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This essay tries to explain the reasons why the geopolitical concept of the "Indo-Pacific" has gradually replaced the previous one of the "Asia-Pacific". Three fundamental facts are in the origin of the new geopolitical construct; the rise of an increasingly assertive China that is perceived as a potential threat by most of its neighbours; the emergence of India as a regional power and a potential balancer of the Chinese colossus, and finally the growing importance of the sea lanes of communication (SLOCs) between the Indian and the Pacific Ocean in the world economy and geostrategy. After some geographical and historical considerations, we will examine the academic elaboration of the concept and its gradual assumption by the political actors within and outside the region. We will also briefly describe the strategies of the main states and regional organizations involved, and finally we will refer to the main conflict hotspots in this huge maritime and continental space that may become the world's geopolitical axis in the present century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mexico has 4,111 islands, keys and reefs off its coasts in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Even though this insular territory is covered in federal, state, and municipal policies, some legal and environmental ambiguities, and the lack of social integration of the island populations, have resulted in heavily accentuated insularity for its inhabitants. This article carries out a general survey of the insular territory of Mexico and addresses representative cases (Cedros Island, islands in the Gulf of California, the Mary Islands, Cozumel and Isla Mujeres) to indicate possible goals of proposals for the integration of this territory and its populations in terms of common legislation to improve the conditions arising from insularity. Besides, this article will examine successful international cases in archipelagos such as the Galapagos Islands (Ecuador) and the Canary Islands (Spain), whose legal frameworks for the management of insularity take into account geographical perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dinoflagellate genus Metadinophysis (Dinophyceae: Dinophysales) is recorded for the first time in the Buenaventura Bay and Uramba National Natural Park-PNN Uramba in Málaga Bay in the central Colombian Pacific and its density is analyzed with tidal changes. Cells were recorded with subtriangular and reniform outline in ventral view and small epitheca. Left sulcal fin with three ribs and the right one very reduced or absent, presenting average size 43.1 µm total length and 25.0 µm total width, the density of the genus was analyzed under four factors, high tide and low tide in Buenaventura Bay and in Málaga Bay; significant differences were found between the density at high tide and low tide for Buenaventura Bay, the difference between high tide in Malaga Bay and low tide in Buenaventura Bay. Likewise, it was established that the density distribution has no spatial structure in any of the tidal events. With the present study, the genus Metadinophysis is recorded for the first time in the Colombian Pacific, extending its distribution globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Negative & No Positive Results is the property of Research & Science S.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Public management has acquired new characteristics because of change in the way governance is approached. As the subject areas, levels and scales of this management have expanded, public administration has become more complex, requiring new approaches. Although the Law of the Sea and the thesis that the land dominates the sea are not new, the truth is that it was with the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea, of 1982, that the areas under the jurisdiction of the coastal States were formalized and institutionalized. This has generated new challenges for the governments, since not only does territorial sovereignty extend over a large portion of the sea, but new responsibilities are assumed on behalf of the international community. Objective: The matter links public management with the regulations of the Law of the Sea regarding the delimitation and administration of boundaries. Therefore, this review proposes an approach to a matter that has not been explored enough. Methods: A review of the literature on public border management was made, considering the case of maritime boundaries, identifying international jurisprudence -especially of the International Court of Justice- and actions implemented by Costa Rica. Results: in the land portion, border management shows important development; this is not the case in the maritime spaces. The jurisdiction is different in each of these spaces, so public management must take these particularities into account. Things get complicated when it comes to the border area, because in it the marine and the maritime converge, but also different interests, due to the nature of the marine space. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize that the management of maritime boundaries is not as simple as moving what is done on land to the sea. When the limit was defined by a bilateral treaty, some provisions facilitate cross-border coordination and cooperation. For this reason, the case of Costa Rica and Nicaragua in the Pacific Ocean was used as a reference, since in this case the dividing line was established by the International Court of Justice, which causes a layout that is not necessarily satisfactory for the actors involved. Conclusions: the differences in border management between land and sea, in addition to how the boundary between the two countries is defined, has made it difficult for Costa Rica to implement public management, which is the best-known experience in the region on marine-maritime policies and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the shores of the Colombian Pacific Ocean, life intermingles with the sea, in a place shaken by the restlessness of water and land. On the coast, the force of the sea creates an instability that is constitutive of the community that live there. These coastal lives fight stubbornly with such restlessness and instability. Collapse and creation concur, amidst destructive latencies that "hacen pesada y aprietan la vida" (make life heavy and squeeze it), but do not prevent life from flourishing. The point of departure of this essay is the ethnographic encounter as a vital relation that is nourished in conversation with others. This paper seeks to approach La Barra, a coastal community close to Buenaventura, in whose experience, we can trace social processes intertwined with the tide and the difficulties created by other violent forces. "Esto es dado" (this is given), say the people from La Barra, when they talk about their beach, but this is also taken from them: not only the sea takes it all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Artisan fishing in Peru (Lima -- Chorrillos) located in the Pacific Ocean, is an important sector (7% of GDP) and of high social impact at the national level (10% of the PEA), faces many challenges, must be sustainable, profitable, and meet customer expectations at the same time. In this context, an exploratory, correlal and cross-cutting study was developed with the aim of identifying the critical factors that have the greatest impact on the value chain of the extraction, landing, marketing, and consumption phases in artisanal fisheries. It was found that the methods and parameters of quality control of the product should be standardized for this purpose qualitative methods (organoleptic criteria such as: general appearance and gills) and quantitative (pH, Distell) based on authors such as J.J. Connell and Bolger. managing to demonstrate the effectiveness of pH as a measure of fish freshness and propose a strategy that effectively communicates to the final consumer and achieve an increase in the incomes of fishermen engaged in artisanal fishing. It is suggested to extend this study to other artisanal docks, rivers and lagoons; and supplement this study with the other problem which is the type of 'fish that is sold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Clypeaster europacificus is a species of sand dollar found from 0 to 200 m in the Gulf of California. Objective: Describe the morphology and relative growth in the test of C. europacificus. Methods: We measured 1 846 museum specimens of C. europacificus (N = 1 846) and analyzed growth pattern in 32 specimens from Baja California Sur, Mexico (64 m depth). We studied five variables: major radius (R) (independent variable), minor radius (r), length of anterior petal (LP), total test area (A) and dry weight (P). Results: The petaloid cover area and the outline of the test are the important taxonomic characters for C. europacificus: they range from almost round in small specimens (≤ 3 cm in radius) to wavy, emphasizing a pentagonal outline, in larger organisms (≥ 3.1 cm in radius). Conclusions: There is negative allometric growth in the relationships R vs. r, R vs. A, and R vs. P; while the relationship R vs. LP has positive allometric growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ladrones Islands were named by Magellan, but their colonization had to wait until 1668, when the Jesuits re-named them the Marianas. The fact is that despite their proximity to the Philippines, the relationship between these two archipelagos was difficult. The inauguration of a new maritime route between Cavite and Guam was soon revealed to be a graveyard for ships sent to unite those two worlds. Ultimately, and for reasons both geographical and human, journeys by the patache of the Marianas became increasingly infrequent during the 18th century, until interest in this route was rekindled in the 19th century. The study of these 50 dramatic years is based on rich archives of arrivals and in particular on