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Uterine diseases in dogs are among the most important problems of infertility. Although it has been reported that the responses of the uterus to exposure to pathogenic agents with the effect of hormones depending on the sexual cycle periods, there is no study conducted in our country on the subject. In this study, it was aimed to examine the types of endometritis that may occur according to the stages of the sexual cycle histopathologically and to reveal their prevalence. For this purpose, cytological and histopathological examinations of 100 endometrial smears and uterine tissue samples obtained from dogs of different breeds, ages and sexual cycle stages were performed. The sexual cycle stages and the histopathological changes related to endometritis that can be observed in these stages were determined by microscopic examination of the samples that had Giemsa staining for cytological examination and Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) staining for histopathological examination. In the light of these examinations, endometritis was found in %35 of the uterine samples collected. Samples with endometritis were classified as catarrhal, purulent and chronic non -purulent endometritis according to their inflammatory character. As a result, the prevalence of endometritis in dogs was high, it was mostly seen in the diestrus stage of endometritis and It was detected that the most common type of endometritis was catarrhal endometritis. In addition, endometrial cytological examination has been found to be an inexpensive and practical method for detecting changes in the uterus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Endometrial cancer is the most common malignancy of the female genital tract and the fourth leading cancer among women. Our aim is to share the surgical treatment and results of endometrial cancer cases in our gynecological oncology clinic. Patients and Methods: In this study, the records of 164 endometrial cancer patients operated by the same surgical team between 2009-2019 were reviewed retrospectively. The clinical, surgical and histopathological features of the patients are presented here. Four patients who had sarcoma as a result of pathology, 7 patients who underwent complementary surgery and 1 patient with a second primary tumor were not included in the study. Results: The mean age of the patients included in our study was 61.3 and the mean body mass index was 25.8. According to the postoperative pathology results; mean tumor size was 3.4 cm and mean number of collected lymph nodes was 28.8. Lymph node metastasis was observed in 19 patients and all of the metastases were in pelvic lymph nodes. Endometrioid type adenocarcinoma was seen in 81% of the patients. Myometrial invasion > 50% in 81 patients (49.4%). Twenty patients (12.2%) had cervical involvement, 11 patients (6.7%) had adnexal involvement and 28 patients (17.1%) had lymphovascular area invasion. 76 patients (46.3%) were grade 1, 61 patients (37.2%) were grade 2, 19 patients (11.6%) were grade 3. When the patients were staging according to the FIGO system in 2009, 70 (42.7%) stage 1A, 58 (35.4%) stage 1B, 12 (7.3%) stage 2, 3 (1.8%) stage 3A 17 patients (10.4%) were stage 3C1 and 4 patients (2.4%) were stage 4. Conclusion: Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological cancer, and it is usually diagnosed at an early stage as a result of early signs. Tumor size, depth of myometrial invasion and histopathologic grade are used to evaluate the risk of the disease, but studies with a higher number of high stage patients will be more useful in determining the risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study is to examine possible changes that may occur in the uterus by using the echotexture parameters obtained on different days of the oestrus cycle in cows. In the study, 42 cows in the first lactation, with no clinical or subclinical endometritis symptoms, in a private farm in Erzurum were used. Ultrasonographic images were taken on the oestrus day (0thday) and on different days of the cycle (4, 12, 16, 18, 21) in cows with oestrus. The mean gray value (MGL), homogeneity (HOM), and contrast (CON) parameters in the images taken from the uterine endometrium were examined with a computer-assisted image analysis program. Average echotexture parameters on the different days of the estrus cycle in cows were detected as 68.43±0.55 for MGL, 0.080±0.001 for HOM, and 54.23±0.37 for CON. There was a negative relationship between the mean gray value and HOM, and a positive relationship with the CON values, while a negative relationship was observed between the HOM and CON values. As a result, no statistical difference was found between MGL, HOM and CON values in the images taken from the endometrium of cows in different periods of the cycle. When the cycle is evaluated as follicular and luteal period; It was observed that MGL values were high in the follicular phase of the cycle and low in the luteal phase, while homogeneity values were low in the follicular phase and high in the luteal phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the complaints of premenopausal and postmenopausal geriatric patient who admitted to gynecology outpatient clinic. Methods: 25 Premenopausal and 25postmenopuasal geriatric patients who admitted to outpatient clinic of gynecology in Sakarya Private Konak Hospital were evaluated retrospectively regarding diagnosis, gravida and parity situations, surgical operations, systemic disorders and ultrasonographic mesaurement of endometrial thickness and copmpared to each other. Results: Frequency of common complatints of admitted patients was 20% vaginitis, 16% irregular menstrual bleeding, 14% postmenopausal bleeding. 76% of patients had no systemic disorder. 