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Copyright of Fenerbahce University Journal of Health Sciences (FBU-JOSH) / Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Fenerbahce University Journal of Health Sciences (FBU-JOSH) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Health Academics / Sağlık Akademisyenleri Dergisi is the property of Journal of Health Academics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Health & Nursing Management / Sağlık ve Hemşirelik Yönetimi Dergisi is the property of Logos Medical Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) infection--also known as Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)--is the causative agent of Kaposi's sarcoma, especially in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) / acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. The prevalence of HHV-8/KSHV varies according to country and geographical region. However, despite the increasing amount of research on HHV-8/KSHV after identifying the virus, few studies have systematically collected data on the scientific production process. Therefore, this study aimed to make a bibliometric evaluation of the literature on HIV/AIDS-associated HHV-8/KSHV. Methods: Scientific publications produced in Turkey were analyzed using specific keywords of AIDS-related HHV-8/KSHV in the Scopus database between 2001 and 2020. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the collected data was reviewed using appropriate bibliometric indicators regarding the number of publications, publication language, most influential institutions, most cited publications, active authors, and active journals. In addition, the VOSviewer v.1.6.16 program (Leiden University's Centre for Science and Technology Studies, Leiden, Holland) was used to create a keyword network map and determine research interest areas and relationships. Results: There were 40 scientific publications produced in Turkey. The first publication of AIDS-related HHV-8/KSHV in Turkey was in 2001 (n=5, 5%). Most studies were conducted in 2013 and 2020 (n=5, 12.5%). The highest number of publications were in English (82.5%), and 7.5% were published in the Journal of Microbiology Bulletin. Generally, the publications were in article form (82.5%) and in the area of medical sciences (95%). Kaposi's sarcoma was the most frequently used word in the map created with the network analysis of the keywords. Conclusion: The literature review shows that our study is the first bibliometric study on AIDS-related HHV-8/KSHV. Compared to worldwide publications in the study period, the publications from Turkey on the subject were observed to be late start and few. As a result, it has been concluded that new studies are essential in our country, where publications on AIDS-related HHV-8/KSHV are limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Health Academics / Sağlık Akademisyenleri Dergisi is the property of Journal of Health Academics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: In this review, a historical and conceptual panorama of symptomatic remission will be provided with a focus on the whole clinical psychosis beyond schizophrenia. Methods: We included all published articles on remission in psychosis, without any restrictions regarding language or year. We used a string to detect relevant articles in PubMed. We reviewed the abstracts to exclude out of scope results. Then, we evaluated the remaining articles to extract data. Variables included year of publication, language of publication, country of origin, type of article, main topic of research, main disorder studied, and reference to remission criteria. Results: The final dataset included 439 citations which dates back to 1950. The Remission in Schizophrenia Working Group (RSWG) criteria which was proposed in 2005 had a major effect on remission research in schizophrenia. The RSWG criteria changed the yearly published numbers of research, the main land of remission research and the scope of the articles. After 2005, the number of publications rapidly increased, and English became the primary language of the articles. Beyond prominent clinical effect, the criteria did have little impact on functional remission in schizophrenia. And also research in the last decade provided very few information about remission in other clinical aspects of psychosis spectrum including acute, transient and chronic forms. Furthermore, although there has been a conceptual unity in the last decade the heterogeneity of the studies is still far from decreasing, which still blurs the efforts to evaluate remission in psychosis. Conclusion: Although studies on remission in schizophrenia started in the 1950 s, the criteria published in 2005 changed the whole area. However, remission discussions are not yet valid for psychotic diagnoses other than schizophrenia and are limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Urinary system stone disease is a very common health problem that affects 2 to 3% of people and causes serious complications when it is not treated. The prevalence of renal stones has been increasing worldwide and surgical methods have changed over time. However, there is no comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) method in the literature. This study aimed to conduct a bibliometric analysis of all articles regarding RIRS published between 1980 and 2019. Materials and Methods: The literature search was performed using only the following keywords: "RIRS" and "flexible ureterorenoscopy/flexible ureteroscopy", in the "title" part of the search. Using this search method, all the articles published between 1980 and 2019 on this topic were accessed and downloaded from the Web of Science database, and the articles were analyzed using bibliometric methods. Results: Totally, 1378 publications were found as a result of the literature search, of which 619 were articles. We noted that there has been a rapid increase in the number of publications, especially from the year 2011. Turkiye was found