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We are passing through a period where natural disasters are becoming in general all over the world. These consecutive disasters occupy the human mind; whether are a natural process or caused by human beings. Is this process within the contains of the meaning is being mentioned in the Qur'anic verse, namely: "There was deterioration on land and sea because of what people had made (evil)"? How should we understand this verse? Are these situations meant by the concept is being expressed as "sunnatullah" in the Quran? In addition, whether a connection can be established between the concept of "rijz ر/زج ", which means invisible torment coming from the sky and natural disasters? These two Qur'anic concepts, which are mostly mentioned about past/ancient tribes, need to be discussed in the context of natural disasters. In this article, we are applying to the Qur'ân and we will try to examine from the Qur'ân; whether the concepts of "sunnatullah" which is mentioned 14 times, and rijz ر/زج, which is mentioned 10 times in the Qur'ân are related to natural disasters? We will examine the root meanings of the concepts mentioned in the verses of Qur'ân through dictionary books and by making use of commentary books of the Qur'ân. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of institutions to deal with disasters is marked by the previous occurrence of some type of major event that highlights their inadequacy. The development of the means by which the State responds to disasters, from emergency attention through extraordinary powers to a true integral proactive risk management, shows how this relationship is constantly evolving. This text seeks to understand the factors that have generated this change in the relationship of the State with disasters, and thus, understand the evolution of disaster risk management and its current condition as an administrative function in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the Contingency Plan is to continue with the operation of activities in a town in the presence of natural disasters such as floods caused by the El Niño phenomenon. The objective of the research is to prepare a proposal for a contingency plan for the phenomenon of "El Niño" in the city of Chone, for which the qualitative, descriptive and explanatory methodology was used, through techniques relevant information was collected for its subsequent analysis, such as temperature and precipitation, likewise, through scientific articles and web pages of reliable information, relevant data was obtained to study the study area that was located in the Chone river sub‐basin at coordinates 1 4'15.04"S, 79 52'11.79'W. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the relationship between annual precipitation trends and the occurrence of droughts. It delves into the effects of decreasing precipitation on drought frequency and investigates methods to estimate the impact of these trends on drought occurrence. It aims to provide insights into how changing precipitation patterns can affect the frequency of droughts, thereby contributing to our understanding of extreme weather events and their implications for various climatic conditions.

Purpose: This contribution has two objectives: 1) to define in context, how the word téchnē and technology are linked to the Nahuatl notion in context; and 2) to characterize pre-hispanic environmental technologies in order to subjectively and materially project the practical utility of ancestral environmental technologies, precisely because they are capable of halting and even reversing the socio-environmental consequences derived from the current climate and ecosystem crisis. Methodological design: From a historical-material perspective, an exploratory study of non-exhaustive and ontological-semantic nature is presented, whose strategy articulated and differentiated the Aristotelian etymon téchnē with the oldest one found in classical Nahuatl language. Previous criterion to characterize pre-Hispanic environmental technology and discuss its specific examples. Results: The way in which Mesoamerican technologies were organized and implemented demonstrates that they achieved what is currently sought through sustainabilty over 2,000 years ago. The concept and characteristics defining and differentiating pre-Hispanic Nahuatl technology from the current techno-scientific-industrial paradigm were provided. Toltecáyotl-amantecáyotl accounts for a productive and organizational system, sentient and alive, which guides the design of truly ecological new technologies. Among others, maize-milpa-chinampa technologies persist and are multidimensionally rewarding. Research limitations: Currently, the complete number of technologies developed, their typology, and their locations are unknown. In Mexico, the disintegration of rural areas is accompanied by a loss of language, knowledge, and objects, which raises the difficulty of accessing ancestral technical-scientific memory. Findings: Pre-hispanic technology is ecological, but not all current environmental and sustainable technologies are. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The media has increased its interest in the climate crisis in recent years. However, COVID-19 disrupted everything. Objective: To analyze the effect of the pandemic on the communication of the climate crisis on the Basque public radio and television (EITB) from January to July 2020. Methodology: Based on the theories of agenda-setting and framing, the most representative contents of information, education (dissemination), and entertainment of its radio, television, and web channels were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. Results: Information and dissemination contents about climate change stood out in January and February, but the pandemic caused them to disappear. The entertainment program only included the climate crisis thanks to a cocreation initiative. Radio was the medium that offered the most content, highlighting the local and scientific, economic, and biodiversity approaches. Conclusions: The climate crisis is part of EITB's thematic agenda, but COVID-19 monopolized its broadcasts, and only from May did they reappear, showing its relationship with the pandemic. Likewise, cocreation is a good initiative to introduce contents such as the climate crisis in programs that reach broader audiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Natural catastrophes influence the progress of nursing. The largest recorded earthquake in the world occurred in the South of Chile and is documented as driving the development of