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Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Comportamentalia is the property of Instituto de Psicologia y Educacion de la Universidad Veracruzana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodistico is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main objective of this research is to analyze the myside bias in two argument evaluation tasks: one linked to the paradigm of formal reasoning and the other linked to the paradigm of informal reasoning. For this, we develop and apply a reasoning test that combines formal reasoning tasks with informal reasoning tasks. The test was administered virtually to a total of 138 participants. The results confirmed the two hypotheses of the study, namely, that motivational mechanisms prevail over logical ability in the tasks of evaluating arguments (both deductive and non-deductive) and that the myside bias is significantly accentuated in the task of informal reasoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a case study on the configuration of the duty of impartiality in the jurisprudential development of human rights courts and its influence on Peruvian domestic courts. In this line of reasoning, the way in which the distinction between subjective and objective impartiality --identified with the "theory of appearances"--has been constructed is analyzed and, later, the relationship between impartiality and cognitive bias is determined. This is done with the aim of criticizing the theory of appearances and proposing the formulation of a standard in which three dimensions of the guarantee of impartiality are distinguished: subjective, objective-functional and objective-cognitive. Finally, the distinction between external and internal judicial independence is addressed, and its difference with impartiality is determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Perspectives of neuroscience and its applications in organizations" presents the progress in the study of neuroscience and its application in different fields. It highlights that neuroscience generates valuable information about neural mechanisms and emotional responses, reward, memory, motivation, attention, and decision-making. Some of the fields in which neuroscience is applied are medicine, psychiatry and psychology, art and architecture, philosophy, sociology and politics, law and public safety, the military industry, economic sciences, education and pedagogy, and technology. Neuroscience also contributes to organizations in the management of human talent and the diagnosis and treatment of burnout syndrome. The article discusses the application of neuroscience in different areas of organizational management, such as leadership, business decision-making, well-being and happiness at work, persuasion and motivation, and team performance. It also mentions the use of neuroscience in neuromarketing, where the goal is to understand consumer processes and generate marketing strategies based on emotional responses and minimization of cognitive biases. Various areas of marketing development in which neuroscience is applied are mentioned, such as health and brand perception, the shopping experience, product design, communication, customer service, among others. In addition, a historical overview of advances in neuroscience and marketing from the 19th century to the present is presented. The article discusses the importance of branding and loyalty, as well as the use of non-verbal responses in neuromarketing. Advances in neuroimaging and the distinction between the associative system and the rational system of thought are also addressed. Ethical concerns related to the use of technology in neuromarketing are mentioned. Various measurement techniques in neuroscience, both invasive and non-invasive, are mentioned. The importance of neuroethics in the use of neuroscience in the business field is highlighted. Finally, future challenges and development possibilities in the field of neuromarketing are mentioned. The text invites users and developers to think about scientific and technological progress for the well-being of societies and proposes following ethical guidelines. The manifesto of Engineering for Life is shared, which recognizes the limitations of knowledge generation and promotes personal metacognition. Congratulations are given to the researchers who have contributed to knowledge in the DYNA Journal over the past 90 years. The document "A., Detection of deception: polygraph vs verbal and non-verbal analysis" is an article from the Journal of Criminology that discusses deception detection techniques. Specific information about the content of the article is not provided, so an accurate summary cannot be made. The article presents a compilation of different studies and perspectives on neuromarketing. Several articles and academic journals addressing topics such as consumer decision-making, ethics in artificial intelligence, and data fusion in neuromarketing are mentioned. Research on emerging trends in neuromarketing and the potential impact of neurotechnologies on society is also mentioned. The authors of the article are professors and researchers from the National University of Colombia, with experience in business administration and economic sciences. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of IDP: Revista de Internet, Derecho y Politica is the property of Universitat Oberta de Catalunya and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Psychology (UNLP) / Revista de Psicología (UNLP) is the property of Facultad de Psicologia Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista UNISCI is the property of Unidad de Investigaciones Sobre Seguridad y Cooperacion International (UNISCI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The phenomenon of biological adaptation is present in the science curriculum at different educational levels, being critically analyzed by didactic researchers. This article introduces a systematic review of 15 articles about a set of key ideas related to the teaching of the phenomenon in question, aimed to determine aspects involved in the epistemological obstacles reported in the literature; identifying some teleological implications related to the construction of explanations about the phenomenon of adaptation, based on three categories called: representational analysis, cognitive biases and didactic approach. It has been determined that the epistemological obstacles reported in the literature regarding the phenomenon of biological adaptation are strongly linked to teleology. To address this situation, the field of biology education proposes designing and implementing teaching proposals that provide evidence against inadequate teleological assumptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos, Revista de Ciencias Administrativas y Económicas is the property of Universidad Politecnica Salesiana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Social representations around the historical facts of the armed conflict are marked by a cognitive and mnemic bias, accompanied by forgetfulness and silences, and by processes of attribution of responsibility in which the guerrillas, especially the FARC-EP, are assumed as the main responsible and absolute enemy. This makes the responsibility of the other stakeholders (paramilitaries, security forces, and the State) invisible, by generating a convenient and induced oblivion, which is functional to the interests of certain social sectors that hold political, economic, and media power, which promote impunity and contribute to the maintenance of political violence in order to maintain their power. These hegemonic memory processes constitute a psychosocial barrier to the construction of peace, democracy, and reconciliation in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the design of the public policy of the Administration of Justice 2017-2027 in Colombia, specifically, in its components of public information and ICT. For which, the theoretical foundations of two disciplines that have gained relevance for research are used for impact and better understand the behavior of citizens: public policies and behavioral economics. The first provides support and structure to the analysis, while the second allows for a focus on the cognitive biases that humans exhibit when making decisions, which is extremely useful for any policymaker and executor. The methodology used will be of a qualitative type with a historical-hermeneutical character. Finally, the need to rethink aspects of the digital component of the aforementioned public policy will be evidenced so that, from its design, it is more effective and closer to the citizen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to highlight the potential role of the constitutional court as a multidisciplinary forum where different parts of the legal system are brought together on the basis of common principles enshrined in the Constitution. The court is in a good institutional position to acquire a systematic view of the legal order as a whole. This feature is of particular relevance in civil law countries, whose judiciaries tend to exhibit a high degree of specialization. The interdisciplinary conversation that may develop within the constitutional court is a form of Socratic dialogue that helps overcome cognitive biases caused by excessive specialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Iberoamericana de Evaluación Educativa is the property of Red Iberoamericana de Investigacion sobre Cambio y Eficacia Escolar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatria is the property of Asociacion Colombiana de Psiquiatria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Via Inveniendi et Iudicandi is the property of Universidad Santo Tomas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of EU-topías: A Journal on Interculturality, Communication & European Studies is the property of Universite de Geneve, Global Studies Intitute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El articulo discute sobre el aumento de los ciberataques y su impacto económico y la falta de conciencia y preparación adecuada de las organizaciones. El articulo también se destaca la preparación adecuada por parte de las organizaciones y la alta dirección, la percepción de los riesgos cibernéticos y la adopción de mejores prácticas en las organizaciones.