to be the most productive country with regard to RIRS. The journals that contributed most to the literature were: Journal of Endourology, Urology, Journal of Urology, Urolithiasis, and World Journal of Urology. Conclusion: One of the notable findings of this study is that Turkiye is among the world countries that produced the highest number of publications with regard to this topic and that the hospitals where this technique is used the most are located in Turkiye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Publication rate of congress abstracts has gained attention in the recent literature. Our aim was to assess publication rate and the reasons behind publication of abstracts presented at North American Spine Society (NASS) 2009-2012 annual scientific meetings. Methods: We evaluated the abstracts presented at the NASS 2009-2012 annual scientific meetings. We searched abstract titles and author names through the PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar. Author specialty, origin of the abstract, journal name, time to publication (years) and content change were looked for. Results: The publication rate of the abstracts presented at NASS 2009-2012 was 48%. The 2011 congress was the most successful one at reaching publication compared to other three years. Oral presentation abstracts were more likely to be published than poster abstracts, except the year 2011. Orthopedic surgery was the leading specialty in the number of presented abstracts (70%), while neurosurgery was the most successful specialty in seeing publication of the presented abstracts (58%). Conclusion: The publication rate of presented abstracts of NASS has increased compared to the previous years. Further research is needed to understand the reasons for some presented abstracts that could not have been published in scientific journals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determination of the relationship between mental status and health behaviors of university students Objective: This research was carried out in order to determine the state of and the relationship between mental status and health behaviors of university students. Method: The cross-sectional study was carried out with 462 students studying in school of nursing and school of health sciences in a foundation university in Istanbul. The data was collected using a socio-demographic questionnaire and the Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile-II (HPLP II) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). Descriptive statistics, Mann Whitney U test, Kruskal Wallis test and Spearman correlation analysis were used for the statistical analysis Results: The mean GHQ-28 score was 6,48±5,98. It was found that 52,4% of the students had psychological symptoms according to the GHQ- 28 results. The GHQ-28 score of the students who have three or more siblings and who accommodates with friends were higher than the those of the other groups and the GHQ-28 score of students whose mothers graduated from high school or university were lower than those of the other groups. The mean HPLP II total score was 110,03±22,71. The HPLP II total score of nursing students, second grade students, girls, students living in dormitory, students whose mothers graduated from primary school or university were higher than those of the other groups. Students whose GHQ-28 score was between 1-4 had higher nutrition, spiritual growth, interpersonal relationships, stress management and HPLP II total score than students whose GHQ-28 scores were 5 and above. A very weak negative correlation between GHQ-28 and HPLP II was found. Conclusion: The study found that students who were not at risk about mental health problems had better health behavior [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of pharmacist driven medication reconciliation program at the admission to hospital Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate pharmacist driven medication reconciliation program at the admission to hospital. Method: This study was conducted between February 13, 2012 and April 29, 2012 (two days in a week) at internal medicine and oncology service of a private hospital located in Istanbul, Turkey. Patients were eligible if they were older than 18 years old and if the medication reconciliation form was compiled within 48 hours of admission. The pharmacists reviewed if there were any discrepancies between a patient's home medication and medications prescribed on admission to the hospital. When the discrepancies were found, the pharmacists investigated further whether if this discrepancy was intentional or unintentional by communicating with patient, patient caregiver, the physician or by checking patient's pharmacy record. Potentially high-risk admission discrepancies were also identified. The discrepancies were classified as omission, duplication, and name/dose/route confusion. Results: Fifty four patients (mean age, 61.07±15.21 years; 26 female / 28 male) were included in the study. Twenty three patients were older than 65 years The overall rate of recently started medications at admission to hospital was 6.4 per patient. Forty seven patients utilized at least one high-risk medication. In admission to hospital, at least one medication was intentionally or unintentionally discontinued in 35 patients. In medication reconciliation process, the total of 23 unintended discrepancies were determined among 12 patients. The overall rate of unintended discrepancies was 0.43 per patient. The most common unintended discrepancies were name/dose/route confusion (n=12) and omission of regularly used medication (n=9). 