nursing in the city of Valdivia, but not in similarly-affected places. Objective: To describe the impact of the mega-earthquake of 1960 in the development of professional nursing in Los Lagos. Methodology: qualitative-historical study. Snowball sampling. Data collection through semi-structured interviews and secondary sources. Inclusion criteria: belonging to the health team of the place and period studied. Informants with cognitive deterioration were excluded. Thematic analysis was carried out. Atlas Ti version 8.3.0 was used. Study approved by ethics committee. Results: in 1960 there were no nurses in Los Lagos and the only hospital in the area was incapacitated. A field hospital was installed, and a new hospital was built with national and international help, which led to arrival of the earliest nurses. Conclusion: the mega-earthquake drove the improvement of health infrastructure and the subsequent arrival of the earliest nurses, which contributed to more complex local health services and raised the quality of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through anthropology, the notion of culture has been introduced into the study of risks and natural disasters in order to understand the production of meaning, a contribution that goes beyond the positions of physical and probabilistic sciences. This article incorporates the notion of inhabiting to the debate, considering the modes and tensions of the daily reproduction of life in territories considered risky. Two neighborhoods are considered --which are similar in terms of context but have different qualities-- through ethnographic methods that capture cognitive processes and strategies of adaptation and coexistence for guaranteeing material and symbolic permanence. This focus contributes to the debate on biases regarding risk management that, in practice, tend to abstract them from the space in which they are located and contributes to making explicit the divergences between the analyses of scientists, institutions, and populations. Through the observation of processes of domestication of space and the rationalities that underly them, the categorization of risk is debated as a mechanism for dealing with a context of economic dearth and absence of basic services. It is concluded that, for understanding the positions of people in relation to contingency or their proximity to a harm, one must consider their emotional attachments, their forms of inhabiting territory, and their perspectives of the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agricultural drought is one of the most complex natural disasters and the frequency of this climatological phenomenon it rebounds negatively in the agricultural production of any area, causing affectations that can be significant; the impact has a high social, economic, ecological and environmental cost. The present work has as objective to show the behavior of this hidrometeorological phenomenon in Jimaguayú municipality of Camagüey province during the period 2010 - 2020. For the execution of the study is carried out a characterization of the behavior of the agricultural drought in the municipality object of this study during the last years, starting from the analysis of the precipitations and their effect on the soil humidity, which was determined using the method the Budyko-Sellers, 1970. The results show a tendency to the reduction of the precipitations during the rainy station with an increment of the episodes of drought and in turn an increase of the variability of the precipitations that have been reflected in a level of soil humidity of alone 42 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the world there are more than 476 million people who define themselves as indigenous, which are distributed in about 90 countries. In Latin America there are more than 400 groups, each with its own language and culture. The highest concentration of indigenous peoples is found in Asia and the Pacific, they represent 70% of the total and 6% of the world population, but they constitute 15% of those living in poverty (World Bank, 2021). Indigenous peoples have deep, varied knowledge of the natural environment with local roots, traditional indigenous lands and territories shelter and protect nearly 80% of the planet's biodiversity, have ancestral experiences on how to adapt, mitigate and reduce risks arising from climate change and natural disasters. These peoples, also called native peoples, are often the object of discrimination, over the centuries, they have been dispossessed of their lands, territories and resources and consequently have often lost control over their own way of living, for this reason, improving land tenure security, strengthening good governance, promoting public investment in good-quality and culturally appropriate services, and supporting indigenous resilience and livelihood systems are all crucial steps to reduce multidimensional issues of the poverty of the indigenous communities that have physically, morally and culturally resisted centuries of abuses and arbitrariness suffered against them, to preserve their territories, identity, beliefs, customs, languages and culture, in short, their ways of life bequeathed by their ancestors. In this sense, resilience distinguishes two components: resistance against destruction, that is, the ability to protect one's own integrity, under pressure and, on the other hand, beyond resistance, the ability to forge a positive vital behavior despite the difficult circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to identify the psychological impact and coping strategies during and after the earthquake occurred in Mexico City on September 19, 2017, in a group of 41 students of the Faculty of Psychology of the UNAM, through a questionnaire with 6 guiding questions about their experience in the earthquake relating it to their usual coping mode measured through the Coping Scale for Adolescents. An exploratory, qualitative, crosssectional and descriptive study was carried out. The analysis of the narrative through Atlas ti allowed the identification of thoughts, emotions and behaviors at two different times: during and after the event, as well as coping strategies. It was found that the general coping of the population was functional, the most frequent emotion during the event was fear, after the event anguish was reported; in relation to thoughts, during the event disbelief and concern for their wellbeing prevailed, after the earthquake it was reported more frequently to think about personal wellbeing and loved ones. In relation to behaviors during the earthquake, the most frequently