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Etnobotanik terimi, bitki-insan ilişkisi olarak tanımlanabilir. Türkiye'de etnobotanik çalışmalar açısından çok önemli veriler farklı yörelerde yapılan çalışmalar ile ortaya konmuştur. Savaştepe ve Kepsut (Balıkesir) ilçelerine ait etnobotanik çalışmaya rastlanmamış olması nedeniyle araştırma yöresi olarak bu ilçeler seçilmiştir. Savaştepe ilçesinde 44, Kepsut ilçesinde 63 köy bulunmaktadır. Çalışmanın materyalini toplamak amacıyla Mayıs 2012- Ekim 2015 tarihleri arasında bölgeye farklı dönemlerde 12 adet arazi gezisi düzenlenmiştir ve toplamda 59 gün sürmüştür. Araştırma süresince 107 adet köye gidilerek, her köyde bitkiler konusunda bilgili olan 510 kişi ile görüşmeler yapılarak bitkileri günlük yaşamda nasıl kullandıkları hakkında bilgiler kaydedilmiştir. Yöre halkı eşliğinde bitki materyalleri toplanmıştır. Bitki örnekleri bilimsel olarak tayin edilip, ISTE Herbaryumunda (İstanbul Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi Herbaryumu) saklanmaktadır. Bölgede toplanan 761 bitki örneğinden kullanılışı olan 72 familyaya ait 304 doğal bitki taksonu saptanmıştır. Bunlardan 13 takson endemiktir. Araştırma bölgesinde halk arasında kullanılan 245 takson tıbbi amaçla, 120 takson gıda olarak, 25 takson hayvan yemi olarak, 28 takson boyamada, 7 takson kozmetik amaçla, 57 takson farklı amaçlarla kullanılmaktadır. 16 takson ticari amaçla doğadan toplanarak satılmaktadır. Kullanımı olan 304 bitki taksonuna ait 691 yöresel isim saptanmıştır, bunlardan 423 tanesi ilk defa bu bögede tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, bu araştırma ile çalışma bölgesinden elde edilen değerli bilgilerin kaybolmadan kayıt altına alınması sağlanmıştır. Özellikle tıbbi amaçla kullanılan bitkiler ile ilgili veriler, bu bitkiler ile yapılacak biyolojik aktivite, kimyasal çalışmalara ışık tutacaktır. Aynı zamanda elde edilen veriler sağlıklı gıda ürünlerinin geliştirilmesi, doğal tekstil ürünlerin üretimi, doğal kozmetik ürünlerinin geliştirilmesi, doğal boya üretimi gibi birçok alanda sanayi üretimine daha sağlıklı doğal alternatifler oluşturulması için fikir verecektir. Ethnobotany means that the relationship between human and plants. Ethnobotany gives information about relationships between public and plants which has important role in humans daily life. There is a rich ethnobotanical research collection in Turkey. This ethnobotanical study was planned to carried out in villages of Savaştepe and Kepsut districts (Balıkesir). Savaştepe district has 44 villages, Kepsut district has 63 villages. During the field work, 107 villages were visited during 59 days from May 2012 to October 2015 and 510 people were interviewed. The plant samples were collected in company with local people. The collected specimens were identified and were deposited as herbarium samples at ISTE (The Herbarium of the Faculty of Pharmacy of Istanbul University). Among these collected plants, 304 plants were determined to be used by the local people, 13 of them are endemic, 245 of them to be used as medicine, 120 taxa edible plants, 25 taxa as fodder and animal diseases, 28 taxa dye plants, 7 taxa cosmetic plants. Additionally 57 taxa were established for different usages. According to other ethnobotanical studies in Turkey, 423 new local names recorded. As a result, this study helps to preserve valuable information that may otherwise be lost to future generations. Especially, the obtained results from study area will support biological activities and also chemical studies. At the same time the development of the data obtained will give idea to produce healthy food products, natural textile products, development of natural cosmetic products, natural dyes. 524

