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Introduction: Many studies conducted so far have shown that sleep has a great impact on physical and psychological health. In parenting, on the other hand, the sleep quality of the person deteriorates and problems such as depression and eating disorders may occur. In this study, it was aimed to shed light on the effects on the psychological and physical health of parents by examining the relationship between sleep quality and eating attitude and anxiety-depression of parents who have babies aged 0-24 months. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted prospectively on 260 parents who had babies aged 0-24 months, who applied to the Pediatrics Polyclinic of Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Medical Faculty Hospital between August-November 2019. A questionnaire including sociodemographic characteristics, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PUKI), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD), Eating Attitude Scale (EAS) were filled in by face-to-face interview method. Statistical analysis R 3.5.1. program and statistical significance level was accepted as p<0.05. Results: The mean PUKI score was significantly higher in women than in men (p<0.001). As the child's waking frequency increases, both the parent's PUKI score (p<0.001) and the frequency of poor sleep quality increase significantly (p=0.002). The frequency of poor sleep quality was significantly more common in women (69.3%) than men (46.3%) (p=0.002). There is a moderately positive correlation between the total PUKI score and the HAD depression score (r=0.41, p<0.001), and a strongly significant positive correlation between the total PUKI score and the HAD anxiety score (r=0.50, p<0.001). There is a strong and significant positive correlation between HAD depression and HAD anxiety score (r=0.64, p<0.001). There was a weak and positive correlation between HAD depression score and total EAS score (r=0.19, p=0.010). There is also a moderately significant positive correlation between HAD anxiety score and total EAS score (r=0.27, p<0.001). Conclusion: It should not be forgotten by every healthcare professional that not only mothers but also fathers are affected by the problems experienced in the postpartum period, and that parents should be followed up as well as the baby in the follow-up and management of this process in health services after birth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is among the common bacterial infections in pediatric patients. These infections are more common in girls over one year old. This study aimed to investigate the bacterial distribution and drug resistance status in urine cultures of pediatric patients in our center. Materials and Methods: Urine culture results of patients who were presented to the outpatient clinics or were admitted to the Sivas Cumhuriyet University hospital between January 2017 and December 2022 were included in the study. The hospital automation system, patient files, and laboratory information management system were examined retrospectively. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 22.0 software. A P-value of <0.05 was deemed significant. Results: Significant growth was observed in the urine cultures of a total of 1287 pediatric patients, 889 (69.1%) girls and 398 boys (30.9%). The patients included in the study were between the ages of 0-17, and children aged 1-6 (37.6%) were diagnosed with UTI more frequently than other ages. The most common UTI agent in the pediatric age group was Escherichia coli (56.6%). The first agent isolated in girls and boys is E.coli. Additionally, the prevalence of K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis and K. oxytoca bacteria was higher in boys (p < 0.05). E. coli isolates showed minimal resistance to such as amikacin (0.6%), fosfomycin (1.0%), nitrofurantoin (1.4%), ertapenem (2.4%), imipenem (0.7%) and meropenem (0.9%). Conclusion: In this study, low resistance levels were detected for amikacin, fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin and carbapenem group antibiotics, which are important alternatives in the empirical treatment of UTI. On the other hand, due to the high resistance levels detected, it is thought that more caution should be exercised in the empirical use of amoxicillin-clavulanate, trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole and cefixime. If these antibiotics are to be preferred, waiting for the antibiogram results is an appropriate approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: To draw attention to possible causes of atypical radiological condition with a "secondary view" in atypical pediatric acute appendicitis cases. To offer solutions in order to minimize possible false negative ultrasonographic evaluation in atypical cases. Materials and Methods: 51 cases were included in this retrospective study. These cases were referred to our hospital because of an atypical acute appendicitis clinic, although ultrasonography was interpreted as normal in other centers in the last 24 hours. All cases were operated on with the diagnosis of acute appendicitis by "second look ultrasonography" performed in our department. Results: None of the cases had typical acute appendicitis clinic. Reasons such as perforation/plastron of the appendix, an atypical localization of the appendix, inflammation only in the distal part of the appendix, visualization of the appendix only with deep-compression, and failure to establish adequate communication with the patient for various reasons were conditions that could lead to atypical acute appendicitis and make imaging difficult. One or more of these were present in all cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is among the common bacterial infections in pediatric patients. These infections are more common in girls over one year old. This study aimed to investigate the bacterial distribution and drug resistance status in urine cultures of pediatric patients in our center. Materials and Methods: Urine culture results of patients who were presented to the outpatient clinics or were admitted to the Sivas Cumhuriyet University hospital between January 2017 and December 2022 were included in the study. The hospital automation system, patient files, and laboratory information management system were examined retrospectively. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 22.0 software. A P-value of <0.05 was deemed significant. Results: Significant growth was observed in the urine cultures of a total of 1287 pediatric patients, 889 (69.1%) girls and 398 boys (30.9%). The patients included in the study were between the ages of 0-17, and children aged 1-6 (37.6%) were diagnosed with UTI more frequently than other ages. The most common UTI agent in the pediatric age group was Escherichia coli (56.6%). The first agent isolated in girls and boys is E.coli. Additionally, the prevalence of K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis and K. oxytoca bacteria was higher in boys (p < 0.05). E. coli isolates showed minimal resistance to such as amikacin (0.6%), fosfomycin (1.0%), nitrofurantoin (1.4%), ertapenem (2.4%), imipenem (0.7%) and meropenem (0.9%). Conclusion: In this study, low resistance levels were detected for amikacin, fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin and carbapenem group antibiotics, which are important alternatives in the empirical treatment of UTI. On the other hand, due to the high resistance levels detected, it is thought that more caution should be exercised in the empirical use of amoxicillin-clavulanate, trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole and cefixime. If these antibiotics are to be preferred, waiting for the antibiogram results is an appropriate approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine the relationship between carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and sleep quality in different trimesters of pregnancy and to investigate whether there is a difference between trimesters in terms of sleep quality and CTS symptoms. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted between August 2021 and June 2022 at gynecology and obstetrics polyclinic. The sample of the study consisted of voluntary pregnant women between the ages of 18 and 45 years. Demographic data of pregnant women were evaluated with personal information form, sleep quality with Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), CTS symptoms with Boston carpal tunnel questionnaire (BCTQ), and grip strength with hand dynamometer. Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman correlation tests were used in the analyses. Results: The mean age of 219 pregnant women included in our study was 29.00±4.50 years, and the mean gestational age was 22.70±11.18 weeks. According to PSQI, 80.5% (n=177) of the pregnant women had poor sleep quality (≥5 points). When the trimesters were compared in terms of the evaluated parameters, a significant difference was found between the 1st and 2nd trimesters and the 2nd and 3rd trimesters among the subjective sleep quality sub-dimensions of PSQI (p=0.002). A positive correlation was found between BCTQ-Symptom and PSQI subjective sleep quality and PSQI daytime dysfunction, and a negative relationship was found between dominant handgrip strength (p<0.05). In addition, a positive correlation was found between the BCTQ-Function score and PSQI subjective sleep quality, sleep duration, and total scores, and a negative relationship was found between dominant hand grip strength (p<0.001). Conclusion: The sleep quality of pregnant women is low, and the presence of CTS has been confirmed as one of the reasons that reduce sleep quality. CTS symptoms during pregnancy negatively affect the sleep quality of pregnant women in the 1st and 3rd trimesters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study determined the sleep hygiene level of senior undergraduate nursing students and to improve their sleep hygiene knowledge with an intervention program. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted with 60 fourth-year nursing students who participated in the pre-test and posttest application of the research between January 9 and February 13 2023. Sleep hygiene education created by the researchers was applied to the control group with a traditional PowerPoint lecture and to the intervention group with a social media-supported message. Data were collected using the "student information form" developed by the researchers, the "Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI)", and the "sleep hygiene index (SHI)". Percentage, mean, standard deviation, chi-square test were used in the evaluation of the data, and t-test in dependent groups was used in the evaluation of the dependent variables. Results: At the end of the pre-test and post-test of the study, an intergroup difference was found between the sleep hygiene of the students (p<0.05). In the in-group evaluations, it was determined that there was a significant decrease in the SHI post-test scores of the experimental group compared with the pre-test scores (t=3.35, p=0.002). In intragroup evaluations; there was a significant decrease in the PSQI scores of the experimental group (z=-3.152, p=0.002). Conclusion: The study found that both the sleep hygiene and sleep quality of the students were poor. The interventions used were found to be effective in improving sleep hygiene and quality. This research has shown that sleep hygiene, which is often overlooked, can be improved with the right interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between school children's sleep problems and their nutrition habits and anthropometric measurements. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 484 children aged 7-14 years attending three primary schools and three secondary schools in the city center of Muğla province. Data were collected using the child data form and the child sleeping habit questionnaire. The obtained results were analyzed using Student's t-test, chi-square test, and Pearson correlation analysis. Results: It was determined that 72.9% of the children participating in this study had sleep problems, among which 83% of the underweight and normal weight children and 17% of the overweight and obese children had sleep problems. It was determined that children who ate or drank drinks in the last two hours before going to sleep had more sleep problems (p<0.05). There was a low level of positive and significant correlation between body mass index (BMI) and sleep duration and parasomnia, waist circumference and sleep duration, and neck circumference and sleep duration and parasomnia. Conclusion: In this study, no difference was found between the sleep problems of children who consumed healthy or unhealthy food, whereas those who ate close to sleep or consumed liquid had more sleep problems. While children's BMI, waist circumference and neck circumference increased, their sleep duration also increased. More parasomnia was observed in children with higher BMI and neck circumference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the safety and quality of Turkish videos about the provincial age exercise program on YouTube. Materials and Methods: On August 22, 2022, an internet search was made using YouTube, the popular search engine in Turkey, and the exercises recommended for the ages were evaluated. Forty YouTube videos were rated by two supervisors (physiatrists). The videos included in the study were evaluated using the Quality Criteria for Consumer Health Information (DISCERN) tool and Global Quality and Services (GQS) benchmarks. In addition, video duration, likes, dislikes, number of comments, duration of the video on the internet, video power index, viewing rate and liking rates were evaluated. Results: According to the evaluation of both observers, the videos were found to be of medium to poor quality. While the average DISCERN score of the first observer was 41.3±17.5, the average of the DISCERN score of the second observer was 44.2±17.1, and according to the analysis, the intraclass correlation coefficient value was found to be 0.898 and it was seen that there was a very good agreement. There was a high level of agreement between the two observers in terms of the DISCERN score category (κ=0.683, p<0.001). Again, according to both observers, GQS average of the videos was determined as moderate-poor results and positive correlation was found between both. Conclusion: It was determined that the content of the videos on YouTube about the age exercise programs was generally inadequate or of poor quality. It has been determined that there is a need for videos that can contribute to the preparation of higher quality and informational videos based on international guidelines, and to increase public awareness about patient compliance and exercise programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Autonomic dysfunction and inflammation are thought to play an important role in this increase. Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis provides noninvasive detection of autonomic dysfunction. The number and distribution of blood cells are also considered important markers of inflammation. In this study, HRV and hemogram parameters were examined in patients with OSAS, and the relationship between them was investigated. Materials and Methods: The data of all patients who had overnight polysomnography (PSG) recording and hemogram parameters between 2019 and 2021 were reviewed. HRV analysis was performed on all patients included in the study. Along with demographic and clinical characteristics, the relationship between PSG parameters, HRV, and hemogram parameters was statistically analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups as apnea hypopnea index (AHI) ≥15/hr and AHI<15/hr, and the parameters were compared. Results: A total of 321 patients (210 men, 111 women) were included in this study. The mean age was 54.8±16.1 years. The white blood cells count, hemoglobin level, hematocrit level, and neutrophil count, which are considered as indicators of inflammation, were significantly higher in the AHI ≥15/hr group (p=0.015; p=0.040; p=0.019 and p=0.012, respectively). Among the HRV parameters, the median low-frequency component power / high-frequency component power (LF/HF) ratio was 3.1 in patients with AHI>15/hr, while it was 2.1 in the AHI<15/hr group and was significantly higher in the moderate-severe OSAS group (p=0.012). A significant correlation was found between the LF/HF ratio and neutrophil count, leukocyte count, and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (r=0.201; p=0.005 and r=0.165; p=0.020 and r=0.189; p=0.008). Conclusion: In this study, the presence of increased inflammation and deterioration in sympathovagal balance in patients with OSAS has been demonstrated once again. The correlation of autonomic dysfunction with increased inflammation has been noted for the first time, suggesting that inflammation may play a primary role in sympathetic dysfunction, which is an important complication of OSAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Non-specific neck pain is pain in the lateral and posterior of the neck that is not caused by any specific reason. The preferred sleeping position in individuals with neck pain may affect pain severity, disability, upper extremity function, and sleep quality. In this study, we aimed to examine the effects of sleep positions on the parameters of young individuals with nonspecific neck pain. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted with 91 (12 male, 79 female) university students aged 18-30 years with non-specific neck pain. Sleep positions were determined using sleep position images. Pain was assessed with the "Numerical Rating Scal", neck disability with the "Bournemouth Neck Questionnaire", upper extremity functionality with the "Upper Extremity Functional Index" and sleep quality with the "Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index". Results: 60.4% of those who experienced neck pain also reported that they also experienced shoulder pain. With the sleeping position, there was no statistically significant relationship between neck pain severity, shoulder pain severity, neck disability, upper extremity function, and sleep quality (p<0.05). Conclusion: It was concluded that the sleep position preferred by young individuals with non-specific neck pain did not have a significant effect on pain severity, neck disability, upper extremity function, and sleep quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Design: The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected the entire healthcare system in many ways. In our study, we aimed to determine how the dermatology outpatient profile was affected by the pandemic and the level of pandemic awareness. Materials and Methods: Data of patients seen at our outpatient clinic within the first 60 days prior to declaration of the pandemic in Turkey and 60 days afterward were extracted through the digital hospital database. A questionnaire with 24 questions, 8 specifically about the pandemic, were completed by 123 patients (9.3%) out of the 1,314 patients who applied to our outpatient clinic during the pandemic. Results: A total of 3,202 patients were evaluated. Of these, 1,888 (59%) were examined before and 1,314 (41%) during the pandemic. A 30.4% decrease in the number of patients was observed during the pandemic. There was also a significant increase in the male to female ratio. Psoriasis, bullous diseases, and melanoma diagnoses showed a statistically significant increase in frequency whereas acne, xerosis cutis and nail diseases were less frequent. Female patients were more frequently affected psychologically by the pandemic (76.1% versus 53.8%) (p=0.017). Duration of dermatological complaints was shorter than 3 months in 44 (35.8%) patients, between 3 to 6 months in 12 (9.8%) and longer than 6 months in 67 (54.5%) patients. Ninety-one (74%) of the patients felt that their reason for seeking an appoinment at the dermatology outpatient clinic was "urgent". There was no statistically significant relationship between the patients' opinion of whether their complaints consisted of an emergency and the duration of the skin disease (p=0.830). Conclusion: Our finding that the "emergency" concept of patients differs from that of medical professionals is striking. In this period of dramatic changes in the healthcare system, such as the pandemic, online technology may be beneficial for better healthcare service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Design: The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused unexpected and drastic changes in the modus operandi of global healthcare. Psoriasis is a dermatosis that necessitates the provision of special healthcare services in dermatology clinics, due to its severe effects on quality of life and its socioeconomic consequences. This study aimed to identify pandemic-related problems experienced by psoriasis patients followed up in our outpatient clinic, thereby revealing the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on these patients. Materials and Methods: This study included 64 patients with plaque psoriasis who were followed up at the Psoriasis Outpatient Clinic of Aydın Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology 6 months before and after the start of the pandemic in Türkiye. A questionnaire was used to inquire how the patients were affected by the pandemic; median Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) scores and number of hospital visits were compared with pre-pandemic values. Results: Thirty-six patients (56.3%) stated that the pandemic had no effect on their disease, 20 patients (31.3%) reported a deterioration of their disease. The most common reasons thought to aggravate disease were pandemic-related stress and changes in treatment regimen. Treatment of 43 patients (67.2%) remained the same during the pandemic. There was a change in treatment in 21 patients (32.8%). The median number of patient visits to our outpatient clinic was 3 before the pandemic, which dropped to 2 during the first 6 months of the pandemic (p<0.001). PASI scores were compared on an individual basis, and 30 patients (46.9%) in the study group had an increase in their median PASI scores during the pandemic. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic led to fewer patient visits to the hospital and difficulties in managing patient compliance to treatment. Our study showed that approximately half the psoriatic patients being treated had an increase in the severity of their disease during the COVID-19 pandemic. A considerable percentage of these patients linked this deterioration with the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Design: Various lasers, mainly nanosecond Q-switched (QS), and picosecond lasers, have been successfully used to treat solar lentigines. However, picosecond lasers are expensive, and QS lasers have a higher risk of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) in darker skin types. The aim of our study is to examine retrospectively the efficacy and safety of long-pulsed alexandrite laser in the treatment of solar lentigines, compare our findings to previous studies with nano and pico-second lasers, and evaluate long-term outcomes regarding recurrence. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 39 patients with a clinical diagnosis of solar lentigo treated by long pulsed alexandrite laser. Patients' photographs and clinical charts were reviewed in terms of demographic features, areas of treatment, number of sessions, laser settings, recurrence of lesions, Fitzpatrick's skin type, and any side effects observed. Results: The rate of improvement was excellent in 33 (84.6%), moderate in 4 (10.3%), and mild in 2 (5.1%) patients. Seven (17.9%) patients with Fitzpatrick's skin type III and IV developed PIH. Lesion recurrence was observed in 5 patients (12.8%). Mean time to recurrence was 57.98±4.45 months. Conclusion: Our study suggests that long pulsed alexandrite laser is an effective and safe option in the treatment of solar lentigines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Health literacy is defined as the degree to which individuals can make appropriate health decisions, access health services, and understand and apply the treatment given. The aim of this study is to evaluate the health literacy level of the parents of patients diagnosed with one of the chronic neurological diseases of childhood. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted by applying a questionnaire containing the Turkish Health Literacy Scale-32 (TSOY-32) to the parents of pediatric patients followed up for chronic neurological diseases. Results: Three hundred thirty eight people (53.3% female, 46.7% male) participated in the study. According to the participants' health literacy level according to the TSOY-32 scale; 15.4% (n=52) were inadequate, 24.6% (n=83) problematic/limited, 34% (n=115) adequate, 26% (n=88) excellent. The health literacy level of 40.2% of the parents of the patients followed up with epilepsy, 58.8% of the parents of the patients followed up with neuromuscular disease and 52.6% of the parents followed up with neurodegenerative diseases was found to be insufficient or problematic-limited. Conclusion: 40% of parents of children with chronic neurological diseases do not have sufficient health literacy. This rate increases in cases where the incidence of chronic neurological disease is low. It would be appropriate to organize training programs to increase social awareness and health literacy in chronic neurological diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Neonatal sepsis is a clinical syndrome characterized by non-specific signs and symptoms caused by various pathogens. The diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical and laboratory findings. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are the predominant etiologic agents. In our study,we aimed to evaluate the types of microorganisms grown in neonatal blood cultures and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Gram-negative agents. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 2566 blood culture results. Samples from blood culture bottles with growth were passaged on blood agar. The growing colonies were identified by MALDİ-TOF MS. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed on a fully automated device. The results were evaluated according to EUCAST standards. Results: Growth was detected in 12.1% of the samples. 59.5% of the patients with growth were male. 66% of the patients were at term and 53.7% had early-onset sepsis. 74.6% of the cases were cesarean section and 59.5% were above 2500 grams. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) were the most common organisms grown in early and late-onset sepsis. 73.9% CNS, 9% Gram-negative enteric and nonfermentary bacilli, 2.9% Gram-positive bacilli and 0.1% fungi were grown. 40% of S.aureus were methicillin resistant. The most antimicrobial-resistant Gram-negative agent was Klebsiella spp. Klebsiella spp. isolates were resistant to amikacin 9%, ampicillin 100%, cefepime 72.7%, ceftazidime 81.8%, gentamicin 81.8%, meropenem 9.1%. Extended spectrum beta lactamase was positive in 90.9%. Acinetobacter spp. isolates were resistant to amikacin 42.8%, ampicillin 42.8%, gentamicin 42.8%, meropenem 42.8%. Conclusion: Microorganism species and antibiotic susceptibilities in intensive care units vary over time and between clinics. Broad-spectrum antimicrobials started early with suspicion of sepsis without culture confirmation can be replaced with agentspecific narrow-spectrum antimicrobials when growth is detected in culture,monotherapy can be switched or treatment can be terminated early. This may contribute to the prevention of resistance development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are defined by the World Health Organization as one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in childhood worldwide. This study was conducted to determine the importance of vitamin D level and iron deficiency in the clinical course of the disease in patients aged 6-24 months with LRTI. Materials and Methods: In this study, we included patients who were hospitalized in the pediatric unit due to LRTI at Necmettin Erbakan University Meram Medical Faculty from 6-24 months old. Patients with vitamin D and/or hemogram levels were selected between September 2019 and December 2021. In control group, we choose who applied to our hospital for any reason without LRTI and have vitamin D and or hemogram level in our record. When retrospectively scanned, 82 patients with LRTI s and 84 people in the control group were included. Clinical findings, laboratory values and demographic values of both groups were collected retrospectively. SPSS 22.0 program was used for statistical analysis. A p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: In patient group; 27 (32.9%) were female and 55 (67.1%) were male, in the control group; 46 (54.8%) were female and 38 (45.2%) were male. There was no statistically significant difference between the patients with LRTI and the healthy control group in regard of gender and age. Mean Vitamin D level and Vitamin D level were determined to be significantly lower in the patient group respectively; p=0.01, p=0.037. We evaluated by Vitamin D and hemoglobin level, there was no statistically significant result between the two groups in terms of hospitalization, treatments and clinical severity of LRTI. Vitamin D levels were found to be statistically significantly higher in patients who received vitamin D prophylaxis compared to those who did not (p=0.043). Conclusion: We think that it would be appropriate to evaluate the patients for vitamin D value who followed up with LRTI . Therefore, think that vitamin D supplementation will also prevent recurrence of LRTIs in these patients, should be kept in mind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study was planned to investigate the relationship between the fear of coronavirus and life satisfaction in geriatric individuals. Materials and Methods: Demographic information form, Coronavirus Fear scale (CFS), and Life Satisfaction scale (LSS) were used as data collection tools. Seventy-nine people over the age of 65 were included in the study. Results: As a result of the study, there was a low level of positive correlation between life satisfaction and fear of coronavirus (p<0.05). The 7% effect of CFS on LSS was statistically significant (F5,504 p=0.022). A one-unit increase in the LSS significantly increased the CFS by 0.210 units statistically significantly (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study conducted at the end of the pandemic shows that the presence of geriatric individuals in life and being physically active in daily life positively affects life satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Pregnancy causes changes in the duration and quality of sleep. Insomnia, insufficient sleep time, and symptoms associated with restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease (RLS/WED) are frequently described during pregnancy. We aimed to evaluate the deterioration in sleep quality during pregnancy according to trimesters and to examine the effect of RLS/WEH and its correlation with clinical and biochemical markers. Materials and Methods: Hundred pregnant women were included in the study prospectively and consecutively. Pregnant women were evaluated to determine their clinical characteristics, including demographic data, habits, and medical backgrounds by using a questionnaire. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), disease duration, severity, triggering factors, and family history for RLS/WEH were recorded. Complete blood count, fasting blood glucose, kidney function tests, ferritin, iron and iron binding capacity were also analyzed. Results: The mean age was 28.8±6.0 years. PSQI values were significantly higher in the third trimester (p=0.044), and ESS values were similar between trimesters (p=0.524). RLS/WEH was detected in 34% of the pregnant women; there was no difference between trimesters (p=0.188). The PSQI score was significantly higher in RLS/WEH patients (p=0.013). There was no significant difference in clinical and biochemical parameters between pregnant women with and without subjective poor sleep quality at night (PSQI >5 points). Conclusion: It is shown that night sleep quality is deteriorated in pregnant women, especially in the last trimester. The fact that the frequency of RLS/WEH is not different in pregnant women with poor sleep quality suggests the existence of other factors underlying poor sleep quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Physical activity and sleep are critical for the healthy growth and development of children. This study was conducted to analyze the relationship between physical activity status and sleep problems of primary education students. Materials and Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted with 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th graders attending a primary education school in the east of Turkey and their parents (n=500). "Descriptive Information Form", "Physical Activity Efficacy Scale" and "Sleep Disturbance Scale For Children" were used in the study. The data were evaluated with arithmetic mean, percentage, standard deviation, independent groups t-test, and Pearson correlation test. Results: It was found that 73% of the students included in the study were in the 12-13 age group and average night-time sleep duration was found to be 8.37±1.27 hours. No correlations were found between students' age, gender, and family type and their Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children scores (p>0.05). A correlation was found between students' gender and their physical activity efficacy scale "in transportation" dimension scores and total mean scores (p<0.05). No correlation was found between the sleep disturbance scale for children and the Physical Activity Efficacy Scale (p>0.05). Conclusion: It is thought that primary education students did not experience sleep problems due to their high physical activity levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Design: Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. The monocyte/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol ratio (MHR), neutrophil/HDL cholesterol ratio (NHR), and lymphocyte/HDL cholesterol ratio (LHR) are new inflammatory parameters associated with inflammatory diseases. This study aimed to compare MHR, NHR, and LHR between patients with rosacea and healthy controls and determine the relationship of these parameters with disease severity. Materials and Methods: The study retrospectively included 82 patients who presented to our hospital with rosacea and 82 healthy controls. The MHR, NHR, and LHR of the patient and control groups were calculated. Patients were divided