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Yazidis/Ezidis are the members of a batini religious structure which intense debates occur around their names, origins and beliefs. Their belief that the angel (Malak Tawus) who did not prostrate to Adam was God's active and executive deputy, caused Yazidis to be known as "devil worshipers" around them. This situation lay behind the Yazidis to be declared as a disbelieving community and to be in constant tension with their environment. In the 19th century, Ottoman modernization period, the transition from traditional military methods to compulsory military service also affected the Yazidis. On the other hand, at the beginning of the same century, they cooperated with the Russians against the Ottoman Empire from the time when the Russians took Eastern Anatolia under their control. They supported the Armenians during World War I and right after. For this reason, they had to migrate from the regions under Ottoman rule. In the study, the information will be given about the reasons for Yazidis' migration to Transcaucasia, where they migrated from, the places they settled and their population in that period. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and their situations in the period after its dissolution will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Economy Business & Management is the property of Journal of Economy, Business & Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Management Academy is the property of Uluslararasi Yonetim Akademisi Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Istanbul Commerce University Journal of Social Sciences / İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Istanbul Commerce University Journal of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of INES Journal: The Journal of International Education Science / Uluslararası Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of INES Journal: The Journal of International Education Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Georgia is a place of steep mountains and deep valleys, which led to frequent flooding. The effect of this natural structure was the main factor in armies facing serious difficulties during expeditions to the region. Ottoman-Georgian relations, which started in the fifteenth century, were also strategically effective in pursuing a policy based on local feudal lords against Iran, rather than conquering the region directly. The geography of Georgia, which became the field of Ottoman-Safavid rivalry in time, was shared between the two states. After the Treaty of Karlowitz, going on an expedition became a recurrent issue to prevent the increasing rebel movements against the Ottoman Empire and to strengthen the Ottoman authority in the region. Indeed, the expedition in which soldiers from Erzurum, Trabzon, Çıldır/Akhaltsikhe, and Kars provinces and 1,350 members of the central army took charge under the command of Vizier Köse Halil Pasha started in 1703 and ended in the following year. In this study, the route of the expedition, the events on the expedition route, when the expedition started and when it ended, whether the expedition reached its goal, whether the Ottoman army remained in the region, what kind of measures were taken in the region at the end of the expedition, whether the old order was maintained in the region, and the cost of the expedition to the Ottoman treasury are emphasized, and the information found in the Ottoman and Georgian sources are analyzed comparatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bartin University Journal of Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences / Bartın Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Bartin University, Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Van Journal of Divinity / Van Ilahiyat Dergisi is the property of Ilahiyat Fakultesi, Yuzuncu Yil University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since Georgia's inclusion in the European Neighborhood Policy program in 2006, Georgia-EU relations have been in a stable and gradual development process, taking into account the geopolitical balances in the region. During this process, the European Union provided Georgia with a political framework for integration, both at the institutional and legislative levels. Georgia, on the other hand, concluded this process positively, which resulted in the Association Agreement, and succeeded in taking its relations with the EU to the next level. This rapid reform process, which brought Georgia closer to the EU acquis, has also made the European Union the most important and influential external actor in the country. In this context, as opposed to Moldova and Ukraine, the EU's unwillingness to grant a candidate status to Georgia has created a great disappointment in Georgia. The primary goal of this article is to assess the effects of the EU Commission's decision to link Georgia's EU candidacy status to the reform conditions, following Georgia’s application in 2022. Using qualitative research methods and utilizing a variety of primary and secondary sources, this study examines the problems encountered in the implementation of reforms on political polarization, oligarchization, and the protection of vulnerable minorities, which we consider will be the most difficult to resolve. The conclusions of the study are important in terms of the steps that Georgia should take to fulfill the EU candidacy status requirements, the technical assistance that the EU can provide to Georgia in this regard, and the possible implications of this process on Georgia’s politics.