91.70% of the patients with unintended discrepancy utilized at least one high-risk medication Conclusion: This study showed that the pharmacist driven medication reconciliation program would provide benefit on decreasing medication related problems during admission to hospital and needs to be implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug-induced glucose and insulin disorders Medications cure the diseases, but sometimes adverse effects occur and these adverse effects cause new diseases. These drug-induced diseases include drug-induced glucose disorders. The clinical significance of druginduced diseases ranges from negligible to potentially life-threatening. The studies show that there are a few agents implicated in drug-induced glucose disorders. Particularly in patients at risk, health care providers avoid or minimize administration of suspect drugs and monitor the patients. Patients receiving medications that are known to cause drug induced diseases, should be educated about sings and symptoms and advised to consult the health care providers if they experience these signs and symptoms .In patients with new-onset glucose dysfunction, the suspected drugs should be discontinued, if feasible. If the drug can not be discontinued or if the condition does not resolve after discontinuation, a new cure strategy may be required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pregnancy and periodontal disease Some maternal immunological changes due to pregnancy increases susceptibility to infections. Periodontal disease, the main cause is plaque, is a common disease which is seen multifactorial and varying severity. There are many clinical criteria for diagnosis of periodontal disease. Correlation between pregnancy and periodontal inflammation is known for many years. Periodontal disease affects pregnant's systemic condition and also has negative effects on fetus. Periodontal disease increases the risk of preterm birth and low birth-weight baby. The purpose of this review, bi-directional interaction between pregnancy and periodontal disease is to evaluate in the light of scientific findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cosmetics and in silico approaches Emerging technologies with molecular modelling techniques give opportunity to discover the active ingredients in cosmetics by using rational methods. Using chemoinformatic methods provides information about the acquisition of cosmetic active molecules or groups. With these methods, the physicochemical properties, which are involved in the formulation design are better evaluated and the results can be obtained in a short time with comparative toxicity studies. Accordingly some computer programs, without any need to animal models have been developed for testing cosmetic active agents to investigate their efficacy and toxic effects in humans and provide their safe use. In this review, some well-known cosmetic active molecules from scientific articles, their effects, molecular mechanisms and rational design methods are given to describe the importance of molecular modelling in cosmetic innovations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relationship between cognitive functioning impairment and nutrition in obesity: Current Perspective Obesity is one of the serious public health problems and its prevalence has been increasing in recent years. As well as causing health problems, obesity is associated with cognitive function impairment, especially with reduced language, motor capacity skills, and attention named as executive functions. Obesity is also related to decrease in brain volume, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, sociopathic, aggressive personality traits, anxiety, and major depressive disorder. There are several mechanisms; increased vascular damage, blood pressure, C-reactive protein (CRP), cortisol, tumor necrosis factor, serum amyloid A levels explaining the relationship between obesity and cognitive functioning. Obesity generates fluctuations in levels of insulin, leptin and metabolites. These fluctuations may affect cognitive capacity by causing atrophic changes in the brain. FTO gene is also being studied to explain the relationship between obesity and cognitive function. Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder are disorders commonly associated with obesity. Besides these disorders, some studies reported associations between decreases in brain volume and IQ levels and obesity. To investigate the underlying mechanisms between these two matters, more longitudinal studies are needed. In this review, we aimed to study the relationship between obesity and cognitive functioning [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adaptation to pregnancy in prenatal period women and factors associated with adaptation Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine pregnant women's adaptation to pregnancy, motherhood and factors associated with adaptation to pregnancy in a sample of women in the prenatal period of pregnancy. Methods: This research was a descriptive study. Study population included 390 women who were in the prenatal period of pregnancy in Uskudar-Istanbul region. Data collection took place at six family medicine centres between April 2012-July 2012. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire and Prenatal Self Evaluation Questionnaire and analyzed with descriptive statistics, independent-samples t test, Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: Prenatal Self-Evaluation Questionnaire means score of 147.87±27.43 was found. Pregnant women who were high school or university graduates (p<0.01), employed (p<0.05), living in families (p<0.05), having high or good income levels (p<0.01), social security (p<0.01), willingly pregnant (p<.01) and take-in information about the pregnancy (p<0.01) were found to be more compatible. Conclusions: Adaptation to pregnancy of women's is affected by many variables and given prenatal care is of great importance in ensuring compliance. All health care professionals serving pregnant women with caring for their involvement in the psychosocial as well as physical care may be required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientometric indices to evaluate scientists, scientific publications, journals and institutions (citations and H-index) were reviewed and a survey of Turkey according to those metrics is provided. Unfortunately we have reached a conclusion that our scientific research should have more efforts to approach to the level of the general scientific world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Viral Hepatitis Journal / Viral Hepatit Dergisi is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic. LTD. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the prognosis of the demographic characteristics, etiology, morbidity and mortality rates of the pediatric trauma patients admitted to the emergency department of a training and research hospital. Material and Methods: Pediatric patients who have been brought to the emergency department of a training and research hospital between 1st January-31th December 2010 due to trauma have been included to this study. The demographic data of the patients, distribution by seasons and months, the etiologic factors that cause trauma, the way that patients have been admitted to the emergency department, conclusion figures of the patients in the emergency department, and data of the units where patients have been hospitalized, treatments, average hospitalization time, conclusion figures of the clinics where they have been hospitalized have been analyzed statistically. Results: Of the 18936 patients, 12096 boys and 6840 girls have been included to this study. The mean was as 8.11±5.19 in boys and 6.89±5.04 in girls. The most common age for trauma was 7-14 (36.15%) and it has been stated that the pediatric trauma cases have been mostly admitted in Spring and Summer months. Extremity injuries (42.40%) and falls (40.67%) were stated as the most etiologic causes. 815 of the patients have been hospitalized. 353 cases (43.31%) received surgical invention while 462 (56.69%) cases received only medical treatment. The causes of death in pediatric trauma patients were: 10 (47.62%) o due to traffic accidents, 5 (23.81%) due to falls, 5 (23.81%) due to burns and 1 (4.76%) due to drowning. It has been stated that 13 (61.90%) cases were male and 8 (38.10%) patients were girls of a total 21 cases resulting in death. Conclusion: Most of the pediatric traumas occur due to falls or simple extremity injuries. Traumas are mostly seen between the 7-14 age range during the primary school period. The most common etiological factors in hospital admissions are falls. The most common etiological cause of death in pediatric trauma is traffic accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The declaration of the second constitutional era caused a great change in political and cultural fields. In the cultural life of this period, many new organizations and media organs had emerged. "Cemiyet-i İlmeye-i İslamiye and Beyan'ül Hak Journal were established in such a time. The publication of Beyan'ül Hak Journal, quite active in political life, lasted more than four years. The authors of the magazine with a large staff of writers were also included Hamdi Effendi (Elmalılı Mohammad Hamdi Yazır). Hamdi Effendi was very active in politics. He took place in many political activities from suppression of 31 March Incident intellectually to the deposition of Abdulhamid. In the tumultuous life of the period, Hamdi Effendi took attention with his contemporary writings in Beyan'ül Hak Journal, his political activities in the Assembly and his scientific studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I went to New York Universty Suny Downstate Medikal Centre and Kings County Hospital Emergeny Department in the United States of America according to the 39th article of the Turkish Higher Education Institution law for investigations and observations between December 2011 and March 2012 for three months. I investigated the emergency medical system,emergency medicine residency trainings, ultrasound and the emergency room patient triage system. The aim of this article is to share knowledge, which I acquired by investigations and observations that may be helpful, with the emergency room community and doctors l. This article was composed of completely my personal observations and no other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Mass organizations such as the Olympic Games are activities that are held at a specific time and location, and more than 1000 people participate The frequency of these organisations is increasing day by day in the modern world. In these organisations, the objectives of the public health teams include preventing or minimizing diseases and injuries and maximizing safety for participants, spectators and officials. Material and Methods: The twenty-fifth Winter Universiade games took place between 27 January to 6 February 2011 in Turkey with the participation of 1593 athletes and 844 officials from 52 countries. During the games, approximately 2500 cases presented because of an illness or injury. The hospital division of the health services was provided by our Regional Training and Research Hospital. Therefore, a unit was organised in the emergency department for first assesment and outpatient treatment and also a unit for inpatient treatment in the hospital. All admissions to the hospital except the intensive care unit were made in this unit. Results: During the games, 351 patients were admitted to the hospital. Of these patients, 332 were discharged after initial treatment and 17 were hospitalized. Conclusion: The most frequent diagnoses were upper respiratory tract infections and trauma, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In trauma patients who were admitted to the emergency services, occupational accidents have a significant place because of the social problems and high costs effects. Materials and Methods: This 18-month period study on patients who were admitted to the Emergency Services in Pamukkale University Hospital were evaluated prospectively. Results: During the study 538 occupational accident cases applied and these cases composed 1.6% of applications to emergency services. The frequency of accidents in the age group 25-34 in male workers was determined and the maximum occurs between 