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Objective. To estimate the prevalence of non-fatal road traffic injuries (RTIs), their characteristics, trend and consequences in the Mexican population. Materials and methods. A descriptive study using data from the National Health and Nutrition Survey (Ensanut Continua 2021-2023), designed with probabilistic, multistage, and stratified sampling. The prevalence of RTIs by sex, age group, region, residence area, well-being index, and type of road user was estimated, as the proportion of use of protective measures and health consequences. Results. The prevalence of non-fatal RTIs was 1.31% (95%CI: 1.1,1.5), approximately 1.6 million individuals, of whom more than 90% required medical attention and 28.4% reported a permanent health consequence. They were more frequent in urban areas and the regions of Estado de México and Peninsula (79.1, 15.1, and 14.1%, respectively), in males (71.1%), and in motorcycle users. Conclusions. The increase in the prevalence of nonfatal RTIs and the persistence of risky road safety behaviors underline the urgency of strengthening public policies and their implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales is the property of Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Didasc@lia: Didáctica y Educación is the property of Universitaria de Las Tunas, Centro de Estudios de Didactica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Ingenieria, Matematicas y Ciencias de la Informacion is the property of Corporacion Universitaria Republicana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of ESPOCH Congresses: The Ecuadorian Journal of S.T.E.A.M. is the property of Knowledge E DMCC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista CIENCIA UNEMI is the property of Universidad Estatal de Milagro (UNEMI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The temporal and spatial variation of traffic in the urban area of the District of Santiago de Cali and its relationship with the concentration of particulate matter in the city for the first half of 2020 were analyzed in this research. Traffic data shared by the Secretariat of Mobility of Cali and PM2.5 and PM10 concentration data measured by the local environmental protection agency, DAGMA, were used. The vehicle flow data was evaluated, especially for motorcycles and automobiles. The hourly behavior of all variables was analyzed. Since the study period includes the lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the analysis of traffic and pollutant variables was carried out for three subperiods called: pre-lockdown, lockdown, and post-lockdown. PM reductions of up to 69% were observed during the lockdown period compared to the pre-lockdown period. One in the center and the other in the south of the city were found to show the highest traffic and the highest PM concentrations. The high vehicle volumes in these points respond to the characteristics of high supply and agglomeration of certain services, which increase the number of trips to these areas. Finally, the spatial variability of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations was analyzed, confirming the relationship between the high concentrations of these pollutants and the roads with high vehicular traffic in the city. Results confirm that mobile sources are one of the main sources affecting air quality in Cali. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To identify the temporal trend in mortality and years of life lost to death or disability (DALY) due to motorcycle accidents in males from Latin America and the Caribbean from 2010 to 2019, using estimates produced by the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. Method. In this ecological study, the time series was analyzed using a piecewise linear regression model (joinpoint) to estimate and test the annual percent change and the average annual percent change with a 95% confidence interval. Results. The super-region defined by GBD 2019 as Latin America and the Caribbean ranked first globally in mortality and DALY for male motorcyclists aged 15-49 in 2019. Rates increased significantly from 2010 to 2013, with a significant reduction in both after this period. During the analyzed decade, the Tropical Latin America sub-region (Brazil and Paraguay) had the highest mortality and DALY rates in the population of interest; nevertheless, this was the only sub-region achieving a significant reduction in these rates. The Caribbean sub-region (Bermuda, Dominica, Suriname, Guyana, Belize, Bahamas, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Saint Kitts and Nevis, U.S. Virgin Islands, Grenada, Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Antigua and Barbuda, Cuba e Jamaica) showed a significant increase in both rates over the same period, while Andean Latin America (Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru) and Central Latin America (Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Honduras, and Venezuela) remained stable. Conclusions. The data underscore the importance of developing surveillance actions aimed at preventing motorcycle accidents, since the observed declining rates are still insufficient to address the morbidity and mortality associated with road accidents as a public health problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To evaluate the association between social