The objective of this work is to investigate attentional bias as an automatic cognitive process and its implications in substance use disorders. Cognitive processes are fundamental in the formulation of the different explanatory models about psychopathology. Of the various cognitive processes, attention is a significant determinant, because although it fulfils various activities such as orientation and wakefulness, it is cognitive control that arouses relevant interest for it. This is due to the fact that it fulfills a task of linking between signal uptake and the achievement of other cognitive processes that intervene in the behavioral response mechanism. When a cognitive process like attention is markedly altered it will trigger impaired sequential cognitive functioning, along with the emission of disturbing behavior. Psychology considers that cognitive processes operate consciously (voluntarily) and automatically (implicitly); that is, in a dual way in which these processes such as attention maintain a continuum of coordinated gradual variations that regulate behavior. Failure to consider automatic cognitive processes is a notorious limitation for current explanatory models of psychopathological behavior (including compulsive substance use); given that many of these underlying cognitive processes are often not considered to influence higher mental processes and therefore behavior, without the individual necessarily being aware of this. In fact, this can help to understand pathological behaviors that for the investigator or the professional of psychology can be incomprehensible or paradoxical. Among the various underlying and altered processes, the attentional bias towards critical signals associated with substances has investigative relevance. Since it is a dysfunctional mechanism of selective attention, which operates frequently at an automatic level and in which the allocation and focus of attention are disproportionate in time, between a specific stimulus (image or word related to a drug) versus a neutral stimulus. And it attracts a person's focus of attention to the critical stimulus, from which it later becomes difficult to decouple. This later facilitates other altered cognitive processes subsequent to consumption. The generation of an attentional bias towards a specific signal has its origin in the association between the signal and the behavior, which can be avoidant (recurrent in phobias) or attractive (frequent in substance or food consumption) and that is conditioned until becoming an automatic process of difficult voluntary control. Although it is true that attention bias may be present in all individuals, the evidence reveals the marked and recurrent presence in various pathologies such as mood disorders (depressive), anxiety, food intake, phobias, of personality among others. And also included in substance use disorders. The findings show that attention bias has an impact on substance use, course, the severity of the disorder, craving, withdrawal, relapse, and the probability of treatment failure. Working with an attentional bias for specific signals on substances can generate difficulty, in the case of evaluation because it is assessed through software that usually measures the eye-hand reaction time or eye movement when faced with neutral and critical signals, which can be a limitation for the usual clinic; while at the intervention level, it is required to formulate bias retraining processes that require continuous exercise as a complementary technique to the usual cognitive-behavioral treatment. It is considered necessary to explore this line of research and its relationship with substance use disorders within the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Covid-19 pandemic, in order to reduce infections and consequences, various public policies are implemented, including messages to develop desirable prevention behaviors. Behavioral economics theory points out the importance of considering people's cognitive biases that distance them from rational decisions and have a negative impact on the implementation of suitable behaviors. The present research work carried out a qualitative content analysis in messages to combat the spread of the COVID-19 disease, which the Government of Mexico transmitted through the internet. Infographics and official videos were analyzed to identify if the contributions of behavioral economics were considered. The analysis made it possible to identify the biases that were most present and the behavioral tools that sought to mitigate them, but still in a limited way. The benefits of considering this theoretical approach when designing and evaluating these messages are recognized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudos em Comunicação is the property of Labcom / Universidade da Beira Interior and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Paradigma is the property of Universidad Pedagogica Experimental Libertador and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article aims to highlight how cognitive biases influence the perception and interpretation of fallacies in argumentative processes on the assumption that, if biases can be detected and there is conscious training, it is feasible to correct these situations in the interpretation. This article intends to answer the question: How do biases affect the interpretation of fallacies in students? The results from a test inserted in an academic project during four semesters are discussed and compared among group of students enrolled in different degrees at Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad Morelia, from the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Additionally, these results are compared with the results obtained for the same test by a group of lawyers, all active in their professional field, with the intention of recognizing shared traits with a population that is not associated on a daily basis with the university academic context. The results show that for the interlocutor to detect fallacies in argumentative writing, it is necessary to make biases visible, otherwise, fallacies would be left unnoticed. Additional research seems to be necessary at different levels to further contribute to the interpretation of argumentative texts from its constituting elements such as biases, heuristics, argumentative strategies and