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The modular nutrients are mixtures or isolated macronutrients that can be enriched with micronutrients. Modules are generally added in pediatrics, to the formula or to enteral preparations, to increase the energy intake or some specific nutrient. The existing carbohydrate modules are: maltodextrins, cereals, corn starch. The protein modules comprise; the formula concentration as well as the addition of fortifiers and finally, the lipid modules are made up of vegetable oil, medium chain triglycerides and mixed mixtures. The osmolarity must be considered depending on the type of formula and module to be used, carbohydrate modules are generally the ones that increase osmolarity the most. The usefulness of adding nutritional modules in current pediatrics persists and is a beneficial tool in various pathologies and nutritional status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Enfermería Neonatal is the property of Fundacion para la Salud Materno Infantil (FUNDASAMIN) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Enfermería Investiga: Investigaciin, Vinculación, Docencia y Gestiin is the property of Revista Enfermeria Investiga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Actualización en Nutrición is the property of Sociedad Argentina de Nutricion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: there is a wide variety of enteral nutrition and infant formulas preparations. when there is a need to find infomation on a product, only the infomation from industy is available. Comparison amomg products becomes then ardous. Objective: to describe the development of NEmecum as the first website that allows a directed and independent search for enteral nutrition products and infant formulas, currently available in Spain, and to evaluate the initial use of NEmecum. Methods: the structure of a database that unifies the parameters of all formulas was developed, and the nutritional composition of all formulas was analyzed. Subsequently, the main search algorithms were selected and the digital tool was codified. Intensive dissemination was performed and the impact was evaluated. The profile of users and registered centers and the use of the tool were analyzed, and its usability was evaluated using the System Usability Scale (SUS) questionnaire. Results: a free-access responsive website (http://nemecum.com) that allows searches based on pre-established search filters was obtained. This tool allows for a detailed analysis available formulas in Spain by observing a wide variety of formulas with similar characteristics. The dissemination campaign managed to increase its use exponentially, currently reaching 1,370 users and 79 registered centers. Usability was rated as excellent. Conclusion: the development of the NEmecum represents a valuable tool in the search and consultation of the characteristics of enteral nutrition formulas and infant preparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Enfermería Neonatal is the property of Fundacion para la Salud Materno Infantil (FUNDASAMIN) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Enfermería Neonatal is the property of Fundacion para la Salud Materno Infantil (FUNDASAMIN) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cogitare Enfermagem is the property of Cogitare Enfermagem and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cultura del Cuidado Enfermería is the property of Revista Cultura del Cuidado Enfermeria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Salud UIS is the property of Universidad Industrial de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: breastfeeding is the gold standard for infant’s nutrition. Human milk bank is an essential tool to guarantee availability and safety in those situations when breastfeeding is not an option. The manipulation during the extraction of the human milk by the donors is a critical point to ensure an adequate microbiological safety. Therefore, knowing the bacterial flora that prevails in donated milk is essential to draw conclusions that can lead to taking measures in the management of the bank. Objectives: to analyze the prevalence of microorganisms in milk samples donated to the milk bank and how the bacterial flora behaves according to the profile of the donors and the donor milk circuits. Methods: the present work is a retrospective descriptive observational study that analyzes characteristics and the positive microbiological results within our milk bank samples from June 1, 2016 to December 31, 2020. All milk bank donors voluntarily signed an informed consent that authorizes the use of data to investigation. Results: during the study period, a total of 1,587 liters of raw milk were donated by 266 women, highlighting that, despite the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic, 2020 has been the year in which more volume of milk has been dispensed. The results show that 221 batches had at least one positive microbiological isolation (149 of them were before and 46 after pasteurization). Pre and post-pasteurization rate varies over the years with a decrease in the pre-pasteurization discard rate (3,9%) and increase in the post-pasteurization rate (5,3%). The most frequently isolated germs found in pre-pasteurization cultures were gram positive cocci and Enterobacter and a decrease in the positivity to S. aureus after establishing an eradication protocol. In post-pasteurization cultures, the most commonly found germs are Bacillus. Regarding the donor’s profile, it was found a non statistically significant that those women with the highest donation volume and/or admission of their offspring in Neonatology were associated with higher frequency of positive cultures. Conclusions: bacteriological analysis of milk samples is an essential part of quality control for a milk bank. Our results reflect a good extraction system and transportation, as well as good training from the bank’s professionals. Nevertheless, improvement of processes is necessary to reduce the rate of contamination and the amount of discarded milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gaceta Médica de Caracas is the property of Academia Nacional de Medicina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective. To analyze the role of socioeconomic and culture factors on the vulnerability to obesity in mothers and their two years' old children, in urban communities of Southern Morelos, Mexico. Materials and methods. We conducted fieldwork and non-participative observation. During 2019, 17 semi-structured interviews were applied to a sub-sample of a cohort. Data were ordered and analyzed with the support of the Atlas-Ti v. 7 software, by using 18 free codes. Results. Social factors like family income and gender roles, combined with kinship influence and believings about children's supposed preference for ultraprocessed products, are influencing on the availability of caloric meals and beverages that generate vulnerability to obesity in early childhood. Mothers' economic activity, parents participation and to prevent influence of relatives can create opportunities for better quality meals and major physical activity. Conclusions. The low availability of healthy meals, the risks of food unsafety, and the familiar and culture factors, all of them as part of the described socioeconomic context, increase the vulnerability to obesity of mother-child binomial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: As the primary caregiver of her child, the mother figure has a strong influence on the child's health, nutritional status, and formation of eating habits. Objective: To determine the nutritional status of mothers and its association with children's food consumption. Objective: To determine the nutritional status of mothers and its association with children's food consumption. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 163 mother-child pairs at <24 months of age attended in Family Health Units. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic and anthropometric variables of mothers and infants. The nutritional status of the infants was determined using the body mass index by age; the diagnosis of the nutritional status of the mothers was determined by body mass index. Infant feeding practice was evaluated using the Food Intake Markers proposed by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Results: 51.53% of the mothers were overweight, and 30.06% of the children were overweight, according to BMI/age. In terms of children's food consumption, there was a marked presence of ultra-processed foods. Inadequate maternal nutritional status was associated with consuming packaged snacks the day before the survey (p = 0.002). Conclusion: The maternal profile significantly influences infant food consumption; therefore, it is necessary to implement health education activities to advise families and reinforce the importance of adequately introducing complementary foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cadernos de Saude Publica is the property of Escola Nacional de Saude Publica Sergio Arouca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Enfermería Neonatal is the property of Fundacion para la Salud Materno Infantil (FUNDASAMIN) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Endocrinología, Metabolismo y Nutrición is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To understand the phenomenology of nutrition in girls and boys under five years old in the families from the community "La Cal", Jinotega. A phenomenological approach study was carried out and through a proactive sampling, the lived experiences of eight mothers of children in relation to their diet were explored. The semi-structured in-depth interview with open questions was used, which were subsequently analyzed seeking to understand the reality of infant nutrition explained by the actors themselves. Additionally, anthropometry and water quality measurement were carried out in order to deepen this analysis. The lived experience is one of many limitations to carry out a complete nutrition of their children, they prioritize a diet based on carbohydrates and sugary drinks. The inadequate balance is reflected in the nutritional status of the children since most of the children in the study were at risk of being overweight and overweight. Deficiencies are rationalized to explain the non-inclusion of foods such as meat, pork or fried foods in the daily diet. The families under study make up a highly vulnerable social group. Economic resources and food availability are very limited; however, due to the inadequate diet, the risk of being overweight predominates. The lived experience of limitations to carry out a complete nutrition; it derives in attitudes possibly derived from the naturalization of poverty and nutritional disorders with a tendency to be overweight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Secuencia: Revista de Historia y Ciencias Sociales is the property of Instituto de Investigaciones - Dr. Jose M. Luis Mora and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Adequate nutrition during the first two years of life is crucial for physical and mental development, so adequate knowledge on this subject is necessary. This review includes important aspects in the feeding of children between 6 and 23 months. Research was conducted on allergenic foods, the use of soy, artificial sweeteners, the effects of exposure to gluten and food fortification. It was concluded that foods with documented allergenic potential should be avoided, the introduction of gluten should be between four and seven months old. Infant soy formulas are a valid option for infant feeding. In addition, it is not necessary to consume sugary drinks or non-caloric sweeteners. The supplementation with Fe, vitamins and minerals will be according to the breastfeeding and the diet of the infant during the complementary feeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Describe the infant and young child feeding practices of children cared for in institutions of the Colombian Caribbean, includes in implementing the baby friendly hospital strategy. Methods: Qualitative study framed in ethnography