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Objective: Although the tenofovir alafenamide/emtricitabine/bictegravir (TAF/FTC/BIC) regimen is recommended in national and international guidelines for changing treatment in treatment-experienced patients living with HIV (PLwHIV), there are limited real-life data reported in Türkiye. We aimed to evaluate the changes in virological and immunological indicators, renal functions, and lipid profiles in the follow-up of patients who switched to TAF/FTC/BIC. Methods: The study included treatment-experienced PLwHIV aged 18 years or older who were followed at the infectious diseases outpatient clinic between January 2020 and December 2021. Follow-up parameters before and after switching to TAF/FTC/BIC were evaluated retrospectively. Results: A total of 77 PLwHIV were included. Of those, 71 (92.2%) were male, and the median age was 42 years. The 24th and 48th week median HIV RNA values of patients whose viral loads were measured were 35 (27-77) copies/ml and 34 (24-49) copies/ml, respectively, after switching. We did not detected a significant difference in CD4+T lymphocyte count, CD4+ T lymphocyte percentage, and CD4+/CD8+ ratio when compared with pre-treatment values. Virological suppression was not maintained in 24.7% (n=19/77) of PLwHIV. While "incomplete virological response" was not detected in any patients, 2.6% (n=2/77) had virological rebound, 1.3% (n=1/77) were virological non-responders, 10.4% (n=8/77) had low-level viremia, and 20.8% (n=16/77) had virological blip. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (101 ml/min./1.73m² vs. 96 ml/min./1.73m², p=0.05) and total cholesterol level (199 mg/dl vs. 185 mg/dl, p=0.05) decreased at 48th week. In switching from tenofovir alafenamide/emtricitabine/elvitegravir/cobicistat (TAF/FTC/EVG/Cob) to TAF/FTC/BIC, significant decreases were detected in GFR (101 ml/min./1.73m² vs. 95 ml/min./1.73m², p=0.016) and total cholesterol levels (205 mg/dl vs. 182 mg/dl, p<0.001). Conclusion: Even if virological suppression is achieved before switching, virological suppression may be impaired in patients after switching to TAF/FTC/BIC. Moreover, renal functions should be closely monitored due to the significant decrease in GFR, especially when switching from TAF/FTC/EVG/Cob to TAF/FTC/BIC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the development extracts of Cistus creticus which is among medicinal and aromatic plants loaded with controlled delivery solid lipid nanoparticle systems and to investigate the antimicrobial activity of these systems against pathogen test microorganisms. Within the scope of this study, ethanol and water extracts from Cistus creticus leaves were obtained by using the ultrasonic method. The characterization of plant extracts loaded with solid lipid nanoparticles was evaluated by SEM, DLS analyses, and zeta potentials, in vitro release profiles. The sizes of ethanol and water plant extracts loaded solid lipid nanoparticles are respectively 40-90 nm, zeta potentials -35.5 and -30.7 mV and PDI values 0.455 and 0.475 were determined. The MIC values of the obtained solid lipid nanoparticles on pathogenic test microorganisms (Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19115, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Klebsiella pneumoniae NRRLB 4420. Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 51289, Escherichia coli ATCC 35218, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922) were determined as in the range of 56-25 mg/mL. According to the results of the good diffusion test, microorganisms were determined as susceptible, moderately sensitive, and resistant to the extract-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. The highest antimicrobial effect was determined against L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115 with a zone diameter of 19±0.75 for ethanol extract-loaded nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To compare the lipid profile of preeclamptic pregnant women with the lipid profile of normal pregnant women. Materials and Methods: This study consisted of 40 severe preeclamptic, 40 mild preeclamptic, and 40 healthy pregnant patients who were prospectively admitted to the hospital in Harran University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology between June 2021 and June 2022. Age, pregnancy and delivery numbers, blood pressure and pulse values, Body Mass Index (BMI), blood total cholesterol, LDL, HDL triglyceride (TG) levels and hemogram parameters (Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, WBC, Platelet count and MPV) of all patients were evaluated.he study was planned as descriptive cross-sectional. The attitudes of the students studying at the Faculty of medicine towards scientific research were questioned. In the study, the "Attitude Scale Towards Scientific Research" was used. Results: A statistically significant difference was found between systolic - diastolic blood pressures and heart rate values according to the groups (p<0.001 for all groups). It was found that the BMI of the pregnant women in the preeclampsia (PE) groups was higher than the control group and there was a significant difference between the BMIs according to the groups (p<0.001). It was determined that total cholesterol, TG and LDL values of pregnant women with preeclampsia were higher than healthy pregnant women, and HDL values were lower than healthy pregnant women (p<0.001). Conclusions: In this study, it was observed that the lipid profile in PE patients was higher than the lipid profile in normal pregnant women, and preeclamptic pregnant women were more obese. It was concluded that pregnant women with preeclampsia are a risky group in terms of lipid profile and should be followed up in the postpartum period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) which is consist of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and unstable angina pectoris (USAP) are a group of diseases with acute vascular occlusion. In this article, we aimed to investigate the relationship between ACS types and multivessel disease in patients who underwent coronary angiography. Materials and Methods: A total of 2048 patients with ACS who underwent coronary angiography between July 2019 and September 2022 were included in the study. Demographic characteristics, lipid profile and angiography reports of the patients were examined, as well as epicrisis. Lipid profiles and the number of vessels with critical stenosis-were recorded by forming 3 groups as STEMI, NSTEMI and USAP. Results: 522 (25.4%) STEMI, 1116 (54.5%) NSTEMI and 410 (24.1%) USAP patients were included in the study. The STEMI group was younger than the NSTEMI and USAP group (p<0.001 and p=0.043, respectively), had a higher smoking rate (p=0.043 and p=0.027, respectively), had higher LDL-C values (p=0.040 and p<0.001, respectively). Three or more vessel disease was detected most in the STEMI group compared to the NSTEMI and USAP group (p<0.001, for all). There was a weak but positive significant correlation between LDL-C and HbA1c values and the number of vessels with coronary occlusion-stenosis (r:0.163, p<0.001; r:0.349, p<0.001, respectively). there was also negative correlation with HDL-C (r:-111, p=0.001). Conclusions: Multiple vessel disease was found to be more common in ACS patients presenting with STEMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the high sequence homology of the ATP binding sites between the lipid kinase phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) isoforms, selective inhibitors of PI3Kγ have been developed. In this study, R-group enumeration library screening was performed to increase the binding affinity of the known selective inhibitor to the PI3Kγ enzyme. Virtual screening was performed using Glide SP/XP docking protocols. The interactions between the molecules identified by screening and the PI3Kγ protein were examined. In addition, ADME analyzes of these molecules