6% of patients had diabetes mellitus and 18% had hypertention. Rate of having comorbidity in postmenopausal geriatric group was 44% and that of premenopausal group was 4%. According to our findings the frequecy of diseases in postmenopausal geriatric group was 12% uterine prolapse, 24% cytocel, 20% urinary incontinance 4% vasomotor symptoms 12% vaginitis and 28% posmenopausal bleeding and in premenopausal group 28% vaginitis, 16% uterine myoma, 32% irregular menstrual bleeding, 8% dysmenorrhea, 12% and 4% subcutaneus endometriosis. We stated endometrioid adenocarcinoma as the results of endometrial samplings of 2 patients who had postmenopusal bleeding and these patients were referred to gynecologic oncology clinic. Conclusion: Despite all gynecologic problems could be seen in geriatric age group, diseases such as atrofic symptoms due to hypoostrogenemy, vasomotor symptoms, pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinance is frequently seen in these women. Both for women heatlh and geriatric women care performing gynocologic evaluation regarding these, would be benefical in terms of early disgnosis and treatment of the diseaeses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amaç: Endometrium ve serviks kanseri tedavisinde definitif ve/veya adjuvan olarak eksternal radyoterapi ardından brakiterapi (BT) uygulanır (1). Ancak endometrium ve serviks kanseri nükslerinin tedavisi için standart intrakaviter aplikatörlerle her zaman hedef tümör dokusunda istenen dozlara ulaşmak güç olabilir. Bu durumda yetersiz doz alan tümör bölgesine uygun pozisyon ve sayıda doku içerisine iğne implante edilerek Hibrit (İntrakaviter + İnterstisyel) Brakiterapi (HBT) tekniği uygulanabilir (2). Bu çalışmada endometrium ve serviks kanseri nükslerinin tedavisi için uygulanan HBT tekniği ile yalnızca intrakaviter BT sonucunda elde edilen doz dağılımlarının kritik organlar (rektum, mesane ve üretra) açısından karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çoklu kanallı silindir aplikatörüne ek olarak interstisyel iğnelerin uygulandığı, HBT tekniği ile tedavi edilmiş hastalara ait 10 hasta planı retrospektif olarak değerlendirildi. Bu planlarda kritik organların ve hedef hacmin (HR-CTV) konturlandığı bilgisayarlı tomografiler üzerine intrakaviter kanallar aktif bırakılırken interstisyel iğnelerinin olduğu kanallar inaktif bırakılarak HR-CTV nin tanımlanan dozu aynı şekilde almasını sağlayacak yeni planlar oluşturuldu. Her iki teknik sonucunda elde edilen doz dağılımlarına göre kritik organlar mesane, rektum ve üretra için doz analizleri yapıldı. Bulgular: Çoklu kanallı silindir aplikatörü ile intrakaviter BT ve HBT tekniği yapılan planlardan elde edilen rektum, mesane ve üretra dozları için hacimlerinin 0,1cc nin aldığı dozlar (D0,1cc) ve 2cc sinin aldığı dozlar (D2cc) sırasıyla Tablo 1 ve Tablo 2'de ortalama ve standart sapmalarıyla gösterilmiştir. Her iki teknikte, kritik organların aldığı dozlar Wilcoxon İstatistik Testi ile karşılaştırıldığında, HBT tekniği ile yapılan planlar İntrakaviter tekniğindeki planlarla karşılaştırıldığında; 0,1cc rektum dozu (p=0,047<0,05) ve 2cc rektum dozu (p=0,005<0,05) anlamlı olarak düşük bulunmuştur. Aynı şekilde yine HBT tekniği için 0,1cc üretra dozları (p=0,005<0,05) ve 2cc için (p=0,005<0,05) anlamlı olarak düşük tespit edilmiştir. Ancak mesane dozlarında HBT tekniğindeki doz düşüklüğünde anlamlı bir fark görülmemiştir. Bunun nedeninin, seçilen hastalarda nüks tümör lokalizasyonun distal vajinal bölgede olması dolayısıyla mesane volümünden olan uzaklığın beklenen doz farklılığından etkilenmemesinden kaynaklandığı düşünülmüştür. Sonuç: Sonuç olarak paravajinal, perirektal, retroüretral derin yerleşimli endometriyum ve serviks kanseri nükslerinde HBT tekniğinin kritik organ dozları açısından avantaj sağladığı görülmüştür. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare endometrial biopsy results in patients with postmenopausal bleeding or menometrorrhagia. Material and Methods: A retrospective analysis of endometrial biopsies conducted by a single physician for diagnostic purposes in symptomatic patients at Yozgat Sorgun State Hospital between January 2015 and June 2016 was performed. Results: The results of 128 patients were evaluated. The mean age of 14 menopausal patients and 114 premenopausal women were 56.6±9.3 and 44.0±6.7, respectively. The endometrial thickness was statistically significantly thicker in premenopausal than postmenopausal patients. The most common pathologies in symptomatic premenopausal women were endometrial polyp and endometrial atrophy. In postmenopausal patients, normal pathologic result, endometrial polyp, cervical polyp was observed equally. Endometrium cancer has not been detected in any case. Conclusions: The menstrual cycle normally lasts for 28±7 days. Vaginal bleeding occurs approximately 2-6 days. The amount of bleeding is circa 20-60 ml. Any deviation from these values is called menstrual disorders. Menometrorrhagia defines intermenstrual bleeding together with bleeding more than 80 ml per day and longer than six days with irregular intermittent characteristics. Menometrorrhagia can be a symptom of many different spectrum of diseases. These diseases may also change with aging. In particular, endometrium cancer may occur with this symptom. Menorrhagia can also be seen in cases such as endometrial polyps, endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial atrophy, endometritis, submucous myomas, adenomyosis, ovarian cysts andhemostasis diseases. Postmenopausal vaginal bleeding occurs after the ceasing of menstruation for one year. Endometrial atrophy, endometrial polyp, endometrium cancer, hormone replacement therapy, endometrial hyperplasia, other genital cancers may be the causes of postmenopausal bleeding. It is interesting that no case of cancer has been detected in our study. However, pathologies such as endometrial polyps, endometrial hyperplasia, and cervical polyps were detected and treated at the same time. Endometrial biopsy in symptomatic pre- and postmenopausal patients is effective not only in cancer diagnosis but also in the diagnosis and treatment of benign conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between histopathologic results and sonographic data in cases of endometrial sampling. Methods: The results of patients who underwent endometrial sampling between January 2015 and January 2017 at the Düzce University Medical Faculty Hospital were examined retrospectively from the hospital computer system and patient files. Patients were classified as premenopausal and postmenopausal groups according to the results of the patient groups were compared statistically. Results: Based on clasified, 231 of patients were premenopausal and 202 were postmenopausal. The mean endometrial thickness of premenopausal patients was 10.42 ± 6.75 (mm, mean ± SD), whereas the mean endometrial thickness of postmenopausal patients was 10.01 ± 7.26 (mm, mean ± SD). Premalign lesions were observed in similar proportions in both groups (p=0.87, p=0.54). Ten patients detected with malignancy, all of them were postmenopause and had bledding. Endometrial thickness cut-off value for malignancy was found 8.5 mm by ROC analysis. In premenopausal group, endometrial polyp was observed in 22.1% (n = 51) and 16.3% (n = 33) in postmenopausal period (p = 0.014). The histopathology results of 8 patients using tamoxifen were 75% (n = 6) benign, 12.5% (n = 1) premalign and 12.5% (n = 1) malignant. Conclusion: Endometrial sampling in postmenopausal symptomatic patients is crutial in terms of malignancy exclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amaç: Çalışmanın amacı, rodamin B"ye maruziyetin, ovarian oksidatif stress, ovarian folikül, 17β-Estradiol hormonu ve endomerium kalınlığı üzerindeki etkisini araştırmak. Materyal Metod: Toplam 28 dişi sıçan kontrol grubu ile birlikte 4 gruba ayrılmıştır. Gruplar 4.5, 9 ve 18 miligram/200 gram vücut ağırlığı olacak şekilde rodamin B ile muamele edilmişir.Rodamin B, 36 gün boyunca probla birlikte oral olarak uygulanmıştır. MDA seviyelerinin analizi spektrofotometrik olarak yapılmıştır. Ovarian folikül sayısı ve endometrium kalınlığı analizleri histopatolojik olarak hematoksilin eozin boyama ile yapılmıştır. 17β-Estradiol seviyesi ELISA ile ölçülmüştür. Bulgular: Dişi sıçanlara farklı dozlarda Rodamin B uygulanması, ovarian MDA seviyelerini kontrollere gore anlamlı şekilde arttırmıştır (P < 0.05). Dişi sıçanlarda rodamin B"nin 2. ve 3. dozları primer, sekonder ve De Graaf folikül sayısını kontrollerle karşılaştırıldığında anlamlı olarak azaltmıştır (P < 0.05). Dişi sıçanlarda rodamin B"nin 2. ve 3. dozlarının uygulanması 17β-estradiol seviyesini kontrollerle karşılaştırıldığında anlamlı olarak azaltmıştır (P < 0.05). Rodamin B uygulanması endometrium kalınlığını kontrollerle karşılaştırıldığında anlamlı olarak azaltmıştır (P < 0.05). Sonuç: Rodamin B uygulamasının, oksidatif stress aracılığı ile ovarian toksisitesini tetiklediği, folikül sayısını azalttığı ve, 17β-Estradiol seviyesini azaltalarak endometriyum kalınlığını düşürdüğü sonucuna varılmıştır.

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, sigara dumanına maruz kalan sıçanlarda -tokoferolün overlerin oksidatif stresi, over foliküllerinin değişiklikleri ile östradiol düzeyleri ve endometriyum kalınlığı üzerine etkilerini değerlendirmektir. Materyal ve Metod: Kırk dişi sıçan beş gruba ayrıldı. Bu beş grup içerisine kontrol grubu ve sigara dumanına maruz bırakılan gruplar; 100, 200 ve 400 mg/kg dozlarında -tokoferol takviyesi yapılan, dahil edildi. Sigara dumanı için duman pompalama ekipmanı Brawijaya Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Farmakoloji Laboratuvarında tasarlandı ve üniversitemiz kullanımına sunuldu. Kolometrik olarak MDA seviyesi analizi yapıldı. Over folikülü sayısının analizi ve endometriyum kalınlığı hematoksilen eozin boyama ile histopatolojik olarak yapıldı. ELİSA tekniğiyle östradiol seviyesinin analizi yapıldı. Bulgular: Kontroller ile (0.121 ± 0.026) (p> 0.05), sigara dumanına maruz kalan sıçanların over MDA düzeyleri (0.388 ± 0.085) karşılaştırıldı. Sigara dumanına maruz kalan sıçanların over MDA düzeylerinin önemli ölçüde arttığı gözlendi. Çeşitli dozlarda -tokoferol verilen gruplar sigara dumanına (P 0.05) gözlemlenen rakamlara ulaşılmasını sağladı. İlk doz -tokoferol uygulanan gruptaki (3.8 ± 1.095) birincil folikül sayısı, kontrol grubuyla karşılaştırıldı (3.8 ± 1.095) (P> 0.05). Tokoferol grubunda İlk doz (5,2 ± 1,304) ve ikinci doz (5.4 ± 0.548) sekonder folikül sayıları kontrol grubuna (3.6 ± 0.548) (p 0.05) seviyesine ulaştığı gözlendi. Sigara dumanına maruz bırakılan ve bırakılmayan gruplar (600,265 ± 76,563) (p 0.05) seviyelerine ulaştı. Sonuç: Yukarıda belirtilen bu sonuçlara göre, -tokoferol nedeniyle azalmış MDA düzeyleri, primer ve sekonder folikül artışlarının yanı sıra sigara dumanına maruz kalmayla östradiol hormon, oksidatif hasarı ve overlerin fonksiyon kaybını önleyebilir sonucuna varıldı. Aynı zamanda endometriyum kalınlığıda artış gösterdi.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of exposure to rhodamine B on ovarian oxidative stress, ovarian follicles, hormone 17beta-estradiol and thickness of endometrium. Methods: A total of 28 female rats were divided into four groups consisting of control; groups treated with rhodamine B at doses of 4.5; 9, and 18 milligram/200 gram body weight. Rhodamine B was administered orally for 36 days with the probe. Analysis of MDA level was done spectrophotometrically. Analysis of the number of ovarian follicles and thickness of endometrium was done histopathologically by hematoxylin eosin staining. Analysis of 17-estradiol level was done by ELISA. Results: Rhodamine B administered in different doses in female rats can increase ovarian MDA levels significantly than the control (P 0.05). Administration of rhodamine B of the second and third doses in female rats can reduce the number of primary, secondary, and De Graaf follicles significantly compared to the control (P 0.05). Administration of rhodamine B of the second and third doses in female rats can reduce 17-estradiol level significantly compared to the control (P 0.05). The administration of rhodamine B could reduce thickness of endometrium significantly compared to the control (P 0.05). Conclusion: It was concluded that administration of rhodamine B triggered ovarian toxicity through oxidative stress, a decrease in the number of follicles, and decreased level of 17-estradiol which ultimately lowered the thickness of endometrium. [Cukurova Med J 2014; 39(3.000): 451-457]