pilots' logs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Espacio, Tiempo y Forma. Serie IV, Historia Moderna is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this essay we will analyze the suitability of the establishment of the Marine Protected Area (MPA) of the Tropical Pacific Sea, which would be located off the coast of Piura and Tumbes. Based on an analysis of the literature regarding the design and implementation of MPAs, we will point out some aspects that should be taken into account by administrators and decision makers in all the stages related to the process of assigning the MPA figure to a specific geographical area. Also, we will review the official documentation developed in the proposal process by various state agencies. The objective of this essay is to provide insights into the correct preparation of a proposal that changes the legal system on which the geographical area chosen to be protected rests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article addresses the development of the tourism industry in Rapa Nui since the 1940s, and the factors that made it possible for it to be taken up by the community and not by foreigners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The El Pelado Marine Reserve is an important protected area of the Ecuadorian coast due to the connectivity it has with other marine protected areas. Objective: Identify patterns of spatial variation in the community structure of shallow fund macrobenthos. Materials and Methods: Ten sites were sampled in the area near the coast and the El Pelado Islet. The abundance of macroinvertebrates and sessile organisms was estimated visually by diving along two parallel transects parallel to the coast. Each transect was 50 m long and 5 m wide, with a total area of 500 m2 per location. Salinity, pH, residual chlorine, oxygen, floating material, fecal coliforms, mercury, oils and fats were recorded on the sea surface. Results: 92 species were identified (86 species of invertebrates and 6 species of macroalgae); the best represented group was the cnidarians with 31 species from 13 families, followed by the molluscs with 15 species from 11 families. The species with higher average abundances were of macroinvertebrates Echinometra vanbrunti (21.54%), sessile organisms Bugula californica (34.2%). Conclusions: No significant differences were found in the diversity, richness and equity of macrobenthic species between study areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Baja California Peninsula is an isolated territory distinguished by the presence of export-oriented fisheries and the social organization of fishermen. The environmental histories of two fishing management schemes on the Pacific coast (abalone/lobster and sea urchin) are described. The origins of these two systems are similar in terms of (1) intensive fishing management schemes for catches that enjoy high commercial value in Asia; and (2) a change in occupations as land-based ranchers and farmers were converted into fishermen. In a second stage, fishermen organized in cooperatives, which led to the introduction of a co-management scheme to exploit abalone and lobster in the southern area and red sea urchins in the north. Responding to changes in the natural environment, social organization, institutions, commercial trends and, more recently, the climate, these fishers developed an adaptive co-management scheme that provides cases of successful experiences in the country that could stimulate the implementation of sustainable management schemes in other fisheries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time series obtained by reanalysis are analyzed in different zones of the Pacific Ocean Mexican coast, in order to obtain climatology. The results indicate that they are related to local conditions and to the ocean-atmosphere interaction on the coast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis is performed on time series of meteorological variables obtained by reanalysis in different areas of the Mexican Pacific Coast and compared climatology with interannual variability, where it is established that the greatest interannual variability is associated with El Niño- Southern Oscillation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to analyze the Spanish expedition headed by Ruy López de Villalobos, that left from New Spain in 1542. Two documents provide different points of view about the same expedition: (i) one official report, written by García Descalante Alvarado in Lisbon, in 1548; (ii) one letter, written by the Jesuit Cosme de Torres (1510-1570) from Goa (India), in 1549. The comparison of the texts shows how the rivalry between the Spanish and the Portuguese kingdoms were running at the time in the Pacific Ocean. Besides, the second document was edited during the 16th century, which reveals the discursive component in that rivalry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Located off the southern Pacific coast of the Americas, between Chiloé and the