were performed and hit molecules (3, 4) were determined. It was determined by in silico approaches that these hit molecules could be potential PI3Kγ inhibitors. In addition, these hit molecules can be used as lead to design other molecules targeting the PI3Kγ protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applications such as size reduction, curing, heat treatment, fermentation and storage applied to meat and meat products cause lipids and proteins to be oxidized. Oxidation of fermented meat products is important in terms of quality, safety, and nutritional value point of view. Besides the process conditions, type of added fat/oil in the formulation, the amount and application forms of added fat/oil effects the oxidation reactions. Lipid and protein oxidation are reactions that associated with each other and increased lipid oxidation also triggers protein oxidation reactions. In this study, it was aimed to compile the mechanisms of oxidation reactions and their interactions in fermented meat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression has become a current issue which is tried to be understood and where many researches are made on the causes of and treatment methods. According to the studies, it is important to examine the effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet as depression is becoming an important public health problem both in individual and social dimensions. The role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of depression is being studied at an increasing rate due to the diagnosis of depression which has become widespread in the last decade. It has been reported in many studies that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may be effective in the treatment of depression by presenting anti-inflammatory effects, increasing membrane fluidity, altering neurotransmitter passage, affecting the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, increasing levels of neurotrophic factors. Further research is being conducted as there is no identified side effect associated with the use of n-3 poly unsaturated fatty acids in appropriate amounts. Although the efficacy of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids has been proven by many studies, the issues of "efficacy of their use individually or in combination" and "usability as an alternative therapy in the treatment of depression" remain controversial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Watermelons (Citrullus lanatus) that are known to be beneficial to human health are widely consumed. The study was performed out to investigate the phytochemical components, free radical scavenging activities and nutritive contents of the outer and inner shells of C. lanatus. For this purpose, the study was determined the total flavonoid/phenolic content and antioxidant activity of ethanol extract prepared from outer and inner shells. The antioxidant activity was determined by in vitro experimental method, such as CUPRAC, DPPH, FRAP and potassium thiocyanate method. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents in outer and inner shell of C. lanatus were found to be 40.5 and 32.4 mg GAE g-1 and 12.6 and 5.8 mg QE g-1, respectively. The concentration of ethanol extract obtained from C. Lanatus outer and inner shell (20 µg/mL) has inhibition of maximum lipid peroxidation in rate % 73.2 and % 72.0 respectively compared to that of α-Tokoferol (% 85.3) at the same concentration. As a result, the outer and inner shells have metal reduction capacity and moderate free radical removal activity and also inhibited the lipid peroxidation process. Therefore, C. Lanatus's especially the outer shell may have a natural ingredient that acts as radical scavengers, inhibits or delays the oxidation and prolongs the shelf life of nutrients by delaying the lipid peroxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In acromegaly, the incidence of cardiovascular disease is higher compared to healthy population because of the association of secondary cardiovascular disease risk factors such as hypertension, glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between Growth Hormone (GH), Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1), and lipid profiles in patients with newly diagnosed acromegaly. Methods: This study included 57 newly diagnosed acromegaly patients and 31 healthy control cases. Blood samples were taken after a 12-hour night fasting to analyze the levels of the hormones, the lipid profiles, and the fasting blood glucose. Results: The mean of LDL-C level in the acromegaly group and control group were respectively 140.2±61.3 mg/dL and 115.6±30.4 mg/dL, (p=0.029), triglyceride level 137.6±84.0 mg/dL and 102.9±43.0 mg/dL, (p=0.027) and HDL-C level 41.5±10.5 mg/dL and 50.5±10.6 mg/dL, (p=0.001). There was a significant positive correlation between GH levels of LDL (r=0.375, p=0.002), TG (r=0.302, p=0.01), IGF-1 (r=0.634, p=0.0001) and HOMA-IR (r=0.699, p=0.0001), IGF-1 and LDL levels (r=0.295, p=0.01) and TG (r=0.476, p=0.0001). There was a negative correlation between HDL and GH (r=-0.399, p=0.001) and HDL with IGF-1 (r=-0.310, p=0.01). Conclusions: Acromegaly is a disorder characterized by an excess of GH and GH appears to adversely affect the lipid profile. It can be considered that this risk factor may be eliminated by the control of the levels of GH and IGF-1 in acromegaly patients. Further studies seem necessary for more clarifica-tion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4) is thought to be related with obesity and metabolic syndrome via lipid metabolism. We aimed to investigate the effect of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs7886473, which is a common intron variant of ACSL4 gene on metabolic syndrome and lipids in Turkish society. Materials and Methods: Metabolic syndrome (n=556) and non-metabolic syndrome (n=520) patients according to the modified NCEP ATPIII metabolic syndrome criterias were included in the study. SNPs were genotyped with Roche Light Cycler 480 Real-Time PCR and then compared between groups. Results: There was no significant difference in the genotype frequencies of the ACSL4 gene polymorphism (rs7886473) between the metabolic syndrome and the non-metabolic syndrome patient groups. There were no significant differences in serum total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and triglyceride levels between GG and AA genotypes either in men or women. Conclusion: This study showed that ACSL4 gene polymorphism (rs7886473) has no effect on metabolic syndrome and serum lipid levels. However, only one common SNP on the ACSL4 gene was examined in our study. In this instance, this study is not enough to determine whether ACSL4 gene is not effective on metabolic syndrome and/or lipid levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High levels of lipids and lipoproteins in young adults are significant risk factors for the development of heart disease in older ages. Increased levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides, high levels of low-density lipoprotein and low levels of high-density lipoprotein contribute to cardiovascular disease. Therefore, when starting antiepileptics, it is important to assess changes in serum lipid levels and choose the safety drug, thus contributing to the prevention of cardiovascular complications in older ages. This paper is a review of the e effects of AED use on plasma lipid parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the carbomer-based lipid-containing (CBLC) gel on tear break-up time (TBUT), Schirmer's score, and ocular surface disease index (OSDI) through a one-masked clinical trial in patients with dry eye syndrome. Material and Methods: A 4-week and retrospective study was conducted. A total of 60 eyes of 30 patients with mild to moderate dry eye syndrome were included and treated with the CBLC gel two times a day within twelve hours interval. The primary end point was global assessment of study treatment