Purpose: The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the role of - tocopherol in inhibiting ovarian oxidative stress, changes in ovarian follicles, estradiol levels, and the thickness of the endometrium in rats exposed to tobacco smoke. Material and Methods: Forty female rats were divided into five groups consisting of a control group; group exposed to tobacco smoke; groups exposed to tobacco smokes receiving  - tocopherol supplementation at doses of 100; 200, and 400 mg/kg. Exposure to tobacco smoke was induced using smoke pumping equipment which was designed and made available in the Pharmacology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University. Analysis of MDA level was done colorimetrically. Analysis of the number of ovarian follicles and endometrial thickness was done histopathologically with hematoxylin eosin staining. Analysis of estradiol level was done by ELISA technique. Results: Exposure to tobacco smoke in rats can increase ovarian MDA level (0.388 ± 0.085) significantly compared to the control (0.121 ± 0.026) (P> 0.05). -tocopherol in various doses can reduce MDA level significantly compared to the group exposed to tobacco smoke (P 0.05). Administration of -tocopherol in different doses increased the number of secondary follicles which reached the number in the control group (P> 0.05). The number of primary follicles in the -tocopherol group of the first dose (3.8 ± 1.095) was comparable to the control group (3.8 ± 1.095) (P> 0.05). The numbers of secondary follicles in the -tocopherol group of the first dose (5.2 ± 1.304) and of the second dose (5.4 ± 0.548) were significantly higher than the control group (3.6 ± 0.548) (P < 0.05). Tobacco smoke lowered estradiol level (10.815 ± 2.374) significantly compared with no exposure (21.354 ± 4.215) (P < 0.05). Administration of -tocopherol in different doses increased estradiol level, reaching the level in the control group (P > 0.05). Tobacco smoke lowered thickness of endometrium (209.491 ± 38.635) significantly compared with no exposure (600.265 ± 76.563) (P < 0.05). The -tocopherol of the first dose (604. 569 ± 33.621) and of the second dose (609.459 ± 37.105) increase estradiol levels, reaching the level in the control group (600.265 ± 76.563) (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Regarding the results describe above, it was concluded that -tocopherol could prevent oxidative damage and loss of ovarian function due to exposure to tobacco smoke characterized by decreased levels of MDA, increases in primary and secondary follicles, as well as the hormone estradiol. Furthermore, it also increased the thickness of endometrium. [Cukurova Med J 2014; 39(2.000): 203-212]

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a heterogeneous group of tumoral lesions originating from diffuse endocrine system cells. They occur mostly in the gastrointestinal system and the lung. Primary NETs of the female reproductive tract are rare. In a widely used classification, primary small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (SCNECs) and large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (LCNECs) of the endometrium were included in a subgroup of poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas. SCNECs of the endometrium are very rare and they are often combined with other epithelial neoplasms. Their myometrial and extrauterine invasions are common during the initial diagnosis due to their aggressive behaviors. In this article, we present a rare case of primary endometrial SCNEC detected within the benign endometrial polyp and without invasion of myometrium and extrauterine tissues in a 70-year-old female patient presenting with postmenopausal bleeding. Histopathologically, the tumor cells showed positive staining with Synaptophysin, the Ki-67 labeling index was 80-90%, the mitotic index was 15/10 per HPF and there was no necrosis and lymphovascular invasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Investigation of unpredictable risks due to abnormal uterine pathology after the choice of uterus-preserving reconstructive surgical procedure for women who have uterine prolapse and no other complaints was aimed. Methods: The data of 121 women (105 postmenopausal and 16 premenopausal) who underwent vaginal hysterectomy due to pelvic organ prolapse was examined and the post-hysterectomy histopathology results were evaluated. Results: Senile cystic atrophy was the most common endometrial pathology result among postmenopausal women (63.5%). However, proliferative and secretory endometrium was the most common endometrial pathology finding among premenopausal women (81.3%). There were statistically significant differences between postmenopausal and perimenopausal women in terms of these pathology results (p<0.001). While, there was no difference between groups in terms of endometrial polyps, hyperplasia and adenomyosis (p>0.05), myoma uteri was significantly more common in patients with perimenopause (p=0.01). Conclusion: The uterus must be evaluated in terms of endometrial pathologies in asymptomatic women with pelvic organ prolapse before uterus-preserving reconstructive surgical procedure, especially in postmenopausal period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Endometrium, which plays a very important role in reproductive biology and one of the pathologies connected with it as are the problems in the implantation. One of the most important processes for the female fertility are experienced in implantation failure and one of the developed methods for the