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Copyright of Revista de Estudios Políticos is the property of Centro de Estudios Politicos y Constitucionales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista CEA is the property of Revista CEA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Chilena de Derecho y Ciencia Política is the property of Revista Chilena de Derecho y Ciencia Política and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Law & International Relations / Relações Internacionais no Mundo is the property of Relacoes Internacionais no Mundo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of RAN - Revista Academia & Negocios is the property of RAN - Revista Academia & Negocios, Universidad de Concepcion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Latin American & Caribbean Studies (Taylor & Francis Ltd) is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Económicas CUC is the property of Corporacion Universidad de la Costa, CUC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of RAN - Revista Academia & Negocios is the property of RAN - Revista Academia & Negocios, Universidad de Concepcion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tendencias: Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas is the property of Universidad de Narino, Facultad de Ciencias Economics y Administrativas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios Internacionales is the property of Instituto de Estudios Internacionales de la Universidad de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper sets out the objective of formulating mechanisms that promote free competition in the mobile telephony market in the member countries of the Pacific Alliance (Mexico, Colombia, Chile and Peru). This proposal is based on the principles of regional governance to start from the criteria of a political-legal order to generate more significant degrees of socioeconomic integration and commercial transparency. The research was exploratory with hermeneutical reasoning within the framework of the documentary review, analyzing the main concepts and benefits represented by the adoption of better conditions of free competition and regional governance. The main results express a proposal focused on the consolidation of an inter-parliamentary commission for commercial monitoring that gives greater recognition to the integration agreements of the presidential summits, through sector studies and democratic participation protocols that benefit all the players in the mobile phone market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of open regionalism in Latin American was characterized by emphasizing trade liberalization in order to improve the region's insertion in a globalized world economy by simultaneously reducing barriers to intra-regional trade and the rest of the world. In this sense, trade facilitation measures play a preponderant role as instruments that materialize the possible advances that regional integration agreements can advance in customs and commercial matters, as is the case of Mercosur and the Pacific Alliance (AP), two of the trade blocs that group the main Latin American economies which, in April 2017, agreed on a roadmap for their convergence in trade facilitation actions, an area in which the foreign trade single windows (VUCE) have a center role. This research reviews the advances in this matter in the countries who are members in both models of regional integration and concludes that it is imperative that the governments and the private sector grouped in the PA and Mercosur, prioritize the trade facilitation and customs cooperation agenda, including in it credible and secure governance mechanisms with verifiable access to large foreign markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: This article examines regional cooperation from the perspective of literature on networking and diffusion literature aiming to explain how the Pacific Alliance’s trade institutions were formed in the period 2010 -2019. Additionally, it analyses why, within this process, the bloc has been losing dynamism. Methodology: The qualitative analysis of four case studies is interlinked with process tracking to emphasize the connections and interactions between the actors identified in the decision-making process. Conclusions: The analysis reveals that the identification of shared principles between transnational and trans-government networks and political actors has facilitated the decision-making process whenever there have been pre-negotiation agreements that articulate their interests and harmonize their differences. This process shows that the institutional design adopted by the Pacific Alliance is the result of disseminating multiple regional references, in which the networks facilitated the transfer of knowledge to a regional organization. Originality: The article shows that it is possible to overcome the state-centric vision of regional cooperation and explains that regionalism does not emerge in isolation from other regional references. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista CEA is the property of Revista CEA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Hispanica is the property of University of Szeged, Department of Hispanic Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Sociales (13159518) is the property of Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad del Zulia Venezuela and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios Internacionales is the property of Instituto de Estudios Internacionales de la Universidad de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Online Journal Mundo Asia Pacífico is the property of Universidad EAFIT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement system is currently in crisis because the WTO Appellate Body ceased effectively functioning in December 2019. As a consequence, the WTO Dispute Settlement Body is unable to adopt a panel report if a party to the dispute notifies its intention to appeal. In this context, this article analyzes what factors may influence the complaining parties' decision on whether to recur to two regional trade agreements (RTA), namely the Pacific Alliance and the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), as alternative fora to WTO dispute settlement. After a comparative analysis of dispute settlement rules in both RTAs and the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding, we conclude that procedural and institutional factors will arguably be relevant for complaining parties that wish to select a dispute settlement forum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Panorama Económico is the property of Universidad de Cartagena and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article, through the systematization and analysis of Colombian exports and imports, identifies the Colombian companies that boost international trade in the Pacific Alliance. The results describe intra-alliance trade, detail Colombian imports and exports, by company, with Chile, Mexico, and Peru, and characterize Colombian companies with two-way trade flows. The text shows that there is a significant representation of imports of raw materials, supplies, and technology; that 80% of exporting companies are multinationals; that 50 % of exporting companies are concentrated in the hygiene and personal care products industry; and