by the patients before treatment and at the end of a 4-week treatment. All patients met the diagnostic criteria of impaired tear function and ocular surface abnormalities. Outcomes measured at baseline and at the end of the 4-week treatment included Schirmer's test, TBUT, and OSDI values. Results: The mean age of 30 patients was 53.79±12.73 years. At baseline, the mean for TBUT was 5.03±1.04 second and 9.81±4.95 mm for Schirmer's test. The TBUT score increased to a mean of 8.12±1.61 second and the Schirmer's test score increased to a mean of 13.15±5.08 mm after the 4-week treatment. Subjective patient assessment was better after the treatment, the mean for the OSDI score was 50.59%±13.29% at baseline and 36.86% ±11.93% after the 4-week treatment. These changes for TBUT, Schirmer's test, and OSDI scores were statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: CBLC gel is an effective treatment option for the patients who have suffered from mild to moderate dry eye syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the effects of short-term intensive exercise on liver enzymes and serum lipid levels with kick boxing athletes. Methods: 23 voluntary athletes who were between the ages of 15-46 and who engaged in kick-boxing have taken place this study. Athletes were made to do 45 minutes of warming-up, breathing, and stretching and 50 minutes of technical and tactical practices and then they were made to do a training match, which is equal to a 2 minutes 3 circuits (1 minute rest) kick-box match. In venous blood samples which were taken from athletes before and after training, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma glutamine transpeptidase (GGT), enzyme activity and total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides serum levels were analyzed via spectrophotometric method in Beckman Coulter AU 5800 auto analyzer. Body composition measurements of athletes were made with Tanita TBF 300 brand device, which works with bio-impedance analysis (BIA) system. Results: As a result of our study, statistically increases in serum ALT, AST, ALP and GGT enzyme activities and in serum total cholesterol, HDL-C and LDL-C levels were detected following short-term intensive exercise, but no significant difference was observed in TG levels after intensive exercise. Conclusion: The blows to the abdomen during kickboxing sports competitions result in increased liver enzymes and increased serum lipids may occur to meet energy demand of the body during exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known that the compositions of goat and sheep milk vary depending on factors such as animal breed, location, and way of nutrition, age and seasonal changes. Sheep milk contains higher levels of total solids than goat and cow milk. Casein fractions in goat, sheep and cow milk are same. However, casein micelles in goat and sheep milk differ in average diameter, hydration and mineralization from those of cow milk. As is the case with cow's milk, goat and sheep milk have simple and complex lipids, and liposoluble compounds. The average fat globule size is smallest in sheep milk followed by goat and cow milk. Non-protein nitrogen contents of goat milk are higher compared to cow milk. It has been found out that the researches and published articles on especially sheep milk, when compared to cow milk, are less limited. In this review, information related chemical characteristics and composition of goat and sheep milk is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between thyroid hormone levels and obesity, lipid levels and weight changes. Patients and Methods: Five to eleven year old normal weight, overweight and obese children underwent measurements of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (fT4), lipid profile and autoimmune thyroid antibodies. Children with high TSH were reevaluated one year later without any intervention. Results: Three hundred children (126 obese, 74 overweight, 100 normal weight) were evaluated in the study. The rates of high TSH levels were 1.0% in normal weight, 9.5% in overweight and 11.9% in obese group (p=0.007). fT4 levels of all the children enrolled in the study were in normal range. None of the children had autoimmune antibody positivity. Obese children with high TSH had higher triglyceride levels than children with normal TSH (p=0.028). One year later, a significant decrease in body mass index (BMI) was accompanied by a significant decrease in TSH levels. Conclusion: TSH levels can be high in obese and overweight children. Obese and overweight children with elevated levels of TSH do not need to be treated pharmacologically, losing weight decreases TSH levels significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgrounds: Diabetes mellitus which proceeds with various clinical and biochemical symptoms is a chronic metabolic disease that can affect many sistems. Types 2 diabetes constitute 80 to 90% of all cases. Various oral antidiabetic drugs can be used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In this study, two patients' groups using glimepiride and gliclazide which are from second generation sulfonylurea group were included and metabolic parameters were compared within and between the groups. Methods: This study is conducted on 184 patients who were diagnosed Types 2 diabetes mellitus in Şişli Etfal education and reseach hospital between 2007-2008. Patients were seperated according to usage of gliclazide or glimepride. Ages and genders of the patients were viewed. Taking insülin and taking oral antidiabetic with insulin were asked. Patients were evaluated twice in three months period. Body weight,body mass index, fasting blood glucose, HBA1c levels, lipid profile, arterial blood pressure, the 24 hour urine levels of microaluminuria were analyzed in both of the evaluations, a history of hypoglycemia were also noted. Results: The desired goals in average fasting blood glucose can not be reached in both of the groups. After three months the level of 7.0% HBA1C, determined by the ADA criteria, has been reached in the groups. There were no significant differences between the two groups according to the other metabolic control parameters. Conclusions: In this study, it is understood that the effects of taking glimeprid or gliclazid to the regulation of blood glucose are similar, and at the end of the 3-months follow up, there is no difference between the two groups in achieving the desired target of HBA1C. It is appeared that both of the drugs have no any dominance as an oral antidiabetic in the treatment of the type 2 DM to each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In previous studies, serum ceruloplasmin (Cp) level have been shown to be correlated with atherosclerotic heart disease. But it has not been investigated which result from ischemia or atherosclerosis. The aim of this study, serum Cp activity assess in coronary atherosclerosis and ischemia and investigate to which it is connected. Methods 90 patients taken for coronary angiography were included in the study. Patients divided three groups such as coronary artery disease (CAD): at least one main coronary artery stenosis exceeding 70% and patients with proven ischemia presence; noncritical coronary artery stenosis (NOC): at least one main coronary artery stenosis less than 70% and no obvious ischemia, normal coronary artery (NKA): 30 consecutive patients with normal coronary artery. Lipid profiles of all patients were measured. And serum Cp activity was measured by Erel's method. Results Tree groups were similar in terms of age, gender, BMI and lipid profile (p> 0.05). Serum Cp activity was significantly different among groups (p <0.05). CP activity was significantly lower in the patient group compared to the NOC group. In the subgroup analysis this difference was observed among NKA group and other groups. Pearson correlation analysis showed that serum Cp activity is the negative with total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, positively