into groups according to the clinical subtypes, disease severity, and presence of Demodex mites. Results: Of the 82 patients included in the study, 62 (75.6%) were female and 20 (24.4%) were male, and their mean age was 41.95±1.2 (22-65.43) years. The mean MHR values of the rosacea and control groups were 0.01±0.005 and 0.009±0.003, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (p=0.01). The mean NHR values of the rosacea and control groups were 0.10±0.05 and 0.08±0.02, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (p=0.04). The mean LHR values of the rosacea and control groups were 0.05±0.02 and 0.04±0.01, respectively, indicating no statistically significant difference (p>0.05). For the prediction of patients with rosacea, the cut-off MHR was calculated as 0.009 (67% sensitivity and 60% specificity) and that of NHR was 0.08 (64% sensitivity and 60% specificity). Conclusion: The results reveal that MHR and NHR parameters can be used as indicators of systemic inflammation in patients with rosacea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Malnutrition is held responsible for more than 50% of death in childhood. Malnutrition in children, who is so sick that hospitalization is needed, is much more serious since effecting length of stay, morbidity, mortality, quality of life and costs. In this study, we aimed to examine the relationship between malnutrition and nutritional status of hospitalized children during admission together with some demographic factors set by us. Materials and Methods: In this study, 293 children aged 1 month to 18 years old who were hospitalized and monitored in Child Health and Disease Department in Meram Medical Faculty Hospital of Necmettin Erbakan University between November 2014 and January 2015 were included. The survey type information form prepared to collect data about the socio-demographic factors was filled with the consent of the family. Results: Of the 293 cases, 117 (39.9%) were girls, 176 (60.1%) were boys, and the age range was 1 month to 18 years, with a mean age of 5.97±5.59 years. The average weight of the patients was 22.46±23.71 kg, the average height was 101.59±37.82 cm, and the average body mass index was 16.33±3.42. Malnutrition was not stated in any case. Out of 293, in 154 (52.5%) cases acute malnutrition according to Gomez classification was detected immediately during admission. Out of 293, in 84 (28.6%) patients acute malnutrition according to Waterlow classification was detected immediately during admission. Out of 293, in 131 (44.7%) patients chronic malnutrition was detected immediately during admission. Conclusion: The nutritional risk with child patients during their admissions to our hospital is 52.5% according to Gomez classification, and 28.6% according to Waterlow classification. Hospitalization of children does not have a negative impact on their nutritional status, and unfortunately does not reduce the frequency of high malnutrition which is the main cause of morbidity and of mortality. There is a need to raise awareness of the health professionals about this subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Acute leukemias are the most common malignancy of childhood, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common subtype. In this study; we aimed to asses to acute endocrine and metabolic complications which occurs during treatment. Newly diagnosed ALL patients were included in the study. Materials and Methods: The endocrine and metabolic complication of 293 patients aged 1-18 years old who were newly diagnosed ALL between January 2007 and December 2017 in Uludağ University Faculty, Department of Pediatric Hematology were analyzed. Patients' age, gender, risk groups, leukemia subtypes, and chemotherapy phases at the time of endocrine complications were noted. Results: In total, 250 patients were follow-up with B-ALL and 43 patients with T-ALL. 64% (n=188) of patients were male and 36% (n=105) were female. In our study, 36.4% of patients were in the high risk group but ten of the patients died before the risk group could be determined. During the two-year treatment, We found that 83% of the patients developed at least one endocrine complication. Hyperglycemia, osteoporosis and avascular necrosis were observed more frequently in patients older than 10 years at the time of diagnosis. The difference between the sexes was found only in vitamin D and was lower in girls. In regression analysis, only to be high risk group were found to be effective for the development of endocrine complications. Conclusion: Although the chemotherapeutics used today have prolonged the survival time, they have caused an increase in the incidence of complications. We think that these complications can be reduced by determining the risk factors in advance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Osteoporosis is an important public health problem characterized by the deterioration of the microarchitecture of bone tissue and low bone mineral density. In our study, we compared the physical activity levels and quality of life of postmenopausal women with and without osteoporosis. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 104 postmenopausal women (52 osteoporosis-52 non-osteoporosis). Personal characteristics data form, International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), Short Form and Quality of Life Questionnaire of The European Foundation for Osteoporosis (QUALEFFO-41) were used for evaluation. Results: QUALEFFO-41 mobility, QUALEFFO-41 mental functions, and QUALEFFO-41 total scores of individuals with osteoporosis were found to be significantly higher than individuals without a diagnosis of osteoporosis (p=0.046, p=0.001, p=0.024, respectively). Physical activity levels of individuals with and without a diagnosis of osteoporosis were found to be similar according to the IPAQ classification (p>0.05). There was a weak negative correlation between the IPAQ total scores and the QUALEFFO-41 total scores of individuals with osteoporosis (p=0.007). Conclusion: The quality of life of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis is low, and the increase in physical activity level is associated with a better quality of life. Increasing the level of physical activity in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis may have a positive effect on improving the quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The study aimed to determine the health literacy level of individuals diagnosed with osteoporosis. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 156 individuals diagnosed with osteoporosis between April 2021 and April 2022. Data were collected using the personal information form and the Turkish Health Literacy Scale-32. Results: It was determined that 48.1% (n=75) of the individuals included in the study had an inadequate, 23.1% (n=36) problematic-limited, 17.3% (n=27) adequate, 11.5% (n=18) excellent level of health literacy. It was found that the total mean score of health literacy was higher in individuals aged 65 and over compared with those under 65 years of age; individuals with university degrees, compared to primary, secondary, and high school graduates; individuals living in an extended family compared to those living in a nuclear family; individuals living in the city center, compared to those living in the district center and village/town; individuals whose income is equal to their expenses and income is more than their expenses than those whose income is less than their expenses (p<0.05). Conclusion: Approximately two-thirds of individuals diagnosed with osteoporosis have limited or insufficient level of health literacy. Health professionals should evaluate the health literacy level of individuals with osteoporosis, and as a result, they should plan appropriate information methods and training programs for the patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study determined whether children have sleep disorders during the Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic restriction process, and if they do, to determine in which areas they have problems with sleep, as well as to examine the relationship of sleep disorder with chronotype and coronavirus anxiety. Materials and Methods: In April-November 2020, 98 patients attending Kocaeli University Child Psychiatry clinics and attending primary school 1-4th grade were recruited. "Sociodemographic Form", "Child Sleep Habits Questionnaire", and "Children's Chronotype Questionnaire" were applied to the parents. The short form of the "Coronavirus Anxiety Scale" and the information form about the pandemic process were applied to the children. Results: According to the sleep habits questionnaire, 70.4% of the group had clinically significant sleep problems. The most common sleep disorders observed in our study; are bedtime resistance, delayed falling asleep, and nighttime awakenings. A significant relationship was found between physical illness in the family (p=0.019), smoking (p=0.032), sleep pattern change during the pandemic (p=0.002), sleep change of the mother (p=0.006) and/or father (p=0.035), change in appetite (p=0.010), and sleep disorder. According to the chronotype scale, 66 children were morning and children's anxiety toward coronavirus was low. Conclusion: Our study shows that sleep disturbance in children is marked during the pandemic period, but this is due to changes in sleep patterns and parents' sleep rather than problems related to anxiety or chronotype associated with the pandemic. It will be useful to question these factors and make arrangements in this direction when evaluating the sleep-related problems of patients who apply to outpatient clinics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This descriptive study was conducted to evaluate the sleep and habits of adolescents. Materials and Methods: The data required for the research were collected between December 25, 2021 and February 10, 2022. The study group of the research consisted of adolescents aged 12-18 years. In the collection of research data, online survey method, socio-demographic data collection form, Child Sleep Habits Questionnaire were used from 350 adolescents between the ages of 12-18 who had parental consent, participated voluntarily, and were selected by the convenience sampling method, one of the improbable sampling methods. SPSS 26.0 data analysis program was used in the statistical analysis of the data obtained in the study, and Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used in the analysis of sleep habits of children according to gender, age and educational status. Results: In the evaluation of sleep and sleep habits of adolescents, 56.3% were boys and 43.7% were girls. When analyzed according to education groups, 23.7% are university students, 42.9% are high school students and 33.4% are secondary school students. The difference between the averages of sleep hours "child sleep habits" rankings according to their socio-demographic characteristics (age, gender and educational status) was found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). According to the sleep time variable, the difference between the mean scores of the "bedtime resistance", "delay in falling asleep", "sleep time", "sleep anxiety", "night awakenings", "parasomnias" and "sleep respiratory deterioration" dimensions were found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: Socio-demographic factors and sleep habits have an important place in the evaluation of sleep and sleep habits of adolescents. To evaluate the sleep and sleep habits of adolescents, it is recommended to conduct research on the biological, psychological and social aspects of the