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Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the second most common infections among children. Early initiation of treatment is crucial to prevent complications. In recent years, the increasing production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) in gram-negative bacteria has made it challenging to treat infections caused by these pathogens in children. The C-reactive protein to albumin ratio (CAR) has emerged as an important marker for inflammation in recent years. The aim of our study is to investigate the predictive value of CAR in the early identification of ESBL-positive upper urinary tract infections (UUTI) in children and to determine the antibiotic resistance profiles of isolated uropathogens. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted by reviewing the medical records of 194 children diagnosed with UUTI and treated either as outpatients or inpatients. Based on urine culture results, patients were divided into two groups: ESBL-positive UUTI and ESBL-negative UUTI. Laboratory tests obtained within the first 6 hours after UUTI diagnosis, before the initiation of antibiotic therapy, as well as demographic data, were retrieved from hospital records and compared between the two groups. The microorganisms isolated in urine cultures and their antimicrobial susceptibility results were recorded. Results: Of the patients, 98 (50,5%) were female and 96 (49,4%) were male, with a median age of 12 (4,92-36) months. Among the isolated pathogens, 126 (64,9%) were ESBL-negative, while 68 (35,1%) were ESBL-positive. CRP and CAR levels were significantly higher in the ESBL-positive UUTI group (p<0.001). A ROC analysis was performed to assess the ability of laboratory parameters to predict ESBL-positive UUTI. For CRP, values of 2,270 and above predicted ESBL positivity with 54,41% sensitivity and 61,11% specificity [p<0.001; AUC: 0.660 (0,584-0,737)]. For CAR, values of 0,698 and above predicted ESBLpositive UUTI with 58,82% sensitivity and 59,52% specificity [p=0.001; AUC: 0,650 (0,573-0,727)]. Escherichia coli (39,2%) was the most frequently isolated microorganism in all patients, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (28,9%), Enterococcus spp. (14,4%), and Proteus mirabilis (9,3%). Among ESBL-positive UUTI patients, the most commonly isolated microorganisms were E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Ampicillin resistance in ESBL-positive E. coli was 89,3%, and the highest resistance among cephalosporins was observed against ceftriaxone (89,7%). Amikacin resistance in ESBL-positive E. coli was 7,7%, while no resistance was observed in ESBL-positive UUTI K. pneumoniae. Meropenem resistance was found in 5,6% and ertapenem resistance in 6,7% of K. pneumoniae isolates, while in E. coli, meropenem resistance was 13,6% and ertapenem resistance was 9,1%. Conclusions: CAR is independently associated with ESBL-positive UUTI. Our study demonstrated that CAR may be useful in predicting ESBL-positive UUTI. Given the high resistance observed to cephalosporins, it is recommended that patients with significantly elevated CAR levels receive empirical treatment with carbapenems, amikacin, nitrofurantoin, or fosfomycin, whether treated as outpatients or inpatients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ümraniye Pediatri Dergisi is the property of KARE Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Van Health Sciences Journal / Van Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Van Yuzuncu Yil University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bozok Veterinary Sciences is the property of Bozok Veterinary Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, it was aimed to isolate, identify, and determine some starter culture characteristics of lactic acid bacteria from yoghurts produced by traditional methods, collected from five provinces in the Western Black Sea Region. Identification of strains was performed with the MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper system. Of the 84 isolates isolated, 2 were identified as Lactobacillus helveticus, 2 as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, 3 as Limosilactobacillus fermentum, 1 as Enterococcus faecalis and 76 as Lactobacillus delbrueckii. The isolates were found to be susceptible to erythromycin, teicoplanin, streptomycin, rifampicin, ampicillin, clindamycin, cefotaxime, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and vancomycin, and resistant to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, gentamicin and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole. It was determined that the isolates showed antimicrobial activity against Salmonella Typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7, but the antimicrobial effect was low against Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. The acidity produced by 8 of the isolates was found to be between 0.9 and 0.95 %. In addition, it was determined that 74 isolates produced diacetyl. Proteinase activity and resistance to phages of 26 strains with high starter potential were investigated. It was determined that 5 of the strains did not show proteinase activity and according to the phage resistance test results, 8 of the isolates were sensitive to Ф709-X1 phage, and 12 Lactobacillus delbrueckii isolates were resistant to 15 different bacteriophages used in the study. According to the results of the study, it was determined that the isolated cultures have the potential to be used as a starter culture in terms of the investigated characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Urinary tract infections (UTI) are the most common among the community and hospital-acquired infections. Escherichia coli is the most frequently isolated microorganism in UTIs. The treatment is mostly empirical. However, resistance related to the inappropriate use of antibiotics causes problems. Therefore, determining regional antibiotic resistance profiles and regular surveillance is essential. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the distribution of strains and their resistance patterns isolated from urine samples at our laboratory. Methods: The results of urine samples sent to our laboratory between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2018, were analyzed retrospectively. Conventional methods and the automatized device performed identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates. Results: Significant bacterial growth was detected in 2331(14.1%) of 16 521 urine samples, and 2051 were included in the study. The most frequently isolated strain was E. coli (70.4%). The resistance rate was highest for ampicillin (61.4%) among the bacteria that belong to the Enterobacteriaceae family. The most susceptible antibiotics were fosfomycin, imi-penem, and meropenem, respectively. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. were found to have multidrug resistance. ESBL positivity was 19.3%. Among ESBL positive strains, the highest resistance rates were against ampicillin (98.2%). All the Enterococcus spp. isolates were susceptible to linezolid. All the S. saprophyticus isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, linezolid, vancomycin, teicoplanin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. All S. agalactiae strains were susceptible to penicillin, vancomycin, teicoplanin, and linezolid. Conclusion: Pathogens responsible for urinary tract infections and antibiotic resistance rates differ among inpatients and outpatients. Therefore, it is essential to identify UTI agents, perform antibiotic susceptibility tests, and conduct surveillance studies at hospitals and regional levels to guide successful empirical treatment of in-and-outpatients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Firat Universitesi Saglik Bilimleri Veteriner Dergisi is the property of Firat Universitesiu, Saglik Bilimleri Enstitusu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: In recent years, vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) infections are among the common nosocomial infection factors, especially in intensive care units (ICU). In our study, it was aimed to evaluate the resistance rates of enterococci, which are isolated as a hospital infection (HI). Materials and Methods: The source and resistance rates of HIs due to enterococci were investigated retrospectively in patients hospitalized in Konya Training and Research Hospital in five years. ICU follow-up forms, National Hospital Infections Surveillance data were taken into consideration in determining these patients. HIs; “Centers for Disease Control and Prevention” was defined according to diagnostic criteria, all samples were evaluated by conventional culture methods. Results: 6.24% (177) of the factors in all nosocomial infections (2,835) recorded in our hospital were linked to enterococcal spp. 54.8% (97) of the infections were in ICU and 45.2% (80) were in the services. 