Background/aim: Sexual dysfunction is a serious problem worldwide. In Turkey, herbal products are used by some people suffering from sexual dysfunction. Despite their therapeutic advantages, some constituents of herbs are potentially toxic and pose health risks because they can be bought from the market without a prescription. Therefore, we aimed to determine the safety of herbs possessing aphrodisiac effects, chosen on the basis of their frequency of medicinal use and commercial importance in Turkey. Materials and methods: Ten herbs (Anethum graveolens, Carthamus tinctorius, Citrus aurantium, Cocos nucifera, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Melissa officinalis, Nigella arvensis, Pinus pinea, Prunus mahaleb, and Zingiber officinale) were extracted with water, methanol, and chloroform. The cyto- and genotoxic potentials of the extracts were assessed using an MTT test on a rat kidney cell line and an Ames assay in Salmonella typhimurium strains, respectively. Results: In the cytotoxic evaluation, IC50 values were 1.51-31.4 mg/mL for the methanol and chloroform extracts, while the water extracts were not cytotoxic. In the genotoxic evaluation, it was revealed that the water extracts had more mutagenic activity than the chloroform and methanol extracts. Water extract of M. officinalis was shown to have the most genotoxic activities to TA100 (±S9) and TA98 (-S9). Conclusion: These results might be useful in determining the toxic effects of herbs and lead to precautions being taken in regards to their consumption.

A 5-year-old male dog was presented with the complaint of a chronic nonhealing wound on both hind legs. The wound occurred during a serious train accident that caused loss of both hind limbs below the hock joint. Since then, the wound did not respond to any standard treatment for up to 4 months. Again it was dressed for 15 days, but it did not show any improvement. With the consent of the owner, cell-based therapy was conducted by collecting bone marrow from the proximal anteromedial aspect of the tibia. After the application of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) the time to complete healing was 24 days. Due to pressure at the bony cut stump, the dog was noted to have pain while walking, and walked on his forelegs. An artificial limb was subsequently applied. The dog managed to walk normally after several days of training.

The effect of different doses of mixed fertilizer on the response of some biogeochemical cycling bacteria were examined using seven different doses (i.e, 105, 211, 422, 844, 1689, 3378 and 6757 g/tank/week) of mixed fertilizers with a fixed C : N : P ratio of 88.6 : 7.5 : 1. Advanced fry of Catla catla (1.20.04 g), Labeo bata (0.990.05 g), and Cyprinus carpio (1.30.06 g) were introduced at the rate of 16 fish/tank and reared for 120 days. Water samples were collected and monitored for bacterial population (HB, CDB, DNB and PSB), primary productivity, plankton, water quality parameters, and total phosphate in the sediment at ten days intervals. Number of bacteria (HB 15-270 x 103/ml, CDB 15-237 x 102/ml, DNB 5-221 x 102/ml and PSB 3-159 x 101/ml) increased directly with the increase in the fertilizer doses and showed maximum rate of bacterial growth at the fertilizer doses 48,000 kg/ha/yr. Three levels of responses to fertilizer doses - poor bacterial density and rate of fertilizer mineralization efficiency (D12 to D48), moderate bacterial density and highest rate of fertilizer mineralization efficiency (>D48 to D192) and highest bacterial density but slow rate of fertilizer mineralization efficiency (>D192 to D768) were observed. The fish growth tended to rise with the increase in fertilizer dose. Maximum fish growth was at D96 (96,000 kg/ha/year) and decline thereafter. Though the bacterial load increased with fertilizer doses, the primary productivity of phytoplankton and fish growth did not increased when fertilizer doses increased. Therefore, it can be concluded that fertilizer dose 48,000 kg/ha/yr is required to manipulate the optimum bacterial population and productivity of the aquaculture pond and application of excessive doses of fertilizer increases production cost and causes environmental pollution.