fallacies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Latin American Law Review is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Myside bias has been characterized as the tendency for people to produce and evaluate arguments in a manner biased towards their ideology. The main objective of this paper is to analyze myside bias in an argument evaluation task. We constructed a test composed of two parts: a Likert-style questionnaire about personal attitudes and an argument evaluation task. Two controversial topics were employed for constructing this reasoning test namely, legalizing abortion and lowering the minimum age of criminal responsibility. Participants (N=247) were recruited from a secondary school and two universities in Córdoba, Argentina. We found a significant correlation between opinions regarding legalizing abortion and the assessment of arguments about abortion. However, we found a weak correlation between the Likert-score obtained regarding the age of criminal responsibility and the argument evaluation task towards that topic. Besides, we analyze the relation among myside bias and two variables of interest: educational level and formal instruction in logic. Regarding educational level, we haven't found a significant difference between the results obtained by secondary students participants and by university students participants. Regarding formal instruction in logic, we found that myside bias diminishes among participants with more training in logic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: For governments to promote public health effectively in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, they must encourage measures and restrictions on the behaviour of their citizens without falling into a police state. Behavioural science provides a number of explanations, such as cognitive bias, that can serve as a starting point for understanding non-compliance with health measures. Methodology: To do so, a review of cognitive biases that disrupt the decision-making process is carried out, including loss aversion, carry-over effect, optimistic self-perception or availability. Likewise, some measures such as the design of communications or nudge tools to face them are presented. Results: Despite the attempts to raise awareness through informative and educational campaigns, it is possible to include other tools that respond to the problems of attention or decision making of the population, based on the simplification, framing and adaptation of the contents of the messages to the target audience, as well as the inclusion of elements that facilitate the adoption of new habits. The progressive return to habits that require social contact means that public agents are reinventing themselves in the process of promoting new lifestyles, including hand disinfection, the use of masks or interpersonal distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Education & Law Review / Revista de Educación y Derecho is the property of Revista de Educacion y Derecho and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Studies on the influence of heuristic pathways and cognitive biases in the development of public functions, specifically in the development of fiscal control and surveillance are underdeveloped in Colombia. Consequently, the objective of this article is to carry out a descriptive analysis on the main findings that mark the study on the architecture of human decisions, demarcating them within the framework of fiscal control. For this objective, special emphasis will be placed on settling the structure of fiscal control and surveillance and some results. This analysis will detect the invisible effects of some heuristic paths and biases on the decision-making process in development of fiscal control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Palermo Business Review is the property of Universidad de Palermo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Historia y Comunicación Social is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A concept that has gained attention in the last years is the existance of cognitive biases and their influence in decision making and behaviour of human beings. Teams in the operating room are formed by different medical specialities with varied levels of experience, everyone has a role and every one can make decisions that have an impact in the patient. This decision making process might be based in previous experience, clinical reasoning, and context; the need to make a rapid diagnosis and treatment in some situations makes the anesthesiologist especially vulnerable to cognitive bias. We present different types of cognitive bias that might be present in the operating room for example the attention bias in which a relevant stimulus like the airway management could make the hemodynamic aspect go unnoticed. The goal of this paper is to aware anesthesiologists in particular about this cognitive biases, their presence in the decision making process in the operating room and to share a couple of ways to prevent them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista UNISCI is the property of Unidad de Investigaciones Sobre Seguridad y Cooperacion International (UNISCI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This essay analyzes three elections that had unexpected results: the exit of the United Kingdom from the European Union, the rejection of the peace agreement in Colombia and the election of Trump as president of the United States. It emphasizes three aspects: the predictions were made in a situation of uncertainty based on rules or conventions, the campaigns involved strong emotional elements and the results were affected by cultural factors (identity and religious) and not only economic ones. Standard economics omits such factors although it should take them into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of URVIO - Revista Latinoamericana de Seguridad Ciudadana is the property of FLACSO - Ecuador (Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ciencia y Sociedad is the property of Ciencia y Sociedad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since 1994 batterer intervention programs are implemented in Spain in cases of intimate partner violence against women, initially of a puntual mode and increasingly in a widespread form. The aim of this paper is to analyze the effects that the intervention programs implemented in Spain with batterers in cases of intimate partner violence have on cognitive distortions, measured by the Inventory of Distorted Thoughts on Women and Violence (IPDMV). A systematic review of the scientific literature identified a total of 182 records, corresponding to studies realized in Spain and published between 1994 and January 2014. Of these, 7 records, reporting from 10 interventions, were included in the meta-analytic study. The results show that these programs get results inconclusive, and even contradictory in their effects on cognitive distortions. These results as well as its scope and limitations are discussed, particularly in relation to the measuring instrument applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Aposta is the property of Aposta and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