57.63% (102) of enterococci reproduced in the urine, 27.11% (48) in the blood, 13.56% (24) in the swab cultures of the wound. VRE was the cause of 7 of the patients who were accepted nosocomial infections due to enterococci. The VRE rate is 0.24% among all (2,835) nosocomial infections and among nosocomial infections due to enterococci; It was found to be 3.4%. All VREs were detected as Enterococcus feacium (100%). The most common risk factors in patients were advanced age, urinary and central venous catheters, acute kidney injury or chronic kidney failure. The use of glycopeptides before VRE infection was 42.85%, and 100% of patients had previously used 3rd generation cephalosporins. Conclusion: The more important the isolation, correct identification and determination of antibiotic susceptibility in the infections caused by enterococci, the more vital it is to monitor the antibiotic susceptibility profiles for these bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was detect to infection source before the bloodstream infection (BSI) of patients with secondary BSI to examine the epidemiological features, sources of infection, prognosis and antibiotic resistance. Materials and Methods: Culture/antibiotic susceptibility results of all hospitalized patients were evaluated retrospectively. Age, gender, localization of infection, causative microorganism, antibiogram test results, time frame between primary and secondary BSI and prognosis of each patients with secondary BSI was investigated. Results: In a total of 1,584 patients, secondary BSI was detected in 200 patients, 158 (79%) of them in the intensive care unit and 42 (21%) of inpatient services. Median of time between primary and secondary bloodstream infections among specimen species were statistically insignificant (p=0.091). Urinary tract infection (37%) is the most common, followed by respiratory tract infections (31%), skin and soft tissue infections (18%), central nervous system infections (10%) and other infections (4%). Acinetobacter baumannii complex species had a resistance against more than 95% of antibiotics except aminoglycosides. Resistance to carbapenem group antibiotics was observed at a rate of 2% in Escherichia coli strains and the rate was found to be 35% in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Methicillin resistance was found in 29% of Staphylococcus aureus and 90% of coagulase negative staphylococci and 25% of Enterococcus spp. were resistant to vancomycin. Conclusion: Knowing a source of infection in secondary bloodstream infections will lead to an identification of risk factors for infections and a description of infection control practices. It will reduce health expenditure as well as mortality rate.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it was aimed to obtain data about dominant strains and to determine lactic acid bacteria (LAB) profile in the silage samples prepared from buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), grown in fields of the Faculty of Agriculture of Aydın Adnan Menderes University in Turkey's Aegean region, by using PCR-DNA-fingerprinting technique through M13 and (GTG)5 repeating sequence primers. In the study, 15 different silage samples prepared by adding 2 different concentrations (1.5x105-1.5x106 cfu g-1) of inoculant and 2 different concentrations (4-6 L t-1) of formic acid to buckwheat samples with different dry matter (DM) contents were used. First, DM, pH and Fleig points of 15 different silage samples, then total LAB numbers and the variety of LABs at genus level of these samples were determined. 50 isolates which were detected to be LAB from silage samples were obtained and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) fingerprint profiles of these isolates were obtained using primers (GTG) 5 and M13 to detect LAB variety at species level. For the 50 LAB, a total of 52 loci with the M13 primer and 39 loci with the (GTG)5 primer were produced. The markers [M13 and (GTG)5] produced many different fragment profiles. According to the results of cluster and separation analysis, it was determined that both primers [M13 and (GTG)5] should be used for molecular characterization of LAB, isolated from silage samples. When samples with different DM ratio (20%, 30%, 40%) were examined in terms of microbial diversity and quality, 30% DM content came into prominence. The rise of the number of Enterococcus in samples with 30% and 40% DM content and the increase in silage quality in parallel shows that Enterococcus number can be effective on silage quality. Two of the isolates obtained in this study have the potential to become a silage starter. In the light of these data, it can be said that buckwheat silage containing 30% DM will be a quality silage with high LAB diversity and an alternative roughage.

Aim: Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) colonization is an important issue for healthcare recipients. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of VRE colonization in patients at the admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study the medical records of patients who hospitalized to NICU between January 2010 to December 2019 were analyzed. At the admission, patients whose rectal cultures were detected as VRE colonization were evaluated for demographic characteristics for the risk factors of colonization. Results: One thousand three hundred twenty-three patients were admitted to our NICU from different centers were enrolled. Rectal VRE colonization was observed in 60 of 1323 (4.54%) patients. Sixty-five percent (39/60) of patients with rectal VRE colonization had no previous hospitalization history. Among these 60 patients 28 of them were admitted to our NICU in the first week of their life. Conclusion: Although hospitalization still remains an important risk factor for VRE colonization, we found that there is also a high rate of VRE colonization in newborns without a history of hospitalization or frequent outpatient admissions to pediatrics departments. That is a worrisome status that suggests that colonization may be developed in low risk areas of the hospital such as delivery room, operating room or recovery room.

In this study, it was aimed to detect the antimicrobial activity of 312 Enterococcus species against Listeria monocytogenes. Antimicrobial activity was detected by agar spot and well diffusion assay. A total of 201 enterococcal strains inhibited the growth of L. monocytogenes strains based on the agar spot test. Only 44 strains showed antimicrobial activity against L. monocytogenes strains using agar well diffusion assay. Of the 44 enterococcal strains screened, 6 E. faecium (2.99%) strains had a high antimicrobial effect against indicator L. monocytogenes strains. The antilisterial activity of 6 E. faecium strains had lost after treatment of proteinase K, trypsin and pepsin. The antimicrobial compounds of these strains could be a protein or peptides nature. E. faecium strains were more active against L. monocytogenes than E. faecalis strains.

It is commonly well-known that biofilms are the predominant mode of bacterial growth, reflected in the clinic observations, where approximately 80% of all bacterial infections are related to biofilms. Bacteria in biofilms are well protected against environmental stresses, antibiotics, disinfectants and the host’s immune system and are usually extremely difficult to eradicate. Due to common problems caused by biofilms, alternative anti-biofilm strategies must be developed. Enterococcus strains are able to form complex surface-associated communities (biofilms), which contribute to its resistance and persistence in both host and non-host environments, and are especially important in food processing and clinical environments. Enterococcus biofilms showed increased antimicrobial resistance to the most of antibiotics as compared to the planktonic bacteria, which make them difficult to combat. There is an increasing evidence that biofilms are often associated with infectious diseases. Novel anti-biofilm strategies must be designed to include natural bio products instead of common antibiotics. Mushrooms are a nutritionally functional foods and a source of pharmaceuticals having functions such as antitumor, immunomodulating, antioxidant, cardiovascular, anti-hypercholesterolemia, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-parasitic, antifungal, detoxification, hepatoprotective, and antidiabetic. In addition, they have a notable activity against biofilms. In this study, the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities of some medicinal and edible mushrooms, namely Morchella angusticeps Peck, Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst., Cerioporus squamosus (Huds.) Quél., Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd and Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Singer were screened against multi drug resistant Enterococcus strains. As a result, it was observed that these mushrooms have notable potency to develop alternative medicines to struggle infectious diseases and biofilms.