reported behavior was to solve the problem directly; after the earthquake, the most frequently reported behavior was to help third parties. The results found provide important indicators to work on in future interventions with people exposed to natural disasters, such as earthquakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The data collected in vulnerability and risk scenarios, in the context of prevention of natural disasters, are the basis for consolidating information that allows having the elements to mitigate the impact of the natural aspects that generate the risk; In this sense, when a system is structured where the data associated with variables that measure or monitor particular natural aspects are captured, stored and transformed, there is a need to secure these data to optimize the fidelity of the information. The results of the research presented are focused on the development of an Internet of Things (IoT) system for monitoring climate risk, through sensors connected remotely and whose data is processed for the generation of statistical reports. descriptive such as calculation of the mode, mean, median; minimum, and maximum that facilitate the understanding of the monitored variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We assess the impact of 2016 Hurricane Earl on consumption and prices, two main variables to understand effects for economics. Methodology: In order to test how public policy soften economic impacts, we conduct a natural experiment and analyze data by using a difference-in-differencesapproach. Results: We learn that economic impacts, produced by Earl, is not properly softened, by public intervention. Households indeed decrease consumption to compensate income shocks after disasters. We found evidence of prices decreasing after disasters. Limitations: Because we started field research 6 days after the hurricane exposure, it is probably that we did not capture whole short-term effects; additionally, we do not know anything about medium-term effects, suggesting the need of return to the field research after some months. Conclusions: A reduction in prices followed by a reduction in consumption suggests short-term welfare losses, which could not be compensated by the million-dollar intervention of public policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to address some relevant aspects of the study of risk management and vulnerability to the danger of natural disasters as an important content in the conformation of a pedagogical conception that allows the university teacher, in the first place, the construction of knowledge and therefore perception risk in such a way that it is understood and incorporated into the teaching-learning process from different disciplines, so as to generate interest and motivation in students, to learn significantly so that it is contained in all university careers. In addition, it reflects how from a novel and active methodology with the contents of the topic, from the components that intertwine the life of the university student in order to solve problems in a creative way expanding their potentialities as an individual and social being, they can prepare for the management of risks in the face of danger of natural disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oil spill at the La Pampilla refinery, managed by REPSOL, will have strong environmental impacts on the Peruvian coast, damaging marine life and other biological elements. This study seeks to analyze the population's perception of the oil spill at the La Pampilla Refinery through a nonexperimental quantitative-descriptive method. The people who participated in the survey, composed of 7 items, amounted to 1554 individuals, considering it a representative sample for the study's purpose. The results show that more than 90% of the population identifies REPSOL as responsible for the oil spill. In addition, they consider that this environmental disaster will have severe consequences for the environment, causing the disappearance of some marine species. Likewise, they conclude that the contamination will take between two to five years to be eradicated due to the toxic components of the hydrocarbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the process of internationalising the legal mobilisation that sought reparations for the mining disaster that took place in 2015 in the city of Mariana, the Doce River basin and on Brazil's southeastern coastline. It seeks to understand the dynamics produced by activating different levels of justice and the effects of internationalisation on the functioning of justice institutions at national level. Two separate patterns of internationalisation are noted: a) via the traditional human rights defence networks; and b) a new one, promoted by an international office specialised in "alternative litigation financing" (ALF), which employs arguments from environmental law and transnational legislation. The characteristics of these two patterns are examined along with their effects on the dynamics of legal mobilisation and national institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article synthesizes the main results of three alternative proposals to model the reported claims amount (which performs as Cat Bonds' catastrophic loss indexes numerator). Firstly, considering that the claims declaration's rate is constant. Secondly, considering that the claims declaration's rate is asymptotic. And thirdly, considering that such rate follows an Ornstein-Ulhenbeck process. Each one of these three models' validity is studied by estimating its respective fundamental parameters and verifying, based on both the predictions and the errors' study, which one of them best fits to the dataset of a series of floods that occurred in Spain. All the aforementioned developments will lead to conclude that, in the light of the data available, the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model is the one that best represents the claims declaration's process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural disasters are phenomena associated with various factors, among which the strictly climatological ones and those accentuated by human intervention stand out. They signify a break in the social, community and individual order that, in addition to altering daily life, exposes human vulnerability, intensified through economic changes caused by unforeseen events. Therefore, focused on the hermeneutic-documentary method, the article analyzes the impact of natural disasters, articulating qualitative factors that impact the population, the environment and the community. From a