According to the somatic marker hypothesis, decision-making is adaptive when emotional processes are integrated into cognitive activity. The primacy of the affective system over cognitive control in young people is related to decision making based on instant gratification, regardless of eventual future harmful consequences. Binge alcohol consumption --very common in young people-- is associated with an increased maladaptive decision making. The aim of this study was to evaluate decision making in young people of both sexes who are moderate and binge alcohol consumers, according to the type of emotional induction to which they have been exposed. Using a cross-over design, decision making was assessed in 79 participants aged 18 to 29, before and after the positive or negative emotional induction. The Iowa Gambling Task and the Cognitive Bias Task were administered in order to evaluate decision making. Emotions were induced using film clips. Heart rate was also recorded during the procedure. As a result, women negatively induced and men positively induced achieved a worse performance on the Iowa Gambling Task. Heart rate decreased compared to baseline during the experimental sessions. Binge drinkers had a worse performance compared to a moderate performance in the Cognitive Bias Task. It is concluded that emotional experience and the type of alcohol consumption influence decision making in university students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some authors sustain that historical research is an effect of a specific historiographical context (Jenkins, 1991; González de Oleaga, 2009). An approach to the historiographical debate between constructivism and recontructivism is presented in this paper. Two theses are here defended. The first one affirms that the above mentioned debate is deeply related to epistemological questions (study of mental representations, different conceptions about historical reasoning functions, historical reasoning, cognitive bias, and informal falacies). The second thesis affirms that each historiographical conception can be understood as the effect of assuming a specific perspective about these epistemic questions. As an evidence of this, some connections between historiography and epistemology will be analysed through the analogy between the reconstructivism vs. constructivism debate, and the epistemological debate detectivism vs. constitutivism (Finkelstein, 2003). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The attributional style along with the self-esteem (that plays a central role in the development and maintenance of the pathological state) is a very important mediating element in the delusion, so we find the necessity to realise basic studies of these processes. In the field of psychology, and mainly in the personality area, the atributional style has a great relevance, when understanding the causal attributions like mechanisms of facing that guide the conduct of the subject. In this way, we see the importance that supposes the study of the dysfunctional attribution to be able to replace it on the other adaptive, mainly in the pathologies where delusions beliefs exist. In the present investigation the influence has been analyzed that carries out the variable attributional style and the self-esteem in the delusional ideas (defined by the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [DSM-IV] as «false belief based on the realization of incorrect inferences about external reality, beliefs that are held firmly believe despite of almost everyone else, and despite of constitutes an obvious proof or evidence otherwise indisputable») in a sample of delusional patients in comparison with a group control. Most of the research, focus on the dimension of «Internal» in this study (following previous research), is to examine attributional biases in the reasoning of delirious patients. Therefore, the departure hypotheses are the following: a) the delusional patients, more than the normal subjects, will realise in their social reasoning more external attributions for the negative events that stop the positives; b) the delusional patients, like the control group, tend to realise global and excessively stable attributions, as much for positive events as for negative events; and c) the delusional patients in comparison with the control group will indicate a high self-esteem. Patients and methods To carry out this research both self-esteem and attributional style have been tested in a sample of 20 delusional in-patients (85% are men and 15% women of average age of 36.20 years) entered the unit of Rehabilitation of a Psychiatric Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (Spain) and have been compared to 40 normal control subject in age and sex with the experimental group that do not own psychiatric history, no upheaval that requires treatment. The criteria of inclusion have been the following: a) all of the patients were entered the unit of Rehabilitation, b) the patients had delusional ideas at the moment of the tests, c) their diagnosis fulfilled the criteria according to DSM-IV for paranoid schizophrenia (16 patients) and delusions upheaval (paranoid) (4 patients), d) the ages of the patients had to be included between 20 and 50 years, e) none of the patients had a history of drug use, f) patient did not show evidence of organic brain disorders, g) all of them had a score in items 1 (delusion), 5 (magnitude), and 6 (mistrust/damage) in the positive scale of PANSS (PANSS-P) of more than 3, and h) all the patients had more than 5 years of disease. One