Strait of Magellan, Madre de Dios was a small, uninhabited island with no economic relevance until two colonial episodes made it geopolitically important. These two episodes took place when Spain suspected that England had plans of establishing itself there, based on information acquired by spies in London. These suspicions were further fuelled by local rumours, old fears and indigenous information emanating from the viceroyalty of Peru. These events provide a good opportunity to study a case of the circulation of information between European and Spanish American figures, to analyse how global conflicts had a local dimension at the periphery of Spain's territory, and to learn about the history of the southernmost Chilean region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias is the property of Universidad del Valle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad is the property of Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Biologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article studies the origins of the Port of Buenaventura in the New Kingdom of Granada. It begins with the process of exploration of the coastal territory in order to highlight the different sites in which it was situated, demonstrating that it began as a river port and was later resituated and gradually converted into a maritime port. In addition, this article analyzes the problems it faced, such as the difficulty of communication with the interior of the country, the indigenous resistance that caused the destruction of the town, and finally the necessity of populating the zone with black slaves in order to exploit the mining border. This study also discusses how this port was controlled by the elite of the city of Cali, until the Republican period when it became the sole Colombian port on the Pacific Ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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We analyzed the spatial distribution patterns of the five most abundant flatfish species caught by shrimp trawl nets on the continental shelf of the Mexican central Pacific. Food diets and trophic interactions between of the flatfish species are described as well. Flatfishes are distributed between 20 and 60 m depth. Bothus leopardinus showed the greatest abundance during the cold season (January-May), the other species did not show significant differences between seasons (cold and warm). The diet of the flatfish species consist of crustaceans, fishes and cephalopods. B. leopardinus and Syacium ovale are consumers of crustaceans, such as crabs, shrimps and stomatopods. Cyclopsetta panamensis, C. querna and Monolene assaedae based their diet in fishes and cephalopods. The feeding strategy of the five species analyzed is considered to be generalist, consuming a high number of preys in both seasons. Between the flatfish species, low values of overlapping in the diets were observed in size class and periods of the year. The flatfish species consume the available food resources and could change the preys consumed, according to prey availability, to avoid intra and interspecific competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work is to study rainfall variability in different timescales in central Argentina. Rainfall trends were maximum in summer in the west of the study region, showing rainfall decrease in the west and recent period. 15, 23 and 30 years significant cycles were detected. The interannual summer rainfall variability was study in 3 sub-regions, based on the comparison of the atmospheric and oceanic variables behavior in years with deficit and excess of rainfall. The geopotential height was the best discriminator variable. Rainfall greater than normal was associated with the weakness of the Pacific heights and lows and the intensification of the Atlantic heights in the region next to the continent. The central Pacific Ocean water warming (positive phase of ENSO-El Niño Southern Oscillation) was another factor related to rainfall all over the area. A multiple linear regression model was developed and explained the 43,3% of the summer rainfall variance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the portrayal in Spanish contemporary accounts and later literature of the circumnavigation of the globe by English explorer and privateer Sir Francis Drake. Particular attention is given to references to the English published account of the voyage "The Famous Voyage" by English author Richard Hakluyt. Drake's voyage itself is then described in terms informed by Spanish accounts, with maps and particular attention to the entry of Drake's ships into waters to which the Spanish claimed exclusive rights.

This article discusses the history of commercial trade routes in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, with a particular focus on the 16th century. The author comments on the spatial analysis of these routes, citing information culled from the Geographic Information Systems (GIS). He also examines the development of the first international business enterprises, based in Europe, that utilized these trade routes, especially the East India Company. The economic models of these companies and their establishment in foreign countries is also explored.