inequalities and deaths from traffic injuries in Colombia in 2019. Methods. This ecological study evaluated the association between social inequalities and deaths from traffic injuries among users of the road transport system in Colombia in 2019, based on secondary information sources, using the department level as the administrative and geographic unit of study. A descriptive statistical analysis of health indicators and equity stratifiers was performed. Absolute and relative measures were used to determine social inequality gaps. Results. In 2019, 6 580 people died from road traffic injuries in Colombia. The majority of them (82%) were men. The most critical user condition was being a motorcyclist. The age group with the most victims was approximately 30 years old. Departments with populations between 500 000 and 2 000 000 were the most represented. The most critical equity stratifier was the number of registered motorcycles per 100 000 population. Significant inequality gaps between departments were observed. Conclusions. Inequalities in deaths from road traffic injuries in Colombia were observed. Policies and actions should focus on helping to reduce identified inequities, resulting in better quality of life, well-being, and health for the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Those requiring emergency health care cannot wait. Ambulances must arrive at the scene as quickly as possible. Ambulances are usually assigned to bases distributed throughout the city to minimize arrival time to the event. However, the spatial distribution of events changes during the day according to people's rhythm and city use. This paper evaluates, through location-allocation modelling, the Spatio-temporal performance of SAMUR-PC, the Emergency Medical Service of Madrid (Spain), in two different scenarios, before the COVID-19 pandemic and during the first months of the new normality period. The results show that the system responded relatively well to the change in event patterns due to the pandemic. However, some interventions would have been necessary to guarantee the same service as before the epidemiological crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Characterize the compaction induced during the harvest Saccharum spp. with self-turning wagons, in terms of mechanical resistance to penetration and wet bulk density considering their spatial variability. Material and methods. In two sugarcane cultivation lots, located in the department of Valle del Cauca, Colombia, changes in the physical variables of the soil caused by different intensities of machinery traffic during the mechanized harvest were monitored; the variables of interest were subjected to statistical and geostatistical analysis. Results. The initial wet bulk density influenced the compaction of the soils subject to study, while, when its magnitude was greater (1.67 Mg/m3), the susceptibility to compaction was lower, Ending a mechanical resistance to maximum average penetration of 1.83 MPa; compared to what happened when its magnitude was lower (1.56 Mg/m3), compaction was greater, Ending a maximum mechanical resistance to penetration of 2.46 MPa. Conclusion. Traffic intensities equal to or greater than 612.12 Mg.km/ha favored compaction at surface levels (<30 cm deep), bringing the values of soil density and mechanical resistance to penetration to critical values. The horizontal propagation of compaction increased (18.77 m) with lower wet bulk density values (1.56 m3) and reversed in the opposite case (4.55 m with 1.67 M-m3). A mathematical model was provided that explained 50% of the variability of the induced compaction phenomenon with 95% confidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: environmental pollution in urban areas is mainly due to greenhouse gas emissions from the burning of fuel in the vehicle fleet, which increases in situations of vehicle congestion, which, in addition to being a source of noise pollution, affects the physical and mental health of citizens. Objective: to determine the perception of independent urban transport consultant experts on the causes of vehicle congestion and its relationship with environmental pollution and health. Materials and methods: an observational and descriptive study in the city of metropolitan Lima, through the identification of critical points of vehicular congestion and through structured interviews with independent consultants, on the causes of traffic, environmental pollution and health. Results: the main traffic generators observed were constructions, closed streets, ambulatory commerce, informal stops, unauthorized parking, and accidents. While the causes of congestion, identified by the consultants, were based on poor management and road planning, lack of road safety education for drivers and pedestrians, informal stops, and obsolete vehicles. Conclusions: the capital city still suffers from high levels of traffic congestion, which affects the health and economy of Peruvians. From the analysis based on the opinions of experts, it is recommended that strategies and policies be directed towards solutions that include institutional reforms that favor improvements in efficiency and effectiveness in the management of urban transportation, facilitate the renewal of the vehicle fleet and implement awareness campaigns to create a citizen culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the