Bangladeş’in Cox Pazar bölgesindeki Sadar Veteriner Hastanesinde keçiler arasında farklı doğal enfeksiyonların klinik kayıtları, hastalık eğilimleri, yağmur, relatif nem ve ortalama günlük ısının hastalık oluşumundaki etkisini belirlemek için bir yıl boyunca dikkatlice incelenmiştir. Erkek ve dişi keçiden oluşan 1086 vakadan %46.72 ve %46.87’si PPR, %20.56 ve %15.63’ü pneumoni, %14.02 ve %20.83’ü diyare, %6.54 ve %5.2’si de coccidiosis olarak ayrı ayrı tespit edilmiştir. Bu bulgular, PPR için belirgin bir seviyede daha az bir tedavi uygulandığını göstermektedir. I. (Mart-Haziran), II. (Temmuz- Ekim) ve III. (Kasim-Subat) sezonda gelişen oğlakların mortalite oranları sırası ile %14.7, %40.6 ve %19.4 olarak tespit edilmiştir. PPR ve bronkopneumoni, III. sezonda diğer sezonlara göre daha yüksek olmuştur. Öte yandan diyare sezon I’de, coccidiosis ise sezon II’de daha yüksek seviyede tespit edilmiştir

Chloro organotin(IV) dipyrazolinates of the type RSnCl(C15H12N2OX)2 [where C15H12N2OX = 3(2'-Hydroxyphenyl)-5(4-X-phenyl)pyrazoline {where X = H (a); CH3 (b); OCH3 (c); Cl (d) and R = Me, Prn and Ph] were synthesised by the reaction of RSnCl3 with sodium salt of pyrazolines in 1:2 molar ratio, in anhydrous benzene. These newly synthesised derivatives were characterised by elemental analysis (C, H, N, Cl and Sn), molecular weight measurement and spectral [IR and multinuclear NMR (1H, 13C and 119Sn)] studies. The bidentate behaviour of the pyrazoline ligands was confirmed by IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectral data. An octahedral structure around the tin(IV) atom for RSnCl(C15H12N2OX)2 is suggested.

The effect of seed mass on germination, seedling survival and growth was investigated in Prunus jenkinsii Hook.f. & Thoms. (Rosaceae), an evergreen tree species. Seed mass varied from a minimum of 0.5 g to a maximum of 2.72 g. Seed mass had a significant effect on the percentage of seeds that germinated: 28%, 41% and 42%, respectively, of light- (1.5 g), intermediate- (> 1.5 to 2 g) and heavy-weight (> 2 g) seeds germinated. After 1 year of germination, the seedlings that arose from heavy-, intermediate- and light-weight seeds showed 80%, 63% and 42% survival, respectively. Seedling vigour, expressed in terms of shoot and root length, number of leaves, leaf area and dry matter yield, was significantly affected by seed mass. Seedlings that emerged from heavy seeds showed better growth and produced heavier seedlings as compared to intermediate- and light-weight seed categories.

Cassia tora L. (CT) is a widely growing weed in India with medicinal value and has been reported to show allelopathic potential causing biological suppression on crops. The present study was conducted to observe its suppression on Brassica campestris L. (mustard). The rate of seed germination and the root length, shoot length, chlorophyll content, fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), and relative water content (RWC) of 10-day-old mustard seedlings were observed after treatment with aqueous extracts of the roots, leaves, and seeds of CT and compared with control sets treated with distilled water. A confirmatory chemical test was conducted to determine the presence of phenols, ketones, acids, and alcohols in the CT plant extracts. Different concentrations of the extracts showed inhibition (up to 100%) or deterioration in all of the parameters. Roots were more affected than shoots and the extract taken from leaves was more suppressive than that taken from other plant parts. The FW, DW, and RWC were considerably reduced upon treatment with the tested extracts. The extracts (>25%) also caused a reduction in the chlorophyll content. The overall results indicate the possible suppressive effect of allelochemicals (phenols, ketones, acids, and alcohols) present in CT on mustard. The overall results with regard to mustard plants followed the same trend of concentration-dependent inhibition in the order of leaf > seed > root.