In this study, the new compound 2-(p-Fluorophenyl)-5-(2-(4-acetylpiperazine-1-yl) acetamido)benzoxazole was synthesized in three steps and its structure was clarified by ¹H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Its antimicrobial activity was studied on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Acinetobacter baumannii NTCC 13304, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603, Candida albicans ATCC 1023, and their isolates. When the antimicrobial activity results were examined, although the reference drugs showed better antimicrobial activity in general, the synthesized compound showed quite promising activity on E. faecalis isolates and E. coli isolates compared to ampicillin with MIC: 32 µg mL-1. Molecular docking study was carried out on the DNA gyrase subunit B structure. Theoretical ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination) properties were calculated. In addition, HOMO-LUMO energies, molecular electrostatic potential analysis, and optimized geometric structure were determined using the DFT/B3LYP method and the 6-311G (d,p) basis set, and the results were displayed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the prevalence of high-level aminoglycoside-resistant (HLAR) Enterococcus in broiler meat samples obtained from Antalya and Isparta provinces was investigated and antibiotic resistance profiles of isolates was detected. A total of 32 HLAR Enterococcus strains were isolated in this study. Isolates were identified as 18 E. faecium, 5 E. faecalis, 5 E. durans, 3 E. avium and 1 E. casseliflavus by molecular methods. As a result of the disc diffusion test, HLAR Enterococcus isolates were found to be most susceptible to ampicillin (93.75%), linezolide (93.75%), penicillin G (90.62%), teikoplanine (90.62%), nitrofurantoin (78.12%), vancomycin (75%) and chloramphenicol (68.75%). It has been determined that the antibiotics to which the isolates are most resistant are erythromycin (96.87%), minocycline (96.87%), streptomycin (96.87%), and tetracycline (96.87%). Gentamicin and streptomycin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of HLAR isolates were detected changing in the ranged from 16 to >4096 and 64 to >4096 μg/mL, respectively. According to the MIC test results, 18 out of 32 HLAR isolates were identified as both high-level gentamicin-resistant (HLGR) and high-level streptomycin-resistant (HLSR). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Enterococci are an important cause of healthcare-related bloodstream infections. The present study aimed to contribute to form empirical treatment models that can be used in the treatment of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium bacteria isolated from bloodstream infections in our hospital by reviewing their resistance status against antibiotics, requently used in the treatment of these bacteria. Methods: In our study, the resistance status of E. faecalis and E. faecium bacteria isolated from bloodstream infections in Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Health Services Practice and Research Hospital between January 2015 and June 2020 against ampicillin, amoxicillin, clavulanic acid, high-level gentamicin, linezolid, teicoplanin, and vancomycin was examined retrospectively. The diagnosis of healthcare-related bloodstream infections was made using the diagnostic criteria of "Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC)." Results: A total of 227 enterococcal isolates were evaluated within the scope of our study between the specified dates. The percentage of patients with Enterococcus bacteria isolated in their blood cultures were 44.5% male, and 55.5% female. Of the isolates, 60.8% were identified as E. faecalis and 39.2% as E. faecium. High-level gentamicin resistance was found to be 25.3% in E. faecalis isolates, and no resistance was found against vancomycin, teicoplanin, and linezolid. In E. faecium isolates, while the highest resistance was observed against amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and ampicillin with 87.6%, vancomycin resistance was determined to be 3.3%. No resistance to linezolid was identified. Conclusions: Enterococci cause life-threatening infections and there are some difficulties in the treatment. Especially since E. faecium has higher resistance against antibiotics, the agents to be chosen in the treatment of infections caused by these bacteria are limited. Therefore, the current local resistance data will be useful in developing rapid and appropriate treatment models, especially in cases when empirical treatment is required. We think that our study will contribute to the literature in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ege Universitesi, Ziraat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, the characterization of bacteriocin produced by Enterococcus mundtii YB6.30 with antilisterial activity isolated from fermented sucuk was aimed. The YB6.30 inhibited various Grampositive and Gram-negative bacteria, including Listeria species, as well as food pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium and Escherichia coli. As a result of proteolytic enzyme treatment, the antimicrobial substance produced by YB6.30 was identified as bacteriocin. Identification of E. mundtii YB6.30 was done by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using species-specific primers. As a result of different temperature and pH treatments, it was determined that bacteriocin is heat stable and shows activity in wide pH range (2.0-10.0). Bacteriocin showed a bactericidal activity against vancomycin resistant E. faecium ATCC 51559. As a result of the PCR experiment, the presence of mundtisin KS gene was detected in E. mundtii YB6.30. Molecular size of active protein band was determined as 7.56 kDa as a result of Tricine-SDS-PAGE analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to determine the effects of the 25 PGPR strains, which were isolated from the salty, sandy and volcanic soils in Iğdır province, together with fertilizers and control applications on tomato seedlings in the year 2015. Tested bacteria were identified on the basis of the fatty acid types and their percentages of the strains using Microbial Identification System (MIS) computer software program. The effects of the bacterial strains, whose nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilization properties were determined, on the growth of tomato seedlings were examined by comparing with fertilizers and control applications. Plant yield components i.e. the average length of main root, average length of lateral roots, plant height, stem diameter, leaves numbers were examined. Bacteria isolated as a result of the study; they were identified as Bacillus atrophaeus, Bacillus gordonae, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus sphaericus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki, Bacillus viscosus, Brevibacillus centrosporus, Brevibacillus choshinensis, Chryseomonas luteola, Microbacterium lacticum, Micrococcus luteus, Micrococcus lylaei, Pseudomonas balearica, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes, Pseudomonas putida, Sphingobacterium faecium, Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Staphylococcus cohnii cohnii, Staphylococcus gallinarum, Virgibacillus pantothenticus. It has been determined that bacteria applications significantly increase the examined parameters compared to fertilizer and control plants and the highest effect was in Bacillus spp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In recent years, the prevalence of health care-associated infections (HAIs) has increased as a result of the spread of invasive procedures and immunosuppressive therapies. Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are important causes of mortality and morbidity among HAIs and enterococci are among the most common organisms responsible for these infections The most frequent two species are Enterococcus faecium and E. faecalis causing BSIs due to enterococci. The aim of this study was to retrospectively investigate E. faecium and E. faecalis BSIs that developed in various clinics of Samsun Training and Research Hospital between January 2014 and November 2018. Methods: BSIs developed during the study period were analyzed retrospectively. Enterococcal BSIs were recorded, and comparisons were made. Surveillance data and automation system of our hospital were used for data collection. Results: A total of 138 enterococcal BSIs were detected during the study period. 