that 70% show deficit in their trade balances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Clivajes - Revista de Ciencias Sociales is the property of Universidad Veracruzana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective/Context: This paper analyses critically the integration model proposed by the Pacific Alliance (PA) from the perspective of the legal foundations of Colombia's foreign policy, in order to determine the degree of normative convergence between the Colombian constitutional order and this particular trade agreement. Methodology: This research uses legal technique and case-law analysis as research methodologies, offering a detailed panorama of the normative development of the PA and its relationship with the constitutional requirements regulating the international relations of Colombia. Conclusion: Despite being at an initial stage in relation to its normative and institutional structure, the PA has emerged as a second generation regional trade agreement (RTA), which complements its commercial trajectory with political, social and productive integration agendas, promoting the diversification of international economic relations of its members without altering or modifying their sovereign powers. The above allows to show its compatibility with the constitutional mandate pro integratione, particularly in regard to the ideal of promoting the internationalization of Colombian economic relations with countries of Latin America and other world regions. Originality: The proposed approach has theoretical and methodological originality inasmuch as there are no previous studies analyzing the legal and normative nexus between the interests of Colombia's foreign policy and the PA. Its relevance lies not only in the validity of the issue in question, but also for scenarios of reflection on the participation of the State in trade agreements or regional integration schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of CLIO América is the property of Universidad del Magdalena and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Online Journal Mundo Asia Pacífico is the property of Universidad EAFIT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Peru as of 2013, the international fiscal transparency regime is controlled, controlling the avenged criteria for the Passive Net Income obtained by the Non-Registered Controlled Entities, which are attributed to the owners domiciled in the country at the end of the year. The general objective was to analyze the application of the new rules of international fiscal transparency, avoid tax evasion and avoidance and increase the passive income of the countries of the Pacific Alliance (PA). Surveys and interviews will be applied to the Managers of subsidiary companies that operate in the Pacific Alliance (AP) to gather their experiences and it could be determined that the new rules of international fiscal transparency have a good influence because it taxes the income of shareholders domiciled in income of foreign source, problems in two methods: Accrual, when an economic fact is recognized that originates an obligation or a right, independent of when it is paid or charged in application to the Income of Foreign Source for exploitation of Business or Company and the method of what is perceived consists in recognizing the cash movements affected when the economic events have occurred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Justicia (0124-7441) is the property of Universidad Simon Bolivar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Espacios is the property of Talleres de Impresos Oma and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios Internacionales is the property of Instituto de Estudios Internacionales de la Universidad de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The countries of Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru make up the Pacific Alliance (pa) since 2011. The four countries need trade for the growth of the economy, this situation forces them to design Agreements that boost exports and imports so that they may have a greater participation in the Gross Domestic Product (gdp). With the increase of the participation of exports and imports in the gdp, there is a concentration of trade and the countries of the pa have among their main partners, the United States and China, in the case of trade that occurs between the members of the pa, this is low and does not exceed 5%. Both before and after the creation of the pa. The article analyzes and explains the share of exports and imports in gdp, as well as the concentration of trade in Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista CEA is the property of Revista CEA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this research is to determine the convergences and divergences existing in the commercial integration process of each member of the Pacific Alliance (PA) with China. To achieve the above, an empirical analysis is made, which includes the statistical and econometric scrutiny, both of macroeconomic variables, and of specific indicators of the commercial relations of Mexico, Colombia, Peru and Chile with China. The period of study covers 2008 to 2018, it is verified that the integration of the PA with China, can not be generalized, given the existence of different levels of unification for each member of the PA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers a particular analysis within the Pacific Alliance in Latin America. It is a review of the international cooperation links among its members, based on the progress that has been detected in their interaction. For this purpose, the author traces a tour of what has been the historical process of cooperation through time, emphasizes the most significant changes--which themselves generate new conceptions--, and presents evidence of what has been achieved by the members of the regional initiative. The text concludes that, despite it not being the essence of the agreement, progress in the matter is undeniable. Likewise, it risks specifying that progress in the PA's integrating activities may come from more valuable and effective cooperation links than from those of economic, commercial, or political integration among the four countries of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pacific Alliance emerges as an economic integration initiative. It is expected to yield a combined GDP of more than 2 trillion dollars, which would be among the ten largest in the global economy. This integration offers an important opportunity to achieve a new positioning of its members. With the agreement, Colombia aspires to position itself as a regional leader in matters of security, through proposals for comprehensive actions in the face of new threats, particularly drug trafficking. The objective of this article is to examine Colombia's possibilities in complying with this positioning. To this end, we will study the premises of structural realism that maintain that the Pacific Alliance is an opportunity for Colombia to overcome its lag in integration and form strategic alliances with other international actors to contribute not only to the security of the members of the Alliance but also to that of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Online Journal Mundo Asia Pacífico is the property of Universidad EAFIT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ius