solution are endometrial coculture application. In this study, to provide knowledge of the types of cells in in vitro monolayer endometrial coculture. Methods: In our study, consisting of 8 fertile and 16 infertile women suffering from recurrent implantation failure were included in two groups. Performing aspiration with negative pressure pipeline endometrial tissue samples were obtained. Intended to carry embryo to the blastocyst stage, Endometrial Epithelial-gland cells (EG) and Epithelial stromal (ES) cells are obtained, after concluding of the culture was provided to do light microscopic tissue follow of these tissues. Cocultured cells were grouped stained with toluidine blue. Working with the numerical values of the cell types was performed using the Chi-square statistical analysis method. Results: In cocultured, both fertile and cell types derived from the TIB group, with light microscopic examination, were distinguished by morphological characteristics. Each of the two groups, called cells called vacuoles, microvilli and cytoplasmic extension was defined. Conclusion: Both groups, coculture derived from endometrial tissue were examined by light microscope. Thus, the identification of differences between groups was provided classification of cell structures in the coculture and endometrial cocultured practices, was concluded to be beneficial in the embryo's development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we aimed to assess the relation between indications and histopathological diagnosis of the endometrial sampling procedures performed for various indications in the light of the current literature. The data obtained from the records of 799 patients who had undergone endometrial biopsy due to various causes between January 2012 and May 2015 were evaluated in this retrospective study. The most frequent indication of endometrial biopsy was found as menometrorrhagia in 56. 6 % of the patients. Endometrial cancer was found in 1.9% of all patient population. Patients complaining of postmenopausal bleeding (8.1%) showed the highest risk for endometrial cancer. Any histopathological abnormality was not found in endometrial biopsy materials performed preoperatively in patients who were scheduled to undergo hysterectomy for myoma uteri or benign causes. In conclusion, particularly patients complaining of postmenopausal bleeding have the highest risk for endometrial cancer which requires histopathological assessment of the endometrium. In consideration of the risk factors, preoperative endometrial assessment can be performed in patients who will undergo underwent hysterectomy with indications of myoma uteri or benign reasons based on the potential development of premalign or malign lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the frequency of adenomyosis in hystrectomy materials. Materials and Methods: We herein analyse the adenomyosis frequency in histopathologic evaluation of 299 abdominal, laparoscopic and vaginal hysterectomy materials performed due to bening causes in Adana Numune Training and Research Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. The relationship between adenomyosis and preoperative endometrial biopsy results and the genitourinary symptoms of these patients were also evaluated. Results: 299 hysterectomy materials are evaluated in this study and 79 adenomyosis (%26.4) case are determined. Adenomyosis was more frequent in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding and also in patients in whom irregular proliferative endometrium, endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial polyps was determined at preoperative endometrial sampling (p<0.001); pelvic pain was not found to be a significant factor in the prediction of adenomyosis. Conclusion: Adenomyosis is a frequent finding in patients who have had hysterectomy for benign conditions. It is more frquent in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding and also in patients in whom irregular proliferative endometrium, endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial polyps were determined at preoperative endometrial sampling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Endometrial polyps, which are benign growths of the endometrium, may be a factor in female subfertility. We aimed to evaluate the ghrelin expressions for the development of endometrial polyps. Methods: Tissue ghrelin expressions of a total of 15 cases endometrial polyps, whom 9 had in the proliferation phase, 6 had in the sekretuar phase were examined using immunohistochemical method, Enzim İmmunoassay (EIA) and ELİSA. Results: Ghrelin concentrations in the secretuar phase group were higher compared to the proliferative phase. Ghrelin concentrations were lower in the endometrial polyps group as compared to the endometrium group in the secretuar phase. Conclusions: We think that ghrelin expression can be important in endometrial polyps formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To identify definition of intraoperative consultation and diagnostic accuracy in gynecologic pathology, gynecological-pathological agreement and solutions. Material and method: The results of 404 intraoperative consultations of 363 patients sent to Pathology Department by Obstetrics & Gynecology Department of hospital between 1 January, 2007 and 31 December, 2011, were assessed by using pathology reports, obtained from the database of Pathology Department. Results: According to our results, rate of intraoperative consultation was 4.7%. Frozen section diagnosis in 95.3% of cases was compatible with the paraffin sections, our false negative rate was 4.4%. False negative results during intraoperative consultation were due to the limited sampling. Definite diagnosis was left to paraffin sections in 3.7% of the cases. They were complicated cases and for differential diagnosis, immunohistochemical staining as well as requiring adequate number of sections and mitosis count was needed. There were primary tumors in 