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Objective. To describe the national by federal entity prevalence of the nutritional status of weight and length at birth. Materials and methods. Cross-sectional descriptive study. Data from 1 907 341 alive newborns in 2017, registered in the Subsistema de Información sobre Nacimientos (Sinac), were analyzed. The percentiles for weight and length were estimated in the INTERGROWTH-21st platform. Results. The prevalence of small gestational age (SGA) and insufficient length (IL) was 7.4 and 4.8%, respectively. Differences in the prevalence of IL, SGA and large for the gestational age (LGA) by sex were recorded (p <0.01). The entities with the highest prevalence of SGA were Estado de México and Yucatán (10.4%); Sonora (15.3%) and Baja California Sur (16.8%) of LGA. Conclusion. Sizing the nutritional status at birth allows the identification of entities that require targeted actions to reduce the risks associated with malnutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. Identify risk factors for at-term small for gestational age newborns. Materials and methods. Retrospective cohort study using data from the Maternal Perinatal Information System of the Maria Auxiliadora Hospital of Lima, from the period 2000-2010. Maternal age, parity, education level, marital status, pregestational body mass index, number of prenatal care visits, presence of conditions such as preeclampsia, eclampsia, urinary tract infection and gestational diabetes as risk factors in small for gestational age newborns were evaluated. The weight for gestational age was calculated based on Peruvian percentiles. Crude relative risk (RR) and adjusted (ARR) were calculated with confidence intervals of 95% using log-binomial generalized linear models. Results. 64,670 pregnant women were included. The incidence for small for gestational age was 7.2%. Preeclampsia (ARR 2.0, 95% CI: 1.86 to 2.15), eclampsia (ARR 3.22, 95% CI: 2.38 to 4.35), low maternal weight (ARR 1.38; 95% CI: 1.23 to 1.54), nulliparity (ARR 1.32, 95% CI: 1.23 to 1.42), age ≥35 years (ARR 1.16, 95% CI: 1.04 -1.29), having prenatal care visits from 0 to 2 (ARR 1.43, 95% CI: 1.32 to 1.55) and 3 to 5 (ARR 1.22, 95% CI: 1.14 to 1.32) were risk factors for small for gestational age. Conclusions. It is necessary to identify pregnant women with risk factors such as those found to decrease the condition of small for gestational age. Actions should emphasize modifiable factors, such as the frequency of prenatal care visits.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with perinatal morbidity and mortality. Presents diagnostic difficulties and benefits should be balanced with the increase of interventions. Objective: To determine the sensitivity of clinical - ultrasound diagnosis of Small for Gestational Age Infants (SGA). To assess the impact of prenatal diagnosis in cesarean section rate and neonatal outcome. Material and Methods: Retrospective descriptive and analytical trial, of the Latin American Center of Perinatology database Perinatal Information System (SIP). From March through September 2010 of a total of 4548 newborn child at the Centra Hospitalario Pereira Rossell, 379 were SGA Infants (defined as growth below p10 for gestational age). Of the target population, it was studied whether they had prenatal clinic and ultrasonographic diagnosis, number of prenatal visits, route of delivery and neonatal outcome (Apgar score, blood gases). Results: Of the 379 SGA cases, 99 (26%) had previous diagnosis of IUGR. The average gestational age for the diagnosis was 35 weeks. Of these 99 diagnosed cases, 88 (89%) had more than 5 prenatal visits compared to the group without previous diagnosis. 190 SGA (68%) had well controlled pregnancies. There was no difference in the neonatal outcome of depression, acidosis and low Apgar between the group with IUGR or without diagnosis. Cesarean sections were 56% in the group with previous diagnosis versus 21% in the group without diagnosis. The population group with prenatal diagnosis had 2,64 RR of cesarean section (95% Cl 1,98 - 3,51) p<0,0001. Conclusion: Because of the high percentage of pregnancies uncontrolled or poorly obstetric care can not conclude on the clinical sensitivity and / or prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of IUGR, and its impact on neonatal outcomes. The diagnosis of IUGR increases obstetric interventions and maternal morbidity due to the high rate of cesarean sections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To identify factors that correlate with insulin values and to examine its independent associations among adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional population-based study was conducted among adolescents aged 12-16,9 years old. A multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method was employed. Anthropometric