Uzun yıllardır dış ticaret açığı probleminden kurtulamayan Türkiye’nin, dış ticarette özellikle komşularına karşı rekabet gücüne sahip olması son derece önemlidir. Komşularla ticaret nakliye avantajları nedeniyle dış ticarette karlılığı arttırırken ülkelerarası karşılıklı rekabet gücü ölçümü, bu ülkelerin hangi mal gruplarında uzmanlaşma gösterdiklerinin de belirlenmesi açısından ayrıca önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada dış ticaret ilişkileri çerçevesinde, Türkiye’nin Gürcistan pazarındaki rekabet gücünün genel analizi yapılmaktadır. Söz konusu çalışmada iki ülke arasında Covid-19 pandemisi öncesi ve sonrası ayrı ayrı incelenmiştir. Türkiye’nin Gürcistan’a göre karşılaştırmalı üstünlüğünü tespit etmek için 2019-2020 yılları ile sınırlandırılan çalışmada, Balassa (1977) tarafından geliştirilen ve rekabet gücü ile birlikte ülkelerin uzmanlaşma seviyesini de veren açıklanmış karşılaştırmalı üstünlük (AKÜ) endeksi hesaplanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre Türkiye’nin, Covid-19 pandemisinin başlangıcı olan 2019 yılı ilk yarısında Gürcistan’a karşı rekabet gücünün düştüğü, pandemi etkilerinin ağırlaştığı ve kapanmaların yaşandığı daha sonraki aylarda ise tekrar yükseldiği tespit edilmiştir. Türkiye’nin araştırma döneminde Gürcistan’a göre daha çok mal grubunda rekabet gücü üstünlüğüne sahip olduğu görülmüştür.

Copyright of Paradigma: Journal of Economics & Management Research / İktisadi ve İdari Araştırmalar Dergisi is the property of Gumushane University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Sociological Context / Sosyolojik Bağlam Dergisi is the property of Journal of Sociological Context and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Akademik Hassasiyetler is the property of Huzeyfe Suleyman Arslan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Marmara University Journal of Turkology / Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Marmara University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Aksaray University Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences / Aksaray Üniversitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Aksaray University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Georgia, the issue of education has always been a priority for the government of all times, with a focus on further development. In 2005, when Georgia joined the Bologna Process, significant reforms were made in the higher education system. Higher education programs are described in the European Credit Transfer System. Accordingly, the diploma supplement is approved following the rules developed in Europe. The paper examines the compatibility of the country's education system with the law, according to which the existing higher education institutions must comply with both internal and external quality assurance mechanisms. The external quality assurance system of Georgia consists of authorization and program accreditation, and external quality assurance is provided by LEPL National Center for Education Quality Development. The paper presents the ways and means of Georgia’s firm establishment in the European educational space and the contribution of the National Center for Quality Development in Education so that the quality of education received in Georgia fully meets national and international requirements.

The South Caucasus, with its geographical location and strategic importance, is one of the most important regions of the world, as well as an unstable region due to reasons such as struggle over energy resources, ethnic conflicts, and economic weakness. After the dissolution of the USSR, the political and geopolitical changes in the South Caucasus region, which has been the focus of Iran throughout history, significantly affected Iran's relations with the regional countries Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia, which have historical and cultural ties. Due to the important geopolitical developments around it, Iran's relations with these three states have been oriented towards security and economic interests rather than ideological goals. Because Iran aims to strengthen its position and get rid of the international isolation policy by ensuring its security as much as it can improve its relations with these countries. The South Caucasus states, which are important for Iran in terms of political, cultural, economic and security, have also attracted the attention of regional and non-regional powers. Therefore, Iran's political and economic relations with the countries of the region were affected by the powers that exist in the region. However, it has been revealed by the developments experienced in the period that Iran can be effective in its fluctuating relations with the countries of the region as long as it follows a balanced policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Russian annexation of the Eastern Georgian kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti at the outset of the 19th century ushered in a new stage in the history of the Russian expansion in the Caucasus. The growing Russian influence in the region depended on Russia’s ability to find allies from among the local Caucasian peoples. In this respect the Orthodox Georgians could be counted on by the Tsarist authorities as a potential ally in the area traditionally influenced by the Ottoman Empire and Persia. The control over the Georgian lands lying on the Southern side of the Greater Caucasus ridge was instrumental in allowing the Russians unfettered access across the mountains towards the south. Getting such a foothold as Kartli-Kakheti in the Southern Caucasus would eventually help Russia to gain the upper hand over the mountaineers of the Northern Caucasus as well as to advance its interests in the area between the Black and the Caspian seas. The article analyses the circumstances of the Russian penetration into the Southern Caucasus throughout the 18th century and provides the assessment of the Russian politics towards the Eastern Georgia at the time in question.