philosophical point of view, it is intended to stimulate theoretical reflection, to give a more human and humanizing perspective, aimed at an inclusive, critical environmental education, based on the principles of sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research analyzes the advantages that participatory democracy demonstrates as a model of horizontal political management in the face of natural disasters; enabling the sustainability of decent ways of life. The dialogical confluence, far beyond forming pertinent skills in the face of emergencies, makes it possible to jointly face the many difficulties that the current civilizational model causes. It demonstrates the crises derived from socioeconomic structures that try to maintain high levels of production over time without meeting the limits that reality presents; for this reason, it insists on the use of dialogue as a timely concurrence of subjectivities in order to coordinate effective strategies. It is a bibliographical study from the rationalist approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disaster risk is a social process characterized by the coincidence, at the same time and place, of potentially dangerous physical phenomena and socioeconomic elements exposed to these phenomena in a condition of vulnerability. Therefore, forces derived from society and nature are at work in determining the existence of risk and its levels. Neither of these two elements are stable or permanent over time. They undergo continuous changes and variations. In this sense, this work presents a system dynamics simulation model of the degree of preparedness in the disaster risk management process at the level of an autonomous community. All this with the aim of raising awareness of the problematic of the social and economic impact of this type of physical phenomena. This model is applied to the context of the Filomena storm (natural disaster that took place in Spain on January 7, 2021) in order to validate its usefulness in a real case study. The model is implemented in two simulations and results are compared. In the first simulation, actual data associated with the policies, reports and descriptions of the community of Madrid during the 120 days prior to the event are introduced according to certain variables within the Sendai risk reduction framework (forecast errors, available information, CO2 emissions, recycling and commodity index prices). With that, the value " of the "Degree of Preparedness" achieved by the capital before the storm is obtained. In the second simulation, these input variables of the model are modified to analyze the effect it would have had on the "Degree of Preparedness". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research is to rethink the functions of Urban Geology and its relationship with indicators of environmental sustainability in urban settlements, produced by the activity of socio-spatial segregation and geological phenomena typical of the internal and external geodynamics of the Earth. The study was carried out under the focus of documentary analysis, considering the author's critical appraisal paradigm. Five indicators of sustainability were identified: adequate use of urban land, water coverage, capacity to generate clean energy, design of waste disposal spaces, coverage in the management of intraurban drainage systems, and risk indexes in the event of natural disasters, last, subdivided into five sub-indicators that depend on the geological phenomenology in effect. For the achievement of the purposes, Urban Geology uses alternative multidisciplinary methods to generate useful geoscientific information for the elaboration of strategies for the sustainability of cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Socionatural disasters are highly demanding episodes for the affected populations; however, there are groups that, due to their characteristics, may be more exposed to inequalities, such as women. The general objective of this paper is to analyze the emergency and the reconstruction process of the 2010 earthquake and tsunami in Chile, from a critical perspective that considers social factors from a gender approach based mainly on the experiences of the women victims of the town of Arauco in the Bío-Bío Region. It is evident that in the framework of a subsidiary and highly centralized State, responses are generated in disconnection with the territories and population affected by the disaster. Thus, under these conditions, women are forced to assume leadership and community care roles as a mechanism of resistance and subsistence in the face of the state policy limitations. As a result, the sexual division of labor increases to the detriment of women, who are highly demanded during the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: the teaching improvement on natural disaster risk management in medical sciences in Cienfuegos has been characterized by insufficient treatment of its content in professional activity, despite being an importance subject, granted both nationally and internationally. Objective: to design a course of improvement in risk management against natural disasters aimed at medical sciences teachers. Methods: pedagogical research carried out at the Cienfuegos Faculty of Medical Sciences in the 2020-2021 academic year. The learning needs diagnosis was carried out, the course was designed and it was submit to validation by experts. It was given to a group of teachers who presented thesis at the end of the course. Methods of the theoretical level such as analytical-synthetic, inductive-deductive, historical-logical, and of the empirical level modeling and survey were used. Results: the course was structured in five topics that included problems related to risk identification, analysis and evaluation, as part of the necessary steps to understand risk management and learning its three stages: proactive, corrective and reactive. The experts considered it feasible, relevant and of high quality. The students presented thesis with great scientific methodological rigor that served as a platform in research projects and works on science, technology and society. Conclusions: the course contributed to increase the teachers' knowledge of the Cienfuegos Medical Sciences Faculty regarding disaster risk management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our work raises the aspects that we consider to be central to the Encyclical, especially the unity between economy-society-ecology, taking as a central idea the notion of “ecological conversion” and, from this, the limits of growth of a civilization fundamentally based