correlated with high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLK). Linier regression analysis showed that only HDLK effect serum Cp activity from these parameters independently. Conclusions As a result, in patients with atherosclerosis, serum Cp activity was lower than in patients with normal coronary arteries. The presence of ischemia did not affect the result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Psoriasis is inflammatory skin disease which has increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The etiology is unknown, yet. In cardiovascular disease, resistin which is secreted from adipose tissue, was found correlated with the levels of total cholesterol and LDL. In our study, we aimed to study the relation of serum resistin and lipid levels in patients with psoriasis and correlation of Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI). Material and Methods: In Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, thirty-seven healthy subjects (group I) and thirty-four patients with psoriasis (group II) were enrolled for two groups. The age, gender, blood pressure, body mass index (BMI) and PASI were determined. The level of resistin and lipid profile were studied in serum. Results: The level of resistin in patients with psoriasis (12,3±3,0 ng/ml) was found increased compared with healthy subjects (6,4±2,3 ng/ml) (p=0.001). The level of total cholesterol and LDL were increased in patients with psoriasis compared with healthy subjects, respectively (189±43 mg/dl;129±31 mg/dl) (p<0,05; p=0,01). The level of resistin was determined correlated positively with LDL (r=0,306). The level of resistin was found strong correlated positively with PASI (r=0,669). Conclusion: The high risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with psoriasis is known. In our study, the levels of resistin, total cholesterol, LDL which increase in cardiovascular disease, was found increased in patients with psoriasis and correlated with PASI. The level of resistin may be increased with increasing severity of the disease, so that it is thought to be significant determining like the lipid profile in patients with psoriasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: It is known that oxidant species play a role in the pathogenesis of certain diseases such as diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, cataract and hepatic cirrhosis. Therefore, the use of antioxidant species for therapeutic purposes has risen up in the recent years. The aim of the study was to investigate the different concentrations of alpha lipoic acid on the induced lipid peroxidation and tissue glutathione level in rat liver homogenates. Methods: Hydrogen peroxide (15 mM) has been used for induction of lipid peroxidation at liver homogenates. The experimental setups induced by lipid peroxidation have been divided into four sub-groups. Alpha lipoic acid was added in 0, 2, 4 and 8 mM concentrations into those groups, respectively. The malondialdehyde levels which is the end product of lipid peroxidation and the levels of tissue glutathione have been determined. Results: The level of malondialdehyde in the activation groups has been found to be significantly higher than to the control group. The levels of malondialdehyde in the all alpha lipoic acid groups have been found to be significantly lower than the activation group. The level of glutathione in the activation group has been detected significantly lower when it was compared to the control group. The levels of glutathione in the all alpha lipoic acid groups have been found to be significantly higher from the activation group. When the time-dependent change in the level of glutathione was investigated it was observed that these initially decrease and then started to increase. In the groups of 4 and 8 mM, this level was even over from the starting point. Conclusion: In conclusion, our findings suggest that lipid peroxidation is induced in the experimental setups where hydrogen peroxide are applied. The reason of significantly lower malondialdehyde and higher glutathione levels in alpha lipoic acid group than activation groups may be a result of the antioxidant property of alpha lipoic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was analyse the effect of phlorizin application on serum lipid prophile and oxidative stres indicators in sheep. Ten non-lactating and non-pregnant sheep were used in this study. Phlorizin was subcutanously injected at a dosage of 100 mg/kg to each animal. Body weight (BW) and subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) were measured at the beginning and at the end of the study. Hematological, biochemical parameters including lipid prohile, and oxidative stress indicators were analysed in blood samples obtained before (0th hour) and 12., 24., 48., 72. and 120th hours after the study. Urine samples were analysed at the same time intervals. Liver biopsy materials were obtained from two sheep 24 hours before and after the study for histopathological examinations. Results indicate that phlorizin significantly decreased the mean BW, SFT, total leukocyte (WBC), insulin, glucose, blood urea nitrogene (BUN), creatinin, triglyceride (TG), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total oxidative status (TOS) ve oksidative stres index (OSI) values (p<0.05), and significantly increased the mean platelets (PLT), hemoglobin (Hgb) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) values (p<0.05). Proteinuria and glycosuria were determined in urine samples. Histopathological examinations revealed a progressive decrease in cytoplasmic lipid vacuoles of hepatocytes after phlorizin administration. This study suggests that phlorizin could be proposed as an antihyperglycemic, antihiperlipidemic and antioxidant agent in sheep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Trials including diabetic and pre-diabetic patients have shown that the risk of cardiovascular event is increased in patients in whom blood glucose levels are high. In this study, we analyzed the achieval rate of target cholesterol levels in patients with diabetes mellitus. Methods: 344 diabetic patients admitted to our hospital between March and May 2012 were randomly included. Low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglycerides (TG) were measured in our hospital biochemistry laboratory. Patients' treatments were recorded. Results: Although all 135 male and 209 female diabetic patients were undergoing treatment for diabetes, 83% (n=286) had LDL cholesterol levels greater than 100mg/dl. Despite this, only 47.3% (n=163) were taking lipid-lowering medications. The mean level of LDL-cholesterol was: 126.4±33.5 mg/ dl, TG: 179.2±6.53 mg/dl; HDL-cholesterol: 45.9±10.8 mg/dl. In 16.8% of the patients (n=58) target LDL cholesterol was achieved. In addition, all lipid targets (LDL <100 mg/dl, triglyceride <150 mg/dl and HDL >40 mg/dl in men and >50 mg/dl in women) were achieved in nearly 5% (n=17) of the patients. Conclusion: This study, which was done in a randomly selected group of follow-up diabetic patients, showed that we are far away from lipid targets. We must approach more aggressive for treatment of hyperlipidemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this study, it is aimed to compare the levels of the cases which have drug with the aim of suicide, by right control groups. Method: In this study, the cases which referred to Hospital of Dicle University with drug intoxication have been analyzed. In the study, their lipid; Triglyceride, Total Cholesterol, High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol level of during first consultation was determined. Results: The lipid levels mean of the group that attempt to suicide were triglyceride 83,7±76,2 mg/dl, total cholesterol 137,5±46.0 mg/dl, HDL-C 38,0±14,0 mg/dl and LDL-C 74,0±39,2 mg/dl. The lipid levels mean of the control group were triglyceride 123,1±51,2 mg/dl, total cholesterol 