measurements and nutritional survey were performed, and fasting blood samples for insulin were obtained. Statistics: Multiple lineal regression. Results: 379 adolescents were included. Mean age was 14.08 ± 1.30 years. Factors associated with higher fasting insulin levels were puberty [β 4.55 (95% IC 0.42-8.69)], abdominal obesity [β 6.11 (95% IC 3.93-8.29)] and to be born small for gestational age (SGA) [β 7.45 (95% IC 2.47-12.44)]. It was observed a negative association between the regular intake of olive oil at home and insulin values [β -4.14 (95% IC -7.31- -0.98)]. Conclusions: Abdominal obesity and SGA were factors associated with higher fasting insulin values. In contrast, the regular intake of olive oil at home was an independent protective factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review analyzes the importance of hemoglobin levels in pregnant women and its implications in pregnancy. It discuss the use of biomass fuel for cooking and the impact on birthweight, maternal hemoglobin levels and the risk of late fetal death, pre-term delivery, and small for gestational age. Furthermore, the need to correct the cut-off points of hemoglobin level to define anemia at high altitudes is addressed. Current evidence suggests that corrections should not be made and iron supplements should be given to pregnant mothers with moderate or severe anemia. It is discussed whether iron supplementation should change its target population from pregnant women to infants aged 6 to 36 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and objective: Population standards of intrauterine growth are necessary to evaluate if the newborn has grown well, if their nutritional conditions are appropriate and to identify groups at risk as those small for gestational age (SGA). Differences in the number of SGA newborns identified, depending on the standard applied, have been analyzed in this study. Material and methods: Cross-sectional study conducted in 4,486 Caucasian newborns (2361 boys and 2,125 girls), born between 35 and 41 weeks. Weight and length valuation was performed following the standard methodology. Percentage of children under the 10th percentile for weight and length was calculated depending on the standard used (Olsen et al. 2010, Lubchenco et al. 1966, Delgado et al. 1996, Carrascosa et al. 2008), being diagnosed of SGA. Results: Weight and length were significantly higher in boys than in girls at all ages. 10th percentile values defined for every gestational age are globally similar among the different standards and our population, with the clear exception of Lubchenco curves whose 10th percentile values are even 300 g. lower for the newborns at the highest gestational ages. Lubchenco charts do not fit the pattern of intrauterine growth of our population and identify a smaller number of SGA. The percentage of SGA of our sample ranged between 1.7% and 14% in depending on the standard, sex and gestational age considered. Conclusion: The number of children classified as SGA is different according to each standard used. Lubchenco charts identify a smaller number of SGA than the others. The rest of curves show similar values and seem to be well adapted for our population. The correct identification of SGA will allow a better assessment of short and long-term risks of these newborns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetive: To determine the frequency of hypoglycemia in the newborn and the characteristics associated with this event. Material and Methods: An observational, descriptive and retrospective study was conducted in newborns treated at the Regional Hospital of Ica between January and December 2010. We evaluated 147 small for gestational age on-term infants from whom the measurement of blood glucose was requested during the first 24 hours after birth, because of risk factors were present. Results: 12.93% infants, small for gestational age on-term had hypoglycemia. Of these, 57.98% were male (p = 0.307), in 10.53% mothers had some pathological antecedent (p = 0.759), in 5.26% the mother had hypertension during pregnancy (p = 0.999) and 22.32% had mothers with inadequate prenatal care (p = 0.021). Conclusion: The neonatal hypoglycemia is present in one of ten small for gestational age on-term infants and is associated with inadequate prenatal care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: making those participating in pregnant women's health care aware of the latest clinical recommendations regarding a controversial topic which is an important cause of perinatal morbidity in Colombia. Methodology: the Cochrane Library, Medline and Embase databases were searched as well as SciELO Latin-American database, specialised books and consensus from other scientific societies for diagnostic studies, systematic reviews, randomised trials and meta-analysis carried out between 1995- 2009 regarding the