research was to analyze a high-level programming model for low-resource microcontrollers, which are those programming languages where several instructions are replaced by a sentence, these languages are fundamental since it generates code in a simple and easy way To understand programmers, in this way code is written that is valid for various machines and operating systems. It allows to use programming paradigms, and all this can be inserted into microcontrollers. Microcontrollers are programmable printed circuits nested in many objects in our daily lives. Due to their limited resources, they are often programmed in languages such as C or assembly language. Although these do not offer the same abstractions and the same guarantees as high-level languages because they are low-resource microcontrollers considered low-end. Next, this article proposes a set of solutions aimed at enriching the programming of microcontrollers with programming paradigms. The scientific method bibliographic review was used, allowing the investigation to be carried out. The results showed that these solutions bring a gradual increase in abstraction, in particular, making it possible to produce programs independent of the equipment used, which makes it possible to take advantage of the many advantages of the language while maintaining a small memory footprint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Caldasia is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Traumatic brain injury is a leading worldwide cause of death and disability in young people. Severity classification is based on Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). However, the presence of Neurological Worsening in the Acute Setting is not always according to the initial severity, suggesting an underestimation of real magnitude of the injury. Objective: To study the correlation between the initial severity given by the GCS and the patient outcome, in the context of different clinical and tomographic variables. Materiales y methods: A retrospective cohort was conducted for patients with closed traumatic brain injury (n=490) in two tertiary centres in Barranquilla whom required a stay in the intensive care unit. Risk estimate was established by calculating the OR (95% CI). α = 0.05 is used as a significance level. Results: 41,0% of all patients required orotracheal intubation, being 51,2% initially classified as moderate, and 6,0% as mild traumas. Delay in time for aggressive management mainly affect moderate group, in whom the lethality increased to 100% when time to detection of neurological worsening and, therefore, to treat aggressively was delayed beyond 4 to 8 hours. Also, this group of patients showed lethality <20,0% when treated aggressively within the first hour. Conclusions: Risk of lethality in traumatic brain injury increases with the delayed detection of neurological worsening in the acute setting, especially when aggressive management is performed after the first hour postrauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista En-Contexto is the property of Tecnologico de Antioquia, Institucion Universitari and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Direito da Cidade is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective. Propose a pedestrian crosswalk safety rating (PCSR) for primary roads in Mexico City in order to rate crosswalk safety at intersections with a traffic light and then compare the PCSR with traffic accidents so as to empirically determine any association between the quality of the crosswalk and the traffic accident rate. Methods. Identify criteria for the rating system through a state-of-the art review; weight the criteria to create a rating system through multicriterion analysis; design a stratified random sample of crosswalks (n = 490); and evaluate the data set. Results. Through the PCSR, 91.3% of the crosswalks evaluated in Mexico City were found not to offer the conditions required to protect pedestrian safety; the "access" macro-criterion received the worst scores. The modelling shows that mixed land use and the length of the crosswalk are the most important variables in predicting traffic accidents. Conclusions. The analysis was relatively successful in showing the relationship between some variables (criteria) of the PCSR and traffic accidents. In many cases, this shows theoretical coherence; in others, research questions are raised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Salud Uninorte is the property of Fundacion Universidad del Norte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Traffic accidents are a complex phenomenon resulting from a combination of environmental, vehicular and human factors, which have become one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Inattention is one of the main factors contributing to traffic accidents. The aim was to analyze the relationships between attention and the error proneness while driving. Posner's model states three attentional networks quantified by reaction time measures: orienting, alerting, and executive control (Posner, 1994; Fan et al., 2002). Orienting is responsible for the information selection. Alerting facilitates achieving and sustaining an alert state. Executive attention controls interference and solves conflicts between possible responses. Driver inattention was conceptualized from a