176,7±48,7 mg/dl, HDL-C 44,0±6,3 mg/dl and LDL-C 107,7±44,4 mg/dl (in return; p=0.020, p=0.001, p=0.040 ve p<0.001). It was determined that there is a negative correlation between attempting to suicide with drug and the level of triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-C and LDL-C. Conclusion: As a result, a meaningful correlation has been determined between the levels of triglyceride, cholesterol, and HDL-C and LDL-C and the attempting to suicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this study, it was aimed to investigate the relationship between sialic acid concentration and serum levels of triiodothyronine (T3), tetraiodothyronine (T4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in hyperthyroid patients. Methods: Twenty eight subjects consisting of 14 healthy and 14 hyperthyroid patients at 25-35 years of age were used. Serum T3, T4 and TSH levels were determined using autoanalyzer, while total sialic acid (TSA) and lipid-bound sialic acid (LSA) were spectrophotometrically measured. Results: Serum TSA (p<0.001), LSA (p<0.001), T3 (p<0.05), and T4 (p<0.05), levels in patients with hyperthyroidism were higher than healthy subjects whereas serum TSH level in hyperthyroid patients was lower than (p<0.001) healthy patients. Conclusion: Positive correlation, between serum levels of T3, T4 and sialic acid concentration and a negative correlation between TSH and sialic acid level were observed in hyperthyroid patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid oxidation in meat and meat products is a significant problem because it may cause quality losses and reduce the shelf life of the products. Synthetic antioxidants like butyllated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butyllated hydroxytoluene (BHT) have been used for many years to control lipid oxidation in meat and meat products. However, there are concerns and limitations about the use of these antioxidants because recent scientific studies have shown potential toxic effects and high costs, and consumer concerns about food additives are increasing. For these reasons, consumer demand for natural products has shifted the food industry to the use of natural antioxidants in foods. In this review, recent developments and trend of the antioxidant use in meat and meat products are reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, three different irradiation doses, 0.4 kGy, 0.8 kGy and 1.2 kGy were applied to hamburger samples. Samples were stored for 8 and 30 days at two different storage temperature (+4 °C and -12 °C). Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) analysis was performed in order to determine the lipid oxidation level and the variation of the protein structure were determined by ATR-FTIR in uncooked samples. As a result of TBA analysis, TBA values determined in the samples stored at +4 °C within the the range of 3.18-1.03 mg malonaldehyde/kg and 1.78-1.03 mg malonaldehyde/kg sample range stored at -12 °C would not create a negative value in the consumption of the product. It was determined that the effect of irradiation dose on the % value of the α-helix and β-sheet and the ratio of α-helix/β-sheet was insignificant. The effect of low irradiation doses on the texture and color parameters were insignificant in cooked and uncooked samples. As a result of the sensory analysis, the effect of the irradiation doses on the sensory properties was found to be insignificant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of two different statins and a statin/ezetimibe combination on high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) values, which were given at high doses in the early period of acute coronary syndromes. Methods: A total of 150 patients with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction and unstable angina pectoris were enrolled to our prospective, randomized, single-blind study. Patients were divided into three groups by block randomization method. One group received 20mg/day atorvastatin, one group received 10 mg/day rosuvastatin and the other group received 10 mg/day ezetimibe/simvastatin combination therapy, which was initiated within the first 24 hours of admission. Follow-up duration was 2 months . Biochemical investigations and hsCRP levels (by nephelometric method) were performed with 138 patients evaluated at baseline, 10th and 60th days of therapy. Decreases of hsCRP levels were analyzed with one-way MANOVA and repeated measures of ANOVA methods. Post-hoc Tukey HSD test was performed for finding the different group, when the difference was detected between the groups. Results: Tenth day hsCRP levels in ezetimibe/simvastatin group was significantly lower than the other groups (p<0.001). Further, after 60 days of follow-up a significant reduction was seen in hsCRP levels in ezetimib/simvastatin group (in ezetimibe/simvastatin group the mean hsCRP was reduced from 38.4±15.0 mg/L to 2.4±1.3 mg/L, in atorvastatin group the mean hsCRP was reduced from 27.3±11.7 mg/L to 4.1±2.4 mg/L and in rosuvastatin group the mean hsCRP was reduced from 22.0±6.9 mg/L to 3.6±1.7 mg/L (F (1.1, 148.2) = 746.9, p<0.01 and the difference between drugs; F (2.2, 148.2) = 32.1, p<0.01). No side effects related to drugs were seen during follow-up in all three treatment groups. Conclusion: This study showed that ezetimibe/simvastatin 10 mg/day combination treatment was superior to atorvastatin 20 mg/day and rosuvastatin 10 mg/day treatment in reducing the inflammatory markers when high dose statins was started in the early period of unstable angina and non ST elevation myocardial infarction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrofungi lacking chlorophyll, belong to the Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes classes. Naturally grown and cultured macrofungi are consumed as a food source also in our country. Wild macrofungi are a major source of living for forest loggers and it is exported to other countries. Macrofungi contain water (up to 95%), proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. c. Agaricus species have the highest protein and lipid content of all examined fungi species. However, Boletus edulis have the highest carbonhydrate content. Overall, it has been demonstrated that macrofungi contain more than 40% carbonhydrate, between 20% and 40% protein, but less than 8% lipid. Glutamine, asparagine and methionine are the most abundant aminoacids in macrofungi. The unsaturated fatty acid ratio is higher than the saturated fatty acid ratio in macrofungi. Linoleic, oleic and palmitic acids are the unsaturated fatty acids present in the highest concentrations. Macrofungi are also rich in essential vitamins for human metabolisms, including thiamine, riboflavin and niacin Macrofungi contain antioxidants such as flavonoid, ascorbic acid, β-carotene and lycopene. Other active substances obtained from macrofungi include β-glucans, ergon and ganoderic acid. In addition to those nutritional benefits, it has been shown that macrofungi have also some biological activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer and immunostimulation. Given the fact that macrofungi have a wide spectrum of biological effects, increasing efforts on culturing wild grown macrofungi and studies on the isolation and standardization of the active ingredients are needed in order to create alternatives to other food products and drugs used today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this experimental sciatic nerve crush injury model study, early and late neuroprotective efficacy of mannitol and vitamin C. In this study 60 male rats were used. The subjects were divided into 6 groups as Sham group (Group 1), Control group (Group 2), 1. hour mannitol group (Group 3), 1. hour vitamin C group (Group 4), 24. hour mannitol group (Group 5) and 24. hour vitamin C group (Group 6).At the end of the experimental period, tissue samples were taken for histopathological and biochemical studies. Lipid peroxide product malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzyme activities were measured. After mannitol treatment tissue SOD and CAT activities increased and MDA level decreased significantly, at the early period (group III, p < 0.05) and on the late period (group IV, p < 0.05) than control (group 2) group. And after mannitol treatment tissue CAT activities increased and MDA level decreased significantly, at the early period (group IV, p < 0.05) and on the late period (Group VI, p < 0.05) than control (group 2) group. However, SOD activities increased in early period (group IV, p < 0.05). As a result, it was found that application of vitamin c and mannitol intraperitoneally, may be useful on preventing oxidative stress and also mannitol has more neuroprotective efficacy at late period than early period. However, it was concluded that different dose and duration of working in other comprehensive studies might be more beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Subclinical hypothyroidism is defined as a mild elevation in serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level, while serum free T4 (FT4) and free T3 (FT3) levels are within the reference range. The main problem with these patients is whether they should receive therapy or not. In many studies, positive effects of levothyroxine treatment on hypothyroidism symptoms, serum lipid levels and cardiac functions are shown. In this prospective clinical study, we aimed to evaluate the metabolic changes in newly diagnosed subclinical hypothyroidism patients who were administered thyroxine. Methods: Sixty-three newly diagnosed patients with subclinical hypothyroidism were included in the study. Randomly chosen 36 patients receiving therapy constituted the study group, while the remaining 27 patients formed the control group and were followed without any treatment. The patients were questioned for symptoms and examined thoroughly at the beginning of the study and at the end of the third month. Thyroid function tests, lipid parameters and body mass index (BMI) were determined at both the beginning and the end of the study. Results: There were 32 (88.8%) female and 4 (11.2%) male patients in the study group; mean values of age and BMI were 44.66±13.34 years and 29.96±5.99 kg/m², respectively. The control group consisted of 23 (85.2%) female and 4 (14.8%) male patients; their mean values of age and BMI were 42.51±11.66 years and 30.68±5.61 kg/m², respectively. Mean TSH levels and mean fT3 levels were significantly decreased in the third month with respect to the beginning in patients receiving treatment when compared to the control group. In the beginning, the mean levels of serum LDL cholesterol were 127.55±44.69 mg/dl and 112.37±30.43 mg/dl in the study and control groups, respectively. Mean LDL cholesterol level showed a significant increase in the control group at three-month follow-up visit (p=0.041). Discussion: In this study, we found that the symptoms of clinical hypothyroidism mostly existed in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism, and clinical and metabolic parameters improved with levothyroxine therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gluten has a complex structure with two main groups of proteins, gliadin (a prolamin) and glutenin (a glutelin), and include other moieties such as starch, other proteins, lipids, and sugars. Bread making quality of different wheat flours is mainly dependent on the properties of gluten proteins. The most important factor which effects the gluten and bread properties is the quantity and quality of glutenin. Glutenin, fundamental constituent of gluten complex, has been found only in cereal seeds, and chemically classified as basic proteins. It occurs by cross-linking of sulfhydryl groups on peptide bonds to form disulfide bonds (S-S). Glutenin has a high molecular weight thus it can be solubilized at a limited extent, and it can be solubilized only in low salt concentrations at dilute acids or bases solution. Glutenin with its elastic structure is a fundamental factor to determine the mixing properties of dough. Glutenin provides dough to ability on retention to extensibility. It is sensitive to heat denaturation. It can be divided in two main groups as High Molecular Weight (65.000-90.000) Glutenin Subunits (HMW-GS), and Low Molecular Weight (30.000-45.000) Glutenin Subunits (LMW-GS). It was reported that the HMW-GS have the most positive effects on bread quality (than LMW-GS). This study reviews wheat gluten proteins and their function in breadmaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we aimed to present the findings of confocal microscopy, ultrasonic biomicroscopy and optical coherence tomography in lipid keratopathy which is a rare corneal disease. A 54-year-old male patient with no history of eye disease or systemic disorder was admitted to our clinic with symptom of decreased vision in his right eye. His visual acuity was 0.7 in the right eye and 1.0 in the left. Biomicroscopy revealed mild corneal edema, increased corneal thickness, ring shaped intrastromal fat accumulation, and penetration of feeding vessels in his right eye. Confocal microscopy supported these findings and additionally revealed perivascular inflammatory cell infiltration and destruction of corneal lamellas and keratocytes. Ultrasonic biomicroscopic examination revealed corneal posterior bulging in Descemet membrane with destruction by infiltration of the hyperecogenic substance. Regions of stromal lipid accumulation, vascular infiltration and posterior bulging were also seen in sections of corneal optical coherence tomography. As also observed in this case presented, confocal microscopy, ultrasonic biomicroscopy and optical coherence tomography are beneficial for in vivo investigation of the corneal lipid degeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current Aspects in Lipophilic Drug Toxicity Initially, the toxicity findings of bupivacain, which is used as a local anesthesic of the amide group, could be treated by lipid emulsions. The animal studies in this issue supported the "Lipid Sink" theory. By this method, lipid emulsions act by sinking the liphofilic toxic substances by locking on these in the emulsion as a deposit. Lipid emulsions are used in the overdose of calcium channel blockers, beta adrenergic receptor blockers, selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors, some antipsychotic drugs and organophosphate poisoning, with satisfactory recovery of patients in Emergency Medicine. Experimental, controlled human studies could not be performed due to ethic issues, but the usage of lipid emulsions were the main treatment of resuscitation without any severe side effects in the animal studies and the cases published in the literature. Consequently, the lipid emulsions are the current agents in lipophilic drug toxicity, even in unresponsive patients managed with traditional cardiopulmonary resuscitation modalities in Emergency Department. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the amount of retinol, retinoic acid, beta-carotene, lycopene, alpha-tocopherol in Strawberry (fragaria vesca) fruits, grown in Elazig and Mersin regions/cities is investigated by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The amount of retinol, retinoic acid, β-carotene, lycopene, α-tocopherol were obtained to be 10,90±1,35 ng/g; 69,75 ± 5,12 ng/g; 14100,00±1530,00 ng/g; 298,60±19,19 ng/g and 690,00±28,10 ng/g in strawberries grown in Elazig while they were 15,70±1,73 ng/g; 70,89±6,04 ng/g; 11040,00±1640,00 ng/g; 301,18±20,07 ng/g and 729,48±30,02 ng/g respectively, in Mersin. Although the retinol contents of the strawberries from both regions were different (p<0,05), it was obtained that there were no significant differences from among the other parameters (p>0,05). It may be concluded from the results that while not enough rich, the strawberry fruit contains a significant amount of retinoic acid, retinol, β-carotene, licopen and α-tocopherol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local anesthetic (LA) toxicity is the most fatal complication of peripheral nerve block techniques. Inadvertent intravascular administration or higher dose LAs above safety margins are the main causes of toxicity. In recent years, some case reports have been published in the literature about successful treatment of LA toxicity unresponsive to standard resuscitation efforts with lipid infusions. We aimed to report about a patient who suffered from a LA toxicity after sciatic + femoral nerve block for the removal of an infected knee prosthesis who was successfully treated with lipid infusion before development of cardiac arrest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The association between mood disorders and serum lipid levels has been evaluated for many years. Recently, it has been showed that serum lipid levels may have seasonal changes. From here, we aimed to evaluate seasonality of serum lipids in bipolar disorder which may be related with episodic and seasonal features. Method: Mean serum lipid levels and seasonal differences of serum lipid levels were compared between 79 patients with bipolar disorder type I, who were followed in Rasit Tahsin Mood Disorders Outpatient Unit of Bakirköy Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology & Neurosurgery and 38 healthy controls, for one year. Results: Mean cholesterol and triglyceride levels were similar between patients and controls for all seasons. Mean serum HDL levels were lower for all seasons, except winter in patients with bipolar disorders. When seasonal changes in lipid levels were evaluated, the only significant difference among the two groups was changes in spring HDL levels. Conclusions: This is the first study that evaluates seasonality of lipid levels in bipolar patients, although it has some limitations. Long term, big sample-sized follow-up studies are required to get strong evidence for understanding aetiology of illness related with lipid levels among bipolar patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between lipid levels and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women Methods: We studied 276 postmenopausal women aged 45- 65 years (mean 54 years) who attended Duzce University faculty of medicine physical medicine and rehabilitation polyclinic. Bone mineral density in the lumbar spine and femur neck were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Serum cholesterol, lipoproteins and triglyceride were assessed on a blood sample obtained after a 12-hour fast. All participants were given a questionnaire to answer on various risk factors for osteoporosis. Participants who reported the use of hormone replacement therapy and lipid lowering therapy were excluded. Statistically significant associations were found by SPSS 11.0 and p<0.05 was significant. Results: At baseline serum lipoproteins, total cholesterol and triglycerides didn't show significant correlation with bone mineral density at femur neck and lumbar spine. (Both p>0,05) higher body mass index is associated with higher bone mineral density at femur neck and lumbar spine (both p values <0,001). Conclusion: There is no significant relation between bone mineral density and lipid levels in postmenopausal women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipids are important substances for inflammation and immune functions of the organism, and also important for neutralization of endoxins and liposaccharides. Therefore, cholesterol is an essential element of nutrition in clinically critical patients. Lipoproteins, which are of vital importance for human organism, may be low because of genetic or acquired reasons. Hypolipidemia that is characterized by decrease of plasma lipids is, unlike hyperlipidemia, a condition which is recognized late. Hypolipidemia is commonly seen during the course of severe diseases. Furthermore, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) may also decrease during infectious diseases, in malignancies, burns, hematologic disorders, and in traumatic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Total lipid, total fatty acids and fatty acid composition of Plodia interpunctella Hübner (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) larvae and pupae fed by hazelnut, peanut, walnut, almond, and polen were investigated. Food type-related differences in the ratio of total lipid and fatty acids were observed in larvae. The ratios of total fatty acids to total lipids also differed in larvae fed with polen , almond, hazelnut, walnut and peanut and were found as 17.39, 13.65, 13.94, 20.31 and 13.48%, respectively. However, there were no differences in the ratios of total fatty acids to total lipids in pupae. Gas chromatographic investigation of the fatty acid composition of food types revealed that the highest ratios in the foods were oleic acid (C18:1) in almond and hazelnut (67.42 and 80.11%, linoleic acid (C 18:2) for walnut and peanut (61.16 and 49.78%), linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) in polen (38.19%). Larvae fed by walnut and hazelnut exhibied the highest ratio of linoleic acid whereas the ratio of oleic acid was the highest for larvae fed by almond, polen and peanut. In the case of pupae oleic acid had highest ratio when pupae were fed by polen, almond and hazelnut. However the ratio of linoleic acid exceeded others when pupae were fed by walnut and peanut. There were also differences in other fatty acid ratios related to food type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: The study was designed to investigate the prognosis and the epidemiologic features of people who was diagnosed having type 2 DM and Applied to the Community Health Center. METHOD: This study which was carried out at Çatak Health Branch of Trabzon Erdogdu Health Center in April, May, and June in 2008 is a descriptive and cross-sectional field study. All of the patients with Type 2 DM diagnosis who came to the Health Center for routine control (55 people) were involved in the study. The aim of the study was explained to each participant in the study and their oral consent was taken. As the data collection instrument, diabetes surveillance form which includes of socio-demographic features, risk factors, blood sugar diagnosis criteria, body mass index, chronic complications and foot examination was used. Diabetes surveillance form was shaped by modifying the diabetes diagnosis form which was structured by Erdogan and Nahcivan (1999). The data obtained were evaluated through number and percentage distribution, mean, chi square test, correlation and variant analyses techniques. RESULTS: Age mean of the patients was 59.4±10.7 and 85.5% of them was female. Average diagnosis age was 53.2±12.5, average diabetes year was 6,6±6,6. 45.5% of the patients were obese, 12.7% of them morbid obese and diabetes history in the family was about 54.5%. It was found that 56.3% patients had blood glucose level was 140 mg/dl and 54.5% of the patients' HbA1c level were higher than 7%. When lipid parameter levels of the patients were examined, it was seen that HDL cholesterol level was (E<35,K<45) for 52.7% of the patients and that was lower than the target treatment level; LDL cholesterol level was 100mg/dl for 76.4%; and total cholesterol level was higher than 200 mg/dl 49.1% of the patients. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between diabetes year of the patients and HbA1c level (r=0.291, p=0.031). 