honey bees is the basis of beekeeping technological processes. However, the intensification of its production leads to partial exhaustion of the honey bee's body. Therefore, today the question of researching factors that will contribute to their body's recovery is relevant. The article provides data on the influence of the strength of colonies, the type, and the amount of feed on the body's functional state of honey bees when obtaining wax. The obtained research results indicate that wax secretion is proportionally dependent on the presence in nature and the intensity of carbohydrate (nectar, sugar syrup) and protein (pollen) food entering the nest. As daily nectar intake increases for every 250 g, the wax productivity of a 700 g family increases by an average of 43.18 g (from 35.62 to 54.14 g). When receiving pollen in the amount of 500-550 g, wax secretion is 190-210 g. In the complete absence of honey collection, wax secretion in bees stops. It was established that a large amount of honeycombed honey practically does not affect the bees' wax secretion. At the same level of food supply, with an increase in the strength of the family, its total wax secretion increases due to an increase in the number of wax-producing workers. From colonies weighing 1.5 and 4.5 kg, 667.05 and 1484.55 g of wax were obtained, respectively. At the same time, the individual wax-secreting activity, which is calculated per unit mass of workers, decreases from 444.7 g to 329.9 g of wax/1 kg of bees. This is due to a decrease in the nutrition of waxproducing individuals, as the number of bees increases with the same intensity of carbohydrate food entering the nest. It was also established that the amount of wax released simultaneously is proportional to the number of young bees in the colonies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of the effect of high ambient temperatures on entomophilous plants and honey bees is carried out. The research of the species composi􀆟on of entomophilous plants, the 􀆟ming of their flowering, of the temperature peaks during the summer was conducted in accordance with the condi􀆟ons of the Fergana region, Uzbekistan. The ethological behavior of bees at high temperatures was carried out at Holosiivska educa􀆟onal and research apiary of NULES of Ukraine. Trere were used generally accepted methods at experiments. According to the research results, the maximum ambient temperatures for Fergana, Uzbekistan were determined. It is established that according to condi􀆟ons of the Fergana region of Uzbekistan, honey plants and bees are most exposed to high temperatures during the second half of summer. It was analyzed the species variety of entomophilous plants of the Fergana Valley. The most common species of plants by areas of their dissemina􀆟on have been iden􀆟fied. Plants are grouped in each zone, subject to influence of high temperatures during their flowering period. The effects of heat on the flight ac􀆟vity of worker bees and their behavior are determined. During the day, under the influence of high temperatures, the bees of the families did not show the same ac􀆟vity to flying. They ac􀆟vely fly off in the morning. As the temperature increased, the number of departures was decreased. This o􀅌en happened from 11 a.m. to 6 p.m. During this period, the aggressiveness of bees in the colonies increased. They more o􀅌en visited drinking bowls and brought water. In addi􀆟on, bees ac􀆟vely ven􀆟lated the nests. Some of them opened the nest and hung on the walls of the hive. Under prolonged exposure of high temperatures, worker bees hung in bunches on the walls of the hive even at night. This behavior of bees lasted un􀆟l the temperature dropped to 28 °C and below. Given to the nega􀆟ve impact of global warming on flora and fauna, it is increase the importance of honey bees as part of the biocenosis of wildlife, the likelihood of ex􀆟nc􀆟on of many species of plants and animals. It is concluded that it is necessary to improve the ecology, to deep research related to the effects of high temperatures on honey bees and entomophy􀆟c plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigated the survival of bees in different concentrations (1:10, 1:12, 1:14, 1:16) carboxylates food acids Cr, Mn, Se, Ge, Cu consisting of sugar syrup. It established that the use of food carboxylates acids in various doses reduces the life expectancy of bees. So, concentration carboxylates doses mg/10 ml - Cr (0.002, 0.0016, 0.0012), Mn (0.02, 0.016, 0.012), Se (0.002, 0.0016, 0.0012, 0.0008), Ge (0.012, 0.0096, 0.0072), Cu (0.02, 0.016, 0.012) causing death 46,6-63,5 % (P> 0.001) relative to controls. Concentration mg/10 mL Cr (0.0008) and Mn (0.008) death causes respectively 3 % and 4 bees. Concentration mg/10 ml Ge (0.0048) and Cu (0.008) causing the death of bees respectively 3,6 % (P>0.01) and 3,4 % (P>0.05) relative to controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of research relating to security improvement and rational use of natural sources of food for bees. The ways to ensure optimization of feed bee colonies, which aimed at improving their productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]