93.8%; multiple primary tumors in 1.2% and metastatic tumors in 5.0%, as being neoplastic in 67.8% and non-neoplastic in 32.2%. Intraoperative consultation was most frequently ordered in ovary; followed by endometrium, myometrium, cervix and vulva. Conclusion: In intraoperative consultations, communication and coordination of the gynecologist and pathologist and their experience are crucial for reliable results. It was found that results of our clinic was reliable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was performed to determine the effects of pregnancy on the proportion of T-lymphocytes, null lymphocytes and acid phosphatase (ACP-ase) positive peripheral blood lymphocytes and the distribution of the mentioned cells in the decidua basalis region of endometrium in the pregnant mice. For this purpose, mice at 12-14 weeks of age were divided into four groups as non-pregnant control, and at the middle of the first, second, and the third week of the pregnancy, corresponding to early, middle, and late (3rd, 10th, and 17th days of pregnancy) gestational stages respectively (n = 6 for each group). The lowest T-lymphocytes percentage was determined at early and middle pregnancy in the peripheral blood (43.83%) and decidua basalis (10.83 number/0.1 mm2), respectively. There was a statistically significant increase in the proportions of the peripheral blood ACP-ase (+) lymphocytes (44.33%) at the mid-gestational period while the lowest ACP-ase positive lymphocyte numbers (5.50 number/0.1 mm2) in the decidua basalis was observed at early pregnancy.The highest null cell rates were found at early gestation either in the peripheral blood (11.50%) or in the decidua basalis (7.83 umber/0.1 mm2). The lowest percentage of peripheral blood lymphocyte (56.00%) was recorded at the early pregnancy. It was concluded that the number and the distribution of the lymphocyte, T-lymphocyte, null lymphocyte, and ACP-ase positive lymphocyte were affected by pregnancy although there were some differences among the gestational periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometriosis is defined as the presence ofendometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity. In the childbearing period, it is mostly localized to the pelvic viscera and the peritoneum. Kidneys, surrenal glands, umbilicus, skin, peripheral nerves, heart, liver, and bones are other frequent localizations for endometriosis. Abdominal wall endometriosis can usually be detected as attached to abdominal wall layers. We aimed to present eight abdominal wall endometriosis cases together with the related literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Failure of implantation is one of the most important factors affecting the success of in vitro fertilization (IVF) applications. In this, study. women in fertile and infertile women with previous implantation failure in IVF applications are aimed to be compared within their endometrial cocultures. Materials and Methods: Ten fertile women and the seventeen women with recurrent implantation failure (RIF) were included to the study. endometrium biopsy samples were taken. Monolayer of co-culture technique was applied to the endometrial samples. In the endometrial co-culture of fertile and RIF group individuals, glands and stromal cells were evaluated by invert microscope and statistical analysis was performed. Results: Co-cultures of the endometrium of fertile and RIF group women were compared with the microscope. Morphological differences were observed for the development of gland and stromal cells. In the fertile group, development of endometrial co-culture cells was better than RIF group. RIF group co-culture cells, less developed and had less number. Development of RIF group cells was less than quantitative terms. As a result of comparison of gland and stromal cells statistically, in fertile and RIF group, significant difference was observed. Conclusion: When the endometrial co-cultures of fertile and RIF women were compared, the difference was found significant not only morphologically but also statistically. However, it was stated that the endometrial co-culture applications increase the implantation rates in RIF patients. So new studies are needed to explain the disclosure of molecular mechanisms of implantation and to improve the quality of the embryo development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of three different drugs on osteoporosis, and the changes during treatment in breast and endometrium in postmenopausal women Methods: Of 72 osteoporotic or osteopenic postmenopausal women who applied to Outpatient Clinic of Family Medicine of Dicle University Medical Faculty between 01 January 2006 and 31 December 2007, 31 patient those completed follow-up interval were investigated as retrospective cohort. In this study, the questionnaire prepared with opened and closed pointed questions was used by tecnique of "face to face". The treatment modalities of the patients have been applied by the view of gynecology and physical rehabilition specialities. After 12 months of first determination, bone mineral density (BMD) changes and either endometrial or breast tissue differences of the patients were reevaluated. Resulsts: Of 31 patients, five (16%) took hormone replacement therapy (HT), nine (29%) took raloxifen (RLX) and 17 (55%) took Tibolon (TIB). Mean age of the patients was 54.7±8.1 and mean menopause age was 44.2±6.0, respectively. Before the treatment, of 31 patients, 17 (55%) patients were osteopenic and 14 (45%) patients were osteoporotic. After the treatment, DEXA results of six (%19) patients were regressed to the normal limits. The changes of L2-4 T score values before and after the treatment were compared, it was determined that all three treatment groups were showed statistically significant effective improvement (p=0.001). However the results of mammography and ultrasonography between the groups before and after the treatment were not statistically meaningfull (p=0.307). In