The evolution of the marine communities along the Pacific coast of Central America, may have changed in response to the formation of the Isthmus of Panama. To evaluate the effect of the Aseismic Cocos Ridge (DAC) subduction on the marine benthic communities, we reconstructed benthic assemblages from Neogene fossiliferous formations in Burica and Nicoya peninsulas of Panama and Costa Rica. Paleoecological and paleoenvironmental conditions were reconstructed by comparing community structure from bulk fossil samples with dredge collections from modern Tropical American seas, using principal component analysis. Our results indicate that during the early Pliocene, before the closing of the Isthmus, some oceanic islands existed with moderate upwelling in the Burica region. After the closure, during the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene the collision of the DAC caused an uplift of the seafloor, where water depth of 2 300m became shallow waters of less than 40m depth. Meanwhile, upwelling intensified in the open ocean the uplift that had formed small islands in coastal areas of Burica, creating protected areas and limiting the upwelling effect that was given in open ocean. The subduction of the DAC continued until the islands were joined to the mainland and gradually disappeared, allowing the return of the upwelling. During the middle Pleistocene a second process of accelerated uplift with speeds of 8m/1 000 years provoked again the elevation of the seafloor and later the elevation of the Talamanca Range. The new range formed a barrier that blocked the passage of the Trade winds, created new ecological conditions and optimized and allowed the growth of the best coral reefs in the coasts of the tropical Eastern Pacific (POT) between Panama and Costa Rica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Con base en resultados del modelo numérico ROMS, se estudió la dinámica en el Pacífico central mexicano durante tres años (2003-2005). El modelo reproduce tanto la variabilidad media y estacional de la temperatura superficial del mar como los remolinos y filamentos de mesoescala observados por medio de satélites. Además, el modelo representa adecuadamente las principales corrientes de la región: la corriente de California, la corriente costera mexicana y las corrientes del golfo de California. Las corrientes del golfo de California están ligadas a la intensificación de la corriente costera mexicana e interactúan de tal forma que el corte lateral entre éstas dos da lugar a la generación de remolinos en la entrada al golfo. Se encontró que los remolinos son de mesoescala con profundidades de ~200 m. Los remolinos generados en la zona (radio interno de deformación de Rossby, Rd = 40 km) presentaron un diámetro L de ~300 km, una velocidad orbital de 20-30 cm s-1 y se desplazaron hacia el oeste con velocidades de traslación de ~4 cm s-1. Los remolinos se consideran de intermedios a grandes (L ≈ 7.5 Rd, Ro ≪1), muestran una dinámica geostrófica y presentan un desplazamiento hacia el oeste debido al efecto beta de la variación del parámetro de Coriolis. El tamaño de los remolinos parece estar relacionado con el debilitamiento de la componente meridional del esfuerzo del viento durante el monzón norteamericano. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Eastern Tropical Pacific is a region reported as free of ciguatera poisoning that causes serious gastrointestinal, neural and cardiovascular problems, even death. But with this study we found a high incidence of benthic microalgae involved in ciguatera poisoning in Isla del Coco National Park (PNIC, from its name in Spanish), Costa Rica. Between 2006 and 2011, during expeditions to PNIC, 420 phytoplankton samples with the interest of finding benthic dinoflagellates involved in the ciguatera poisoning were collected and analyzed. Samples were taken with phytoplankton nets, towed vertically and horizontally or carried by diving, between 5 to 30 m depth, over reef areas, and by direct extraction from benthic macroalgae. We found the dinoflagellates Gambierdiscus spp., Coolia tropicalis, Coolia cf. areolota, Prorocentrum concavum, Prorocentrum compressum, Amphidinium carterae and Ostreopsis siamensis. The quantity of dinoflagellates by macroalgae weight was high, mainly for Gambierdiscus. Ostreopsis and Prorocentrum, the most widely distributed genera throughout the collection sites. Gambierdiscus is a ciguatera producing genus. Two different sizes of Gambierdiscus were found, and comparing our samples with other studies, we conclude that they are different to any previously reported. They possibly represent two new species. Coco Island is an oceanic island and because of its protection status, it is an ideal site for studying the evolution of marine