08:00-10:00 hours, Monday (21.0%) and Saturday (17.8) was determined to increase the frequency. The most commonly physically affected area was the upper extremity (hand and fingers 65.3%) injuries, and cutting, penetrating and abrasion types injuries were most commonly determined Both workers and the workplace source were noted as reasons for the occupational accidents (62.5%), workers are sourced due to negligence, while the workplace was the source due to not providing protective measures in the first place. Conclusion: Most of the injuries associated with occupational accidents result in presentation to Emergency Departments. The data in Emergency Departments may help reveal details of occupational injuries and prevent workplace-related accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Poisoning is one of the most common and mostly treatable problems in emergency departments. In this study we aimed to analyze demographic properties of poisoning cases who applied to our hospital. Materials and Methods: Poisoning cases who applied to the Emergency Department from 1 April 2010 to 1 December 2011 were included. Parameters like sex, marital status, age, route of poisoning, duration of hospital stay, and final status of the patient have been recorded descriptively. Data is summarized with frequency, percentage and graphics. In addition, categorical data are analyzed by cross tables and chi-square test. Results: In this study period, 0.38% of the emergency department applications were poisoning cases. In the present study, 58.9% (n=106) of the patients were women and 41.1% (n=74) were men. The most common poisoning type was drug poisoning with 47% (n=85) and carbon monoxide poisoning with 22.2% (n=40). Suicidal poisoning was the first cause of the exposures. There were significant differences between the ages of suicidal poisoning causes (p<0.01). Additionally, when data was examined according to sex, it was seen that among these poisoning cases, poisoning caused by suicidal attempts was 64.2% (n=68) in women and 43.2% (n=32) in men. This difference was statistically significant (p<0.01). Conclusion: Poisoning cases are mostly seen in the young age group and women, and is caused by suicidal attempts. In regard to route of administration, the oral route was most used and the most frequent factor was drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archaeologia Adriatica is the property of Sveuciliste u Zadru and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Language is an instrument for handing down the thoughts, scientific acquirements, poetic and literary products. The initial efforts for determining suitable Turkish counterparts against foreign words and terms have began during the Republican Era. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, with an educational vision beyond his epoch, has promoted Turkish language as a scientific language instead of Persian and Arabic languages thus conquered our language's independence. In the information age which we are living today, the communities should improve and support their national language of science in order to perform the existing data and to establish every individual to reach the scientific evaluations. The frequently-encountered cases in medical literature that are unappropriate for Turkish language are classified as follows: the foreign terms and words used in spite of an existing Turkish counterpart, ignoring methods for derivation of Turkish terms, translation mistakes, faults in spelling, words denoting different meanings with similar way of writings. The usage of Turkish terms within the academic level, thesis of proficiency and literary products and maintaining writing skills suitable for the Turkish language spelling rules are important for our language to become a scientific language, and pioneering and becoming a precedent efforts are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

46, XX male syndrome - testicular disorder of sexual differentiation (DSD) is a rare condition characterized by a spectrum of clinical presentations, ranging from ambiguous to normal male genitalia. These cases are diagnosed more easily in childhood. In adults, the diagnosis can be difficult due to the current normal gender development. Here, we report hormonal, molecular and cytogenetic results in an adult male patient with primary hypogonadism who was diagnosed with 46, XX male syndrome in our clinic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We aimed to compare the efficacies of ice, lidocaine- prilocaine mixture cream and the classical method in reduction of the pain observed during intravenous cannulation, which is the most frequently performed procedure in emergency departments and to define the most effective method. Material and Methods: One hundred-twenty patients who applied to the emergency department of Uludag University Faculty of Medicine were included in this presented study. Cannulations were performed after one minute application of ice package in the ice group. Patients who applied to emergency only for blood transfusion were chosen for the lidocaine-prilocaine group and their cannulations were performed at the 60th minute of cream mixture application. Finally, no applications before cannulation were used for the control group. All cannulations were performed from antecubital region and 18 G cannula were used. Visual analog scale (VAS) and patient satisfaction were scored. Results: VAS scores for ice, lidocaine-prilocaine and control groups are 2.8±1.7, 4.1±1.8, 4.4±1.9, respectively. VAS score in the ice group was significantly lower than both lidocaine- prilocaine and control groups. In addition, there was no statistically significant difference between lidocaine- prilocaine and control groups. Conclusion: Ice application method before intravenous cannulation, in addition to its advantages such as being inexpensive, easy to obtain and apply, is more effective than lidocaine- prilocaine cream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]