76.7% of them were due to E. faecium and they were most frequently detected in the intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Most commonly defined ones among enterococcal BSIs were related to central venous catheters (CVCs). E. faecium BSIs were found to be higher in males in a statistically significant level. The 30-day mortality showed no statistically significant difference between BSIs due to both species. Three E. faecium and four E. faecalis strains were resistant to teicoplanin and vancomycin. Although am-picillin resistance is higher in E. faecium, difference between two species was not statistically significant. Infective endocarditis (IE) was detected in 3 (9.1%) patients in the E. faecium group and 8 (8.3%) patients in E. faecalis group. All patients with IE had CVC-related BSIs. Conclusions: Increased antibiotic resistance in E. faecalis and E. faecium results in important problems especially in CVC-related BSIs developing in the ICUs. In addition, these infections may be accompanied by IE and patients should be evaluated in detail in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Yuzuncu Yil Universitesi Journal of Agricultural Sciences (YYU J Agr Sci) is the property of Yuzuncu Yil University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, lactic acid bacteria were isolated from unmarked, unpacked kefir samples that sold in Afyonkarahisar province, and their antimicrobial activity on pathogen test microorganisms were evaluated. 6 lactic acid bacteria were isolated from 5 different kefir samples and 16S rDNA PCR analysis was performed for molecular identifications of these isolates. According to results of 16S rDNA PCR analysis; isolated bacteria from kefir samples were identifed as Lactobacillus fermentum, Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus durans. Agar spot and agar-well diffusion assay methods were used to determine the antimicrobial activity of the lactic acid bacteria isolates on pathogen test microorganisms. All of the isolates showed antimicrobial activity at different levels on the tested pathogenic microorganisms. Lactic acid bacteria isolates showed higher antimicrobial activity on Klebsiella pneumoniea NRRLB 4420, Pseudomonas aeuroginosa ATCC 11778, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 1911 than other test microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Streptococcus feacalis, Escherichia coli ATCC 35218, Bacillus subtilis NRS-744). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Urinary tract infection is the second most common among all infectious diseases. Urinary tract infection is defined as presence of bacteriuria and/or pyuria with clinical findings such as costovertebral angle sensitivity, fever, suprapubic tenderness, dysuria, pollacuria and urinary incontinence. The most commonly isolated bacterium in acute infections is Escherichia coli. The aim of this study is to determine the bacteria isolated from the urine cultures of patients with urinary tract infections and to investigate the antibiogram results of these bacteria and to investigate their susceptibility and resistance to antibiotics commonly used in treatment. Methods: In this study, urine cultures sent to the clinical microbiology laboratory of a tertiary hospital between December 1, 2014 and October 1, 2016 with the diagnosis of urinary tract infection were retrospectively analyzed. Patients diagnosed with urinary tract infection with pyuria and 105 colony/mL growth in culture in a fully automated urine test were included in the study. Identification of the reproductive factors and antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed by disc diffusion method according to the recommendations of The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). The data was expressed as numbers and percentages. Results: The urine culture results of 76 patients were evaluated. 48 strains isolated from urine cultures and antibiogram results of these strains were examined. The most frequently isolated microorganism was E. coli (69%) and 33 strains were detected. Expanded spectrum betalactamase (ESBL)-positive E.coli 20 (42%), ESBL-negative E. coli 13 (27%), ESBL-positive Klebsiella pneumoniae 5 (10%) in 48 (100%) strains isolated and ESBL-negative K. pneumoniae 2 (4%), other gram negative and positive bacteria were detected as 8 (17%) strains. Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus agalactiae, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Acinetobacter lwoffii have been identified as other factors. Sensitivity of imipenem, meropenem, cefoperazone-sulbactam, piperacillin-tazobactam, cefepime, ciprofloxacin, amikacin and nitrofurantoin was 100% and tobramycin was 92.31% in ESBL-negative E. coli. Conclusion: ESBL-positive E. coli was detected at 42%. This rate supports the increasing antibiotic resistance results over the years. The resistance to ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and cefuroxime, which are often preferred in the treatment of empirical antibiotics, increases. Therefore, empirical antibiotic treatment selection should be revised in patients with urinary tract infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of pathogens in urine cultures with significant bacteriuria from inpatients and outpatients, and to detect extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production rates among Enterobacteriaceae and their antimicrobial susceptibilities in our hospital. Methods: Urine specimens sent from various units to microbiology laboratory between January 2016 and December 2017 were examined, and urines with pyuria and yielding a significant bacteriuria were included in the study. The identification, susceptibility tests, and ESBL production of the bacteria were determined by the VITEK® 2 automated system. Results: A total of 4352 urine specimens showed significant bacteriuria. The most commonly isolated microorganisms were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. and Enterococcus spp. ESBL positivity was found in 17.9% of Enterobacteriaceae, and it was detected more frequently in bacteria isolated from males, inpatients and patients over 65 years of age (p<0.001). In the presence of ESBL positivity, sensitivity rates of nearly all antibiotics except fosfomycin and nitrofurantoin were significantly low. When antibiotic sensitivity rates of E. coli and Klebsiella spp. were compared between the outpatients and inpatients, antibiotic sensitivity rates in inpatients were low. Nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin were the most active antibiotics for both E. coli and Klebsiella spp. in outpatients; whereas amoxicillin-clavulanate, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin were the less active ones. The most active parenteral antibiotics against E. coli and Klebsiella spp. were piperacillin-tazobactam, carbapenems and aminoglycosides. Conclusions: Due to the differences in the distribution of microorganisms causing urinary tract infections in outpatients and inpatients, and their changing antibiotic susceptibility patterns, monitoring microbiological data in certain time periods will guide clinicians in terms of the empiric treatment plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, identification of Enterococcus spp. from sikma cheeses and determination of microbiological and chemical properties of the samples were aimed. For this purpose, 84 isolates from 20 cheese samples were obtained. Among them, 32 E. faecalis, 31 E. faecium, 13 E. durans, 4 E. gallinarum, 3 E. casseliflavus and 1 E. thailandicus were identified. According to microbiological analysis; total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, yeast and mould, coliform, Enterococcus and Lactobacillus spp. were assesed to be 7.32±0.95, 4.94±0.89, 4.02±1.88, 5.86±1.38 and 6.90±1.22 log cfu/g, respectively. Chemical analysis revealed that dry matter, moisture, protein, fat, fat in dry matter, salt, salt in dry matter, ash, acidity and pH were 55.44±3.68%, 44.56±3.68%, 23.51±2.26%, 23.42±5.22%, 41.89±5.16%, 5.51±2.13%, 10.06±5.98%, 6.88±2.62%, 0.3779±0.103% and 5.66±0.14%, respectively. In conclusion, results indicated that sikma cheeses have wide range of microbiological and chemical properties and a diverse Enterococcus microflora due to using raw milk in the production of cheeses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate carrying the antibiotic resistance and virulence genes of Enterococcus faecium and E. faecalis strains isolated from raw fish samples and to investigate antibacterial activity potentials. Methods: Sardine, horse mackerel, red mullet and anchovy samples were analyzed by using Kanamycin Azide Aesculine agar for isolation of enterococci and identified at genus level by Gram staining, catalase test, esculine hydrolysis, growth at pH 9.6, bile salt concentration (40%), 10°C and 45°C and species level by using API 20 Strep biochemical test kits. Antibiotic (streptomycin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline, gentamycin and vancomycin) resistance of 33 enterococcal strains were evaluated by using disk diffusion method. PCR were performed for evaluate the virulence genes (agg2, gelE, cylA, cylB, cylM). Antibacterial activity potentials against reference test bacterias (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, E. coli ATCC 25922, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644, L. innocua ATCC 33090, E. faecalis NCIMB 700584, E. faecium M74) of the isolates were evaluated by using the agar drop methode. Results: All E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates were resistant to streptomycin, whereas 30 (90.9%) isolates to gentamycin and 14 (42.4%) isolates to vancomycin were found high level resistant. For erythromycin 32 (96.7%) of isolates showed intermediate level of resistancy. Other tested antibiotics, chloramphenicol and tetracycline, were found mostly susceptible, 