et Praxis (07172877) is the property of Universidad de Talca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Sociales (13159518) is the property of Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad del Zulia Venezuela and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the context of the recent processes of regionalization in Latin America as a response to the increasing multipolarity and interdependence that identify the contemporary global scenario, a new mPA of regional integration that builds both upon and questions the traditional paradigms of international insertion is being formed. The Pacific Alliance (pa) stands out as a novel regional project of open regionalism, with specific features that provide it with an identity still under construction. The purpose of this article is to identify the continuities and ruptures evidenced by the pa in terms of open regionalism as its underlying theoretic-conceptual framework. The article concludes that the pa has been configured as a distinct process compared to previous experiences with open regionalism in Latin America, with specific features that do not allow reducing the understanding of this regional actor to a typical case of open regionalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article seeks to explore Colombian- Brazilian relations in recent times, without neglecting the role that the United States plays in its historic zone of influence. In spite of the ideological differences between Presidents Álvaro Uribe and Lula da Silva, the pragmatism of both of them tried to put the relations between Bogota and Brasília in a new level, harmed by their political successors, Juan Manuel Santos and Dilma Rousseff, who failed to advance the promises placed. After separations and approaches and different bets such as the Union of South American Nations/USAN and the Pacific Alliance/PA, what seems a disenchantment with both initiatives may open a new period in bilateral relations between these South American countries, especially in these times of regionalism under stress and a fractured South America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Lebret is the property of Universidad Santo Tomas, Bucaramanga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anuario Español de Derecho Internacional Privado is the property of Iprolex SL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study analyzes how different regionalisms in Latin America are tied to the restructuring of the upstream American oil chain and the private transnational company (PTC)/domestic oil company (DOC) dichotomy. This research is situated in the theoretical framework of new strategic regionalism and value chains, seeking to forge connections between chains and companies through data mining. This research was designed as a quantitative-descriptive study. The analysis of concepts (regionalism, natural resources, and transnational companies) is operationalized by linking together the construct with the information available in the databases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Equidad y Desarrollo is the property of Equidad y Desarrollo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The twentieth-first century has been deemed as the "Pacific century". The Pacific Alliance is not unrelated to this phenomenon and, among other reasons, is meant to serve for a better insertion of its member-states into the international arena, and more specifically, into the Asian side of the Pacific. This insertion tends to be explained in terms of trade, which has increased over the last years and plays a central role in the relations among member-states. However, trade alone does not cover the wide range of relations that Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru have with the Asia-Pacific region. In addition, their foreign policy is not limited to the search for new markets and economic partners. This article presents a systematization of the treaties signed among the current Pacific Alliance members and China, South Corea and Japan between 1990 and 2016. Based on a comparative analysis of the treaties, it is observed that trade has in fact a very low participation as part of the overall relations between the Pacific Alliance and the Asia-Pacific region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Derived from the economic restructuring of the late twentieth century, the logic of the market and trade liberalization have become the guiding principles of the capitalist system. The reduction of barriers to international trade and trade agreements are mechanisms for promoting free trade. The Pacific Alliance is a regional integration initiative recently created and with five years of existence, a preliminary evaluation is in order. The objective of this article is to analyze the evolution of trade in manufactured goods between the member-countries of the Pacific Alliance. To achieve this objective, the article is based on the theory of Linder which stipulates that trade in manufactured goods will be intensive among countries with similar per-capita income. A descriptive study is conducted with data from UNCTAD and a modified gravity model is used subsequently. Based on the empirical evidence, it is established that trade in manufactured goods between the member-countries of the Pacific Alliance is in fact low. However, the member-countries of the Alliance have increased trade with other countries, mainly with the United States and China, even if the geographical distance with these countries is wider. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically there have been various discussions on how to achieve development from different scopes and spaces. The vision of development from a global space has undergone a significant evolution to the present day, in particular after World War II, in the context of international development cooperation. Within a regional space, economic cooperation mechanisms have shown to be dynamic and positive for development. This paper aims, firstly, to set forth a review of the evolution of the development vision from a global and regional perspective. Secondly, to analyze contributions in commerce from a regional development perspective through a comparative analysis of the Pacific Alliance and the Latin American Integration Association between 2005 and 2014, as economic cooperation mechanisms in Latin America and the Caribbean that seek development within the same region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the cohesion of the Pacific Alliance in terms of its consolidation as a regional player. From its creation with the signing of the Framework Agreement in 2012, the formative process starts from a passive object to an active subject according to the levels of regionality. The Pacific Alliance is considered as an embryonic project that seeks to respond to the challenges of globalization towards the common projection of its member-states and platform for their international insertion. However, its consolidation as a regional player in Latin America faces major challenges given the weaknesses and strengths in leadership, interdependence, convergence, identity and institutions as success factors for regional cohesion in order to pool member-states' potentials for opportunities and against threats in the international system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]