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Non-communicable diseases represent a global health burden with increasing prevalence. To prevent or improve this type of diseases, dietary strategies based on healthy foods have been suggested. Cereals are the most consumed foods in the world and preventive effects of whole grains on health have been described. The germ and bran of cereals are abundant in bioactive compounds, including phytochemicals, vitamins, minerals and fibers, and these compounds are effective in preventing and improving non-communicable diseases. This review analyzes the content and distribution of the primary components of whole grains (wheat, barley, oats, rice and black wheat) and their fractions, focusing on the mechanisms by which phenolic acids and dietary fiber contribute to reducing the risk of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases and cancer. There is clear evidence of the broad cellular and physiological effects of bioactive compounds in whole grains, supporting the health value of a diet rich in whole grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mexico is one of the main producers of pepper and maize worldwide. Activity from which significant amounts of biomass and agricultural by-products originate must be valued to mitigate damage to the environment and generate added value. This study aimed to value the agricultural biomass of chili and maize, to obtain phytochemicals with antibacterial and antifungal capacity against phytopathogens of economic importance for agriculture, using extraction methodologies based on green chemistry. For the extraction of phytochemicals, two types of Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) were used, and a lactic fermentation with Lactobacillus plantarum. The extracts were evaluated in vitro and in vivo against Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, Xanthomonas vesicatoria, Ralstonia solanacearum, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. licopersici, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria solani. The in vitro results showed that the extracts obtained with the DES were effective against bacteria, unlike the in vivo tests that inhibited the growth of fungi. The potential of biomass extracts against phytopathogenic microorganisms suggests its usefulness as an agricultural biocontrol tool, by ensuring sustainability with the use of DES that, in addition to being efficient, biodegradable, and innocuous, achieved the extraction of antimicrobial phytochemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Agro-industrial activity in Mexico generates a significant amount of vegetable by-products (37.5 Mt, estimated production), which are generated during the processing of harvested fruits. These agro-industrial by-products are an essential source of nutrients and bioactive compounds that can be reevaluated. In this manuscript, the findings of different investigations are reviewed, in which the use of solid-state fungal fermentation (SSF) for the recovery of compounds from agro-industrial by-products with possible use as ingredients in quail feed is evaluated. Concerning the chemical composition of agro-industrial by-products will depend on the plant species, anatomical region (peel, pulp, and seed), and processing conditions (fresh or dry). These by-products have bioactive components, such as enzymes, vitamins, organic acids, pigments, and phenolic compounds (phenolic acids and flavonoids). As an alternative to conventional and unconventional extraction methods, SSF is a novel method for recovering bioactive components from agroindustrial by-products of crops, such as apple, wheat, corn, cassava, rice, potato, pomegranate, blueberry, chickpea, and orange. The bioactive components recovered by SSF are an alternative with potential use as additives for quail feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Different species of the Myristicaceae family have been used for medicinal, nutritional and industrial purposes, showing the importance and potential of the family in various fields. Medicinal use has been primordial for different indigenous communities and has been increasing as an alternative for the treatment of diseases, for which research is concentrating on herbal medicine and medicinal plants, being this the first step for the development and innovation of pharmaceuticals. Among the types of drugs, enzymatic inhibitors, which act by regulating metabolic processes or attacking pathogens, stand out. Objectives: To gather information on the herbalism of the Myristicaceae family including aspects of phytochemistry, ethnobotany, industrial uses, biological activity and to determine possible secondary metabolites that produce enzymatic inhibition and biological activity. Methodology: The search for information was carried out using scientific articles, specialized books and degree theses. Results and conclusions: Phenolic compounds of type: acylphenol, lignan, neolignan, flavonoid, alkenylphenol, tocotrienol and phenolic acid were found to produce enzymatic inhibition. Phenolic compounds identified in species of the Myristicaceae family are a promising source of metabolites that produce enzymatic inhibition. Lignan-type metabolites were the ones that presented the greatest number of enzymatic inhibition studies. The information analyzed can serve as a basis for the development of research on the structureactivity relationship and/or molecular coupling between secondary metabolites and inhibited enzymes, with species of the Myristicaceae family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently there is a marked interest in the search for