phytoplankton. Also, long-term monitoring is important due to the variety of potentially toxic dinoflagellates living in this marine ecosystem. This is the first study to report benthic dinoflagellates implicated in ciguatera poisoning in other areas of the Eastern Tropical Pacific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present results of possible tsunami impact at the city of Puntarenas caused by an earthquake in the Pacific Ocean of Costa Rica. This coastal city is located on a sandbar characterized by a very flat topography along the Gulf of Nicoya. This project arises from the need to assess the exposure of this city considered vulnerable to coastal hazards due to its location in the gulf. The aim of this study is to determine the potential generation of a tsunami due to an earthquake on the gulf of Nicoya. We used the Okada model (1985) to estimate the coseismic deformation which is the initial condition of the tsunami. The HyFlux2 numerical code was used to estimate propagation and wave height along the coast. Among the most important results we highlight the fact that a tsunami could flood the city reaching maximum height of 1.8 meters at the northern edge of the sandbar of Puntarenas. These results could bring a framework to plan the future coastal development, and facilitate the preparation and response to a possible event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a literary criticism of the book "Giro del Mondo," by 17th century Italian traveler Gemelli Carreri. The author analyzes Carreri's narrative, including his representation of the journey across the Pacific Ocean on the Manila Galleon. He also examines the text and its use of the concept of sailscape as a method of describing the marine environment through which Carreri sailed.

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Colombia's favorable geographic location between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean combined with the high shipping activity of its ports (nearly 30000 arrivals per year) make it susceptible to the introduction of non-native marine species. In light of this potential threat, biological port surveys were conducted in three major port areas of the Colombian Caribbean Sea (Cartagena, Santa Marta and Coveñas) as well as three adjacent reference areas (Bay of Barbacoas, near Barú, Ensenada de Gaira near Rodadero and Ciénaga de Cispatá) in March and October of 2010, with the objective to detect the presence of non-native marine species, potentially introduced by shipping. In each port, surface phytoplankton and zooplankton was collected using horizontal net tows. In Coveñas, plankton from ballast water of two oil tankers was analyzed as well. Benthic fouling communities were collected by scraping hard substrates between 0 to 3 m water depth. To date, 39 new species have been identified with no prior recorded presence in the Colombian Caribbean. These include 34 phytoplankton species (two of which were observed exclusively in ballast water), three species of copepods and two species of benthic macroinvertebrates. The number of non-native taxa was greater for the three port areas than for the corresponding reference zones, with Santa Marta having the greatest number (17). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La capacidad reproductiva de las comunidades coralinas en el Pacífico mexicano está poco documentada. Una de las comunidades de coral más abundantes de esta región se encuentra en Bahía de Banderas; sin embargo, los patrones reproductivos de las especies de corales no han sido analizados. Con el objetivo de documentar el ciclo reproductivo anual de las tres especies de corales más abundantes en la bahía, se recolectaron muestras mensuales de Pocillopora damicornis, Porites panamensis y Pavona gigantea frente a Isla Redonda, de diciembre de 2001 a noviembre de 2002. Los fragmentos de las colonias se procesaron mediante técnicas histológicas y se analizaron con ayuda del microscopio. Las tres especies mostraron presencia de gametos, la cual se asoció con el incremento de la temperatura superficial del mar. La primer especie en presentar gametos fue P. damicornis, clasificada como hermafrodita. Porites panamensis presentó gametos a partir de mayo de 2002, y embriones y plánulas en septiembre del mismo año; esta especie se consideró como gonocórica, con fecundación interna y con comportamiento reproductivo diferente a lo reportado en otras localidades del Pacífico oriental tropical. Pavona gigantea fue la última especie en presentar gametos y por un periodo corto; se clasificó como gonocórica y no se observaron gametos maduros. Las tres especies mostraron un potencial reproductivo que se circunscribió al periodo de verano, lo que confirma la capacidad reproductiva documentada para estas especies en regiones aledañas del Pacífico mexicano. La intensidad y duración de los periodos reproductivos en Bahía de Banderas podrían estar en función de la presencia de fenómenos periódicos, como El Niño, y oscilaciones climáticas a nivel de microescala que afecten los patrones de temperatura e intensidad de luz en la bahía. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se reportan los aspectos reproductivos (temporada de desove, la talla y el peso de madurez, y la fecundidad) de Octopus hubbsorum para la Isla Espíritu Santo, sur del Golfo de California (México). Se capturó un total de 230 pulpos (46% hembras y 54% machos) entre junio de 2006 y junio de 2007. La proporción sexual no fue significativamente diferente a 1:1 (P > 0.05) a excepción de noviembre, cuando se capturaron más machos que hembras. Se establecieron cuatro fases de madurez gonádica para ambos sexos: inmaduro, desarrollo, maduro y predesove (para hembras) o desove (para machos). La principal temporada de desove de O. hubbsorum se presentó en otoño, cuando se registró una temperatura superficial del mar entre 24 y 29 °C. La talla y el peso de madurez fue de 390 mm y 445 g, respectivamente, para los machos y de 490 mm y 680 g, respectivamente, para las hembras. La fecundidad potencial promedio fue de 205,144 ovocitos por hembra y la fecundidad relativa promedio fue de 309 ovocitos por gramo de peso corporal de la hembra. Aparentemente las hembras en desarrollo utilizan sustancias provenientes de la glándula digestiva. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Bahía Independencia (Independence Bay) is a marine system whose structure and function, have been subject of various biological studies. From in situ assessment reports (IMARPE, DHN) and satellite data (QuikSCAT), variations in spatio-temporal hydrophysical conditions, based on winds, ocean circulation, temperature and salinity were described. For the analysis, descriptive statistics, correlation tests, multivariate analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and maps with color scales were applied. Spatial distribution patterns whose formation is attributed to local factors were identified. On the surface there are latitudinal gradients of temperature and of salinity to a lesser extent, with higher values in the north of the bay, because of water drift due to wind stress and the influence of Laguna Grande, a semi-enclosed formation at the northern end of the Bay. Near the bottom level, in the north, temperature and salinity distributions reflect the upwelling circulation, evidenced by circulating water transversely to the long axis of the bay. Conversely, in the south, surface and near bottom circulations were coupled, determining clockwise and counter-clockwise fluxes, creating small areas with similar characteristics of salinity. The bay is normally intruded by upwelling Equatorial Subsurface Waters, and sometimes by mixed waters with Subtropical Surface Waters (ESSW). In the extreme 1997-98 El Niño the SSW occupied all the bay area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chilean territory has an extensive coastline -about 80.000 km of coast including the territory of its islands — which is an important fact to consider in the event of the occurrence of a tsunami. The Chilean authorities, fully aware of the vast maritime territory, have developed a tsunami warning system. This system constitutes a state responsibility, and its control has been entrusted to the national emergency office —Ministry of Interior— (ONEMI) and hydrographic and oceanographic service of Chilean navy (SHOA). This article deals with experiences carried out in order to activate the warning systems, generating fictional telluric events and or historical telluric events capable of triggering tsunami occurrences. It also proposes a working hypothesis that will allow monitoring the response of the state agencies, through the procedures established by law in the Republic of Chile. Our research delivers results that allow us to affirm that there are areas for hypothetical events that could generate tsunamis in which the to carry out this research we have used a software called STLAT based on simplified equations of the propagation of a tsunami wave, which has allowed us to get quick results. We have also carried out tests with official data which have shown that the alarm system was not able to respond appropriately to the 8.4 M Atico event that occurred in Peru in 2001. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using more than 200 genera and 431 species that comprise the 77 families of decapod crustaceans inhabiting Chilean waters, we attempted to reveal the underlying zoogeographical pattern of these taxa by comparing areas in terms of the number of shared species, genera, and families. To this end, the coasts and oceanic islands were divided into sixteen areas, encompassing most of the Nazca plate including Easter Island, Salas and Gómez Island, the Desventuradas Islands, and Juan Fernández Archipelago, as well as the underwater mountains of Salas & Gómez and Nazca (5 areas), the western coast of South America from Arica to Cape Horn (ca. 18°S-56°S; 10 areas), and the Antarctic peninsula and adjacent areas (1 area). The