on oil. This is because consumption levels will quickly meet the barrier of nature itself, since humanity will have consumed most of the fossil fuels by the end of the 21st century. It is, in short, the exhaustion of an ideal of science and progress that has failed to keep the promises of the enlightened model in which it was born. In this context, we present the ecological catastrophes caused by oil spills in the last decade and the positive and negative aspects of the latest oil extraction procedures; Despite these efforts and the integration of renewable energies, ecology in a Christian key requires an interior renewal that leads to a fuller awareness of man as a collaborator and custodian of creation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chile has suffered the negative consequences of numerous large earthquakes (>MW 8.0) that generated equally large tsunamis. This paper analyses one of colonial Chile's least known earthquakes. The March 15th, 1657 earthquake destroyed the city of Conception and damaged infrastructure in the city of Santiago and rural properties between Quillota and Arauco. At the same time, it generated a major tsunami that destroyed everything in its path in Conception and the gulf of Arauco. This paper uses known and previously unknown first-hand colonial sources to describe scientifically this important seismic event, that closely resembles the recent February 27th, 2010, Maule earthquake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay uses the EM-DAT database and individual-level data from AmericasBarometer survey to characterize the citizen assessment on government performance after a natural disaster in Latin America. The analysis shows that the death toll and damages due to natural disasters occurred in the last six decades have been mainly provoked by earthquakes, floods, droughts, and hurricanes. In turn, the likelihood of vulnerability in the aftermath of natural disasters is higher than 60%, exhibits a downward trend, and is heterogenous among Latin American countries. Finally, Latin American public opinion assigns itself a larger responsibility regarding government for the occurrence of climatological- and hydrological-related disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under conditions of climate change, the main objective was to determine the vulnerability and risk assessment due to the activation of San Idelfonso torrent, Trujillo, La Libertad-Peru. Hydrological and topographic maps were made by using raster information and ArcGis 10.4 software, the methodology was based on technical-scientific studies of CENEPRED. Through the matrices of vulnerability in the social, economic and environmental areas. The weighted values found as following: El Porvenir district 0.260, Trujillo district 0.179 and Victor Larco district 0.179, corresponding to very high and high vulnerability indices respectively. It is relevant that on the Peruvian coast, especially the northern zone, there are heavy rains, increase the temperature in sea water and environment during the El Niño event, causing damage to the population, infrastructure, loss agricultural activity and the economy general which corresponding to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthquakes are adverse natural events that generate human losses and material damage. The aim of the study was to analyze seismicity and risk perception in the Department of Ica, Peru. The city of Pisco was selected because of the seismic event that occurred on August 15, 2007. By means of random probability sampling, 10 houses at a distance of 1 km from each other and close to the coastline were selected for the vulnerability analysis. A survey was administered to one member of the household, corresponding to four of the 10 dwellings and the resident population’s manifestation of seismic risk and housing vulnerability was analyzed. The Likert scale indicated that the knowledge of the population according to the questionnaire was not very relevant and the results were reliable, since the interpretative consistency of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.7.When applying the SWOT matrix for the vulnerability analysis, it was observed that the criteria of order, mobility and dependence were in the conflict quadrant, which could be interpreted as the presence of unfamiliar conditions and technical condition of the buildings in unfavorable conditions. It is concluded that the population does not have perception of risk in the face of adverse natural events such as earthquakes. They have not received training or orientation on the vulnerability of their homes to act in the event of a probable occurrence. The technical construction conditions of the houses do not meet earthquake resistance requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses increasing risk conditions in societies, based on growing vulnerability of preexisting perilous scenarios. We undertook a participative diagnostic analysis of risks and community strategies regarding disasters in two rural locations in Pijijiapan, Chiapas. Results demonstrate the perception of risk, social conflicts that derive thereof, intervention strategies of key actors and the general population, and governmental responsibility for overall well-being and development, in tandem with relevant institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On September 19, 2017, Mexico City experienced one of the most tragic events in the recent years: a 7.1 earthquake shook the country's capital, leaving considerable both personal and material damage, as well as a network of solidarity that spread throughout all affected areas. e horizontality provided by digital media and the call of a part of society to verify information in times of contingency, enabled the hashtag #Vericado19S to go one step forward and become a need to read veried information that would allow reaching and disclosing in the digital proles of some users, the affected places that required help and what materials were requested. is framework is the trigger to suggest that veried information is the rst step to consolidate a public sphere that would transform networks of interaction into solidarity and collaboration to transform, in turn, our daily life beyond the emergency, and why not think of it as a route towards the signicant appropriation of space and the right to the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Caribbean region multiple political configurations of non-sovereign territories coexist which link to the metropolises of France, the United States, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. In 