antioxidants from natural sources, including seaweed. For approximately twenty years, the Pharmacology and Toxicology Group of Faculty of Biology (UH) has investigated several species of seaweed, including the red algae Bryotahmnion triquetrum (S. G. Gmelin) Howe, as natural antioxidants. The objective of this work was to analyze the set of these results, which will allow us to define the antioxidant properties of the red seaweed B. triquetrum, propose possible mechanisms of action and, in turn, relate these mechanisms to the chemical composition. In the studies of the chemical composition, the phenolic acids t-cinnamic, p-coumaric and ferulic were identified, molecules that could explain the antioxidant activity. The antioxidant properties were studied with in vitro techniques, in total 7 experimental procedures, which allowed defining these properties and postulating possible mechanisms of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the research was to define the best conditions for ultrasound-assisted extraction of H. sabdariffa L. calyces, and to obtain microencapsulated powders, by spray drying. The extracts were analyzed, considering as variables: extracting solvent (water and water/ethanol) and the temperature/extraction time ratio (25 °C/60 min and 60 °C/30 min). Inlet air temperature (150 °C; 190 °C) and the mixture of gum arabic (G) and maltodextrin (MD) as encapsulating agents (G40/MD60; G60/MD40) were the variables studied. The parameters used for the analysis were: yield, pH, °Bx, chemical composition (phenols and total anthocyanins, HPLC-MS), and antioxidant capacity (DPPH). The best polyphenols extraction conditions were water:ethanol (80:20), at 60 °C for 30 min. The presence of phenolic acids, flavonol glycosides, and anthocyanins (delphinidin-3-sambubioside and cyanidin-3-sambubioside) were identified as the signals of highest intensity. Inlet air temperature at 150 °C and G60/MD40 allowed the highest total phenols and anthocyanins content. However, the antioxidant capacity was better at 150 °C and G40/MD60. The microparticle obtained could be used as an ingredient for the preparation of phytopharmaceuticals or functional foods, considering their easy handling, and antioxidant capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera Lam. it is one of the best known and widely distributed species in the world. It is considered as one of the most useful trees, with multiple benefits. One of its distinguishing characteristics is that its leaves accumulate high contents of phenolic compounds, which are investigated for their biological properties. The present investigation was developed with the aim to obtain crude ethanolic leaf extracts, with higher extraction yields and phenolic compounds, from M. oleifera by comparing four extraction methods. The influence of extraction by magnetic stirring, static extraction, extraction by Soxhlet and ultrasound-assisted extraction on the yield of crude leaf ethanolic extract and the concentration of phenolic compounds were determined. The phytochemical characterization of the extract was carried out and the chromatographic profile was determined by thin layer chromatography. A yield of 185.89 mg g-1 of dry mass and the highest concentrations of phenols in the extract (24.86 mg g-1 dry mass) were obtained by magnetic stirring. The qualitative chemical characterization of the phenolic extract of M. oleifera proved the presence of volatile coumarins, triterpenes, steroids, flavonoids, tannins and phenolic compounds detected in the phytochemical and phenolic acids analyses, glycosylated flavonoids, essential oils associated with phenols and compounds with pungent and bitter principle in thin layer chromatography. It is concluded that by the extraction method with magnetic stirring for 3 h, crude ethanolic leaf extracts of M. oleifera are obtained with high yields of extraction and concentration of phenolic compounds of varied nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reason for this research was to determine characteristics of plant growth promoters in isolated strains of rhizosphere of plants grown in soil contaminated with phenolic compounds. For this, plants that visually had a representative within the group that grew in the Movement and Storage Area Product (MAP) "Hermanos Díaz" Refinery were collected. Plants were extracted taking care that their roots were not damaged and deposited in plastic bags to preserve them, taken to the laboratory and stored at 4 ° C until use within 30 days. The promoting plant growth characterization was determined by qualitative colorimetric techniques for detecting these metabolites how organic acid, indolacetic acid (IAA) and acetoin. Also was determined the potential for nitrogen fix and phosphate solubilisation. In total 63 bacterial isolates were obtained from the rhizosphere of 4 floors, of which 52 showed features of plant growth promoters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noni is a bush of Asiatic origin which produces fruits that when get ripen have an unpleasant and penetrating smell. The noni has a lot popularity because of its nutraceutical a healing properties, however, its unpleasant smell disfavors its consumption. The microencapsulation by multiple emulsions is an alternative for masking smells and minimize the factors that interfere in secondary metabolites stability. The nutraceutical compounds of noni juice are sensible to high temperatures, for which the objective of this study is to microencapsulate noni juice by multiple emulsions disregarding the use of heat. To achieve this procedure noni juice was trapped in multiple emulsions, using as wall material