Copyright of International Journal of Language Academy is the property of Rota Kariyer and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ethnicization and feminization of labor are intertwined processes. Although each has its own internal history, they have been taken to new dimensions with capitalism and neoliberalism. In this respect, gender and race are instrumentalized for the exploitation of labor. There have been several studies on the inclusion of race and gender in the labor market in considering wage labor. However, not many studies focus on nation-state building before labor markets, race, and women as unpaid family members. In this study, the issue of unpaid female labor in tea agriculture is examined. It also considers the ethnicization processes of Georgian labor. These two processes are explained by the labor value theory by placing tea agriculture at the center. Moreover, the effect of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the processes will also be discussed. Because the process of ethnicization and feminization are multidimensional and multi-agency processes, qualitative interviews were conducted with 48 people from different structures and actors. The interviews were recorded, resolved, and multiple structure analyses were performed. Survey data applied in a different context in another study for Georgians were also used as data sources in this study as ethnicization and feminization of labor are fed from a similar background and are used interchangeably in case of crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mavi Atlas is the property of Mavi Atlas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bilecik Seyh Edebali University Journal of Social Sciences is the property of Bilecik Seyh Edebali University Journal of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Black Sea / Karadeniz is the property of Black Sea / Karadeniz and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish Studies - Historical Analysis is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of International Social Research is the property of Journal of International Social Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines the political processes and developments in the Batumi region after the end of the First World War with an eye on the Samuslimano Sakartvelo/Islam Gürcistanı newspaper. Being the organ of the Batum Georgian Muslims aiming to unite with newly independent Georgia, the newspaper played an important role while the region with its Muslim majority was occupied alternately by Turkish, English and Georgian forces. Although the paper took a pro-Georgian stance, it did not refrain from criticizing the Georgian Government during the discussions on self-government and autonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches / İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish Studies - Language & Literature is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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It is known that Kipchaks who were brought to Georgia by Davit IV of Georgia between years of 1118 and 1120, provided great support to the Georgian army in their struggles against the Seljuks and feudal lords. The history of the Kipchaks, especially after 1268, is shown by Fahrettin Kırzıoğlu as the "Kipchak Atabekler Hükümeti (the Government of Kipchak Atabeks)". However, Georgian historians strongly deny this, claiming that the Kipchaks returned to their old homeland, the north of the Caucasus, and the rest became Georgianized Kipchaks. However, after the arrival of the Mongolians in the region, it is undrstood from the information in the historical sources that this was not the real case. There is no mention of the Government of Kipchak Atabeks in any historical document, but the developments that took place during the time of the Charismatic Shahs, the Mongols, the Timurids, the Akkoyunlus, the Karakoyunlus and the Safavids really show that there was a separate government or principality in the region. This situation was first revealed by Fahreddin Kırzıoğlu, there was not much emphasis on it at that time, and even some researchers did not take it seriously. In our research, we obtained new findings, especially on Kipchak- Georgian relations during the Safavid period. According to these findings, we came to the conclusion that there was a Kipchak Atabek Government and a Kipchak Atabek Beyligi(principality) in Georgia. In this study, our goal is to show how Kipchaks came to Georgia from the beginning of their situations in the north of the Black Sea, their support provided to Georgian army, and as a result of that how they brought to important positions by the Georgians, later on how they fall apart and after 1268 how Kipchaks established a domination on their own as a subject of the states dominating the region, to put forward what they have established, to strengthen the thesis of the Kipchak Atabeks Government led by Fahreddin Kırzıoğlu, and