2017, several of these territories were devastated by the Hurricanes María and Irma. These events put their relations with the metropolises to the test and showed that paradiplomacy has a fundamental role in responding to natural disasters. Using the critical incident method this research analyzes primary documents published months after the hurricanes to analyze the variations in the use of paradiplomacy. It shows that while the American territories did not use paradiplomatic networks, the British territories, such as the Virgin Islands, achieved greater international participation. This allowed them to secure funds and technical assistance from various regional and international organizations. These differences between paradiplomatic experiences require further theorizing, in which the impact of structures versus the agency of the leaders of each territory is analyzed as a possible explanation. This work then discovers the need for a historical-institutional analysis of the evolution of Caribbean paradiplomacy in particular and paradiplomacy in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to carry out an analysis of the main issues regarding the inclusion of disability in the field of humanitarian action, both from a synchronic and a diachronic point of view (principles in transformation in the humanitarian and disability fields, historical perspective on the main international milestones in the matter, existing conceptual and normative frameworks, consensus reached regarding main needs and the responses to them, subsisting challenges...). To this end, a review of the main multilateral agreements and strategic documents will be carried out, as well as relevant literature on the subject, highlighting the prominent role of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the Charter on the Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities in Humanitarian Action, while also pointing out the gaps that still exist for their full implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In disaster situations, one of the vital problems that the population must face is the lack of food or the impossibility of adequate food. The objective of this work is to analyze the social role of the graduate of Food Sciences in disaster scenes. For this, the professional's curriculum for job performance in such circumstances and participation in food-related actions, in the disaster reduction cycle in Cuba, were analyzed, integrating Cuban experiences with those of other countries and international organizations. Theoretical and empirical methods and techniques were used in the research, among which the historical-logical, the analysis-synthesis, the bibliographic review and the interviews with specialists stand out. As a result, it was concluded that the graduate of Food Science plays the role of methodological advisor with an active participation in everything related to feeding in disaster situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to determine the 10-year impact of the Colombian National Police's canine human remains detection teams since the dog-guide partnership protocol was initiated in 2007. Five partnerships that have carried out searches in various Colombian regions were used to establish the environmental factors, type of terrain, the possible criminal group involved, and geographic location, among many other variables involved in the searches, carried out in natural disasters, disappearances, and associated crimes. As a result of analyzing of these scenarios, a contribution is made to the strategy for addressing murders and disappearances and finding material evidence for justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the Roman sources, in the Corpus Iuris Civilis, until the Nineteenth-Century codifications, the fortuitous event was central both in Public Law and in Private Law. The study of the Castilian and Indian Laws Compilations and of Chapter XIX of Comentarios a las ordenanzas de minas, published by Francisco Xavier de Gamboa in 1761, will allow to emphasize how in the Indian Order recourse was made exclusively to the Siete Partidas to discipline this important legal category, even in the last decades of the XVIII Century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cities are complex systems in constant evolution, whose planning faces increasingly unpredictable futures. Understanding the city as a complex selforganizing system, and based on information theory and thermodynamic theory of non-equilibrium and irreversibility, it is possible to establish the exchange of information that occurs between the urban system and the surrounding environment. This paper shows that facing an abrupt rise in uncertainty, the city can increase its complexity [1], its ability to anticipate the environment [2], its control over the environment [3], can adequately combine the previous strategies [4] or change its identity [5]. The methodology used in this article juxtaposes these predetermined conceptual premises five case studies of cities affected by social conflicts, natural disasters, and wars. The research results show the applicability of the coupling between the urban system and its environment and exemplify how the five strategies have intensely transformed the urban morphology and topology of cities such as Amsterdam, Nicosia, Barcelona, and Beirut. The overall conclusion of the article points out that memory is a critical factor in defining new urban futures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article centers on analyzing the key points (sequences and outlines) of the news items included on the telecasts of Spain's leading television channels; the focus is the construction of the natural catastrophes and risks of greatest relevance. The text also analyzes the principal roles of the speakers and sources of information appearing in these television news stories, the main characteristics of the audience's reception of the items, and the view of experts who advocate specialized journalism of risk and catastrophes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contemporary history of the Zoque people from Chapultenango, Chiapas, is characterized by the dispersion of its members. Various territorial displacements, migratory flows, and natural disasters have produced a diaspora. This article discusses the Zoque migratory flows that began in the 1990s to the U.S. state of Massachusetts. It also discusses the labor niches that the Zoques established and examines their communication, contacts, and investment with their communities of origin. Finally, we explore the dynamics of the