26 (78.8%) and 30 (90.9%) isolates respectively. Multiple antibiotic resistance was also observed in isolates. In addition, gelE and agg2 genes related to pathogenic function were found in some isolates and ß-hemolytic activity was detected in 4 of isolates. However, there is a potential for significant antibacterial activity against test bacteria including S. aureus and L. monocytogenes in some of the isolates. Conclusion: It is thought that E. faecium and E. faecalis isolates may carry a risk for food safety and public health due to antibiotic resistance and virulence gene transmission, but they also have potential for antimicrobial activity in isolates and all these properties should be evaluated on strain specific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Infections caused by bacteria growing in blood cultures are important medical problems that cause high morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to examine the changes in antibiotic susceptibility and the bacteria isolated from blood samples from various clinics in the five-year period and to determine the antimicrobials that can be chosen in empirical treatment in blood stream infection in our hospital. Methods: Blood samples from our laboratories were evaluated retrospectively between during 2013- 2017. Samples were incubated in an automated system of BACTEC-FX(BD,USA). Conventional methods and automated systems (Phoenix,BD,USA) have been used to identify bacteria. Antibiotic susceptibilities of isolated bacteria were evaluated using the automated systems (Phoenix,BD,USA). Results: A total of 4597 bacterial reproductions that isolated from the blood samples including 1972 (42.9%) gram positive and 2625 (57.1%) gram negative were included in the study. The most frequently isolated gram positive bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus (15.3%) and the gram negative bacteria were Escherichia coli (18,6%). Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) isolates no resistance to glycopeptide or linezolid was found. Resistance of vancomycin and teicoplanin in enterococci was determined as 9.7% while linezolid resistance was 2%. Extended spectrum beta lactamase production was detected in E. coli isolates 46.7%, Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates 63.4%, an increase has been observed in E. coli isolates over the last three years. Over the years it has been determined that resistance of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in S. aureus and CNS isolates were decreases. However, it has been determined that increased resistance rates of netilmisin in E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates, aztreonam, imipenem and meropenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. The most effective antimicrobials were linezolid and glycopeptides in staphylococci and enterococci, carbapenems and amikacin in E. coli, and colistin in K. pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii and P. aeruginosa isolates in our study. Conclusion: The diversity of bacteria isolated from blood cultures and susceptibility to antibiotics varies according to geographical regions, hospital flora and antibiotics used in the hospital. For this reason, it was think that each hospital should determine its own bacterial distribution and antibiotic susceptibility at certain intervals and rational drug use policies have to be designated according to these results to provide benefits in fighting with resistant microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the virulence factors using phenotypic and genotypic methods in 54 high-level aminoglycoside resistant (HLAR) enterococci previously isolated from cheese samples. The α-hemolytic (48.15 %), γ-hemolytic (46.30 %), and ß-hemolytic (5.55 %) activities phenotypically were determined in HLAR enterococci. Gelatinase activity was detected in only E. faecalis RG22.4, RG26.1, and RG26.2 strains. At least one virulence factor gene was determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in HLAR isolates except E. faecium RS32.2. The most frequently virulence genes were detected as ccf (88.89 %), efaAfs (85.19 %), acm (77.78 %), gelE (59.2 %), cpd (51.85 %), and espfs (50 %) in HLAR enterococci isolates. As a result of phenotypic and genotypic tests, silent gelE genes were found in 30 HLAR enterococci isolates. Detection of high frequency of virulence factor genes in HLAR enterococci strains isolated from cheese is worrying for consumer health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enterococci have until recently been accepted as lowvirulent microorganisms. Although they are normal human commensals, they can act as opportunistic pathogens and cause serious and life threatening infections in especially immunocompromised individuals. Because of the fact that they have intrinsic and acquired resistance to many antimicrobial agents which is one of the most frequent isolated microorganisms from hospital-acquired infections in recently. There is increasing evidence that enterococci frequently have several specific important characteristics that allow them to survive for long periods on fomites in the hospital environments and colonize inpatients. All of these traits are attributed to the easy acquisition of multidrug resistance and virulence factors of the organisms. Amongst the enterococci, Enterococcus faecalis and Efaecium are medically the most important enterococci, with E.faecalis being the causative isolate in 80-90% of the cases. There are still many unknown aspects about virulence factors of clinical Enterococcus isolates. Increasing multidrug resistance in nosocomial Enterococcus strains from all over the world recently enhances the need fo r further investigation of enterococci, especially the virulence factors. In this review, it was discussed exogenous acquisition of bacteria, transfer of genetic elements between enterococci, acquired host’s immun response against enterococcal infections, expressions of the virulence genes, escape mechanisms from the host’s immune system of enterococci and important virulence factors in enterococcal immunopathogenesis. A better understanding of the virulence factors of Enterococcus and host’s immune response may cause to the progress of new therapeutic and prophylactic approaches. Supporting the existence of enterococci as commensal bacteria in human microbiota and their non-infectious behavior can be seen as a new strategy fo r effective prevention and treatment of enterococcal infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this study, it was aimed to investigate the infecting agents and their resistance rates and to determine the risk factors with regard to growth of multidrug resistant (MDR) organisms in patients with diabetic foot infections. Methods: Follow-up forms of 114 diabetic foot patients who had completed their treatments at the care unit for chronic wounds, and their infections between September 2016 and August 2017 were evaluated retrospectively. According to the antimicrobial susceptibility testing, Gram-negative organisms resistant to at least two antimicrobial category, enterococci resistant to penicillin group, or staphylococci resistant to methicillin were accepted as MDR. One MDR isolate was assumed sufficient for evaluation in case more than two organisms were isolated in the same culture. Results: Of 114 patients who were included in this study, 73 (64%) were male. Ninety one (79.8%) of the patients had stage 3 and 4 foot infections according to the PEDIS classification. Microorganisms were isolated in 85 (74.6%) cultures taken from wound sites, and 11 (12.9%) of them were dual growth. A total of 96 organisms, 35 (36.4%) Gram-positives and 61 (63.6%) Gram-negatives, were isolated. The most frequent isolates were 24 (25%) coagulase-negative staphylococci, 19 (19.8%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 12 (12.5%) Escherichia coli. Among all isolates, 46 (47.9%) were MDR in the initial wound site cultures. MDR rates of the most frequently-isolated bacteria were 66.7% for coagulase-negative staphylococci, 89.5% for P. aeruginosa and 41.7% for E. coli. Growth of an MDR pathogen was significantly associated with peripheral arterial disease (p≤0.001), hypertension (p≤0.001), polymicrobial growth (p=0.023) and history değişof hospitalization (p=0.026). However, its association with osteomyelitis was not found to reach a significant level statistically (p=0.052). Conclusions: Out of every four patients, three yielded an organism in their initial deep tissue cultures. Of the most frequently-isolated infections, MDR rates were among the highest rates in similar studies. Resistance to antibiotics is a major problem that threatens human life throughout the world, and as we have seen in our study, this threat is also apparent for diabetic foot infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this study, we aimed to investigate the distribution of microorganisms isolated from febrile neutropenic patients in the adult hematology clinic and their antimicrobial susceptibilities for six years. Methods: The results of culture samples taken during 598 febrile episodes of 556 neutropenic patients admitted to the adult hematology clinic between January 2010 and December 2015 were retrospectively evaluated. Bactec™ 9120 (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD, USA) automated system for blood cultures from patients. Conventional diagnostic methods for identification and antibiogram, and VITEK® 2 (bioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France) automated system was used if necessary. Results: During the six-year study period, 556 neutropenic patients were evaluated in 299 (53.7%) male patients. As the underlying diseases, 233 (42%) acute myeloid leukemia, 122 (22%) acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and 112 (20%) lymphoma were mostly seen. Gramnegative bacteria were the most frequent cause and their distribution were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas in order of frequency. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase positivity in E. coli was 51%, while in Klebsiella spp. it was 55%. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (21%), E. coli (19%) and Klebsiella spp. (16%) were the most frequently isolated microorganisms. Enterococci were the most frequently isolated Gram-positive bacteria in 2012, exceptionally. Conclusions: In febrile neutropenia, a problem with frequent occurrence and fatality potential, we should closely monitor the resistance surveillance in organisms isolated, and review the antibacterial drugs frequently used for success of empirical therapy protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Because of increased resistance to antibacterial agents used against pathogenic microorganisms, researches about new plant derived antibacterial agents were increase in recent years. In this study it was aimed to investigate the invitro antibacterial activities and minimal inhibitory concentrations of some commercial plant extracts (Equisetum arvense, Plantago lanceolota and Olea europaea leaf) on some Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria which are the cause of nosocomial infections. Methods: Antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of commercial plant extracts obtained by ethanol extractions against Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) proceducing Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were determined by disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods. Results: According to the disc-diffusion method results it was determined that all the plant extracts (6.24 µg/disc) had antibacterial activity only on MRSA in different levels. But it was found that all the plant extracts had different MIC levels on all bacteria by broth microdilution method. And O. europaea extract showed the highest antibacterial activity in the two methods. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, particularly O. europaea leaf extract, besides other tested plant extracts are thought to be effective against to MRSA, beta lactamase procuding E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, E. faecalis. And this extracts may used in many areas like medicine and food industries. However iti is concluded that there is need for further in-vivo studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antiinflammatory and cytotoxic properties of the pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel were investigated. The composition of the phenolic compounds of the pomegranate peel extract (33%, 78°C, 113 min) was determined and it was found to contain high amounts of punigalagin, caffeic acid and epicatechin. At the same time, the extract was found to have high antioxidant capacity. It showed antimicrobial activity against selected microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger) and its highest microbial resistance was found to be against S. aureus (21 mm; 1.87 mg extract/mL). It inhibited a-amylase and a-glucosidase enzymes and showed the antidiabetic property. At the same time, the extract was able to inhibit xanthine oxidase and lipoxygenase enzymes that were responsible for the inflammation and its cytotoxic activity on breast and bone cancer cells were also observed. It was concluded that pomegranate peel extracts could be used in food and non-food applications due to its biological activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Academic Research in Nursing (JAREN) is the property of Hemsirelikte Egitim ve Arastirma Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ege Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences (EgeJFAS) / Su Ürünleri Dergisi is the property of Ege Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences (EgeJFAS) / Su Urunleri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: The aim of this study is to detect nosocomial infectious agents and their resistance patterns in intensive care unit (ICU) of our hospital and to make a contribution to rational antibiotic usage in the light of these findings. Methods: 500 patients followed in our ICU between 2015 and 2016 were enrolled in this study. Infectious agents isolated from patients were identified with conventional methods and VITEKR 2 Compact (bioMerieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France) automated system. Results: In 87 of 500 patients, 105 episodes of nosocomial infections have been identified. Nosocomial infection rate was calculated as 21%. While bloodstream infections (42.8%) were most common in all nosocomial infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia took the first place among device-associated nosocomial infections. 127 microorganisms were detected in patients with diagnosis of nosocomial infections comprising 75 (59%) Gram-negative bacteria, 41 (32.75%) Gram-positive bacteria and 11 (8.66%) yeasts. The most common agents were Acinetobacter spp. (29.9%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.69%) in Gram-negative bacteria, and Enterococcus spp. (17.32%) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) (13.38%) in Gram-positive bacteria. While the most common agents were Acinetobacter spp. (55.5%) in ventilator-associated pneumonia, and Candida spp. (33.3%) and P. aeruginosa (29.6%) in urinary catheter-associated urinary tract infection, Enterococcus gallinarum (31.25%) was observed most commonly in central venous catheter-related bloodstream infections. 17 of 22 enterococcal strains were isolated from blood and 5 were obtained from urine. Resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin were detected in two urinary E. faecium isolates. Methicillin resistance was identified as 47% in CoNS. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase positivity was determined in 40% of Escherichia coli strains and 60% of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Carbapenem resistance was observed in 40% of P. aeruginosa, 20% of E. coli and 48.65% of A. baumannii strains. According to the sensitivity results, the most effective antibiotics for Gram-negative bacteria were colistin and aminoglycosides against Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas spp., and carbapenems against E. coli and Klebsiella strains. Conclusions: Monitoring of nosocomial infections, infectious agents and resistance rates in the ICU has great importance for prevention of infections and rational antibiotic use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giriş: Enterokok türleri, toplum ve hastane kökenli infeksiyon etkenleri arasında giderek önem kazanmaktadır. Çalışmada, enterokok türlerinin bölgemizdeki direnç durumlarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya laboratuvarımıza gönderilen kan kültürlerinden izole edilen 113 enterokok suşu alınmıştır. Kanlı agarda uygun koloni morfolojisine sahip, katalaz testi negatif ve pyrolidonyl aryl amidase (PYR-Oxoid) testi pozitif olan Gram pozitif koklar enterokok olarak tanımlanmıştır. Suşların tür düzeyinde identifikasyonu ile antibiyotik duyarlılık testlerinde BD Phoenix (Becton Dickinson, USA) otomatize mikrobiyoloji sisteminden yararlanılmıştır. Bulgular: İzole edilen enterokok suşlarının kliniklere göre dağılımında; Pediatri %31, Anestezi Yoğun Bakım %28, Göğüs Hastalıkları %13, Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları % 5, Kadın Doğum %5, Beyin Cerrahi %5, İç Hastalıkları %5 ve diğer klinikler %8 olarak belirlenmiştir. Enterokok suşlarının türlere göre dağılımı incelediğinde; 76'sı Enterococcus faecium, 31'i Enterococcus faecalis, 3'eri Enterococcus casseliflavus/gallinarum ve Enterococcus hirae olarak belirlenmiştir. İzole edilen enterokok türlerinin çeşitli antibiyotiklere direnç oranları tabloda verilmiştir. E.faecalis suşlarının tümü vankomisin ve teikoplanine duyarlı olarak bulunurken E.faecium suşlarında %24 oranında direnç saptanması çalışmanın en dikkat çekici bulgusu olarak görülmüştür. Linezolide direnç saptanmamıştır. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)'nin önerileri doğrultusunda çalışmaya sonradan dahil edilen daptomisin, 12 E.faecalis suşunda kullanılmış ve dirençli suşa rastlanmamıştır. Sonuç: Antibiyotiklere karşı direnç oranlarının yüksek olduğu enterokok suşlarında, türler arasında belirgin bir direnç farkı olması nedeniyle izole edilen suşların tür ayrımı ve antibiyotik direncinin belirlenmesi, ampirik tedavide yol gösterici olacaktır.