through semi-structured interviews, aimed at beneficiary mothers of prioritized health institutions. Results: The mothers recognized the nutrtitionals benefits of breastfeeding, in two territories also the emotional benefits. They also show appropriation in relation to perceptual feeding. However, they do not comply with the exclusive period of breastfeeding, they refer to some beliefs around it, an early start of complementary feeding is observed. In turn, the mothers recognized the importance of family and social support networks, such as the Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar. Conclusion: This research made it possible to recognize factors that favor and limit the adequate feeding practices of infants and young children, in pregnant and lactating mothers and their support network, who live in conditions of social and economic vulnerability and are cared for in three health institutions of the Colombian Caribbean that are in the process of implementing the babyfriendly hospitals initiative. The foregoing provides elements for the formulation of educational processes in health in the maternal and child population, both in the target population and in institutions that are in the process of implementing the baby-friendly hospitals initiative and policies to maternal and child health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of complementary feeding (AC) in the infant is of great importance for the growth and development of the child, for the progressive acquisition of autonomy and the traditions of their social environment. The objective of this review was to carry out a bibliographic search on the complementary feeding and nutritional requirements of healthy children up to 23 months. It was concluded that the introduction of AC into the infant's diet should be between four and six months of age. The energy recommendation is 130-200 kcal/d in children from 6 to 8 months, 300-310 kcal/d from 9 to11 months and 580 kcal/d in children from 12 to 23 months, with a daily intake balance of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids or fats, dietary fiber, vitamins and minerals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Iron deficiency and anemia affect a considerable percentage of breastfeeding children and can have damaging effects on growth and development. Objective: Present recent advances related to breastfeeding and formula feeding against the risk of iron deficiency and global recommendations on the age of introduction of foods that are good sources of iron. Materials and Methods: A narrative literature review was performed in medical literature databases using MeSH terms in English and health descriptors DeCS in Spanish. Terms were related with type of diet, presence of anemia or iron deficiency, and growth. Both articles written in Spanish and English were considered. Results: To make the decision as to whether it is adequate to begin complementary feeding at four or six months while maintaining iron status, it is proposed to consider factors such as iron stores, birth experience, infant development, and others. In starting complementary feeding it's important to incorporate foods that are good sources of iron. Conclusions: Adequate feeding practices that include breastfeeding until 24 months and the introduction of foods that are sources of iron starting at six months likely reduce iron deficiency and anemia in children less than 24 months of age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Libre Empresa is the property of Universidad Libre Seccional Cali and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During the years 1900 to 1936, children’s health began to gain importance in Europe. In Spain, infant mortality was high. To counteract this situation, the state proposed health, educational and food measures. Objective. To analyze the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), which continued with the “hungry years” of the post-war period (1939-1949), known for food rationing and the decline of mother and child health. Method. Historical descriptive study with primary and secondary sources. It deals with the socio-health context and the food transition experienced by infants during the Spanish war and post-war period (1936-1949). Results. The government carried out a promotion of breastfeeding guided by pediatricians of the time, however, formula gained importance, due to the modification of the basic family structure. The classic figure of the woman was fractured, in favour of working in factories or, ultimately, as active participants in the war. Conclusions. Health institutions focused on the care of the wounded, an issue that impacted on the care of the sick child. This situation resulted in high rates of child morbidity and mortality, which continued until the end of the post-war period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wet nurses are in charge of breastfeeding, education and care of other people's children. These women have had a role in society since ancient times. This figure acquired special relevance in Spain during 1830-1930 linked to the monarchy. The contract for their services had as a cause health problems of the biological mother, but it became a privilege. The choice of these women was based on examinations carried out by doctors and priests, which guaranteed good physical and moral health. Northern women began to be sued, especially those from the Pas Valley, who migrated to urban areas, such as Madrid. These women were considered to be healthier and more suitable for this trade due to their robust physical condition and their life in nature. The contract had an implicit salary and was regulated by law (1904 Child Protection and Royal Decree 1910). Their services were carried out in houses of foundlings and in the homes of families, including royalty. It is worth noting the importance of the wet nurse, in a historical period with high infant mortality rates, as they encouraged the survival of newborns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición is the property of Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutricion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper studies the presence of contents related to early infant feeding (API), breastfeeding (LM), in Primary Education textbooks. Our hypothesis is that we would find limited contents and misconceptions. The aim is i) to establish the presence or absence of contents related to health and mammals, included in the school curriculum: Health and living beings; ii) detect contents promoting or reinforcing misconceptions about API. Our purpose is to contribute with this research to a field that has been little explored in Science Education, despite its relevance. Actually, we have found a limited presence of proper school contents and, furthermore, a large amount of images containing misconceptions. So we have concluded that this analysed textbooks could promote the absence of learning and the misconceptions related to the early infant feeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Médicas UIS is the property of Universidad Industrial de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates the child's responses to the environment through different homeostatic functions. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between early childhood development and cardiac autonomic regulation assessed by fluctuations in heart rate. 47 healthy 2-month-old children living in Mexico City were evaluated with the Bayley II Infant Development Scale. The cardiac autonomic regulation was evaluated from the RR intervals of the Electrocardiogram (ECG), registered in two conditions (Basal state and Feeding). There was a significant association between mental development and the RR parameter of heart rate fluctuations (HRV). When comparing the direction and sense of the differences in temporal parameters of the HRV between the Basal state and Feeding (i.e. deltas) two groups were formed: children with response and children without response. Among these groups, statistical differences were observed between the parameters RRSD, RMSSD and pNN20. There were also significant differences between the mental development of the groups with and without response. The RRSD, RMSSD and pNN20 parameters showed statistically significant differences in the Feeding condition. Taking into account the significant differences of the parameters of HRV the and the mental development, the hypothesis was confirmed, the infantile development expressed in the cognitive domain is associated with the fluctuations of the heart rate. Infants with greater variability and with resources of adaptive autonomic adjustments may have a better performance in the face of basic mental demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Childhood obesity is one of the most severe public health problems worldwide. The present study describes the interventions used to prevent overweight and obesity in children younger than 5 years. The objective of the interventions was to stimulate breastfeeding, monitor the child’s growth, and promote adequate complementary feeding by means of nutritional counseling using a responsive feeding approach in different settings, including health centers and residences. The interventions included physical activity and nutritional counseling, with the active participation of the parents. The quality of evidence from most studies was high because the evidence was derived from controlled clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. All interventions were conducted or could be replicated in Peru by adequate contextualization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the process of infant feeding throughout history, one of the options has been the support by wet nurses, in both household and institutional level. This social figure has been reflected in press and can be studied in terms of its representation. We set as our goal to acquire a social vision through the analysis of a corpus of documents from the newspaper ABC of Madrid between 1903 and 1920. The method used has been the search of the term wet nurse through the review and content analysis of the ABC, in news, advertisements and other references in the period indicated. 999 documents have been recovered and analyzed, 41% corresponding to wet nurses offers and demands, 24% to advertisements and products related to food and/or food supplements. The remaining records correspond to economic measures, legislative rules, references to wet nurses of royalty or social references. Qualitative content analysis clarifies the social vision of wet nurses in society at that time. The study concludes that wet nurses are presented as a normalized social figure and as such is reflected in the press, which will also reflect the negative view of these women influenced by the hygienist current. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Pediátrica Española is the property of Ediciones Mayo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Traditionally, the body mass index has been considered a measure of body adiposity. Nonetheless it does not distinguish between fat mass and fat free mass that are body compartments that change during growth. Methods: The study included male and female infants (n=34) from Hermosillo (urban) and Miguel Aleman (Agricul tural area) in the State of Sonora, Mexico. We measured weight, length, four skinfolds and gathered socio-demographic data. Nutritional indexes were calculated and expressed as: body mass index (BMI), weight for length (W/A), weight for age (W/A) and height for age (H/A) and in reference to the WHO (2006) growth standards. Body composition was calculated, according to the Westrate and Deuremberg equations. The fat mass index and fat free mass index were calculated from weight, length, body composition and Hattori graphs were constructed. Results: We found two cases of wasting, four cases of low weight, and 4 infants with stunting. According to the Hattori graph, the majority of infants were positioned in the central quadrant and only the infants with wasting were positioned in the lower left quadrant (lean-slender). Of the low weight infants, two were in the