terms "intrauterine growth restriction" and "small for gestational age". An initial manuscript was written and submitted for on-line discussion. The final manuscript was discussed and amended in Medellín, Colombia, during the Foetal Medicine Congress held in September 2008. Results: a guide to managing SGA and IUGR foetuses was written and is presented here; it has been based on the best available evidence and could be applied in Colombia. Conclusions: this issue produces controversy due to a lack of scientific evidence for applying some definitions and diagnostic tests when managing IUGR and SGA foetuses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The placental metabolism, the exchange of substances and the production of hormones are vital functions of the placenta to maintain and promote the normal development of the fetus. There are risk factors that disrupt this pattern in the case of intrauterine growth retardation, whose outcome will be a small for gestational age (SGA) newborn having a higher morbidity, physical and intellectual growth pledged and greater probability of develop different pathologies during adulthood. The aims of this study are: 1 .-recognize the morphometric parameters differences as the área of the villi, the área of the vessel, the number of vessels and the área of placental syncytiotrophoblast SGA in connection with placentas of newborns AGA and 2.- relate the diagnosis of neonatal SGA with morphometric characteristics. We used 25 placenta at term (37-42 weeks), 12 newborns appropriate to the gestational age (AEG), and 13 small for gestational age infants (SGA). The samples were obtained from the Maternity Hospital Hernán Henriquez Aravena of Temuco, Chile IX Región. In each placenta two segments were taken from the subchorionic píate to the basal píate and then were fixed in 10% formalin buffered. The histological techniques used were H- E Alcián blue, Masson's Trichromic, Pas-hematoxylin Pas-diastase. The área of the villi showed significant differences between the control group (AEG) and the PEG group with p = 0.0194. In the group of PEG the área of vessels was significantly higher, with a valué of 234.05 mm2 compared with the control group whose average was 150.99 mm2 (p = 0.0001). The number of blood vessels for free villi sampling not significant differences. Regarding the area of syncytiotrophoblast the difference was not significantly (p = 0.1410). In conclusión it was determined that PEG newborns placenta showed significant differences at the blood vessel área and free chorial villi área in relation to the AEG placenta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción: La restricción de crecimiento intrauterino (RCIU) representa 4-15% de los embarazos, incrementando la mortalidad perinatal hasta 8 veces del riesgo basal. Se desconoce la incidencia de estado fetal no satisfactorio en fetos con esta patología. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo determinar la incidencia de estado fetal no satisfactorio (EFNS) en gestantes con diagnóstico de feto pequeño para la edad gestacional (FPEG) y RCIU llevadas a trabajo de parto, explorando las variables asociadas. Metodología Estudio retrospectivo de una cohorte de gestantes con diagnóstico de FPEG y RCIU, llevadas a trabajo de parto, describiendo las principales variables demográficas, clínicas y los desenlaces en relación a incidencia de EFNS, asfixia perinatal, ingreso a uci neonatal o muerte dentro de las primeras 24 horas. Las variables se analizaron en STATA 13. El estudio fue aprobado por el comité de ética institucional y categorizado como investigación sin riesgo según normas nacionales. Las pacientes seleccionadas cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Resultados: Se incluyeron 822 gestantes, 334 FPEG y 488 RCIU. La incidencia de estado fetal no satisfactorio fue de 23%; 14,3% para FPEG y 29,3% para RCIU. La vía del parto fue vaginal en 77% FPEG y 54% RCIU; del grupo RCIU con EFNS 54% tenían alteración en el Doppler. Del total de pacientes con estado fetal no satisfactorio se confirmó asfixia perinatal en 1 FPGE (2.1%) y 1 feto RCIU (0.7%) sin mortalidad en ambos grupos. Al explorar la asociación entre estado fetal no satisfactorio y las principales variables demográficas y clínicas encontradas, se documentó una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre cursar con preeclampsia y presentar estado fetal no satisfactorio en ambos grupos de estudio (p= 0,004) y una mayor probabilidad de este desenlace entre menor peso neonatal. Conclusión La incidencia de EFNS fue 23%. El parto vaginal fue la vía del parto más frecuente en la mayoría de los casos, con bajos porcentajes de asfixia, considerándose una posible intervención segura que requiere mayor vigilancia en los casos que coexistan con preeclampsia y menor peso neonatal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]