Enterococci, generally considered as normal bowel commensals, are also recognized as opportunistic pathogens and one of the top three bacterias which are the causes of bowine mastitis, nosocomial bloodstream, surgical site, and urinary tract infections as well. Enterococcus faecalis is the most common enterococci species, and it is responsible for 80-90% of human and animal enterococcal infections. Enterococcus faecium accounts for the remainder of infections caused by Enterococcus spp. Biofilms are highly organized structures formed by one or more microorganism species bound together by a carbonhydrate matrix that contain water channels to deliver nutrients and removes wastes. Biofilm structure works as a shield with its exopolysaccharide and protein film layer and often harder to kill them than their planktonic counterparts. Biofilm bacteria are up to 1000 times more resistant to phagocytosis, antibodies and antibiotics. Enterococci can infect humans and domestic animals because of their many virulence factors associated with biofilm formation including gelatinase, aggregation substance, capsule formation, enterococcal surface protein. Furthermore, since they are also resistant against antibiotics such as vancomycin that used at treatment, it is really difficult to eradicate. Many strains of enterococci are resistant to one or more antibiotics and biofilms are thought to contribute to this resistance. In all over the world, to achieve better results at eradication of this organism; structure and molecular mechanism of biofilm need to be understood for determination of new drug dosages and new treatment strategies to eradicate biofilm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Enterococci are members of human and animal intestinal flora and can cause intra-abdominal infections, endocarditis, urinary system infections and bacteremia. Particularly, Enterococcus faecalis(E.faecalis )and Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) are among the leading pathogens isolated from nosocomial infections. Recently, increasing resistance in enterococci has become a serious problem all over the world and created the need for new antimicrobial agents. In this study, we aimed to investigate the in vitro activity of vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid and tigecycline in E.faecium and E.faecalis strains. Material and Methods: Thirty-five E.faecium and 15 E.faecalis strains were included in the study. Of the isolated strains 14 (28%) were from rectal swab samples, 11 (2 %) were from urinary samples, 11 (22%) were from urinary catheter, nine (18%) were from blood, three (6%) were from wound samples, one (2 %) was from catheter and one(2 %) was from cerebrospinal fluid. Clinical samples were obtained from various services and intensive care units. Vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid and tigecycline susceptibilities were investigated by E-test method. Results were evaluated according to the recommendations of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute(CLSI)and The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility testing (EUCAST). Results: In vitro resistance rates of the isolates to vancomycin was detected as 28%. Vancomycin resistance rate in E.faeciumstrains was 40%.All of the isolates were susceptible to daptomycin, linezolid and tigecycline. Vancomycin MIC50and MIC90 values for isolates were found as 1 μg/ml and >256μg/ml respectively with a MIC range of 0.25->256μg/ml. Tigecycline MIC50 and MIC90 valeus for isolates were found as 0.032 μg/ml and 0.064μg/ml respectively with a MIC range of 0.016-0.125μg/ml. Linezolid MIC50 and MIC90 valeus for isolates were found as 1 μg/ml and 1.5μg/ml respectively with a MIC range of 0.094-2μg/ml. Daptomycin MIC50 and MIC90 valeus for isolates were found as 1.5 μg/ml and 3μg/mlrespectivelywith a MIC range of 0.19-4μg/ml. MIC range, MIC50 and MIC90 values for daptomycin, MIC90 value for linezolid, MIC50 value for tygecycline, MIC range and MIC90 values for vancomycin were found higher in E.faecium strains. Conclusion: The results of the study demonstrated that daptomycin, linezolid and tigecycline may be a potential and reliable alternative drug for the treatment of infections caused by E.faecium and E.faecalis strains. Antibiotic susceptibility of enterococcal infections should be monitored regularly and empiric treatment should be planned according to this data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Enterococci are the second most common cause of nosocomial urinary tract and wound infections, also third most common cause of nosocomial bacteremia. Currently, especially vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are one of the significant pathogens that cause nosocomial infections and increase mortality, morbidity, and healthcare costs. Therefore prevention and control of the nosocomial VRE outbreaks and epidemiological analysis of the infection are important. Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) is accepted as a "gold standard" method in the molecular epidemiological analysis of enterococcal infections. The aims of this study are to determine the clonal relationship among the nosocomial enterococcal isolates and the rate of cross-contamination between them. Method: Thirty-six Enterococcus strains isolated from hospitalized patients with nosocomial infection in different clinics of Dicle University Hospital between November 2010 and June 2012 were included in this study. A total of 36 isolates were obtained from various clinical samples including urine (n=18), blood (n=6), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid (n=5), wound biopsy sample (n=5), vaginal smear (n=1) and catheter tip (n=1). Nine of the thirty-six isolates were VRE. Isolation and identification of the isolates were conducted in the bacteriology laboratories of Dicle University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Microbiology. The conventional methods and BD PhoenixTM 100 (Becton Dickinson, MD, USA) fully automated microbiology system were used for the identification. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of enterococcal strains were determined by a fully automated microbiology system according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). In addition, vancomycin susceptibilities of the isolates were performed by E-test method. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 strain was used for quality control. PFGE was studied for determining of rate of cross-contamination. PFGE was performed in National Molecular Microbiology Referance Laboratory, Public Health Institution of Turkey (PHIT). DNA restriction fragments were obtained by cutting bacterial DNA with the SmaI enzyme. DNA restriction fragments were used by CHEF DR II (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Nazareth, Belgium) system. PFGE results were evaluated by Bionumerics software system (version 6.01; Applied Maths, Sint-Martens-Latem, Belgium). Results: DNA patterns of the isolates were obtained by PFGE, and dendrogram of DNA patterns were made. Comparison of DNA patterns obtained by PFGE showed that 26 E. faecium strains were divided into four different clusters and one major group, 10 E. faecalis strains were three clusters and one major group. Twenty-six Enterococcus faecium isolates were involved in a joint cluster (97% similarity). The cluster rate was found to be 77% (20/26), number of E. faecium strains in each cluster ranged from 2 to 14 strains. Conclusion: In this study, cross-contamination was highlighted among enterococcal strains causing nosocomial infections in Dicle University Hospital between November 2010 and June 2012. Our data revealed that more effective infection control programs should be implemented to prevent cross-transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the sensitivity of enterococci isolated from infections in our region against daptomycin, tigecycline, quinupristin/dalfopristin and other antibiotics used in conventional treatment. Methods: Enterococcal species isolated from clinical specimens were identified by API® 20 Strep (bioMérieux, France) test kits. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of isolates was carried out according to the recommendations in Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) document M100-S20. High-level aminoglycoside resistance was investigated by gentamicin (120 mg), and streptomycin (300 mg) disks and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to tigecycline and daptomycin were determined by the E-test® (AB Biodisk, Sweden) method. Results: A total of 98 enterococcal strains (55 Enterococcus faecium, 40 E. faecalis, 2 E. durans and 1 E. avium) have been identified. Fifty-nine (60%) of the strains were isolated from urine and the rest from blood, wounds, cerebrospinal fluid and vaginal samples. Isolation rate of E. faecium is significantly higher than E. faecalis in hospitalized patients. All strains were sensitive to linezolid and 3 (5.5%) isolates of E. faecium were resistant to both vancomycin and teicoplanin. The resistance of E. faecalis and E. faecium to penicillin and ampicillin were 10 (25%)/52 (94.5%) and 4 (10%)/51 (92.7%), respectively. High-level gentamicin/streptomycin resistance was found much higher in E. faecium (69.1%/43.6%) than E. faecalis (25%/27.5%) isolates. The MIC ranges for tigecycline were 0.023-3 µg/ml and 0.016-3 µg/ml for daptomycin. Conclusions: E. faecium was the most prevalent species isolated in hospitalized patients. Vancomycin resistance was low, but prevalence of the high-level aminoglycoside resistance and the resistance to antibiotics was high in these isolates. Rapid diagnosis of enterococci and determination of their antibiotic susceptibilities is important for implementation of appropriate treatment and management of infected patients with resistant strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study microbiological quality of chicken liver and meats marketed in Erzurum was investigated. For this purpose, 30 chicken meat samples (equal numbers of baguette, liver and breast samples) obtained from different retail stores were counted for total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TAMB), total psychrotrofic bacteria, yeasts-moulds, coliform and enterococci bacteria. In chicken liver and breast samples, the counts of TAMB were 7.69 and 7.01 log cfu/g, psychrotrophic bacteria 6.04 and 6.35 log cfu/g, coliform bacteria 3.26 and 3.19 log cfu/g, yeast-mold 6.23 and 6.43 log cfu/g, respectively. The results of rinsing water (100 mL) for chicken baguettes indicated that the logarithmic counts of TAMB, psychrotrophic bacteria, coliform and yeast-mold were 9.70, 8.47, 5.67 and 7.50 cfu/g, respectively. Enterococci bacteria were isolated in 13 (43%) of the chicken meat samples. Enterococci bacteria were determined in the 3 (30%) chicken liver samples, 4 (40%) chicken breasts and 6 (60%) chicken baguettes as positive. In this study, high level microorganisms were determined in poultry samples. The results also indicated that good manufacturing practices (GMP) were inadequate in the production of chicken liver and meats in Erzurum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study different feed materials from broiler chicken establishments, meat samples from chicken slaughterhouses and milk samples of tank bulk from dairy farms in Ankara and Bolu (Turkey) regions were evaluated. Isolated Enterococcus faecium (31) and Enterococcus faecalis (34) strains were examined for their antibiotic resistance against ampicillin, penicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, rifampicin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, vancomycin, teicoplanin, nitrofurantoin, gentamicin, streptomycin and quinupristin/dalfopristin antibiotics. Vancomycin resistance were found in 4 (12.9 %) and 3 (8.8 %) out of 31 E. faecium and 34 E. faecalis strains, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cig kofte is a popular traditional snack produced and consumed daily in Turkey. This study aimed to determine the microbiological quality of cig kofte samples sold in Afyonkarahisar, and 50 different samples were included in the study. The average logarithmic counts of the total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TMAB), total acidophilic aerobic bacteria (TPAB), Enterobacteriaceae, Coliform, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., Lactobacillus spp. (LLP),Lactococcus spp., Staphilococcus/Micrococcus, coagulase (+) Staphylococcus and yeast/mould in cig kofte samples were 5.93, 4.54, 2.14, 2.06, 1.60, 3.95, 5.78, 5.61, 4.59, 0.34 and 5.38 cfu/g, respectively. The results indicated that the microbiological quality of cig kofte samples is low, and they were contaminated with the undesirable microorganisms at different levels. In conclusion, the consumption of the cig kofte samples has a potential risk for the public health [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Urinary tract infection is one of the most common bacterial diseases in elderly patients. The objective of this study is to determine the antibiotic resistance rates against first-line antibiotics used for the treatment of community-acquired urinary tract infections in elderly patients at our hospital, and use the results as guidance for empirical antibiotic therapy. Methods: In this study, data on all elderly patients aged 65 and older who were followed and treated in our hospital between March 2010 and March 2012 were evaluated retrospectively. Results: 406 microorganisms were isolated from the urine cultures of 401 patients included in the study, because 5 (1.2%) patients harbored two microorganisms. Of the 406 microorganisms, 320 (78.8%) were Gram-negative bacilli, 72 (17.7%) were Gram-positive cocci and 14 (3.5%) were Candida spp. Escherichia coli (n=262, 64.5%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=27, 6.6%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=17, 4.1%) were the most common among Gram-negatives, and Enterococcus faecalis (n=36, 8.9%) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (n=25, 6.2%) were the most common among Gram-positives. Susceptibility rates of E. coli strains were 89% for nitrofurantoin, 81% for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 77% for amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, 70% for gentamicin and 66% for ciprofloxacin. Conclusions: Antimicrobial resistance must be monitored at each hospital in order to make correct choices for empirical antibiotic therapy. Surveillance studies are helpful for this purpose. In conclusion, nitrofurantoin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole can safely be used for the empirical treatment of urinary tract infections in elderly patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]