factors affecting their sleep habits in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Benign acute myositis of childhood (CABM) is a self-resolving clinical picture that usually affects school-age children, characterized by symmetrical calf pain and sudden refusal to walk, and is accompanied by elevated creatine phosphokinase (CK). The aim of our study is to reveal the characteristics of our CABM cases. Materials and Methods: Patients who applied to the Pediatric Emergency Department and Pediatrics Outpatient Clinic of our hospital between October 2019 and March 2020 with an upper respiratory tract infection and were diagnosed with CABM were included retrospectively. The patients' chronological age, hemogram, CRP, AST, ALT, LDH, CK, CK-MB levels recorded in the hospital information management system were evaluated. Statistical analyzes were performed with IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows 22.0 software. Results: Of the 52 cases with a mean age of 6.4±2.9 (5.0-12.9) years, 71.2% (n=37) were male. While 92.8% (n=48) of the patients presented with complaints of inability to walk following an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), 5.8% (n=3) had URTI and abdominal pain; 1.9% (n=1) applied with complaints of URTI and chest pain. The mean serum CK level measured at the first admission was 1777.4±2320.5 (188-11383) IU/L, and a significant decrease was found on the 4th day of admission, with a mean level of 1104.3±1720.5 (81-7190) IU/L (p=0.011). Similarly, significant improvement was observed in AST, ALT, and LDH levels on the 4th day (p=0.053, p=0.001, p=0.043). Conclusion: We found that CABM was observed 2.4 times more frequently in boys than in girls, and the CK level decreased significantly on the 4th day of admission. Although it is a worrying situation due to the sudden and rapid initial findings; It should be kept in mind that it is a benign picture due to its spontaneous and rapid recovery and results in recovery without sequelae, and unnecessary and repetitive examinations should be avoided in this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Determining the knowledge and attitudes of medical students is important in planning interventions to increase vaccination rates and reduce the incidence of vaccine hesitancy. The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge and attitudes of medical students about adult and childhood vaccines and the factors affecting them. Materials and Methods: The population of the cross-sectional study consisted of 404 students studying in the 1st and 6th grades at a medical faculty in the 2018-2019 academic year. No sample selection was made and it was aimed to reach the entire population. The dependent variable of the study was the knowledge and attitude score calculated from the answers of the participants, while the independent variables were the sociodemographic characteristics and vaccination status of the participants. In the data collection process, a 74-question questionnaire form created by the researchers by reviewing the literature was used. Knowledge score was calculated from 22 questions asked to measure the level of knowledge about vaccines. Attitude score was calculated from 28 questions asked to measure attitudes towards vaccines. Results: Three hundred thirty eight (83%) people participated in the study. The mean knowledge score was 9.4±5.7 and the mean attitude score was 62.7±10.9. Period 6 students had a higher knowledge score and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). According to the multiple analysis, the knowledge score on vaccines was found to be lower in first graders, those who did not receive Hepatitis B vaccine, those who did not know about paid vaccines and those who said I would not have my children vaccinated/I do not know if the government pays for paid vaccines. Attitude scores were lower among those who did not know about paid vaccines and those who said that they would not/do not get paid vaccines for their children. Conclusion: While the level of knowledge of medical students about vaccines was found to be low, their attitudes towards vaccines were positive. It is recommended to include more activities that will positively affect the knowledge and attitude towards vaccines in the medical education process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Hematological and oncological diseases in children in our country; if appropriate diagnosis and treatment methods are not applied, it has particular importance due to the high rate of death, disability, and late side effects. It is aimed to analyze the last ten years of placement and post-graduation period in Pediatric Hematology and Oncology in Turkey. Materials and Methods: Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Specialization Education Core Curriculum, Minor Specialization Education Entrance Examination (YDUS), State Service Obligation (DHY) Settlement List, Optional rules for appointment by inter-provincial relocation, Higher Education Academic Search Engine and Additional Payment Regulations examined. Results: In the last ten years, 190 of the 340 places have been settled, and 150 remain vacant. 100% placement rates in the first two years, the data of which were analyzed, decreased to 7% and 17% in the last two years. The 10-year average settlement rate in all centers was calculated as 44%. With a minimum score of 46 and a maximum score of 85, placement in Pediatric Hematology and Oncology was achieved, and the average score of all centers was 65 points. Out of 212 people placed by ÖSYM, 139 who completed the assistantship process and were appointed were identified. Istanbul (22) and Ankara (16) took the lead in DHY draws, including the Spouse and Excuse draw; 12 people were assigned to Diyarbakir, followed by Sanliurfa with 11 experts. The total number of academicians reporting the field of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology in the YÖK database is 168, and 98 professors have been identified. Conclusion: While an average of 14 Pediatric Hematology and Oncology specialists have been trained every year until now, it is predicted that 2 to 3 specialists will be trained in the next period. The Ministry of Health has planned to work with 177 Pediatric Hematology and Oncology specialists in 41 provinces of Turkey in the Personnel Distribution Chart. The appointment of 3 times as many experts in the last ten years as the PDC envisaged in Batman, Malatya, and Sivas shows that there are problems in some provinces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the prenatal, natal and postnatal risk factors that premature babies may encounter and to determine the risk factors affecting this situation in babies with neurodevelopmental retardation. Materials and Methods: In this study, between February 2009 and February 2011, the files of 107 patients (53 girls, 54 boys) which were born before 37 weeks of gestation and continued their outpatient clinic controls in Dr. Behçet Uz Pediatrics Health and Surgery Training and Research Hospital were retrospectively scanned. Neurological examination, cranial MR (magnetic resonance imaging) and Bayley test results of the cases were evaluated. Results: In cases with pathological neurological examination; convulsions (p=0.02), hyperbilirubinemia (p=0.02) and cranial MR pathology (p=0.05) were more common, the increase in head circumference and weight gain in the 4th week were less. With cranial MR pathology; week of gestation (p=0.05), 5th minute APGAR score (p=0.00), gestational diabetes (p=0.01), PDA (patent ductus arteriosus) closure treatment (p=0.02), sepsis (p=0.01), convulsion (p=0.03), anemia (p=0.01), and grade 3 and higher intracranial bleeding (p=0.00) were found to be significantly correlated. When the Bayley test is evaluated; it was determined that those who underwent mechanical ventilation, those who were administered surfactant, those who had convulsions, those with pathological neurological examination, those with EEG (electroencephalography) pathology, and those who remained in the intensive care unit had lower scores (p<0.05). In addition, with the increase in head circumference in the 2nd month, the 6th month psychomotor development index (PDI) score increased in the patients, and the 12th month PDI also increased with the increase in the APGAR score (r>0.5 and p<0.05). Conclusions: In the neurodevelopmental follow-up of premature babies, the presence of gestational diabetes, low weight gain and a reduce in head circumference growth, sepsis, anemia, and a low 5th minute APGAR score were found to be important risk factors, it is important to protect babies from these risk factors for improved neurological development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: It is aim to contribute to the epidemiological information about the disabled in our country by examining the reasons and rates of patients who applied to the adult health board of our hospital. Simultaneously, disorders of the locomotor system were evaluated in detail and the deficiency in this area was tried be eliminated in the literature. Materials and Methods: The records of patients who applied to the adult health board of our hospital between January 2020 and December 2020 were reviewed retrospectively from the files of the health board. Disability rates, branch distributions and dependency levels in all branches were recorded. Simultaneously, patients with locomotor system disability rates were examined in detail. Results: Between January 2020 and December 2020, 1,006 patients applied to the adult disabled health board of our hospital. Five hundred fifty-eight female (55.5%) and 448 (44.5%) male patients were included in the study, and the number of admissions was significantly higher in female patients. The mean age of these patients was 54.8±19.1 years. The frequency of admissions increased with increasing age. The highest number of applications were in patients over 65 years of age. At least one locomotor system disorder was present in 448 people (44.5%) at admission. While the mean total disability of the patients was 58.5±28.9, the mean of the locomotor system disability was recorded as 32.8±24.3. Conclusion: The quality of life of disabled people, the health and social services they receive are closely related to the level of development of society. To increase the participation of disabled people in society, it is extremely important to increase awareness of the importance of disability by determining the disability rates due to locomotor system diseases in health boards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Osteoporosis (OP) is a skeletal disease characterized by decreased bone strength and increased fracture risk. Spinal cord injury (SCI) is accepted as a risk factor for OP. The aim of this study was to evaluate the OP knowledge and awareness level in patients with SCI. Materials and Methods: Seventy patients with SCI in the risk group for OP were included in the study. The clinical and demographic characteristics of the patients were evaluated. The OP knowledge and awareness level of the patients were evaluated with questions about OP knowledge and the osteoporosis awareness scale (OAS). Results: Fifty-three (75.7%) male and 17 female patients with a mean age of 40.8±16.5 (18-79) were included in the study. While 13 (18.6%) patients included in the study knew that they were in the risk group for OP, 57 (81.4%) had no information on this subject. There was a significant correlation between total OAS score and education level (r=0.537, p<0.001). No correlation was found between the OAS score and age and duration of disease. The total OAS score was found to be significantly higher in women (59.8±11.4 vs. 52.5±11.7) (p=0.031). Conclusion: It has been shown that patients with SCI have a low level of knowledge about OP. To reduce morbidity, mortality and treatment costs, more information should be given to ensure that patients in the risky group come to regular controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this study, our aimed was to investigate the frequency of neuropathic pain in women diagnosed with postmenopausal osteoporosis (OP), its effects on sleep quality, quality of life, depression and the relationship between these findings. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and fifty women with postmenopausal OP aged 40-75 years were included in our study. The sociodemographic characteristics and risk factors of the participants were questioned and recorded. Additionally, European Osteoporosis Society Quality of Life Questionnaire (QUALEFFO-41) was used to assess the quality of life of all participants, Beck Depression scale (BDS) to determine the presence and level of depression, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality index to assess sleep quality. The severity of neuropathic pain was assessed using the Self-administered Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (S-LANSS) pain scale. Results: The mean age of the patients was 58.57±7.3 years. According to the S-LANNS scale, 44.8% of the patients were accompanied by neuropathic pain. The mean scores of L1-L4 T (p=0.030) and L1-L4 bone mineral density (p=0.008) were found to be statistically significantly lower in patients with neuropathic pain compared to patients without neuropathic pain. It was found that QUALEFFO-41 total score and subscale scores, BDS score averages, PUKI and subscale scores of the patients with neuropathic pain were statistically significantly higher than those without neuropathic pain. Conclusion: Although OP pain is generally known nociceptive in character, a significant number of patients are accompanied by a neuropathic pain component. The neuropathic pain component is associated with impaired sleep, quality of life and depression in patients with OP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Follow-up of healthy children is one of the most important parts of primary care preventive health services. It is of vital importance that healthy child follow-ups are fully implemented in order to raise a healthy society. In this study, we aimed to determine the knowledge levels and attitudes of family physicians and their relationship with their sociodemographic characteristics.Materials and Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted on family physicians in Turkey. The sample size was calculated as 380 and 402 physicians were included in the study. The 65-question questionnaire, which aims to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes of family physicians about healthy child follow-up, was developed by the researcher using the literature and guidelines, and was administered to volunteer physicians either face-to-face or via the internet. Data analysis was done with SPSS 21.0 package program. Results: Of the 402 physicians participating in the study, 42.0% (n=169) were male. The mean age of the physicians was 34.75±9.51 years and the mean working time in the profession was 9.90±9.56 years. Of the participants, 46.5% (n=187) were family physicians, 35.3% (n=142) were family medicine research assistants, and 18.2% (n=73) were family medicine specialists. The mean knowledge score of the physicians was 28.09±12.75 (minimum: 2, maximum: 64). A statistically significant difference was found between gender, institution of employment, time allotted to follow-ups, education about follow-ups, utilization of an algorithm/guide while making follow-ups, and knowledge levels. The mean score of attitude was 46.96±4.40 (minimum: 20, maximum: 60). The Cronbach's alpha value of the attitude questionnaire was found to be 0.663. Conclusion: Level of knowledge of family physicians on healthy child follow-up is below the average, but it is hopeful that their attitudes on this issue are positive. In our study, the subjects with an accuracy rate of less than 50% are obesity, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, developmental dysplasia of the hip, undescended testis, visual acuity, blood pressure, and we think that further studies are needed on these specific subjects. In addition, most of the physicians found it wrong to evaluate these follow-ups with negative performance, and this shows that new policies should be developed to encourage physicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Mandatory sedentary life due to quarantine, disruption of exercise programs, excessive caloric intake and worsening of glycemic control in patients diagnosed with severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). In our study, we planned to evaluate the changes in glycemic control and daily insulin needs during the Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic of the cases followed up with the diagnosis of type 1 DM in our clinic. Materials and Methods: The 1-year follow-up data of the cases followed up in the pediatric endocrinology clinic with the diagnosis of type 1 DM, before and after March 2020, when the first COVID-19 case in Turkey was seen, were analyzed. The data of 350 patients who were followed up were retrospectively analyzed. After the patients who did not meet the study criteria were excluded, 36 of the remaining 167 cases were evaluated separately because of the insertion of an insulin pump during this period. As a result, files of 131 patients, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values and daily insulin doses were evaluated. Results: No significant difference was found in the subjects' height, standard deviation score (SDS), body weight, body weight SDS, body mass index (BMI), and BMI SDS values compared to the pre-pandemic period. There was no worsening in glycemic control (HbA1c value) (p=0.16). The mean daily insulin dose of the cases increased significantly compared to the pre-pandemic period (p<0.001). While no worsening was observed in glycemic control in the groups younger than 12 years of age and older, an increase was observed in daily insulin doses (respectively; p=0.620/0.180, p=0.003/0.004). Conclusion: In our study, no significant increase was found in the HbA1c levels of the cases compared to the pre-pandemic period. This has been attributed to the provision of telemedicine services to these patients even during the full closure period. However, due to the inactivity of the patients, insulin doses had to be increased in order to achieve good glycemic control. In conclusion, our study has shown that glycemic control will not be impaired if standard diabetes care is maintained during the pandemic period. Materials and Methods: The 1-year follow-up data of the cases followed up in the pediatric endocrinology clinic with the diagnosis of type 1 DM, before and after March 2020, when the first COVID-19 case in Turkey was seen, were analyzed. The data of 350 patients who were followed up were retrospectively analyzed. After the patients who did not meet the study criteria were excluded, 36 of the remaining 167 cases were evaluated separately because of the insertion of an insulin pump during this period. As a result, files of 131 patients, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values and daily insulin doses were evaluated. Results: No significant difference was found in the subjects' height, standard deviation score (SDS), body weight, body weight SDS, body mass index (BMI), and BMI SDS values compared to the pre-pandemic period. There was no worsening in glycemic control (HbA1c value) (p=0.16). The mean daily insulin dose of the cases increased significantly compared to the pre-pandemic period (p<0.001). While no worsening was observed in glycemic control in the groups younger than 12 years of age and older, an increase was observed in daily insulin doses (respectively; p=0.620/0.180, p=0.003/0.004). Conclusion: In our study, no significant increase was found in the HbA1c levels of the cases compared to the pre-pandemic period. This has been attributed to the provision of telemedicine services to these patients even during the full closure period. However, due to the inactivity of the patients, insulin doses had to be increased in order to achieve good glycemic control. In conclusion, our study has shown that glycemic control will not be impaired if standard diabetes care is maintained during the pandemic period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aim of this study is to examine the anxiety levels and fever management of parents of children with fever. Materials and Methods: The population of the study consisted of 180 parents who came to the pediatric emergency clinic of the specified hospital between October 2020 and May 2021 who had a child with fever aged between 0 and 6 years, had no communication problem, and were literate. The sampling method was not used and the study was completed with 165 parents. "Child and Parent Descriptive Information Form", "State Anxiety Inventory", and "Parents' Fever Management Scale" were used to collect the data of the study. Results: All of the parents took the temperature of their child when the child had fever, 73.9% of them still had fever at presentation, 57.6% of them had taken their children to the hospital due to fever before, 90.9% of them were anxious about the fever, 61.2% of them were afraid that their child would suffer a seizure, 52.7% of them took the temperature of their children from their forehead, and 79.4% of them knew the normal limits of the fever; 47.9% of them considered the range of 38-38.9 °C as fever, 42.4% of them considered the range of 38-38.9 °C as worrisome, 38.8% of them undressed the child as the first application in case of fever, 48.5% of them performed warm application with warm water, and 56.4% of them had not received information about fever. Conclusion: It was determined that the parents of the children with fever had low level of anxiety and their fever management was high. The parents, who were university graduates, were residing in the city, had social security, and had an income higher than expenditure, had a high mean score of fever management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Our aim in this study is to evaluate the data of native and transplant kidney biopsies in our tertiary pediatric nephrology center in terms of demographics and clinico-pathology, to determine biopsy indications and to evaluate the compatibility of indication and histopathological diagnosis. Materials and Methods: In our study, the files and biopsy results (a total of 134 biopsy results) of 126 pediatric patients aged 1-17 years who were followed up in our Pediatric Nephrology clinic and underwent percutaneous kidney biopsy between 2011 and 2021 were evaluated retrospectively. All patients' age, gender, biopsy adequacy, compliance with the indication and histopathological diagnosis, and follow-up status were recorded. Results: Of 126 patients who underwent kidney biopsy, 62 (49.2%) were male; 64 (50.8%) were girls; mean age was 9.5±4.1 years. The most common biopsy indication was nephrotic syndrome (32.5%). Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) was the most common histopathological diagnosis (23%). The concordance between clinical preliminary diagnosis and histopathological diagnosis was as high as 82.6%. Conclusion: The high rate of compatibility between the histopathological diagnosis and our preliminary diagnoses should not question the necessity of pathological evaluation, and even all kinds of examinations should be used to reach the most accurate diagnosis with the contribution of genetic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to assess the digital game addiction and sleep quality in adolescents and examine the relationship between them. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted with 312 students from three high schools located in a district center in the Eastern Black Sea Region, who agreed to participate in the study. Data were collected using the descriptive information form, the digital game addiction scale, and the Pittsburgh sleep quality index. Results: The mean age of the participants was 15.99±0.85 years. Of the participants, 78.5% played digital games on computers, mobile phones, tablets, or game rooms. The mean score of the participants on the digital game addiction scale was 12.46±5.57; 16.3% were game addicts. The Pittsburgh sleep quality index mean score was 4.72±2.53, with a score range of 0-13; 34.9% had poor sleep quality. Conclusion: In conclusion, a positive, low-level, statistically significant relationship was found between the digital game addiction scale and Pittsburgh sleep quality index scores (r=0.157, p=0.001). As the digital game addiction scores increase in adolescents, their sleep quality scores also increase. Game addiction and sleep-related problems in adolescents can negatively affect their physical and psychological health and academic success. Adequate supervision and protective measures are required to reduce the problems faced by adolescents when using digital technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Nowadays, the use of computers has become widespread with technological developments, especially among children. Thus, this study aimed to examine the effects of children's computer game addiction on their chronotype sleep states. Materials and Methods: The research was conducted in 109 parents and children between January 1, 2020 and May 31, 2020, using the "child information form", "computer game addiction scale for children", and "children's chronotype questionnaire". Data were evaluated in a computer environment using percentage distribution, mean, t-test, and correlation. Results: Of children included in the study, 50.5% were females and the average age was 9.20±1.45 years. Additionally, 94.4% were in the risk group for computer game addiction; 2.8% had morning, 8.3% had intermediate, and 89% had evening type chronotype. There was a significant difference between mothers' working status and imagining the computer game and associating it with real-life subscale scores of the computer game scale, as well as between children spending time on the computer/tablet and skipping tasks due to computer game subscale scores of the computer game scale (p<0.05). A positive correlation was found between total sleep scores of children and some sub-dimensions and total scores of computer game addiction. Conclusion: Our study determined that most children had the evening type chronotype and they were in the risk group for computer game addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Sudden deaths in athletes during or immediately after sports activities worry the athletes, their families and clubs. There has been still no consensus on how to conduct pre-participation evaluations of the sports. In this study, our aim was to evaluate the results of cardiac examinations of children and adolescents performed before participating in sports and to review the literature. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted between January 2019 and January 2020 in the pediatric cardiology outpatient clinic. One-hundred and fifty three children and adolescents were included in the study. Beside history taking, physical examination, electrocardiography (ECG) and echocardiography (ECHO) examinations of the cases, Exercise test and rhythm Holter examination results were evaluated. Results: Of the cases, 108 (70%) were male and 45 (30%) were female. They were divided into three groups according to their age; 6-9 years (n=23), 10-13 years (n=78) and 14-17 years (n=52). As a result of the cardiac evaluation of 153 children who applied for a report before participating in sports, it was found appropriate for 137 children to participate in all kinds of sports activities. It was decided that ten children would be able to perform light sports activities suitable for their cardiac conditions. These children had being followed up for various mild acquired or congenital heart diseases. Six children with severe heart disease were not allowed to perform any sports, stating that it may be risky for their health. Conclusions: After detailed preparticipation cardiac evaluation with history taking, physical examination and ECG by physicians, we consider that to refer risky cases to pediatric cardiology is important to avoid undesirable conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cockroach sensitivity plays an important role in the pathogenesis of childhood asthma and allergic respiratory diseases. It was aimed to investigate the incidence of Blattella germanica (German cockroach) sensitivity in atopic children in Bursa and its surroundings and possible risk factors that may be associated with the presence of Blattella germanica sensitivity. Materials and Methods: 1382 children aged 0-12 years, who were followed up with a diagnosis of any allergic disease and defined as atopic by detecting sensitivity to at least one allergen in skin prick tests with inhalant allergens, were included in the study. The data of the cases (skin prick test results with inhalant allergens, serum total IgE levels and total eosinophil counts, allergic disease diagnoses, et al. characteristics) were evaluated retrospectively. Results: The overall sensitivity rate to Blattella germanica was found to be 2.7% (n=38) in atopic cases (n=1382) in the study group. Blattella germanica sensitivity was found in 3.6% of asthmatics, 3% of allergic rhinitis and 4.9% of patients with asthma and allergic rhinitis. Asthma prevalence (69.4%) in those with Blattella germanica sensitivity was significantly higher than those without Blattella germanica sensitivity (49.2%) (p=0.017). Blattella germanica monosensitization was not detected in any of the patients. It was observed that sensitivity to mite allergens was the highest among all inhalant allergen groups (57.7%), and grass pollen (28.5%) was the second rank. Blattella germanica sensitivity rates were found to be 2% in the 0-3 age group, 2.2% in the 4-7 age group, and 4.1% in the 8-12 age group (p=0.129). It was observed that the presence of canine sensitization was negatively correlated with Blattella germanica sensitivity. Conclusions: In this study, which was conducted for the first time in a large population of atopic children in the Bursa region, the incidence of Blattella germanica sensitivity was found to be 2.7% in the entire study population, while it was found to be higher (4.1%) in the 8-12 age group. In addition, Blattella germanica sensitivity is seen at a higher rate (4.9%) in the coexistence of asthma and allergic rhinitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Obesity is an increasingly common health problem not only in adults but also in children all over the world. Obesity rates in Turkey vary between 4.5% and 15.9% according to regions. Regular and adequate sleep is important for maintaining a healthy life as well as for physical, cognitive and emotional development. The aim of the study is to determine the level of sleep problems in primary school children, their causes and their relationship with obesity. Materials and Methods: The study is descriptive. The sleep disorder scale in children, which was developed by Bruni to evaluate the sleep disorder of the children and whose Turkish validity was verified by Akçay, was answered by the parents of children of primary school age with questions containing the socio-demographic information of the participants. The data were evaluated in the SPSS program, p <0.05 was considered significant. Results: 519 students between the ages of 6 and 14 participated in the study. 12.5% of the students (65 people) were found to be obese. The rate of students with sleep disorders was found to be 59.0% (306 people). While the rate of sleep disorders was higher in children with poor economic status, sharing the same bed with their parents, having chronic illness, having mobile phone, and low education level of their father, no significant relationship was found between obesity and sleep disorders. Conclusion: The rate of children with sleep disorders is quite high. Since child development and cognitive functions of the child are taken into consideration, it is important to eliminate sleep disorder and the factors that cause it. Although our study could not show a relationship between sleep disorder and obesity, policy makers' attention should be drawn to the issue by revealing the relationship between obesity and sleep disorder more clearly with larger-scale studies to be conducted at the national level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Design: Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory disease, and several biochemical markers play role in its inflammatory process. This study measured the levels of interleukin-12 (IL-12), IL-17a, IL-22 and IL-23, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and serum growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) and aimed to detect the relationship of serum GDF-15 level with inflammation and disease severity. Materials and Methods: This study included 50 consecutive patients diagnosed with plaque-type psoriasis. For all patients, dermatological examinations were performed, and psoriasis area severity index (PASI) scores were recorded. Patients with PASI <10 were considered to have mild (group 1), 10-20 moderate (group 2), and >20 severe (group 3) psoriasis. Results: No difference was observed between the patient and the control groups in terms of age, sex, IL-17a and IL-22. A statistically non- significant difference was detected in terms of IL-12 and IL-23. However, there was significant difference between two groups in terms of hs-CRP, TNF-α and GDF-15. GDF-15 was significantly different in all three groups (p<0.001). A significant correlation was observed between PASI score and disease duration (p=0.005), hs-CRP (p=0.003), TNF-α (p=0.002), and serum GDF-15 levels (p<0.001). The serum GDF-15 level that can predict a high PASI score was >1498.5 pg/mL (area under the curve: 0.813, p<0.001) in the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. This study is mainly limited by the lack of follow-up and pre- and post-treatment assessment. Inflammatory markers were measured only in the serum, and their tissue levels are unknown. Conclusion: In addition to PASI score, GDF-15 levels can be a guide in monitoring treatment and systemic inflammation, determining the disease severity, and providing efficient treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Parasomnias are sleep disorders that are characterised by abnormal or unwanted movements, behaviours, emotions, perceptions, dreams and autonomic nervous system dysfunction. This study aimed to investigate the presence of childhood traumatic experiences and dissociative symptoms in patients with parasomnia. Materials and Methods: This study included 38 patients with parasomnias and 40 patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS), who were diagnosed according to International sleep disorders classification 3 in the sleep outpatient clinics of İstanbul Provincial Health Directorate İstanbul 2nd Division Public Hospitals Association