8.6 had % neuropathy, 1.7% of them had retinopathy, 25.9% had coronary heart disease, and 56.9% had hypertension as chronic complication. In foot examination, it was found that 85.5% of them had one of or all of the foot problems or complaint. CONCLUSION: The metabolic control couldn't be provided in a significant part of the patients diagnosed having type 2 DM in the area of Health Center. For this reason, necessary arrangement should be done about acute and chronic complications of diabetes also taking into consideration individuals' socio-economic and cultural lifestyles until bringing patients' diabetes under control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]antracene (DMBA) is a substance that has carcinogenesis effect and increases level of free radicals in organism. a-Lipoic acid (ALA) is a important molecule having antioxidant activity. In this study, preventive effects of ALA on brain fatty acids of quinea pigs which were induced oxidative stres by DMBA was investigated. For his purpose, control groups of DMBA, ALA and DMBA+ALA were prepared. According to the our results, it was found that the level of stearic acid (18:0) was lowest (p<0.05) in control group while the level of palmitic acid (16:0) was higher (p<0.001) than other groups. It was observed that the level of oleic acid (18:1) in group of DMBA+ALA was higher than other groups (p<0.01). Especially, the levels of linoleic (18:2) and linolenic (18:3) acids were decreased in groups of DMBA and DMBA+ALA (p<0.001).It was found that the levels of fatty acid such arachidonic acid (20:4) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6) were increased in other groups comparing with control group (p<0.05,p<0.01,p<0.005, p<0.001). It has been observed that ALA has not preventive effect on the fatty acid composition in brain tissue of quinea pigs of induced oxidative stress by DMBA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

sensitive parameters of the lipid peroxidation. In the present study, it was aimed to investigate the value of serum MDA levels in diagnosing intracranial pathologies in minor head trauma. Patients and Methods: This prospective study was approved in Firat University. Patients were categorized into 2 groups: those without intracranial lesions in head CTs (group 1) and those with intracranial lesions in head CTs (group 2). Serum MDA levels were determined. Results: Mean serum MDA levels in group 1 (n=50) and group 2 (n=24) were 31.186±46.9 pg/ml and 54.873±127.6 pg/ml, respectively. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the two groups in terms of MDA values. Conclusion: It is found that serum MDA has limited value in determining the intracranial injury detected with computed tomography in patients with minor head trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate the possible risk factors in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). Materials and Methods: Twenty-four patients with BRVO and an age and sex-matched control group of 48 people without a history of retinal vascular diseases and systemic diseases were included in this study. The 24 patients with BRVO were asked about any previous history of systemic diseases. The serum homocysteine, total cholesterol, trigliseride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), white blood cell, hemoglobin, hematocrit and platelet levels were measured in all patients and control group. Results: Hypertension was detected in 75% of the patients. The serum homocystein, trigliseride and hematocrit levels were found to be significantly higher in the patient group compared to the control group (p=0.002, p=0.018 and p=0.014 respectively). The serum total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, white blood cell, hemoglobin and platelet levels were found to be similar in both the patient and control group (p>0.05). Conclusion: Known risk factors for developing BRVO such as hypertension, hyperhomocysteinemia, hyperlipidemia and higher blood viscosity are thought to be effective in our patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate the possible risk factors in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). Materials and Methods: Twenty-four patients with BRVO and an age and sex-matched control group of 48 people without a history of retinal vascular diseases and systemic diseases were included in this study. The 24 patients with BRVO were asked about any previous history of systemic diseases. The serum homocysteine, total cholesterol, trigliseride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), white blood cell, hemoglobin, hematocrit and platelet levels were measured in all patients and control group. Results: Hypertension was detected in 75% of the patients. The serum homocystein, trigliseride and hematocrit levels were found to be significantly higher in the patient group compared to the control group (p=0.002, p=0.018 and p=0.014 respectively). The serum total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, white blood cell, hemoglobin and platelet levels were found to be similar in both the patient and control group (p>0.05). Conclusion: Known risk factors for developing BRVO such as hypertension, hyperhomocysteinemia, hyperlipidemia and higher blood viscosity are thought to be effective in our patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steroids are known to act via genomic mechanism by binding to their own intracellular receptors. In addition to the steroids which are synthesized in the endocrine organs and able to easily cross to the brain, some steroids have been reported to be synthesized in the brain, to change neuronal excitability and to affect brain functions by interacting with the receptors on the surface of the neuronal membrane such as ligand-gated ion channels. Such steroids are called neuroactive steroids (neurosteroids). In this article, the psychopharmacological effects of the neurosteroids are summarized and their roles in the neuropsychiatric disorders are reviewed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipoid proteinosis (Urbach-Wiethe disease and hyalinosis cutis et mucosae) is a rare autosomal recessive disease. It is characterized by the deposition of hyaline materials as extracellulary and penivasculary in the skin, mucous membranes, brain, and other internal organs and by several clinical symptoms which are developed secondary to these deposited materials. Characteristically, hoarseness, small flesh-colored papules on the edges of eyelids and on lips, together with plaques in areas associated with mechanical trauma and calcifications in temporal lobes in craniography are found. In this report, we present two cases of lipoid proteinosis in an 18 and 22-years-old sisters which applied to our clinic by symptoms of hoarseness, small flesh-colored papules on the edges of eyelids and on lips. Both of the cases have been diagnosed as having Lipoid Proteinozis which is a rare autosomal recessive transitive disease in our region where relative marriages are very common and is seldom in dermatology outcome-clinics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The layers of seed coat were examined in local endemic species Centaurea tchihatcheffii (Yanar dönor, Peygamber çiçeği in Ankara at provience Gölbaşı. The seed coat was composed of 1-2 layers schleranchymatic epidermal cells, 1-2 layers elongated and thick-walled macrosclereid cells, osteosclereid layer and paranchymatic cell layers. The cells of the macrosclereid layer contained vacuoles and tannins. We observed that the paranchyma cells contained numerous starch grains and lipid bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the role of plasma fibrinogen, hemoglobin, hematocrit, lipid and platelet levels in age related macular degeneration (AMD). Materials and Methods: 30 patients with AMD and 29 healthy subjects as a control group were included in the study. Serum fibrinogen, hemoglobin, hematocrit, lipid and platelet counts were determined in two groups. Results: Serum fibrinogen level was 364.7±70.7 mg/dl in AMD group and 319.6±54.2 mg/dl in the control group. Fibrinogen levels were significantly higher in AMD group compared with control group (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between two groups for the other parameters (p>0.05). Conclusion: Serum fibrinogen level is higher in patients with AMD. This can play a role in the development of AMD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]