lean-slender (also wasted) and the other two were in the lower central quadrant (lean-intermediate). Conclusion: This classification system positioned the wasted infants (<-2 Zscores W/L) in the lean-slender quadrant. In such circumstances, after an intervention process they could be followed-up in terms of changes in the proportion of fat mass and fat free mass [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Toxicología is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Toxicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Pediátrica Española is the property of Ediciones Mayo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Pediátrica Española is the property of Ediciones Mayo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: The practice of breastfeeding in neonatology service is poor producing a high number of discharged newborns are feeding with infant formula. We need to educate mothers of hospitalized newborns on extraction techniques, storage and the advantages of breastfeeding. Material and Methods: A study of educational intervention to improve the practice of breastfeeding, during the period February 1, 2014 to April 30, 2014 which was observational, descriptive and included all newborn who enters the NICU was performed at the Children Hospital of the State of Sonora (HIES), type of enteral feeding initiated and later at hospital discharge was recorded, an audiovisual workshop on breastfeeding and information leaflets for mothers of hospitalized patients was developed, emphasizing the advantages breastfeeding in the short and long term, as well as its storage and extraction techniques, information after we applied a test to assess the level of acquired knowledge. Results: A total of 9 audiovisual training workshops were held with a total of 84% attendance and passing grades of 92%, 115 patients admitted to the NICU during the period of study, after the educational intervention were included, feeding human milk increased to 48.5%, 13.6% with mixed feeding with infant formula 23.2% and 14.7% were fasted for secondary critical medical order, feeding patients at hospital discharge was 21.8% human milk, fasting physician 14.7%, 37.1% mixed feeding, infant formula 26.4%, with an increase of 203% human milk feeding compared with the survey conducted before the educational intervention of breastfeeding. Conclusion: The significant increase in human milk feeding in the neonatal care through educational intervention by health staff through workshops and audiovisual educational materials related to breastfeeding success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the incidence of social changes in the decision of women in Colombia to exclusively breastfeed or not their children. Materials and Methods: A sample of women from the National Demographic and Health Survey of 1995 and 2010 in Colombia was used. By means of a logistic regression the sociodemographic factors that influenced women likelihood to exclusively breastfeed were identified. Using the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method it was quantified that part of the difference between the proportions of breastfed children in those two years was due to social changes presented in the studied population between 1995 and 2010. Results: There was a significant increase in the exclusive breastfeeding in Colombia between 1995 and 2010. This increase occurred in conjunction with a series of changes in the characteristics of the mothers of these children and their homes. Conclusions: The impact of social changes on exclusive breastfeeding in Colombia is explained in a 93% by the different effects of the infant sociodemographic variables on this practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. Determine the characteristics of the levels of anemia in infants from two to five months of age treated in facilities of the Ministry of Health of Peru during 2012. Materials and methods. This cross-sectional study uses the nutritional status information system of the National Center for Food and Nutrition, National Institute of Health of Peru in 2012. Records of 7,513 infants from two to five months of age treated in small outpatient clinics, centers and hospitals of the Ministry of Health of Peru's 25 regions were analyzed. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression techniques were used for data analysis. Results. 10.2% (95% CI 9.5-10.9) of the infants had anemia, with frequency differences by month of age (p<0.001), altitude, (p<0.001) regions (p<0.001) and type of facility (p<0.001). In the multivariate analysis, factors associated with anemia were: age of 4 months (OR 1.2; 95% CI 1.0-1.5), age of 5 months (OR 1.4; 95% CI 1.2- 1.6), obesity (OR 0.7; 95% CI 0.5-1.0) and chronic malnutrition (OR 1.3; 95% CI 1.0-1.6). Conclusions. The presence of anemia and chronic malnutrition before 6 months of age was evidenced, as well as that the probability of anemia increases with age and is associated with some components of nutritional status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Malnutrition, in the early stages, is crucial to affectations on growth and development; it is considered, that lack of knowledge is the main trigger. Objective: To assess the impact of an educational intervention program toward changing knowledge, attitudes and practices about nutrition for children aged less than 10 years. Materials and Methods: Evaluation study, quantitative model, using the Precede-proceed metodology. The design was quasi-experimental, type pretest - posttest, without control group; it was developed with 18 mothers from La Colorada (Tunja, Boyacá); intervention used methodological approaches based on learning to doing, using elements of social communication, through theoretical and practical activities of community participation. Results: At the onset of the process, was found prevalence of chronic malnutrition was 33.3%, 22.2% had overall malnutrition; possible risk factors associated with malnutrition: mother's age since 21 to 25 years (p = .025); being single (p = .02); low intake of foods as vegetables (p = .029), milk