to contribute to the proof of these with views of Georgian, Russian, Arabic, Persian and Turkish sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Studies - Historical Analysis is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this article, the subjects as the lands where Borchali Turks (Azerbaijanis) live in present-day Georgia, and states which have ruled over the historical Borchali region since the first ages are studied. For this purpose, the settlement of Armenians in these lands after the occupation of the South Caucasus by Tsarist Russia, the immigration of a part of the Borchali Turk population to Azerbaijan and Anatolia as a result of the oppressing and suppressing policies against the Borchali Turks in their historical lands, and the Armenian-Georgian war for the sake of Borchali lands are also aimed to be examined in the article. In addition, terrorist acts of Armenian terrorist organizations against Borchali Turks and the situation of Azerbaijanis living in Georgia after the Soviet Union is evaluated in the study. As a result of the research of the statistical data, it is revealed that the Borchali region had been attached to the Turkish states for centuries, and that the majority of its population consists of Turks. As a result of the analyzed statistical data, it is revealed that the Turkish people had to leave their homeland due to the immigration of Armenians to these lands in conjunction with the Russian occupation, starting from the 18th century, and that the remaining population faced great socio-political and economic difficulties in the following years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Dil Araştırmaları is the property of Journal of Dil Arastirmalari and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Security Studies / Güvenlik Calışmalari Dergisi is the property of Turkish National Police Academy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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The Shahnameh of Iranian poet Firdevsi (940-1040) is one of the works that have the most lasting effect on Georgian folk and written literature. Some mythological and historical stories (including the Pahlavi version) mentioned in Shahnameh were narrating among the Georgian people before Shahnameh was translated into Georgian language. According to N. Y. Marr, who is one of the founders of Iranology in Georgia, the first translation of Shahnameh into Georgian language took place in the 12th century. Since the first translation of Shahnameh is not available today in Georgian archive, we do not have an idea of whether the first translation represents the entire Shahnameh or some parts of it. Georgian archives contain copies of Shahnameh, which were translated into Georgian in the following centuries of the 12th century. The manuscripts of these translations and the reviews written by the Georgian critics on them reveal that Shahnameh started to be translated into Georgian both in verse and prose since the 15th century. The purpose of this article was to determine who made the translations of the Shahnameh and which versions of Persian Shahnameh have been translated into Georgian language during the centuries. The findings of this article revealed that translations of the Shahnameh into Georgian, were not only made from authentic text, but also the additions to Persian Shahnameh in the following centuries were translated into Georgian language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to contribute for understanding that how border effects society by focusing on crimes. Previous studies discussed the connection between border and crime as a juridical, economic or criminological case that in the context of border transgressing. In this study, crimes were approached from a wider social perspective. How the border differentiates the social structure and people's lives are explored by placing the crime phenomenon at the focal point. For this purpose in this study a field research within social scientific qualitative approach had implemented. Sources of data are in-depth interviews with local people from border area, observations on the field and contacts with official institutions. Field of study is border gate in Sarp where is at border of Turkey and Georgia. Connection between border and crime is theoretical focus of the study. Crime phenomenon that was shaped by the border and social circumstances what was created by interaction between people and the border had mentioned in this study. Effects of the border about social relations, cultural interaction, everyday life and economical issues has suggested. As a result, basic determinant of connection between border and crime considered as economical structure that was shaped by border. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hopa Ethnography Museum, located in Hopa Subprovince, Artvin, with over 2000 works exhibited within, has an important place in terms of cultural heritage of the locality. While there are wooden and stone works connected with agriculture in the museum garden, on the second floor, which has 7 rooms and a lounge, there are weighing tools, carpentry tools, lighting tools, kitchenware and hunting rifles and some animals' hides and horns. While most of the works in the museum were obtained in the region of Hopa, some of them were brought from Georgia. However, the similarity of the works collected from both regions is also noteworthy. Coming across frequently with weighing instruments and copper assets used in dairy processing indicates that this sub-province was once an important in commerce and livestock. In this study, it is aimed to contribute to the introduction of the region, culture and art by examining the formal properties, functions and connections of the weighing tools and copper vessels displayed in the museum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increased permeability of the nation state borders, border regions host more intense flows of goods and people when compared to the past and turn into spaces of more central and important activities, instead of being excluded places in the periphery. The growing volumetric interactions have led to a multi-dimensional and analytical assessment of the border regions. In this respect, it is aimed to measure the cross-border economic, social, administrative and spatial interaction levels in Turkey’s national borders with the help of objective indicators that can be obtained at the central level; to define the socio-spatial interaction forms by network analysis in the border regions where the interaction is relatively high; and to develop a governance framework in the context of the specific characteristics of the regions. With this research; Multivariate Border Permeability Index was developed to measure border permeability at the national level. The network analysis; revealed that the central settlements in the border regions differed depending on the characteristics of the network, the spatial domain of the border regions could go beyond the distances in the literature and in practice, and the settlements that had central features at the national level but outside the spatial domain of the border had significant relations with the cross-border. In the governance dimension, the importance of the concept of “common governance gap” for the border regions was emphasized that vulnerability and sensitive balances between neighbor states do not allow a strong governance framework to be maintained for border regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bu makalede Gürcistan, özellikle Şida Kartli ve Kakheti vilayetlerindeki Osetlerin kimliğinin günümüzdeki durumu, Gürcü toplumuyla ilişkileri ve Kuzey-Güney Osetya ile ilişkileri üzerine odaklanmıştır. Genellikle Gürcistan’daki Osetler Gürcistan’a oldukça yüksek seviyede entegre edilmiştir. Durumu böyleyken Gürcistan’daki Osetler kendisini azınlık olarak açıkça tanımlamakta ve asimilasyona karşı kültürel haklarını genişletme isteği gibi konular vasıtasıyla Gürcüler ile kültürel sınırı oluşturmaya çalışmakta ve Gürcü-Oset arasında belli bir mesafe mevcuttur. Gürcistan’daki Osetler kendi anavatanın Gürcistan olduğunu söylerken Güney-Kuzey Osetya’yı ise “kendi kültürü, milleti ve atalarının vatanı” olarak tanımlamaktadır. Böylece Gürcistan’daki Osetler “diaspora kimliği”ne benzer kimlik yapısına sahiptir. Fakat “anayurt”-“konuk eden ülke” arasında gerginlik olduğundan dolayı onlar Gürcistan içinde kalma meşruiyetini sağlamak için devamlı “Gürcü-Oset birlikteliği”ne atıf yapmakta ve Güney Osetya’nın istiklalinden ziyade Gürcistan-Güney /Kuzey Osetya arasındaki rahat ve kolay geçişi istemektedir. Ayrıca SSCB dönemindeki etnik politikadan dolayı Lagodekhi’deki Osetler arasında bu kimlik daha gelişmiştir.

Matbuat ve onun bir dalı olan dergiler sadece kültürel konular için değil, tarihin bütün alanlarında temel kaynaklardan biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Azerbaycan'ın hem siyasi hem de kültürel tarihi için çok önemli olan basın ve dergiler Türkiye'de yeterince tanınmamakta, dolayısıyla çalışmalarda kullanılmamaktadır. Azerbaycan Bilimler Akademisi yayını olan "Azerbaycan Dövri Metbuatı 1832-1920 Bibliyografiya, Bakı 1987" adlı çalışmayı esas alarak adı geçen dönemdeki Azerbaycan ve Gürcistan'da çıkmış Jurnaller (Dergiler) bu yazıda kısaca tanıtılmıştır. Yazıda alfabetik sırayla dergiler, redaktörleri, naşirleri ve muharrir heyeti tanıtılmış; ayrıca derginin yayın politikası, hangi tür yazılar neşr edildiği ve ideolojik istikameti hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir. Bibliyografya Sovyet dönemi ürünü olduğu için milli hassasiyeti olan aydınlar ve muharrirler zemmedilerek anlatılmış, buna karşılık Bolşevikliğe hizmet edenler takdirkar ifadelerle sunulmuştur. Bu durum gerektiğinde metin içinde gerekirse dipnotlarda okuyucuya hatırlatılmıştır. Yazarların ve dergilerin isimleri aslî şeklini bozmamak için Azerbaycan imlasına göre yazılmıştır.