Sleep Disorders Diagnosis and Treatment Centers, between March 2018 and July 2018. All participants were evaluated with the childhood trauma scale, dissociative experience scale (DES), Beck depression scale and Beck anxiety scale. Mediator analyses were applied to process data. Results: A significant difference was found between the parasomnia and OSAS groups in terms of the cut-off scores of the childhood trauma questionnaire (childhood trauma questionnaire; p=0.004) and depressive symptoms (p=0.005). No significant differences were found in terms of DES scores (p=0.456) and anxiety symptoms (p=0.934). A significant difference was noted in the scores of the sexual abuse (p=0.038) and emotional abuse (p=0.001) subscales of childhood trauma questionnaire. No significant difference was found in other subscales. Conclusion: The finding that childhood trauma is higher in patients in the parasomnia group than in those in the control group emphasises the importance of cooperation with psychiatrists in order to diagnose and treat these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to improve healthy sleep habits among children aged 5-6 years through nursing interventions. Materials and Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design including a control group. The study was conducted in two preschool education institutions that were affiliated with the Ministry of National Health in Zonguldak city between February and May during the 2018-2019 academic year. Data were collected using a descriptive questionnaire form, health education scale for preschool children and healthy sleep habit development program for 5-6-year-old children. Results: Findings in the intervention group were as follows: mean sleep duration, 10.5±0.82 h; mean daytime sleep duration, 2.00±0.85 h; mean sleeping hours on weekdays, 21.28±0.75 h; mean sleeping hours on weekends, 22.20±0.75 h; number of nocturnal, 0.92±1.12. Findings in the control group were as follows: mean sleep duration, 9.84±0.73 h; mean daytime sleep duration, 2.02±0.44 h; mean sleeping hours on weekdays, 21.59±0.74 h; mean sleeping hours on weekends, 22.25±0.86 h; number of nocturnal awakenings, 1.25±0.55. A significant difference was found between pre-education and post-education scale scores in the intervention group (p=0.002), but no significant difference was found in the control group. Conclusion: Nursing interventions using a healthy sleep habit development program might be effective in developing healthy sleep habits among children aged 5-6 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this study, we aimed to compare the clinical and polysomnographic features of rapid eye movement sleep-dependent obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (REM-OSAS) and positional OSAS (pos-OSAS). Materials and Methods: This study included all patients diagnosed with REM-OSAS and pos-OSAS who were examined at our sleep and disorders unit between January 2019 and November 2020. All patients underwent a full-night polysomnographic examination. Results: A total of 300 patients with OSAS were included in the study, of which 60 (20%) were diagnosed with REM-OSAS and 75 (25%) with pos-OSAS. REM-OSAS had a female predominance, whereas pos-OSAS demonstrated a male predominance (p<0.001). Body mass index was significantly higher in patients with REM-OSAS than in those with pos-OSAS (p=0.003). OSAS severity was found to be higher in patients with pos-OSAS than in those with REM-OSAS (apnoea-hypopnea index: 23/hour, p<0.001). The supine and REM sleep pulse rates were significantly higher and the minimum oxygen saturation level was significantly lower in patients with REM-OSAS than in those with pos-OSAS (p<0.001, p=0.010). Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that OSAS severity was higher in patients with pos-OSAS than in those with REM-OSAS. Body position plays a more significant role than sleep stage on OSAS severity. REM-OSAS was more common in female patients, whereas pos-OSAS had a male predominance. Patients diagnosed with REM-OSAS had a significant tendency to be overweight. Oxygen saturation was lower in patients with REM-OSAS than in those with pos-OSAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the incidence, density and reciprocal relationships of Health Care Associated Infections (HCAIs) detected in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) in Bursa Uludag University Faculty of Medicine Hospital as a general perspective. Materials and Methods: In this study, data of 91 PICU and 158 NICU patients who developed HCAIs between 2012-2018 years, taking into account the criteria of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2015 and the Turkish National Hospital Infections Surveillance Network (UHESA) 2017, were retrospectively analyzed. Results: The HCAIs rate was higher in NICU (9.6% vs 14.9%; respectively, p <0.001), but the infection density was lower (9.9 versus 7.8/1000 patient days, p=0.061). Stay of length for all patients in NICU was found to be longer (19.1 days vs 9.7 days; p <0.001), and the median length of stay with HCAIs in PICU and in NICU was 41.5 days versus 49 days respectively (p=0.1). The median time of HCAIs diagnosis was 17 days in PICU vs 15 days in NICU, p=0.6). In NICU, according to birth weight, HCAIs rates and infection densities were 7.8% and 2.7/1000 patient-days in <750 g patients; 23.2% and 6.2/1000 patient-days in 751-1000 g patients, 6.1% and 4.9 patient-days in 1001-1500 g patients, 44.7% and 9.2/1000 patient-days in 1501-2500 g patients, and %24.6 and 13.8/1000 patient-days in >2501 g patients. HCAIs rates were found to be higher in babies with >1501 g. Conclusions: There may be differences in the rates and prevention strategies in PICU and NICU and continuous and high quality maintenance is important for infection control measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The seizure is one of the most common neurological problems in neonatal intensive care units (NICU). Its frequency and etiology differ between preterm and term babies. This study aimed to investigate the properties, causes, response to treatment, and prognostic factors of neonatal seizures in term and preterm babies. Materials and Methods: The files of patients with a diagnosis of neonatal seizure in the NICU between 01/01/2014 and 01/09/2019 were analyzed retrospectively. Gross motor function classification, hearing test results and epilepsy rates were examined for neurological outcomes. Results: A total of 86 patients (43 preterm and 43 term infants) were included in this study. The most common etiological factors were hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) (35%) in term infants and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in preterm infants (54%). The most common seizure type was subtle seizures in preterm babies and clonic seizures in term babies. The first seizure day was more on the first day and between the 4-7 days in term babies and after seventh days in preterm babies (p <0.05). The onset time of seizures in preterm babies was more after seven days at IVH, and on the first day at HIE (p<0.05). Status epilepticus frequency is higher in preterm (30%) than term (9.3%) (p = 0.015). The response rate to phenobarbital treatment was 71% in term infants and 50% in preterm infants (p = 0.06). According to the criteria (death, epilepsy, hearing loss, autism and gross motor function scale> 2) in our study, the poor prognosis rates were (52%) in term infants and (75%) in preterm infants (p = 0.051). Conclusion: In the etiology of neonatal seizures, IVH in preterm infants and HIE in term infants were the first. The neurological outcomes of patients who had convulsions in the neonatal period should be followed closely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In this study, clinical and demographic features of childhood multiple sclerosis(MS) diagnosed in a single center for 10 years are presented. Materials and Methods: In this study files of 23 patients with multiple sclerosis who were admitted to Department of Pediatric Neurology between January 2006 and January 2016 were investigated retrospectively. The data of 19 cases were evaluated since 3 cases were excluded due to lack of attending the control visits for more than 2 years and 1 case died in a traffic accident. Gender, current age, family history of MS, onset ages of symptoms, age at diagnosis, duration of disease follow-up, initial symptoms, magnetic resonance(MR) findings, cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) oligoclonal band positivity, visual evoked potential(VEP), somatosensory evoked potential(SEP) findings, treatments and a number of attacks were evaluated. Results: Of the 19 patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, 13 were female (68.4%), 6 were male (31.5%), and the female/male ratio was 2.16. The mean age of onset of symptoms was 14.09 years. The mean age of diagnosis was 15.2 years, and the mean follow-up period was 2.17 years. Family history was positive in 3 patients (15.7%). When the initial symptoms of our patients were examined, motor, sensory and brainstem findings were present in 11(57.8%), 9 (47.3%) and 7 cases (36.8%), respectively. Two patients (10.5%) presented with cerebellar findings and 6 patients (31.5%) with visual impairment. The oligoclonal band of CSF was found to be positive in 17 (89.4%) of the cases. Conclusions: In this study, gender, age, family history, age at onset of symptoms, initial symptoms, MR findings, CSF findings, VEP, SEP findings, treatments used, and the number of episodes were evaluated. Multicenter, prospective, and longitudinal studies with larger study populations are needed to understand multiple sclerosis onset in the pediatric period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Though predicting the emerging hyperbiluribinemia is the rational approach, timely exchange transfusion in significant neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is vital. The aim of this study is to evaluate the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of newborns with significant hyperbilirubinemia, to evaluate risk factors for exchange transfusion and long-term neurodevelopmental status. Materials and Methods: Newborns who were admitted with bilirubin levels above the excahge transfusion thresholds (American Academy of Pediatrics, guideline 2004) total 104 cases were enrolled to the study. A total of 65 cases at 12-36 months were evaluated with Guide for Monitoring Child Development. The clinical and demographic characteristics, risk factors, treatment modalities, etiology of the groups and long-term neurodevelopmental status were compared between the groups with and without exchange transfusion, Results: Exchange transfusion was performed in 19 (18.3%) patients. Main factors that increase the risk of exchange transfusion were bilirubin level and bilirubin/albumin ratio. Cut-off bilirubin level and bilirubin/albumin ratio which increase the risk for exchage transfusion were 26.43mg/dl and 7.43mg/g respectively. The underlying etiologies were hemolytic disease (29.8%), dehydration and breast milk jaundice (28.8%), prematurity (26.9%). Late comers (postnatal >96 hours) were more likely to have bilirubin level ≥25 mg/dl. Development delays were detected in 13.8% of 65 cases. Conclusions: Admission bilirubin level and the ratio of bilirubin to albumin was among the factors that increase the risk of exchange transfusion. Late admission with significant hyperbiluribinemia may be prevented by identification of neonates at risk for developing significant hyperbilirubinemia before discharge or early in follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]