perspective of individual differences as a "tendency or personal propensity of drivers to experience attentional lapses" (Ledesma et al., 2010, 2015). This tendency can be expressed at different levels of driving behavior: operational level, maneuvering, and strategic level (Michon, 1985). The sample consisted of 70 drivers from Buenos Aires (Argentina), both genders (57% female; Mage= 29.29; sd= 9.258; M experience years = 9.83; sd= 8.861), inclusion criteria: driver's license, regular driving during the last two months (at least once a week), normal vision, and at least one year of driving experience. Factorial design 2 (low- high for each of the attentional networks) x 2 (gender). Measures: ARDES-ERIC (Ledesma et al., 2010): a 19-items self-report instrument to evaluate individual differences in the propensity to commit attentional failures while driving and can be classified according to the driving task level at which they occur (navigation, maneuvering, or control) (Alpha: .88; navigation Alpha: .744, maneuvering Alpha: .727, and control Alpha: .770), Attention Network Test (Fan et al., 2002) to measure three attentional networks: alerting (Alpha: .52), orienting (Alpha: .61), and executive attention (Alpha: .77) and RT attention (Alpha: .87) and a sociodemographic questionnaire that includes question about driver behavior (e.g. frequency and experience). Results show that no relationship was detected between ARDES and age but there are significant correlation between ARDES and driving task level with Global Reaction Time (Global RT). ANOVA results show a significant interaction between Global Reaction Times and expertise on driving errors [F(1,64)= 7.746; p < .01; η²= .108]. Experts drivers with low RT (lower processing speed) have a higher propensity to commit attentional failures while driving (Mlow rt= 35.58; sd= 13.08; Mhigh rt= 26.95; sd= 5.21). There are no interactions between Global RT, sociodemographics variables (age, gender), and driving frequency on propensity to commit errors. Global rt correlates significantly with total score driving errors (r= .373, p < .01). Executive Attention has a significant effect on total driving errors [F(1,66)= 3.760; p= .05; η²=.054], and only on the Control Dimension [F(1,66)= 7.889; p < .01; η²=.124]. There are no effects of Alerting and Orienting on total driving errors neither on each dimension of driving. A linear regression model involving the Orientation network and Global rt explained the 20% of the total variance of the error proneness while driving (R2 adjusted= .203). A higher level of Orienting attention is related to a lower propensity to commit errors (ß= -.332; p < .01), and a lower processing speed (higher Global RT) explained higher driving errors (ß = .242; p < .05). Results are consistent with previous studies (López-Ramón et al., 2011) and provide new evidence about the role of executive control on specific dimensions of driving. In addition, the findings provide new evidence on the role of reaction times and attentional networks, in interaction with sociodemographic variables and expertise on the propensity to commit errors while driving. Limitations and theoretical-practical implications will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to present an analysis of the use and integration of technological tools that help decision making in situations of vehicular congestion. The city of Quito-Ecuador is considered as a case study for the done work. The research is presented according to the development of an application, using Big Data tools (Apache Flume, Apache Hadoop, Apache Pig), favoring the processing of a lot of information that is required to collect, store and process. One of the innovative aspects of the application is the use of Twitter social network as source of origin. For this, it used its application programming interface (API), which allows to take data from this social network and identify probable points of congestion. This study presents results of tests carried out with the application, in a period of 9 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes the epidemiological characteristics of road accident victims attended by the Brazilian Mobile Emergency Service (SAMU-192) and located in the areas of highest accident density in the municipality of Olinda, (Pernambuco, Brazil). Kernel density estimation was used to detect spatial agglomerations of accidents. In 2015, 724 accidents occurred; of these, 73.48% of the victims were males aged 2039 years. There was a predominance of accidents involving motorcycles (54.97%). Accident clusters were detected in the main traffic corridors, with run-over accidents located near bus terminals. Spatial analysis proved to be a relevant instrument for the identification of accident clusters and the application of effective prevention and traffic safety improvement measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archivos de Criminología, Criminalística y Seguridad Privada is the property of Sociedad Mexicana de Criminologia Capitulo Nuevo Leon, A.C. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective. Study federal and state regulations to determine to what extent road safety recommendations are followed with regard to different risk factors and protective factors. Methods. A descriptive analysis was made of the legal frameworks for road safety at the federal level and in the 32 Mexican states, identifying those that had regulations respecting the main risk factors (speeding, drinking and driving, and cellphone use while driving) and the main protective factors against road injuries (helmet use, seat belt use, and use of child restraint systems). The adequacy of these regulations was analyzed on the basis of Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) recommendations. The types of sanctions prescribed in these regulations are also described. Results. Slightly less than 10% of the entities studied had specific regulations respecting the six protective and risk factors considered. It was noted that "drinking and driving" and "helmet use" are, respectively, the risk factor and protective factor most commonly included in state laws. Adequate regulations were found in only two states: Zacatecas (regarding speeding) and Jalisco (seat belts, child restraint systems, and helmet use). Monetary fines are the most frequently applied sanction. Conclusions. It is a key priority to promote comprehensive laws with provisions that adequately address technical and scientific criteria for protection and prevention, as well as appropriate mechanisms for monitoring, regulation, and sanctions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios Atacameños is the property of Estudios Atacamenos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: calculate the trauma severity scale RTS Revised Trauma Score and perform a comparative analysis with the classification of patients according to the Triage system. Describe the indicators of opportunity in hospital care and expenditure. The State establishes the system of prioritization of patients who consult the emergency service and defines waiting times according to the classification. It is applied in order to optimize institutional resources. Materials and methods: retrospective descriptive observational study. The population consisted of 6401 patients, the sample by 248 patients. Results: 81% Triage II (Acute Patient). According to the RTS trauma scale, 92.7% corresponded to mild trauma and 1.6% serious trauma. 40% of the injured were poly-traumatized, 56% had pelvic and lower extremity injuries. Mortality was 2.4%. 48.4% of the injured accessed the emergency room by ambulance, the average time for access was 60 minutes, 39.1% of the victims, 61% required interconsultation by Orthopedics and 26% of the patients required resources from the Social Security System. Conclusions: the RTS score trauma scale uses measurable physiological parameters, classified 1.6% of the injured as serious, which is related to the 2.4% mortality of the victims of the study. The measurement of accessibility and opportunity indicators in health care showed in this highly complex health institution that the times are in accordance with the current regulations of the Ministry of Health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationships between San Pedro de Atacama (SPA, 400-1535 AD) and Puna de Jujuy (PJ, 1029-1497 AD) are evaluated for their possible influence on the genetic structure of both populations. Frequency distributions based on phenotypic traits exhibit composed of individuals of both intermediate zone subregion. The 8% of individuals of SPA were assigned in PJ with high probability (p=0.69), mainly from sites of the Middle and Late periods (Quitor 6, Coyo Oriental, Quitor 5, Quitor 1 and Yaye), and 32% of individuals of PJ (p=0.74), mainly from sites Doncellas and Agua Caliente, were assigned to the Early, Middle and Late periods of SPA. Evidence from the Fst statistic suggests the effect of mid- and wide-range migratory events influencing the balance between genetic drift and migration. The results are consistent with the relationships established by archaeology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: traffic accidents are a priority problem in public health worldwide, mainly in Latin American countries, as it is one of the leading mortality causes in the region. Objective: to study the evolution and trend of traffic accidents in Ecuador in the period from 2000 to 2015. Method: an ecological study based on secondary official information sources. The results of the population mortality rates due to traffic accidents are presented, as well as motorization, accident, harmfulness, and fatality rates, in order to compare the temporal variations in the study period. Results: the population mortality rate showed an increasing tendency in the study period and correlated with motorization and harmfulness indexes (p <0.01). Conclusions: a greater effort is required to optimize the activities aimed at the compliance of the legal traffic laws and towards road safety education for the Ecuadorian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes a proposal sent to the king by the governor of Nueva Galicia to construct two barquentines, financed by the royal treasury, to patrol the coasts of Nueva Galicia and California. These barquentines would provide reinforcements to the northeast areas to combat indigenous revolts, foment local exploration, and reduce the presence of enemy Ships. The project reveals the economic problems and possibilities present, as well as the early reformist measures implemented, in the novohispanic Pacific coasts during the first half of the eighteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]