Georgia which has an ethnic diversity, has not been able to provide its full stability since it has declared its independence and has experienced events that have shaken central authority throughout history. In particular, the independence demands of Abkhazia and South Ossetia have lost much blood to the country. Saakashvili, the leader that came to governance after the Rose Revolution, took steps to restore the central authority and attracted Russia's reaction with the pro-Western and US pro-politics. The fact that Saakashvili tried to solve the problem of separatist territories in order to secure the central authority by controlling them tightly reinforced this tension and consequently the conflict between Georgia and the South Ossetians started in 2008 and eventually became a Russian-Georgian war. The NATO's intence interest in the region has made Russia very uneasy, and the possibility that the Black Sea is a NATO lake has led Russia to follow aggressive policies towards the region. Although the Russian-Georgian war that took place in 2008 and caused great devastation for Georgia has been concluded, the strife and tensions between the two sides continue to be cold. In particular, the EU is giving visa liberalization to Georgia, German Prime Minister Merkel's visit to the region reveals that the Georgian support for the EU-led way, NATO's joint exercises in Georgia with the participation of Georgia, Russia's Abkhazia and South Ossetia supporting statements, "Is climbing a new chaos in the region? Is Russia, the winner in Syria, wanted to be besieged in the South Caucasus?" In this article, all this process will be discussed in historical perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relations between Turkey and Georgia is one of the most stable in South Caucasus. Good relations had began just at Georgian independance in 90's and come untill today 2019. As the topics differs in 90's and 2000's, the climate was the same. Two topics were always in the center between two countries; in economic area there are big projects like Baku-Tiflis-Ceyhan Oil Pipeline and Baku-Tiflis-Kars Railway. As good neighbourhood there is firstly visa-free, then pasaport-free entry and common usage of Batumi International Airport. Both made a commen daily life along both side of the border. Georgian relations was also a part of Turkish foreign policy as declared by AKP government; Zero problem with the neighbors. It failed in the process; so Turkey had lived problems with many neighbors. There appears Georgia as the best succeeded one and therefore as an important country for Turkey. The two countries keep the friendship even at their foreign policy turns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

History of Karapapak Turks dates back to oldest times. Most of their population live in Georgia today. Karapapak Turks have never given up their language and literature and raised their own poets and authors. Rafig Hümmet, is one of the most important poets of Karapapak Literature. In this study, the poems of Rafig Hümmet, about which criticized the administration and order of his time, are discussed. First poems of Rafig Hümmet were written in the Soviet Russia period. The poet didn't express his feeling explicitly on his poems because of Soviet pressure in this period. Instead, he chose to convey his feelings by using symbolism and indirect speech. It can be clearly seen in his poems written after the disintegration of the Soviet Union that he could express his feelings more freely than before. In this period, the poet did not remain silent in the face of injustices and discussed the disruptions of the existing administration and order in his poems. In this essay, Rafig Hümmet's poems criticizing the administration and the order of his era will be examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to understand the relationship between borders and identity, nationalism, and citizenship. The role and function of the borders in the expression of the identity; how the nationalist and etatist identities have been planned on the borders; what kind of a meaning is attributed to the borders by the nation-state through the citizenship design; and where the position of the people living on the borders is while the security of the borders is provided, are the fundamental questions of the research. In this study, in-depth interviews have been had with 6 people, who live in Muratlı Village located on the border of Turkey and Georgia, within the context of the qualitative research method. In the survey, it is seen that the border; is one of the ways of identity expression; contributes to the construction of the sense of belonging among the people living on the borders; embraces their social values; and puts the inter-societal relations in order. It has been understood that one of the identificatory and supplementary factors, the borders, are enshrined by the locals living on the borders not only because their nationalist and etatist identities have been planned by the borders but also because their starting and end points are determined by the same borders. Moreover, it is concluded that the borders are one of the important building blocks of the plan of citizenship by a nation-state, also the people living on the borders are law-abiding. Furthermore, they show loyalty in guarding the borders which shows that they gained a citizenship identity. It is revealed that not only the state but also the locals feel responsible for the protection of the borders. Therefore, these locals accept themselves as the border guards of the state. All these results of the survey show that the borders have features enabling a close relationship between the borders and identities; further, this relationship covers nationalism, etatism, and citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Having been a part of the Russian Empire until the 1917 October Revolution, Kars was obliged to establish an autonomous government due to the chaotic politic enviroment in the Caucasus, a region that had been forced to separate from Russia. In this region, which had the right of autonomy despite the arbitrary formation of local governments overwhelmingly composed of Geogian, Armenian and Azeri governors, the political, administrative and social functions previously carried out by local assemblies gradually came to be substitued by a more central administration. At this phase the intelligentsia of the region were able to re-establish the assemblies abolished due to the Ottoman invasion and the Kars parliament was formed after the elections on December 1, 1918. Although the parliament with 71 members had formerly been declared "temporary", owing to rapid social developments Kars declared itself an independent republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the contextualization of bilateralism, a foreign policy concept and practice, via the case of Armenia - Georgia relations in the South Caucasus. In the framework of the main argument that there exists a sui generis and limited bilateralism between the two actors emanating from their bilateral, regional and global connections, and that this shall remain; the paper first provides a description of the emergence, evolution, certain examples, and settings of bilateralism. Following a summary of the two actors' relations, why and how the bilateralism at hand has come into existence is explored on the basis of economic and trade relations, transportation routes, separatism issues, minority factor, and the impact of Russia. In the final analysis, the paper provides some assessments and prospects with regard to the current characteristics as well as the future of the aforementioned bilateralism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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