soy protein isolate (SPI) and Arabic gum (GA). Phenolic, flavonoid and ascorbic acid content of three emulsions W/O/W with polymer concentration (SPI-GA) of 6, 7.5 and 9 % were measured. The results showed that did not exist significant difference (P < 0.05) in phenolic and ascorbic acid content among treatments. The levels of flavonoids where higher in the treatments than the ones that existed in the noni juice control. As conclusion the polymer content in the multiple emulsions did not interfered in the phytochemical content among treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The variability of the pollen phenol composition of 32 populations of Zea mays subsp. mexicana, Zea mays subsp. parviglumis, Zea mays subsp. mays, Zea diploperennis, Zea perennis, and Zea luxurians from Mexico and Guatemala were analyzed. The phenol profiles were assessed by HPLC-DAD, and UPLC-TOF-MS. A total of 23 phenolics (four phenolic acids, 16 flavonols, and three dihydroflavonoids) were found. Quercetin glycosides (seven derivatives besides the quercetin aglycone itself) were the predominant compounds in the pollen of all analyzed species and subspecies. The major compound in all the samples, including the pollen of maize, was identified as quercetin-3,3'-O-diglucoside. The pollen of all the species and subspecies of Zea examined showed very similar patterns of accumulated phenols; however, variation in the minor compounds (phenolic acids and dihydroflavonoids) allowed to discern some inter- and intraspecific variations, although the split of Zea in the sections Luxuriantes and Zea was not clearly supported. The low level of variability of the pollen phenol profiles throughout the genus Zea supports the proposal that maize and some teosintes are conspecific groups, and indicates that the pollen phenol composition is highly conserved in the different taxa of Zea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The content of polyphenol compounds such as total phenols, total flavonoids, condensed tannins and phenolic acids of the sour guava fruits (Psidium araca) was determined. These compounds determine the antioxidant capacity, property that expresses the facility for scavenging reactive oxygen species as nutraceutical value of the specie. The antioxidant activity of sour guava was determined by different methods such as DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and ORAC. The results are comparable with those found for common guava (Psidium guajava) and higher than those reported for common fruits such as pineapple, watermelon, passion fruit and melon. In conclusion, sour guava is a fruit with antioxidant potential, which can be handled by various technological methods to get high added-value products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Universitaria is the property of Universidad de Guanajuato/Acta Universitaria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de la Sociedad Química del Perú is the property of Sociedad Quimica del Peru and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

En la Recría San Nicolás de la UBPC "Aguadita", perteneciente a la Empresa Pecuaria Rodas, se evaluaron cuatro frecuencias de corte (45, 75, 90 y 120 d) en un banco de forraje de Pennisetum purpureum vc. Cuba CT-115 durante el período poco lluvioso en un suelo pardo sin carbonato, clasificado como ácido (pH 4.82). En un diseño de bloques al azar con cuatro réplicas se evaluaron los siguientes parámetros productivos: número de hijos, altura de la planta, número de hojas, largo de las hojas, ancho de las hojas, masa de las hojas y del tallo y los valores de materia seca, proteína bruta, fibra bruta, calcio, fósforo y energía metabolizable. La frecuencia de corte influyó positivamente en la altura de la planta, sin relación con el número de hojas. La menor longitud de las mismas se encontró a los 45 d, con diferencias de los restantes (P < 0.05) en 23.06, 23.72 y 37.40 cm, respectivamente. La mayor cantidad de hijos se encontró a los 75 d (46.70) y 90 d (38.90). La masa de las hojas y tallos presentó los mayores valores a los 120 d de corte (508.00 y 849.67 g), con valores intermedios a las frecuencias de 75 (313.33 y 300.00 g) y 90 d (320.67 y 282.67 g), representada por una mejor relación hoja: tallo a los 45 d. El mayor contenido de MS se encontró a los 120 d en hojas (27,85 %) y en tallos (30.50 %), sin diferencias entre los restantes cortes. La PB disminuyó con la extensión de la frecuencia de corte, con los mayores valores de FB para 90 y 120 d. Los rendimientos totales fueron mayores para 120 d (10.2 t ha-1 ), pero con menor calidad, por lo que se recomienda una frecuencia de corte de 75 d para el período poco lluvioso. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkaptonuria is an inborn error of metabolism caused by deficiency of homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGD) which produces an excess of homogentisic acid (HGA). A case is presented of a 57 year old woman whose urine has turned black since birth. For 9 years she presented a greenish pigmentation in her nail beds that did not improve with antifungal treatments, and in the last 9 months she showed worsening large joint osteoarthritis. This situation forced her to use a wheelchair due to the intense pain caused by osteoarthritis in her hips and lumbar spine. From the description of symptoms, her urinary HGA was measured which confirmed the diagnosis of alkaptonuria. Analgesics and a diet without tyrosine-containing products were suggested. The patient was also referred for hip replacement surgery. This is the first reported case of alkaptonuria in Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]