present study, before and after the treatment, statistically meaningfull differences among the endometrial thicknesses and breast were not determined (p>0.05). Conclusion: These three osteoporosis treatment showed statistically significant improvement in BMD. These three treatment also showed insignificant differences in endometrial thicknesses and breast. However, it was thought that long term follow-up studies are required, regarding that our study is involving only one year period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine the effect of applying 3%, 50%, 75% and 95% concentrations of trichloroacetic acid by attachment and instillation methods for endometrial ablation on ovarian reserve and dysplasic changes in ovarian surface epithelium in rats. Material and Method: Ninety rats were included in a randomized, bloc-designed, concentration-matched study program. Groupl: (n=10): Abdomen was opened and closed. The groups in which 3% (Group 2, n=10), 50% (Group 3, n=10), 75% (Group 4, n=10), and 95% (Group 5, n=10) TCA attachment was applied, after abdomen was opened and a 2 cm. lengthwise incision was made in the left uterine horn. The groups in which 0,1 ml of 3% (Group 6, n=10), 50% (Group 7, n=10), 75% (Group 8, n=10) and 95% (Group 9, n=10) TCA instillation was applied to the left uterine horn, after the abdomen was opened. Abdomens of all rats were opened 21 days later. Left oophorectomy was performed. Preparations were evaluated in terms of ovarian follicle reserve and changes in ovarian surface epithelium. Group 2 and Group 6, Group 3 and Group 7, Group 4 and Group 8, Group 5 and Group 9 were compared (MWU test). Kruskall Wallis variance analysis was employed in the comparison including all groups (p<0.05 significant). Results: Ovarian reserve and changes in surface epithelium were found similar in instillation and attachment groups (p>0.05). The comparison including all groups revealed that ovarian follicle reserve and surface epithelium changes were similar (p>0.05). Conclusion: Application of various concentrations of TCA by attachment and instillation methods for endometrial ablation doesn't have any unfavorable effect on ovarian reserve and ovarian surface epithelium in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Being a temporary process, endometrial receptivity is the functional success of endometrial process. In this study, the fertile and recurrent implantation failure (RIF) of individuals with endometrial tissues is analyzed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and immunohistochemistry using the E-cadherin. Our goal is not only to make a comparison of endometrial tissues in women with RIF and fertile but also to provide a better understanding of the process and mechanics of the cellular roof during the implantation of endometrium. Materials and methods: Our research consists of seventeen infertile women who are after In-Vitro fertilization (IVF) / embryo transfer (ET) not occur on pregnancy and ten fertile women were included. Tissue follow-up were performed using routine light microscopy and TEM techniques. Results: In fertile group, markers of endometrial implantation in the surface epithelium, which are pinopodes were found in heavily. In infertile group, there was prominent cilia formation, microvillus and the presence of inadequate pinopod. E-cadherin using immunohistochemistry study was scoring. When immune-reactivity was very pale in the epithelium of the fertile group, infertile groups showed a clear staining. Conclusion: Recent findings; E-cadherin transmits adhesive properties to receptive period of endometrial epithelium as well as, having dual functions. Firstly, the cell surface adhesion is provided, then the separation of epithelial cells and is thought to be suppressed to enable the invasion of the blastocyst. Unlike TIB group, weak staining of epithelium of the fertile group, is important to facilitate implantation of the blastocyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: It can be considered that the factors which affect the success of embryo implantation, embryo quality, embryo transfer (ET) technique and endometrial receptivity are the main ones. New methods were applied with the practices of invitro fertilization for the women who failed for positive impact on the success. Today, coculture application is an important option that can take a positive outcome for women with≥ 3 recurrent implantation failure (RIF) despite the transfer of good quality embryos. Endometrial coculture ambiance, the artificial uterus as discourse and this system allows development embryos that are prior to the transfer embryos in natural environment. For this purpose, in addition to IVF culture medium, endometrial tissue coculture systems can be preferred. Main findings: The period when the highest level of interaction between endometrium and embryo, the embryo implantation period is a critical process in terms of timing of embryo transfer Embryo implantation 4, 5 or 6th day due to the ET in this period seems to be more advantageous. This long-time is to ensure, culture systems that mimic in vivo conditions as possible are needed. Conclusion: There is a positive effect of coculture systems on the development of the embryo. The reason for this is that successfully mimicked in vivo conditions. In this review, the requirement and results of assisted reproductive techniques (ART) and coculture applications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the possible etiologies of uterine cavity fluid collection in patients with postmenopausal women. Methods: In Harran University Medical Faculty, 27 post-menopausal patients with intracavitary fluid accumulation (ICFA) from June 2011 to March 2012 were recruited for this retrospective clinical study. After pelvic examination, transvaginal ultrasonographies were performed for all patients. Uterine, endometrial thickness and adnexial structures were evaluated using ultrasonography. Intrauterine fluid accumulation was defined as any size of anechoic area in the uterine cavity. Dilatation curettages were also performed for all patients. Results: The mean age of the patients were 55,2 (48-65 years) and the mean endometrial thickness detected by ultrasonography were 6.4 mm. The mean endometrial thickness in this group was 5,2 (3-8 mm). Atrophic endometrium was found in 13 patients. Endometrial polyp was found in 3 patients. The mean endometrial thickness in polyp group was 5.6 mm. Pyometra was found in 1 patients. Endometrial adenocancer was found in 1 patient. An outcome of the 9 patients who underwent probe curettage was found insufficient material. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that endometrial sampling is essential in postmenopausal patients who have endometrial thickness, increased endometrial echogenity, and pelvic mass along with intrauterine fluid accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The columnar cell variant of papillary carcinoma (CCVPC) of the thyroid is a very rare variant of thyroid papillary carcinoma (PTC). These tumors have more potential for metastasis than PTC and show poor prognosis. These tumors, sharing histopathologic characteristics different from those of PTC, are characterized by columnar epithelium lining papillary and/or follicular structures and marked nuclear stratification. But the tumors rarely may contain classic nuclear features of PTC and histologic changes reminiscent of those in early secretory endometrium and can be confused with metastatic adenocarcinomas. Our case was a 40 year old woman presenting with bilateral solid thyroid nodules. Fine needle aspiration of these nodules was diagnosed as papillary carcinoma. On gross examination, there were multiple solid nodules, the biggest one is 2 cm in diameter and encapsulated and the others with irregular margins in right lobe, isthmus, and left lobe. The histopathologic examination showed a mixture of papillary and follicular patterns lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium and classical nuclear features of PTC were focally present in the tumor. In addition to capsular invasion, vascular invasion and widespread extension of the tumor to the perithyroideal soft tissue were present. In immunohistochemical study, the tumor cells showed diffuse TTF-1 positivity whereas CEA was negative. Therefore, metastatic adenocarcinomnas were not considered in the differential diagnosis. We think it is worthy to report this case because of its very rare occurrence, confusable with metastases and aggressive behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present study relation between uterine tube epithelium with oocyte and embryo and its role on endometrium receptivity was investigated. The rats were divided as unligated control and as ligated experimental group. Light microscopy was used for determination of endometrial phase and TEM and SEM was used for pinopodial verification. We have not observed ciliated epithelial cells in both group Endometriums. However numerous secretory epithelium with microvilli was detected in luteal phase endometriums. On the basis of microscopic appearances glands were in secretory phase and therefore it is considered as luteal receptive endometrium. Typical pinopods were observed only in pregnant unligated control group endometriums but lack and/or insufficient pinopods were detected in ligated group endometriums. Our findings showed that there were significant differences in type of pinopods, secretory granules and apopitotic process in two groups. In this preliminary study our results suggested, pinopodes were accurate markers in endometrial receptivity and also there might be a autocrin/paracrin relation between tuba uterina and embryo that plays role in implantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Tubal sterilization, is a common birth control method which the complication rates change according to the performed technique and methods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of tubal sterilization techniques, Pomeroy and bilateral bipolar cautherization, on the apoptosis in the ovarian and endometrial tissue atrophy in rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty female Wistar Albino rats were enrolled in the study and divided into three groups (n=10). In the first group, rats underwent bilateral uterine horn ligation with Pomeroy method, in the second group, bilateral bipolar cauterization was applied, and only laparotomy was performed in the control group. Two months later, uterine horns and ovaries of the rats in all groups were excised. After genomic DNA isolation, DNA samples were run in agarose gel and the Scion Images were compared with the DNA marker and control. Results: There was no apoptosis in the ovarian and endometrial tissues in all groups detected by agarose gel electrophoresis and Scion Image technique. In Pomeroy group, there were both necrosis and intact DNA in ovarian and endometrial tissues, while in cauterization group, there were only necrosis. Discussion: In our study, there was no role of apoptosis in the atrophy of ovarian and endometrial tissues after tubal ligation by Pomeroy technique or bipolar cauterization in female rats. In Pomeroy technique, however, higher proportion of intact tissue was detected compared with bipolar cauterization. Further randomized controlled studies are needed to study the expression of atrophy and apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometriosis is defined as growth of endometrial gland and stroma outside the uterus. Endometrioma is endometriosis with a discrete mass. The diagnosis of an abdominal wall endometrioma in patients without any previous risk factor is quite difficult. The present study reports a case of primary abdominal wall endometriosis with suspicious clinical and laboratory findings for abdominal wall malignity, which was treated with excision and polypropylene mesh repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]