Zoques' cultural and identity reproduction in their adopted place of residence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses, from a review of the local press, the repercussions of the earthquake and subsequent tsunami of August 13, 1868 on the public opinion of the province of Tarapacá. The article describes how a series of political, social, and economic problems that existed before the earthquake resulted in the idea that behind the impact of a natural hazard there was, strictly speaking, another type of disaster that was much broader and profound, referring to the condition of structural vulnerability linked not only to the complex situation that Perú was experiencing in those years because of a deep tax and financial crisis, but also the weak presence of the State in the southernmost province of the country. This situation mainly affected the port of Iquique as a result of its accelerated and uncontrolled urban growth driven by the expansion of saltpeter mining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In March of this year, Law 21.220 was enacted to amend the Labour Code in the area of distance work or "telecommuting'. Its promulgation takes place in a context of health crisis and Chile declared a state of constitutional emergency of catastrophe due to public calamity in the face of the advance of the Coro-navirus pandemic and, together with this, the need to maintain with some operating level the various companies, industries and other organizations of the country. This article presents from a descriptive and reflective perspective, the advances and risks of precariousness for the workers of this country that installs this new legal body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This article describes an early intervention model for the prevention of pathology, and for the promotion of resilience, after the earthquakes on the island of Puerto Rico in January 2020. On January 7, 2020, an earthquake of magnitude 6.4 on the Richter scale struck the island of Puerto Rico. As a consequence of the seismic movement, an important part of the population, suffered displacements from their homes and closing of schools. In addition to what they previously lived through, such as Hurricane Maria in 2017, increasing their burden of allostatic stress. After initial help from the rescue forces, a need to provide psychological support to the population and to the professionals involved in giving that psychological support, was detected. Methods: Starting from a precarious infrastructure, it was decided to implement an intervention with the objective of providing information on the impact of traumatic stress on the individual, along with practical mindfulness exercises. The program integrated lessons from Cue-Centered Therapy with exercises from the Pure Power curriculum. Results: Through a satisfaction questionnaire, the need of these type of programs was confirmed. The implementation of these prevention programs should be considered when planning to intervene with other similar populations at risk. Thus, avoiding the consequences of trauma, reducing the allostatic load in the individual, and preventing and promoting mental health and resilience. The discussion introduces the need to develop follow-up procedures, to confirm the effectiveness and maintenance over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of climate change, natural disasters and environmental degradation are some of the factors detected by UNHCR in recent decades as a cause of the massive displacement of populations either within the State itself or outside its borders. However, we must distinguish two situations, on the one hand the displacements that occur due to the will of the individual who seeks to improve and sometimes ensure their life, and on the other hand, people who migrate forcibly either due to the disappearance of the territory where they live or as a consequence of natural catastrophes. The question is whether international law has an answer especially for forced migrants who become stateless since this form of migration due to natural phenomena is not contemplated in the international conventions that protect human rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we provide contributions to understand the impact of natural or anthropic disasters, like earthquakes, tsunamis, terrorism, and so on, caused by the effects of natural disasters or human actions over people. Our objective is to understand the impact of the 8.8° earthquake and tsunami of February 27th, 2010, in Dichato, in the south coast of Chile. The interest is to generate knowledge about the effects of traumatic events in the well-being of the people who live in that place. The social and health sciences need to integrate other methods inn their research, in order to study the impact of traumatic events on the well-being of people. We worked with surviving inhabitants that told us about their lives in that place and their life stories. In these accounts, there was some remembrances and emotional superpositions between the traumatic experiences of the earthquake and the tsunami, and the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet from 1973-1990 in Chile, considered as a similar disastrous event in their lives. The results expand the understanding about disasters, beyond its material, individual or short-term scope. We conclude that the socio-historical emotional impact, social suffering and well-being of the place are aspects that should be considered in the face of transformations and changes in the place of living, knowing and understanding the collective responses that can emerge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The psychosocial literature in contexts of socio-natural disasters has mainly focused on the study of the psychological consequences for the people affected, paying less attention to psycho-socioenvironmental factors. In this article, we aim to highlight the relevance of community environmental psychology for analyzing both the subjective aspects of people-place relationships and the community relations of the towns hit by disasters. To do this, we present a conceptual framework community psychology and environmental psychology categories which are relevant for studying what we call socio-spatial links in socio-natural disaster situations. This perspective is illustrated by presenting the results of a study carried out with a mixed methodology, which describes how these links emerge in people who have lived in communities affected by earthquakes, a tsunami, and a volcanic eruption in 4 Chilean towns. Responses to the scales of place