or derivates (p = .001), fat (p = .006). The educational program favored positively and significant changes regarding nutrition knowledge (p <.01), attitudes (p = .001) and practices with increased consumption of protein (p = 0.014). Discussion: Current results allow us to infer that is required of prompt and productive interventions, based on pedagogical and methodological partnerships to overcoming seen limitations. Conclusions: Beneficial impact expressed in quantitative changes in knowledge, attitudes and practices that could result in some degree of acceptance of the program by participating mothers. Economic situation was seen as an issue that adversely affects the implementation of new and improved feeding practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of atopic diseases such as asthma, atopic dermatitis and food allergies has increased exponentially in recent decades. Although atopic diseases have a clear genetic basis, environmental factors such as the diet, seems to play an important role in its development. This article summarizes main studies exploring whether feeding practices of mothers and infants intervenes in the development of allergic diseases. The potential role of dietary practices of the mother and infants for the prevention and/or management of allergies in infants is discussed. The available evidence was analyzed for: 1) does mothers consumption of essential fatty acids, prebiotics and probiotics modulates the onset of allergic disorders?, 2) Does breastfeeding and artificial formula prevent/trigger the onset of allergy symptoms? 3) Does timing of introduction of solid feeding and the selection of certain common food allergens participate in achieving oral tolerance in infants? Accumulated evidence in recent years suggest that exposure to allergens early in life may promote immune tolerance and contribute to prevent infant food sensitization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A fetal environment or postnatal undernutrition, might become risk factors that increase susceptibility for chronic-degenerative diseases later in life. Fetal programming means that during prenatal period adverse environment might increase the susceptibility for metabolic changes later in life. Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of pre-and postnatal malnutrition in the presentation of obesity and components of metabolic syndrome (MS) later in life. Methods: A literature electronic search on PubMed and EBSCO was conducted. The following term was searched: “Undernutrition in early life and obesity", from studies published from November 1997 through January 2014. Seven studies were identified, and six more were included from other references. Results: We analyzed thirteen publications form six studies conducted in six countries from Asia, Africa, Europe and Latin America. Ten of the studies were retrospectives and the age ranged from 11 to 70 years old. In all studies an association of pre or postnatal undernutrition with components of MS later in life was observed. Conclusion: This review shows a consistent association between prenatal and postnatal undernutrition with one or more MS components later in life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Different publications have analyzed the possible correlation between breastfeeding length and a better cognitive development during school age. The present study evaluates the possible long term beneficial effects of breastfeeding during the first months of life on the cognitive development, as well as its possible role on the attention deficit and hyperactivity prevention. Currently this evaluation is of special interest considering the increasing number in western societies of childhood attention deficits, with or without, hyper - activity disorders. Material and methods: 103 children, during the first year of elementary education, 6 years of age (47 boys and 56 girls), were recruited in different schools of the Granada province, including urban, semi-urban and rural areas. The speed of cognitive processing and the ability to focus attention and reorient after an incident of distraction, using the five digits test (5-DGT), - variant of the Stroop interference test- were analyzed. Results: Data show a linear correlation between longer breastfeeding and better scores in the test. Particularly significant (P ≤ 0.001) are the reading and alternation tests for children who were breastfed for 6 months when compared with those that only received this nutrition during their first month of life. Conclusion: This study validates the initial hypothesis, showing faster resolution speed and less interference in the group of children breastfed, at least during the first 6 months of life. Further well designed studies are necessary for reinforced breastfeeding recommendation, at least during the first 6 months of life, for children underclinical suspicion of possible ADHD development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective. To evaluate the effect of exclusive breastfeeding in <6mo (EBF<6mo) on the relationship between food insecurity (FI) and nutritional status, in Mexican infants. Materials and methods. We analyzed the sample of 12-49y women and their children <2y from the national survey ENSANUT 2012 (n = 4 022). Breastfeeding indicators from WHO-2008 were calculated. We estimated the effect modifier EBF<6mo of the relationship between FI and weight length (Z W/L) and length for age (Z L/A) Z score. Results. The EBF<6mo was lower in households (hh) with moderate and severe FI than in those with food security (FS) or mild FI hh. Only EBF<6mo infants from hh with moderate and severe FI showed greater Z W/L (0.44) than those without EBF<6mo (p= 0.038, one-tailed). Score Z W/L of infants from hh FS did not vary according to EBF<6mo. Conclusion. EBF<6mo in Mexican infants is associated with better weight for length in households with moderate and severe FI. Breastfeeding promotion, protection and support must be targeted mainly at the most vulnerable, food insecure families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]