four resulting dendrograms coincided, showing six province: a) Chile-Peru (18°-42°S); b) Magellan (42°-56°S); c) Antarctica, including the Antarctic peninsula and the Scotia Arc archipelagos; d) Juan Fernández Archipelago (33°40'S; 79°00'W), including the Desventuradas Islands (ca. 26°20'S, 80°W); e) Easter Island (27°09'S, 109°25'S); and f) the underwater mountains of Salas & Gómez and Nazca (ca. 25°S; ca. 75°W-100°W). The dendrogram based exclusively on families inhabiting these diverse geographic areas identified two large clusters: the first encompassing the oceanic areas over the Nazca plate and the second the continental (10) and Antarctic (1) areas. In addition, decapod crustacean species of the southern tip of South America extend from the southeastern waters of the Pacific Ocean on one side of the Strait of Magellan to the southwestern waters of the Atlantic Ocean, reaching the Kerguelen Islands at the boundary of the Indian and Antarctic ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Facultad de Ciencias Basicas is the property of Revista Facultad de Ciencias Basicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Within the marine zooplankton hydromedusae have a high taxonomic and an ecological significance, despite which little is known about these organisms for the Colombian Pacific Ocean (OPC). For these reasons, among others, the first list of genera and species for this region is presented. An intensive literature review of previous work in the OPC was accomplished; also 158 samples of mesozooplankton obtained during six oceanographic cruises of the Regional Study of the phenomenon known as “El Niño” (ERFEN) undertaken from 2001 to 2005 were examined. 6072 hydromedusae were captured, of which 6003 were identified. From this information, plus that obtained in the literature, it was concluded that to date 27 genera and 40 species for the OPC have been identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Investigación, Biodiversidad y Desarrollo is the property of Universidad Tecnologica del Choco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the most well-known phenomenon influencing the global climate variability at inter annual time scales. The term El Niño refers to the large-scale ocean-atmosphere climate phenomenon linked to a periodic warming in sea surface temperatures across the central and east-central equatorial Pacific (between approximately the International Date line and 120 degrees west longitude), and thus represents the warm phase of the ENSO, and is sometimes referred to as a Pacific warm episode. The opposite of which is La Niña, a cold phase of ENSO. Given the large size of the Pacific Ocean, changes in the sea surface temperature patterns and gradients across the basin influence atmospheric circulation with pronounced impacts on global tropical precipitation and temperature patterns. Building evidence of the links between ENSO driven climate anomalies and infectious diseases, particularly those transmitted by insects, the knowlodgment could allow providing improved long range forecasts of an epidemic or epizootic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paralomis sonne n. sp. is described from material collected off Antofagasta, Chile (22°48,07'S- 70°42,29'W) at 1,775 m depth during the PUCK-156 expedition on board the RV Sonne. The carapace of this new species is densely covered with sharp spines, which differentiates it from all other Chilean species of the same genus. This is the tenth species of the genus recorded in southeastern Pacific waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of archaeobotanical and malacological analyses of a midden dating to Ocucaje Phases 3 to 4 (c. 750 BC) in secure stratigraphic association beneath the contexts of an Early Nasca canal fragment in the Ullujaya Basin in the lower Ica Valley, on the south coast of Perú. Such preservation of early occupation contexts is otherwise rare within the landscape of the Lower Ica Valley, the topography of much of which is determined today by the long effects of wind erosion upon its once extant stratigraphy. These ancient rubbish remains contain no domesticated plant remains other than cotton, but only sea urchin debris and other marine and terrestrial mollusc resources gathered from the lomas and Pacific Ocean some 25 kilometres distant. They do contain some plant remains, including gathered wild foods such as huarango beans, and other plants typical of riparian woodland. We present these results in the context of other data from the Samaca and Ullujaya Basins, including the remains of middens from later time periods and a pollen sequence, to argue that, together, they show a steady intensification of agriculture in these basins during the subsequent Early Intermediate, but which culminates ultimately in a collapse of agricultural production here and a return to the gathering of wild marine and plant resources much later, during the Middle Horizon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]