attachment, place identity, residential satisfaction, sense of community, and civic participation were analyzed in a non-probability (convenience) sample (n = 628), along with reports of 17 focus groups (n = 117) on the constructed meanings of public space. It is concluded that the articulation of environmental and community psychology broadens our understanding of elements of power and dispute in the territory, while also making psychosocial flaws visible in post-disaster reconstruction solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the place attachment of the inhabitants of Chaitén, Chile, a community affected by a volcano eruption that destroyed a large part of the city in 2008. The article explores the associations of place attachment with the direct experience of disaster and interpersonal trust. To answer this question, a survey was designed which comprised instruments that measure place attachment, residence, and interpersonal trust. For the latter, the instrument measured trust in old and new inhabitants. The survey was administered in 2015 to 188 inhabitants of Chaitén, who were selected from a two-stage sample stratified by sector (north and south of Chaitén). Based on linear regressions, results indicate that direct experience of the disaster increases place attachment and slightly moderates the association between it and interpersonal trust in the community. Trusting old inhabitants increases place attachment only for people who did not experience the eruption. No association was found between trust in new inhabitants and place attachment. This study contributes to scientific knowledge of place attachment by suggesting that disasters have positive long-term consequences for attachment, while also proposing the need to qualify the well-known direct association between social bonds and this concept. Greater knowledge about place attachment in disaster contexts can foster reconstruction and mitigation processes when dealing with new threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A conceptual proposal of the profiles and roles that communicators can assume during the coverage of a disaster was developed based on the discourse analysis of the interventions made by the anchorpersons of the Chilean broadcast TV newscasts during the 8.8 Mw earthquake of 2010. This was used to identify and describe the presence of three potential profiles: informative (descriptive presentation of the content), judgmental (a judgment position prevails), and of dialogue with the audience (direct message to viewers). The data shows that the predominant profile was the informative one, whereas the judgmental appears strongly during the first days of disaster and then weakens, and that the dialogue with the audience is strengthened from the third day. These results open a line of research on the role of the media to promote the spontaneous recovery of a population faced with a trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strong rain wave suffered by Colombia between 2010 and 2011 brought about some unprecedented floods in the village Campo de la Cruz, in the Atlántico Province. Based on an ethnographic work consisting in interviews, focus groups, and observations by the participants, the human displacement caused by the disaster is studied considering the notions of climate displacement, adaptation and care practices. In addition, the changes taking place in the customs and routines of the displaced community in response to the family fragmentation and the space and resource scarcity are analyzed. Likewise, is discussion is developed on the importance of the promotion and inclusion of this population in the ways the government is dealing with these phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper systematically reviews strategic planning models implemented in tourist destinations affected by natural disasters. For this, case studies from various regions are analysed to identify key research topics, the most common strategies, connection points, and the most innovative methodologies, as well as systematising the most successful experiences. A synthesis of characteristics found shows that, although certain regularities appear, researchers have not reached a consensus regarding the selection of factors and measures to be included in the strategic recovery plans of destinations after a crisis, nor in the methodology for its instrumentation. No model can be considered complete because each contains strengths and opportunities, but also limitations and weaknesses. After a discussion of results and validity, guidelines are proposed for cases of affected destinations in aspects such as recovery of image, marketing, cooperation between actors, governance system, or the revaluation and requalification of the heritage offer and tourist services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The periodic heavy flooding which Mexico experiences impacts negatively on its economic development. Adaptation and risk-management measures are predominantly based on cost evaluation, which therefore needs to be comprehensive. This paper evaluates the total economic cost of Hurricane Alex in the state of Nuevo León in 2010, which was the most devastating natural phenomenon recorded during the last 50 years. Therefore, for the first time in Mexico, a methodology was applied which factors in both direct costs (material damage) and indirect costs (productivity losses) in the affected region's economy (MIP). This methodology was based on the input-output model. The results suggest that total costs were $20.5 billion MXN, of which 29% (6 billion) were indirect costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The attention placed on natural disaster has obtained an unusual relevance in the security agenda of Latin America. In great part, this is due to the reconfiguration of threats produced after the Cold War and the questioning of the security policies of the United States in the region. In this context, Washington has sought to install new themes of cooperation that will allow it to maintain its presence in the region. The aim of this article is to analyze the securitization of natural disasters as an issue of regional cooperation, comparing the initiatives undertaken at the hemispherical and regional level. To take on said study, this article proposes two models of approaches to disasters -- called physicalist and constructivist-- based on the premise that the first of these models has obtained prominence in the region, generating a conducive scenery for the militarization of these issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]