is comparative, observational, and cross-sectional and homodemic a study according to the propose classification by Feinstein and with a design of cases and controls. The instruments applied in the study were: a) Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (EA), is an instrument for assessing the patient's global self-esteem; b) Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ), which is a self-administered questionnaire consisting of twelve situations, six positive (success) and six negative (failure), against which the subject must indicate the causes they attribute its occurrence; and c) Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS), suitable for evaluation of positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Of the thirty items included in the PANSS, seven are positive scale (PANSS-P), seven the negative scale (PANSS-N), and the sixteen remaining general psychopathology scale (PANSS-PG). All the instruments used for the study, count on their corresponding data of reliability and validity. In this investigation a descriptive analysis of the object of study has been carried out variable, which provided us the frequency allocation, percentage, averages, medians and standard deviations for each of them. Results The results of this investigation show that the delusional patients realised more external attributions for the negative events that the group normal control, and more internal for the positives. The delusional patients realised a causal attribution in stability and globality for the negative events similar to the one of the normal ones. Nevertheless, before positive events have been significant differences between both groups in relation to the stability, not thus for the globality. Also the delusional patients, like the group normal control, indicated a high self-esteem. In the statistic analysis has not been significant differences in self-esteem between the delusional group and the group control that the hypothesis supports that the delusional ones have a high selfesteem with respect to the normal ones. Conclusion The hypothesis raised by Bentall has not been able to state in this investigation, since when analyzing the variable self-esteem we observed that their scores are similar to the group control of normal. According to the atribucional style, one concludes that the delusional subjects tend to blame their failures and errors to the other people or other circumstances. On the other hand, when they are successful in some situation, they consider that it must to them themselves, attributing the favourable events to internal level. The conclusions of the analysis of the globality dimension, which determines the temporary generalization of the expectation, do not fulfil the hypothesis in which it affirmed that the delusional subjects, like the normal ones, excessively realised global attributions as much for positive fads as for negative, but do not indicate an exaggerated slant towards the excessive globality. The hypothesis raised by Bentall that the delusion reflect a defensive atribucional style, which protects the individual against feelings of low self-esteem, has not been possible to state in this investigation, since when analyzing the variable self-esteem we observed that significant differences in the delusional patients do not exist, since their scores are similar to the group control, showing a both high self-esteem. By all this, it is possible to be concluded that it enters the delusional patients and the group control only exists significant differences taking care of the atribucional style of each group. However, such studies contribute along with other made in the understanding of these disorders and consequently to the development of effective psychological program with the aim of improving the symptoms of these patients and even in other pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: The present study assesses the role of attributions and self-esteem in depressive states. In depression, attributions can become central biased coping mechanisms that guide individual behavior. METHODS: Self-esteem and attribution bias was assessed in 40 depressed and 80 normal controls. RESULTS: Results of this investigation show that depressed patients made more internal attributions to negative events, and more external attributions for positive events than their normal counterparts, confirming an exaggerated attributional bias. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that depressed patients tend to blame themselves for their mistakes. Depressed patients made more stable and global attributions for negative events than for positive events, as opposed to what happens with the normal controls, making us believe that this bias will be maintained in time, and will eventually generalize to other life areas. This kind of study seems useful to develop efficient treatment programs and evaluation tools of depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo analiza la ira incontrolada, uno de los pecados capitales y se describe como un antagonismo agresivo hacia alguien y los desafíos que enfrentan los empresarios y gerentes para controlar los sesgos cognitivos. El artículo también analiza el control de las emociones, la expansión de la conciencia, el misticismo judío y la redirección de la ira hacia conductas y prácticas virtuosas.

The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969 (CV) represents one of its most complex sections from the legal interpretation standpoint. The question this Note seeks to answer is the following one: why do States ultimately behave as they do when formulating reservations and accepting or objecting (to) them? In trying to answer this question, we suggest that the International Law Commission (ILC) may be benefitted from behavioral economics approaches, thereby reducing the negative impacts that the current legal reservations regime represents vis-à-vis public international law. This review Note is the result of an ongoing research project on contemporary international law and puts forth a working hypothesis by which we state that the current reservations legal regime is both complex and weak, and therefore, that the ILC could take into account some findings of behavioral economics for the purpose of harmonizing legal interpretations dealing with reservations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]